References

Ciriminna, F. (2020, September 1). Biodegradable and Compostable plastics: A critical

perspective on the dawn of their global adoption. PubMed Central (PMC).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6946947/

Purpose is to inform the reader about plant based plastics and plastic bags.

Information: “In general, bio‐based polymers are usually produced in small plants in which
either biopolymers such as starch are processed into thermoplastic polymers, or sugars are
converted into polymers via fermentation routes. Manufacturing units are distributed across a
country, almost in opposite fashion to large, centralized petrochemical plants where oil is first
refined and then its fractions and molecules undergo through highly efficient heterogeneously
catalyzed processes to produce chemicals and polymers”. “This explains why in the last
decade numerous companies targeting bioproducts such as bioplastics failed, were acquired
by petroleum companies or changed productions targeting higher value products such as
cosmetic ingredients”.

References
Ciriminna, F. (2020, September 1). Biodegradable and Compostable plastics: A critical

perspective on the dawn of their global adoption. PubMed Central (PMC).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6946947/

Koukoulas M. (2022). The future of single-use paper coffee cups: Current progress and

outlook. BioResources.

https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/the-future-of-single-use-paper-coffee-cups-

current-progress-and-outlook/

Purpose: to explain what plant based cups are and what they affect
Information: “The expanded use of environmentally friendly and sustainable foodservice
packaging continues to be a prime focus of stakeholders across the foodservice value
chain. Paper-based coffee cups is one product segment where effective recycling of
waste cups remains elusive. As a result, material substitutes for polyethylene liners are
emerging to solve the problem of waste cups. In this paper, current and emerging
commercial material technologies used in the production of paper-based coffee cups
that are readily recyclable with other paper grades are reviewed. Many of these
material solutions are also compostable. Special attention is paid to the rapidly
evolving, alternative large-scale production of bioplastics. Multiple efforts to effectively
develop a more environmentally friendly paper cup are also examined. It is clear that
broad adoption of proposed solutions will require an integrated commitment and
approach to circular economics. Specifically, this includes: changes in consumer
behavior; brand owner initiatives to meet sustainability goals; governmental policies
that limit or forbid use of fossil-based cups; and easily accessible infrastructures at the
consumer level for the collection, separation, and processing of biodegradable cups”.

References
Brooks, F. (2021, June 9). How is cotton string made? Our Pastimes.

https://ourpastimes.com/how-is-cotton-string-made-12366602.html

Ciriminna, F. (2020, September 1). Biodegradable and Compostable plastics: A critical

perspective on the dawn of their global adoption. PubMed Central (PMC).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6946947/

Koukoulas M. (2022). The future of single-use paper coffee cups: Current progress and

outlook. BioResources.

https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/the-future-of-single-use-paper-coffee-cups-

current-progress-and-outlook/

Information: was string is made of and how its made

Purpose: to inform readers on string and how its made.

“The cotton fibers must be separated from the seeds to which they are
attached. A machine called a gin performs this task. A roller covered with
spikes pulls the cotton fibers through a wire mesh and the fibers, or lint,
are then collected and baled. The seeds are too large to pass through the
mesh and are dropped into a collecting tray. The seeds can be used for
livestock feed or to make cooking oil, Carding is the process by which
cotton fibers are separated from each other and fluffed up, making them
available for further processing. Carding is done by machine”.
 References
Brooks, F. (2021, June 9). How is cotton string made? Our Pastimes.

https://ourpastimes.com/how-is-cotton-string-made-12366602.html

Ciriminna, F. (2020, September 1). Biodegradable and Compostable plastics: A critical

perspective on the dawn of their global adoption. PubMed Central (PMC).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6946947/

Koukoulas M. (2022). The future of single-use paper coffee cups: Current progress and

outlook. BioResources.

https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/the-future-of-single-use-paper-coffee-cups-

current-progress-and-outlook/

Williams, D. R. (2021, December 20). Moon fact sheet. Welcome to the NSSDCA.

https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html

Purpose: inform people on how different the moon's gravity is compared to

earth
Information: The moons gravity is 1/6th the gravity of Earth’s “Mean values
at opposition from Earth
Distance from Earth (equator, km) 378,000
Apparent diameter (seconds of arc) 1896
Apparent visual magnitude -12.74

* These represent mean apogee and perigee for the lunar orbit,
and were used for calculating the maximum and minimum velocities.
The orbit changes over the course of the year so the distance
from the Moon to Earth roughly ranges from 357,000 km to 407,000 km,
giving velocities ranging from 1.100 to 0.966 km/s. Composition of the
tenuous lunar atmosphere is poorly known and variable,
these are estimates of the upper limits of the night time ambient
atmosphere
composition. Daytime levels were difficult to measure due to heating and
outgassing of Apollo surface experiments.”

References
Brooks, F. (2021, June 9). How is cotton string made? Our Pastimes.

https://ourpastimes.com/how-is-cotton-string-made-12366602.html

Ciriminna, F. (2020, September 1). Biodegradable and Compostable plastics: A critical

perspective on the dawn of their global adoption. PubMed Central (PMC).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6946947/

Koukoulas M. (2022). The future of single-use paper coffee cups: Current progress and

outlook. BioResources.

https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/the-future-of-single-use-paper-coffee-cups-

current-progress-and-outlook/

Nasa. (2018, July 9). Gravity of the moon's crust – Moon: NASA science. Moon: NASA

Science. https://moon.nasa.gov/resources/270/gravity-of-the-moons-crust/

Williams, D. R. (2021, December 20). Moon fact sheet. Welcome to the NSSDCA.

https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html

Purpose: to inform readers about the moon's crust

Information “moon show the "Bouguer" gravity anomalies as measured by NASA's
GRAIL mission. Bouguer gravity is what remains from the gravity field when the
attraction of surface topography is removed, and therefore represents mass
anomalies inside the moon due to either variations in crustal thickness or crust or
mantle density.

Red areas have stronger gravity, while blue areas have weaker gravity.

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., manages the GRAIL mission
for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, is home to the mission's principal investigator, Maria
Zuber. GRAIL is part of the Discovery Program managed at NASA's Marshall Space
Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. Lockheed Martin Space Systems in Denver built the
spacecraft. The California Institute of Technology in Pasadena manages JPL for
NASA”.