Front Page

B.K. Birla Public School Kalyan

Year – 2022 – 23
Geography Multiple Assessment
Name – Shlok Modani
Class – IX
Section – B
Roll No. – 31
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 Introduction to Earthquake
One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of nature is an
earthquake. earthquakes are vibration inside the earth that follow the
release of energy that has built up inside rocks.rocks fracturing,volcanoes
erupting and man made explosions can all release the energy stored in the
rocks If the earthquake occurs in a populated area, it may cause many
deaths and injuries and extensive property damage. Today we are
challenging the assumption that earthquakes must present an
uncontrollable and unpredictable hazard to life and property. Scientists
have begun to estimate the locations and likelihoods of future damaging
earthquakes. Sites of greatest hazard are being identified, and definite
progress is being made in designing structures that will withstand the
effects of earthquakes. The first recorded earthquake in India was on 6th
June 1505 it occurred in Saldang, Karnali zone.
 Introduction to floods
Floods are the most frequent type of natural disaster and occur when an overflow of
water submerges land that is usually dry. Floods are often caused by heavy rainfall, rapid
snowmelt or a storm surge from a tropical cyclone or tsunami in coastal areas. Floods
can cause widespread devastation, resulting in loss of life and damages to personal
property and critical public health infrastructure. People who live in floodplains or non-
resistant buildings, or lack warning systems and awareness of flooding hazard, are most
vulnerable to floods.
There are 3 common types of floods:
1. Flash Floods
2. River Floods
3. Coastal Floods
 Earthquakes Causes
Earthquakes are caused due to sudden tectonic movements in the earth’s crust. When the
tectonic plates slide over one another.it results in earthquakes or volcanoes. These
disturbances cause vibrations that spread in all directions.

•Earthquakes are caused due to sudden brushing or collision of different tectonic plates of
earth's crust in the earth’s crust.
•When the tectonic plates slide over one another, there is a cause of orogeny which results
in earthquakes and volcanoes.
•These disturbances cause vibrations that spread in all directions. As there is a relative
motion of these plates, there is stress built up, which breaks by releasing the stored energy
known as shock waves.
•This causes a release of energy, and the energy waves travel in all directions. The point
where the energy is released is called the focus of an earthquake or hypocentre.
•The point on the surface of the earth which is vertically above the focus is called the
epicentre. It is the first place to experience the waves.
 Floods Causes
 Floods occur at irregular intervals and vary in size, duration and the affected area.
Water naturally flows from high areas to low lying areas. This means low-lying areas may
flood quickly before it begins to get to the higher ground.
Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river
channel, particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway. Floods often cause damage
to homes and businesses if they are in the natural flood plains of rivers.
Some of the major causes are :-
1. Heavy rainfall
2. Ocean waves coming on shore, such as a storm
3. Melting snow and ice
4. Dams breaking
5. River overflow
 Earthquake effects
Following are the effects of the earthquake:
•Ground shaking: Surface waves that are near the epicenter are responsible for the earthquake. The
intensity of ground shaking depends on the duration, local geology, and distance.
•Damage to a man-made structure.
•An outbreak of fire and spilling of hazardous chemicals.
•Landslides: Earthquakes can trigger landslides and mudslides, especially in areas with water-
soaked soils. Landslides may result in falling rocks and debris that collide with people, trees,
animals, buildings and vehicles.

The effects of an earthquake are terrible and devastating. Many building, hospitals, schools, etc are
destroyed due to it. A lot of people get killed and injured. Many people lose their money and
property. It affects the mental health and emotional health of people.

The environmental effects of it are that including surface faulting, tectonic uplift and subsidence,
tsunamis, soil liquefaction, ground resonance, landslides and ground failure, either directly linked to
a quake source or provoked by the ground shaking.
 Floods Effects
The most immediate effect of a flood is the catastrophic loss of life and destruction of buildings and
other structures like bridges, sewerage systems, canals etc.
Floods also damage power transmission and sometimes power generation along loss of drinking water
treatment and water supply  Lack of clean water combined with human sewage in the flood waters
raises the risk of waterborne diseases, which can include typhoid, cholera and many other diseases
depending upon the location of the flood.
1. Floods Cause Sedimentation and Erosion
2. Floods Carry Contamination
3. Floods spread diseases

Floods impact on both individuals and communities. The most immediate effect of a flood is the
catastrophic loss of life. have social, economic, and environmental consequences destruction of crops,
loss of livestock, and deterioration of health conditions owing to waterborne diseases
As communication links and infrastructure such as power plants, roads and bridges are damaged and
disrupted, some economic activities may come to a standstill, people are forced to leave their homes
and normal life is disrupted
Disruption to industry can lead to loss of livelihoods
 Pre-mitigation strategy Earthquakes
•Prepare for three to seven days of electricity, water, gas, and telephone outages.
•Keep an earthquake disaster kit on hand, including a well-stocked first aid kit a supply of medicines required for life-threatening
conditions, copies of important documents, extra money, a flashlight, a hand crank or solar-powered radio, extra batteries,
blankets, drinking water and nonperishable food, and tools to shut off utilities. Store the kit in a secure, waterproof location that
is easily accessible.
•Conduct calm family discussions about earthquakes. Decide upon an outdoor meeting location for your family to reunite after a
quake and conduct in-home practice drills. Teach your household members to knock three times repeatedly if they were to
become trapped inside your home.
•Conduct a thorough investigation of your home, checking for any defective wiring, leaky gas connections, and deep cracks in
the ceiling or foundation that could pose a danger during a quake.
•Install flexible, corrugated pipe fittings to avoid gas and water leaks. Flexible fittings are more resistant to breakage. If
recommended by your gas service provider, have an automatic gas shutoff installed that can be triggered by strong vibrations.
•Learn how to shut off all utilities in your home.
•Use bolts or straps to secure heavy items that may topple over, such as a bookcase, china cabinet, or water heater. Store heavy,
hazardous, or flammable materials on low shelves or in secure cabinets. If you are a renter, ask your landlord to secure furniture
and water heaters to the wall.
•Avoid placing heavy objects, such as shelves and picture frames, on walls where they could fall onto a bed or locations where
your family would be sitting. Hang objects from closed hooks and secure corners with earthquake putty.
•Secure cabinet doors with latches to prevent items from falling out during an earthquake.
Pre-Mitigation for floods
 Post-Mitigation for Earthquakes
The following are the measures that must be undertaken after the calamity is over.
•First aid kits must be used to tend to persons with minor injuries such as bleeding and
bruises. Whereas seriously injured individuals must not be moved until they are out of
danger and proper medical help has arrived.
•If the person is not breathing, rescue breathing must be administered. If the person has
no pulse, CPR must be given.
•Tumbling shelves and falling items must be taken care of and damaged walls made of
bricks must be avoided.
•Main gas valves must be checked for leaks. The main power switch must be turned off
if there is a possibility of damage. Broken appliances must be unplugged until the
damage is repaired.
•One must stay away from downed power lines and any object or appliance in contact
with it.
 Post-Mitigation for floods
Recovering from a flood requires extreme care. After a flood, be sure to:
•Find out if the water supply is safe to drink before consuming water.
•Avoid flood waters, as they may be contaminated. Also, avoid moving water.
•Driving is especially hazardous after a flood. Do not drive through flood waters or in areas
where the water may have receded. Areas where the water has receded can be fragile and
susceptible to collapsing under the weight of your vehicle.
•Only return home after authorities have instructed you to do so.
•Do not enter a building surrounded by flood waters.
•Be very careful when entering a building damaged by flood waters, as hidden damage is likely
and can be extremely dangerous.
•Be sure to repair damaged sewage systems, as these can cause serious health risks.
•Clean and disinfect everything that got wet during the flood because flood waters may be
contaminated.
 Example earthquake
VALDIVIA EATHQUAKE (1960) – 9.5

Also known as the Great Chilean earthquake (Spanish: Gran terremoto de

Chile), it was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. The earthquake hit
on May 22 in the afternoon (19:11 GMT, 15:11 local time), approximately 100
miles (160 km) off the coast of Chile, parallel to the city of Valdivia. It lasted
approximately 10 minutes and triggered a massive tsunami with waves up to 25
meters (82 feet). The main tsunami severely battered the Chilean coast, and
raced across the Pacific Ocean and devastated Hilo, Hawaii. Waves as high as
10.7 meters (35 feet) were recorded even 10,000 kilometers (6,200 mi) from
the epicenter, and as far away as Japan and the Philippines.
The death toll of 1960 Valdivia Earthquake is not certain – the total number of
fatalities from the earthquake and tsunamis have been estimated between 1,000
and 6,000. About 3,000 people were injured.
 Example Floods
In 1931, China experienced one of the most devastating natural disasters in its history. The 1931 China floods were the result
of both natural causes and human factors and submerged much of the central portion of the country. Also known as the
Yellow River flood of 1931 and the Yangtze-Huai River floods, the extent of the damages went far beyond these two rivers.
Communities built around the Pearl River and the Grand Canal also suffered the effects of severe river flooding.

The floods lasted almost the entire year of 1931 and were brought upon by factors from the previous year, specifically heavy
snowfall in the mountainous upper regions of China where many rivers originate. By fall, much of central China's ground was
sitting underwater, drawing the effects of the flood well into 1932. The most significant reason that China's rivers flooded so
badly in 1931 was that the rivers had been poorly managed for the last several decades. The provinces of China most affected
by the 1931 river floods included:

Hubei
Anhui
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Hunan
Henan
Shandongs
 Statistical information Earthquakes
1. The data represent earthquake with magnitude 5 or more.The survey time period is from 2000 to 2021 from world wide

2. According to the seismic zoning map of the country, India is divided into four seismic zones. Also known as earthquake
zones, these seismic zones are formed on the basis of scientific inputs related to the following:

I. The Seismicity or the Frequency of Earthquakes in a Region

II. Earthquakes That Have Hit the Country in the Past
III. The four zones of earthquake in India, as discussed below:

IV. Seismic Zone II: Zone II is classified as the low-damage risk zone. This is the least seismically active zone, meaning the areas
that fall under these zones in India have a low chance of having an earthquake. Zone II covers earthquake-prone areas,
which are 41% of India. Here, the Indian Standard (IS) Code allots a zone factor of 0.10.
V. Seismic Zone III: Seismic Zone 3/III is classified as the moderate-damage risk zone. Here, the IS Code allots 0.16 to this zone.
Zone III, or moderate earthquake zone, covers 30% of India.
VI. Seismic Zone IV: Zone IV is considered the high-damage risk zone. The IS Code allots 0.24 to this zone. Moreover, 18% of the
total area of the country belongs to Zone IV.
VII. Seismic Zone V: Zone V has the highest risk of damaging earthquakes. The IS Code has assigned a factor of 0.36 for this very
high-risk damage zone. Around 11% of India falls under Zone V.
 Statistical information Floods
1. The data represents the number of floods in a country and the total deaths in those floods.
2. The data represents Total number of flood events in India during the period 1978-2006
 Conclusion Earthquake
The earthquake cause more damage and kill people.it includes deformation of ground
surface ,damage and destruction of human syructure such as building
rails,roads,bridges,dams,factories,destructiom of town and cities,loss of human and animal lives
and property,violent fires,landslides ,floods,disturbance on groundwater,etc. Thus we can say
that earthquake disaster isvery dangerous for all living beings.

“It is not light that we need, but fire; it is not the gentle shower, but thunder. We need the storm,
the whirlwind, and the earthquake.”
- Frederick Douglass
 Conclusion Flood
Floods may be frightening, but it is up to us to make sure they do not interfere with our daily life.
Pools, ponds, and other reservoirs should all be kept in good condition. Floods can be prevented
if soil conditions improve, allowing for easier water absorption. During floods, flood barriers can
be used as protection. It is expected that floods will be affected by climate change due to
changes in rainfall, temperature, sea level, and river fluctuations. As a result, your assessment of
the risk of floods should take into account the effects of climate change on flood hazards.
Last Page (Covering Page)