Quick Labs

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Exploration Lab
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Engage Your Brain

1 Predict Check T or F to show whether you think 2 Describe Write a short description that
each statement is true or false. explains how the pieces of a puzzle can stay
together without the use of glue or tape.
T F
Metals are good conductors of
electric current.
An ion is always a negatively
charged particle.
Some atoms bond by sharing
electrons.
Metallic bonds are the
strongest type of bond.
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Active Reading
3 Synthesize You can often define an unknown
term if you know the meaning of its word parts. Vocabulary Terms
Use the word parts and sentence below to make
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term covalent bond. æ
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Word part Meaning 4 Apply As you learn the definition of each
co- with or together vocabulary term in this lesson, create
your own definition or sketch to help you
-valence outermost level of
remember the meaning of the term.
electrons

Example sentence
The two atoms were joined by a covalent bond.

covalent bond:

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Opposites Attract
What is an ion? Electron

An atom has a neutral charge because it has an

equal number of electrons and protons. An ion is
loss of
11+ 11+
a particle with a positive or negative charge. An electron
ion forms when an atom gains or loses electrons
from its outermost energy level. When atoms Nucleus
join together, the number of protons in each Na Na+
atom does not change, but the valence electrons 11 electrons 10 electrons
(no charge) (1+ total charge)
can move from one atom to another.
If an atom gains at least one electron, it then
has more electrons than protons. The resulting
ion has an overall negative charge. If an atom
loses at least one electron, it then has fewer gain of
electrons than protons. The resulting ion has an 17+ 17+
overall positive charge. electron

Active Reading 5 Identify Explain the difference

between a positive and a negative ion. Cl Cl–
17 electrons 18 electrons
(no charge) (1– total charge)

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How does an ionic bond form?
Chemical bonds hold two or more atoms or ions together. An
ionic bond is a force that brings oppositely charged ions together.
Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from a metal
atom to a nonmetal atom. In the process of ionic bonding, valence
electrons move from the outermost energy level of the metal
atom to the outermost energy level of the nonmetal atom. The
outermost energy level of each atom is filled as a result of ionic
bonds forming.
Calcite (CaCO3) is held
together
g by ionic bonds.
Calcite is a common
11+ 17+ The electron transfer from a
mineral found in rock.
sodium atom to a chlorine
atom creates an ionic bond,
forming the compound
Na+ sodium chloride (NaCl), also
Cl– known as table salt.

194 Unit 3 Atoms and the Periodic Table

 What properties do most ionic
compounds share?
When an ionic bond forms, the number of electrons lost by the
metal atom is equal to the number of electrons gained by the
nonmetal atom. The compound formed is neutral because the
charges of the ions cancel each other. Most ionic compounds have
similar physical properties.

Crystal Lattice Structure Electrical Conductivity

When you pour table salt into your hand, you
can see tiny crystals. When ions bond, they
form a repeating three-dimensional pattern
called a crystal lattice. Each ion has many
oppositely charged ions around it, and every
ion is held firmly in place with strong bonds. It
takes a lot of energy to separate these ions from
one another. So most ionic compounds have
high melting and boiling points.
Solid ionic compounds are poor conductors
of electric current because the ions are held
tightly in place. Electric charges cannot pass
through an ionic solid. Melting an ionic solid,
however, allows the individual ions to move
around. Melted ionic compounds can conduct
an electric current. Ionic compounds dissolved
in water can also conduct an electric current.

Brittleness Solubility in Water

The crystals of ionic compounds are hard and Solubility is the ability to dissolve in liquid.
brittle. They are more likely to break than Most ionic compounds, such as table salt
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bend. Striking a crystal of an ionic compound
with a hammer will likely shatter the crystals in
many places.
(NaCl), dissolve in water. When salt is added to
water, water molecules attract the positive and
negative salt ions. Water molecules surround
each ion and move the ions apart from each
other. The separated ions dissolve in water.

Salt deposits along the shore

of the Dead Sea contain ionic
compounds such as NaCl.

Visualize It!
6 Identify Which property of ionic bonds is
illustrated on the right? What other physical
properties does this structure affect?

195
Let’s Share!
DNA is a molecule found in all livingg things.
The atoms in each strand of a DNA molecule
are held together by covalent bonds.

What is a covalent bond? Hydrogen Hydrogen

Most things around you, such as water, sugar,
oxygen, and wood, are held together by covalent Oxygen
+ +
bonds. A covalent bond forms when atoms share
one or more pairs of electrons. When two
nonmetal atoms bond, a large amount of energy 8+
is needed for either atom to lose an electron. So,
instead of transferring electrons, these atoms
bond by sharing valence electrons, as shown in
the diagram at the right. The shared electrons
+ +
fill empty spaces in the outermost energy level of
each atom in a covalent bond. Shared
electrons 8+

What is a molecule?
When atoms join together with covalent bonds, Water molecule
they form a type of particle called a molecule.
A molecule is a group of atoms held together by
A water molecule forms when two
chemical bonds. Most molecules, such as the
hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom
water molecule shown, are made up of atoms of share electrons.
two or more elements. Molecules that contain
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covalent compounds.

7 Compare In the table below, list the differences between ionic and
covalent bonds.

Ionic bonds Covalent bonds

196 Unit 3 Atoms and the Periodic Table


Active Reading
8 Identify As you read, underline
the difference between covalent
bonds and the forces holding
molecules close to each other.
What properties do most covalent
compounds share?
The covalent bonds that hold the atoms of some molecules
together are strong, but the force holding those molecules close to
one another is weak. This characteristic leads to common physical
properties for most compounds held together by covalent bonds.

Low Solubility in Water

Some covalent compounds dissolve in water
while others do not. Wax molecules have a
stronger attraction to other wax molecules than
Some covalent they do to water molecules. This is why wax does
compounds, such not dissolve in water. A lava lamp depends on the
as wax, do not low solubility of wax for its flowing “blob” effect.
dissolve easily in The blobs of covalently bonded wax molecules
water. stay separate from the water as they rise and fall
inside the lamp, making interesting shapes.

Low Melting and Boiling Points

Other covalent When a covalent compound melts or boils,
compounds, such the covalent bonds holding the molecules
as this purple together do not break as ionic bonds in an ionic
dye, are soluble compound do. Instead, one molecule separates
in water. from another. Because molecules separate
easily from other molecules, they tend to have
lower melting and boiling points than ionic
compounds.
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Poor Electrical Conductivity

Think Outside the Book Inquiry
9 Infer With a classmate, discuss
why oil and vinegar do not mix.
How might this example relate to
covalent bonding?
Most covalent compounds are poor conductors
of electric current in both solid and liquid form.
Unlike ions, which are charged, molecules are
neutral. So, even in a liquid in which molecules
can move around, the compound cannot
conduct electric current. However, some covalent
compounds that can dissolve in water do break
up into ions. Those covalent compounds are
usually able to conduct electric current.

Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding 197

Free to Move
How does a metallic
bond form?
Active Reading 10 Identify As you read,
underline the characteristics of electrons in a
metallic bond.

How can a sculptor change the shape of a metal

without breaking it? Metal can be shaped because
of the nature of the bonds that form between
metal atoms. A metallic bond forms between
metal atoms when their outermost energy levels
overlap. Metallic bonding is weak compared to
ionic or covalent bonding.
Positively charged metal ions form when
metal atoms temporarily lose electrons. The
positive ions are held in a crystal structure and
do not move.
Because the outermost energy levels of
metal atoms overlap, electrons move freely in all
directions throughout the metal. You can think of
a metal as being made up of positive metal ions
that have enough valence electrons “swimming”
around to hold the ions together. The moving
electrons maintain the metallic bonds when the This artist is able to form his sculptures
shape of the metal changes. So, metal objects can in many different shapes because of the
be bent without being broken. nature of metallic bonds.

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copper ion
11 Explain How does the electron “sea”
electron cloud help metal bend without breaking?

free-flowing electrons

Electrons move freelyy around fixed copper

ions. This arrangement
g can be described as
a “sea” or “cloud” of electrons.

198 Unit 3 Atoms and the Periodic Table

 What properties do most metallic
compounds share?
About 80 percent of the elements in the periodic table are metals.
The metallic bonds that hold these metals together give the metals
their properties.

Good Electrical Conductors Malleable and Ductile

Because the electrons in a metal can move
freely, most metals are good conductors of
electric current. For example, when you turn
on a lamp, electrons move through the copper
wire that connects the light bulb in the lamp to
the electrical outlet. The electrons that move
are the valence electrons in the copper atoms.
These electrons are free to move because the
electrons are not connected to any one atom.
Due to their free-moving electrons, metals have
two properties that allow them to be reshaped.
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ability of metal to be hammered into sheets.
The metal aluminum can be pounded into thin
sheets of aluminum foil. Ductility is the ability
to be formed into long, thin wires. The metal
copper, for example, can be made into wires.

The metal base conducts electric current Copper made into long, thin wire is used to
to light the light bulb. conduct electric current.

12 Compare Fill in the Venn diagram to compare and

contrast ionic and metallic compounds.
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Ionic Compounds Metallic Compounds

Both

transfer of electrons malleable

between atoms

Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding 199

Visual Summary
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Then, use the
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the main concepts of the lesson.

A covalent bond forms

Ionic, Covalent, when atoms share
one or more pairs of
and Metallic electrons.

Bonding 14 In general, covalent compounds have

low/high boiling points.

An ionic bond forms

between oppositely
charged ions.
A metallic bond
is formed by the
attraction between
positive metal ions

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13 Ionic bonds usually form 15 Metals can/cannot be reshaped

between a positively charged without breaking.
metal ion and a negatively
charged metal/nonmetal ion. Answers: 13 nonmetal; 14 low; 15 can

16 Summarize List the similarities and differences between ionic,

covalent, and metallic bonds.

200 Unit 3 Atoms and the Periodic Table

 Lesson 4
Lesson Review
Vocabulary Critical Thinking
Draw a line to connect the following terms to Use this table to answer the following questions.
their definitions.
1 molecule A forms when an atom Property Unknown substance
2 ion gains or loses one or more
electrons solubility in water not soluble
3 covalent bond
B group of atoms held
melting point 45 °C
together by chemical bonds
C bond formed by atoms electrical conductivity poor conductor
sharing electrons

9 Identify Is the substance in the chart a metal

Key Concepts or nonmetal? Explain.
4 Explain Describe the role of electrons in the
formation of a covalent bond.

10 Infer Is the substance described in the chart

5 Identify How is the position of electrons above held together by metallic, covalent, or
involved in metallic bonding different from ionic bonds? Explain.
the position of electrons that form ionic and
covalent bonds?

6 List Name the physical properties that many

ionic compounds share. 11 Infer Why might metallic bonding be weak
compared to ionic and covalent bonding?

7 Identify Which is a better conductor of

electric current: a solid ionic compound or a
melted ionic compound?
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
12 Distinguish Which type of bond does the
phrase “opposites attract” apply to best?
Explain.

8 Identify What is an ion?

Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding 201