●● Practice questions

Practice questions
1 B
2 D
3 A
4 B
5 a) There are stronger hydrogen bonds between ammonia molecules. (1)
PH3 shows weaker van der Waals’ forces (and permanent
dipole–dipole forces) between molecules. (1)
More energy is required to break the stronger hydrogen bonds
between ammonia molecules. (1)
b) There is an increase in Mr and the number of electrons. (1)
There is an increase in van der Waals’ forces between molecules. (1)
More energy is required to break the greater van der Waals’ forces. (1)
6 The hydrogen bonds in ice are fixed whereas in water they are
constantly being broken and reformed. (1)
The water molecules in ice are further apart than the water molecules
in water. (1)
7 a) When molten, the ions can move and carry charge. (1)
When solid, the ions are held in an ionic lattice and cannot
move and carry charge. (1)
b) ionic lattice (1)
c) The ionic bonds between the positive and negative ions are strong (1)
and require a large amount of energy to break (1)
8 a) van der Waals’ forces (1)
b) van der Waals’ forces and permanent dipole-dipole forces (1)
c) The van der Waals’ forces of attraction are weaker (1)
than the permanent dipole-dipole forces between propanone
molecules (1)
more energy is require to break the bond between the molecules
of propanone (1)
9 a) tetrahedral (1)
1
b) methane (1)
c) ammonium ion (1)
d) eight electrons in the outside shell so 4 electron pairs (1)
electron pairs repel each other (1)
four bonding pairs of electrons repel each other equally (1)
the tetrahedral shape minimises the repulsions between the
pairs of electrons (1)
 10 a) magnesium has a stronger metallic bond than sodium (1)
as magnesium has more outer shell electrons which can be
delocalised (1)
b) metallic (1)
c) The strong ionic bonds (1)
between the small 2+ and 2− ions (1)
require a lot of energy to break (1)
d) The iodide ion is larger than the chloride ion (1)
the ionic bond is less strong in magnesium iodide (1)
as the ions are not a close together (1)
11 a) i) weak van der Waals’ forces of attraction (1)
between the molecules (1)
require little energy to break (1)
ii) bonding is covalent (1)
structure is molecular (1)(5)
b) i) SF2 + Cl2 + 2NaF → SF4 + 2NaCl (1)
ii) bent (1)
electron pairs repel each other, the two lone pairs of electrons
repel more than the two bonding pairs of electrons (1)
the molecule takes up the bent shape (104.5°) to minimise
the repulsions (1)
iii) SF2 is molecular covalent (1)
NaF is ionic (1)
BONDING
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