Purposive

Communication

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Integrated Learning Resource Material

Version 1.0 - 2019

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE i

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1

INTRODUCTION

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION 4

Topic 1 -Definition of Communication 5

Topic 2-The Process and Elements of Communication 9

Topic 3-Principles of Communication 12
Topic 4-Ethics in Communication 14

MODULE 2: MODES OF COMMUNICATION 17

Topic 1-Forms of communication 18

Topic 2-Communication and technology 21

MODULE 3: INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 26

Topic 1-Communication and globalization 28

Topic 2-Local and global communication in 32

multicultural setting
Topic 3-Varieties and registers of spoken 36
and written language
Topic 4-Exploring texts reflecting different cultures 41

Topic 5-Coping with the challenges of 45

intercultural communication

MODULE 4: THE DOCUMENTED ESSAY ON A CONCEPT 54

Topic 1-Academic research and the documented essay 55

in the twenty-first century

Topic 2-Critical thinking, collaboration, and 59

the writing process
Topic 3-Concepts of social and cultural significance 62

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

MODULE 5: COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES 64

Topic 1-Preparing a speech or oral report 66

Topic 2-Informative communication 70
Topic 3-Persuasive communication 76

Topic 4-General types of special- occasion speeches 82

Topic 5-Types of speeches based on delivery 91

MODULE 6: COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES 97

Topic 1-Basics of writing 98

Topic 2-Short reports 101

REFERENCES 103

CONTRIBUTORS 105

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

INTRODUCTION

Humans’ capability to communicate using the inscribed words and use of sounds make us top of the
hierarchy of all living creatures.

Communication is derived from a Latin word “communis” which means common. Communicating
becomes essential in the human civilization on exchanging of information, sharing thoughts, and
expressing oneself. Also, it becomes the catalyst for the people in the society to unite in decision making,
and fostering good relationships and profound respect to one another. Meanwhile, it is already known that
the vital role of communication is the transmission of message to other person, but how does
communication take place?

The process of communications happens between a sender and the receiver. The message is encoded by
the sender and decoded by the receiver channeling through various medium. Most commonly,
communication takes in face-to-face interaction, however, as the world becomes more advanced, our
means of communications changes. Whilst the traditional modes of communication remain the same,
various communication modes arose and became not just the trend but become essential in exchanging
information. Communi cation mode refers to the channel through which one expresses his/her
communicative intent; it is the medium through which one conveys his/her thoughts. Moreover, views or
feeling can be communicated through face-to-face interaction, video or audio. Thus, the development of
various channel for communication using the Ethernet and Information and Communication Technology
allow us transfer the message faster and convenient. Needless to say, the transmission of the information
is also interrupted by many barriers of communication thus, affecting and hindering the understanding of
both parties due to noise and other subconscious nonverbal cues. More often or not, nonverbal signals
trigger the process of communication.

Additionally, written communication has become important on the academic arena. Through written text
information, it allows us to discover, explore, travel the world, and seemingly defy time and space.
Analyzing the deeper context of diverse cultures in our community serves a key point of human intellect
on unveiling the significant details of the evolution of human, diversities, cultures, politics, and society.
Thus, becomes a primary tool on the academic research and the like.

Essentially, this book does not only contain the types, basic elements, process, modes, and forms of
communication as it also includes the different purposes of communication in the daily course of human
person and how one’s good communication skills effect on the society. The underlying purpose of
communication also is to cross the culture of other people in a holistic level of perception and
determining the differences through understanding multicultural communication and globalization trend.

Therefore, adept communication skills and embodying the ethical principles of communication help us to
converse and transmit the message effectively to our target audience. Furthermore, it hones our moral and
intellectual capacity making as not just a good communicator but a listener as well, thus avoiding and
mitigating misunderstanding and further implications of both parties in the actual scenario of
communication.

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

MODULE 1
COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, ETHICS,
AND GLOBALIZATION

THE PAULINIAN ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

ETHICAL, PAULINIAN LEADERS &

PROFESSIONALS, who:
1.1 . Consistently adhere to ethico-moral standards of decision making
and behavior in their personal, professional and organizational affairs;

1.2. Declare, affirm, and manifest the values and principles of honesty,
transparency, responsibility, accountability, and fairness in their
professional lives and endeavor;

1.3. Articulate, advocate, and exhibit Paulinian ideals and values in their
private and professional lives nurtured by prayer and deep relationship
with God; and

1.4. Speak out and take action to expose and redress violations of social
and professional norms and principles
whatever the consequences may be.

AFFIRMATION
“As a Christ-centered Paulinian, I am a Reliable, Productive
EXPERT and IMPLEMENTER, competently pursuing my
mission in life.”

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

TOPIC 1
DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES:

During the learning engagements, the learners are able to:

1. define what is communication;

2. identify and explain the various communication modes and how they help in expressing one‘s
communication intent;
3. distinguish the difference between and among the communication modes; and
4. use these communication modes appropriately depending on the context of the communication
situation.
INTRODUCTION

Communication can be defined as the process of transmitting information and common understanding from
one person to another (Keyton, 2011). The word communication is derived from the Latin word, ―communis”,
which means common. In our everyday living, for a communication to be effectively transmitted, elements of
communication must be present and these include a.)Speaker, b.)Message, c.) Receiver, d.)Channel,
e.)Feedback, and f.) Communicative Situation.

What is Language?
Language is a wonderfully rich vehicle for communication . It is a system of conventional spoken,
manual, or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants
in its culture, express themselves. The functions of language include communication, the expression
of identity, play, imaginative expression, and emotional release. It has a system of rules (also known as
grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon). These are the requirements for identifying
a means of communication as a language. When people use language, they can understand each other because
they belong to the same speech community. They can understand each other because in their speech
community, people share the same set of rules in the language system. While growing up, people acquire the
languages used by those in the community. This is the process of language acquisition. The languages
acquired while growing up are known as mother tongues, which may also be referred to as first language.
People discover later on that other language are needed various reasons. These other languages may be
referred to as second language. People learn these languages by studying formally in school or informally on
their own. This is a process of language learning.

What is Communication?

Communication as a term takes on different contexts resulting in people having different views in
communication types. Since communication is generally defined as the exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts
and view between or among two or more people. Context is the circumstances or environment in which
communication takes place. Such circumstances may include the physical or actual setting, the value positions
of a speaker/listener, and the relevance or appropriateness of a message conveyed. It focuses on certain
communication process and even groupings of people that constitute a communication situation. Different
contexts can impact one‘s communication. Each communication type is governed b y a particular

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PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

circumstance. Hence, it is essential to pay attention and interplay of factors surrounding the context of
communication which may be physical, cultural, social, and psychological in nature.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE

A message may be impart through these types; verbal-non-verbal and visual. While communication is often
thought of as verbal, the non- verbal mode is equally essential as it enhances one‘s message.

! VERBAL-NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Effective communication calls for the blending of these two types. One cannot be separated from the
other. For example, door-to-door sales persons who demonstrate product knowledge can only be
effective if they know how to properly punctuate what they say with proper gestures and facial
expressions. Their communication with the customer begins upon greeting him/her with a welcoming
smile then assessing customer needs and answering customer queries enhanced by gestures and a friendly,
happy and pleasant disposition. It is through this mode that sales pole with excellent communication
skills are able to provide the best information needed, by that means convincing the client to patronize
their products.

! VISUAL COMMUNICATION
Visual communication, on the other hand, is the type of communication that uses visuals to convey
information and/or messages. Some examples are signs, symbol, imagery, maps, graphs, charts, diagrams,
pictograms, photos, drawings or illustrations, and even various forms of electronic communication.
Visual communication now occupies an important place in any work environment. For instance, during
presentations, instructors, managers, doctors, lawyers, legislators and the like use visuals to transfer data
into digestible information. Very likely, they have greater success in catching the attention of the audience
making the latter easily recall the information. What makes visual communication even more advantages
is that it makes use of communication even more advantages is that it makes use of technology that
provides apps( applications), videos and images that rely less on the printed word making presentations
more interesting. This leaves a powerful effect on the audience and prospective clients.
Speakers/presenters should be mindful of the content of their presentation since wrong and irrelevant
information may lead to miscommunication. Likewise, they should pay attention to graphic elements,
such as position, color, size, shape and orientation as all these play an important role in the presentation
of slides. Audience size should be considered as well when preparing slide presentations or other forms
of visuals.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT

In this sub-section, context in communication is referred to as composite of people interacting with each
other. Communication may also be classified according to context: (1) intrapersonal; (2) interpersonal

! INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

The Latin prefixes intra-means within or inside. Intrapersonal communication then means talking to
oneself. Some label it as self or inner talk, inner dialogue. Psychologists call it with other names such as
self-verbalization or self-statement. Intrapersonal communication can be defined also as communication
with one‘s self, and that may include self -talk, acts of imagination and visualization, and even recall and

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

memory (McLean, 2005). You read on your phone that your friends are going to have dinner at your
favorite restaurant. What comes to mind? Sights, sounds, and scents? Something special that happened
the last time you were there? Do you contemplate joining them? Do you start to work out a plan of
getting from your present location to the restaurant? Do you send your friends a text asking if they want
company? Until the moment when you hit the ―send‖ button, you are communicating wi th yourself.
Communications expert Leonard Shedletsky examined intrapersonal communication through the eight
basic components of the communication process (i.e., source, receiver, message, channel, feedback,
environment, context, and interference) as transactional, but all the interaction occurs within the
individual (Shedletsky, 1989). From planning to problem solving, internal conflict resolution, and
evaluations and judgments of self and others, we communicate with ourselves through intrapersonal
communication. All this interaction takes place in the mind without externalization, and all of it relies on
previous interaction with the external world.

! INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Interpersonal communication can be defined as communication between two people, but the definition
fails to capture the essence of a relationship. This broad definition is useful when we compare it to
intrapersonal communication, or communication with ourselves, as opposed to mass communication, or
communication with a large audience, but it requires clarification. The developmental view of
interpersonal communication places emphasis on the relationship rather than the size of the audience,
and draws a distinction between impersonal and personal interactions. Family for many is the first
experience in interpersonal relationships, but as we develop professionally, our relationships at work may
take on many of the attributes we associate with family communication. We look to each other with
similar sibling rivalries, competition for attention and resources, and support. The workplace and our
peers can become as close, or closer, than our birth families, with similar challenges and rewards. To
summarize, interpersonal relationships are an important part of the work environment.

SYNTHESIS

! Language is a system of conventional spoken, manual, or written symbols by means of

which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, express themselves.
! Communication is defined as the process of transmitting information and common
understanding from one person to another.
! There are two types of communication according to mode: 1. Verbal and Non-verbal
communication; 2. Visual Communication
! Two types of communication according to context: 1. Intrapersonal Communication; 2.
Interpersonal Communication

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

TEST YOURSELF!

INSTRUCTION: Choose and encircle the best answer below.

1. It is define as the process of transmitting information and common understanding from one
person to another.
a. Communication b. Speaker c. Process d. Purpose
2. It is a type of communication that uses visuals to convey information and/or messages.
a. Non-verbal b. Verbal c. Visual d. Intrapersonal
3. It is defined also as communication with one‘s self, and that may include self -talk, acts of
imagination and visualization, and even recall and memory.
a. Verbal b. Interpersonal c. Intrapersonal d. Non-verbal

ANSWERS KEY
1. A
2. C
3. C
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PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

TOPIC 2
THE PROCESS AND ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
During the learning engagements, the learners are able to:

1. identify the elements of communication in various texts; and

2. illustrate the communication process.

INTRODUCTION

Communication is to the organization as blood is to the body. The success of all the functions of
management depends upon the effective communication. In this case, the process and elements should be
put in consideration in order to communicate effectively. The communication process is a simple to complex
process depending on the situation. The elements should also be present in order to successfully make a
successful communication process.

Elements of Communication Process:

Communication process involves elements like sender, receiver, encoding, decoding, channel/ media, voice
and feedback. These elements are explained below:
1. Sender - He is the person who sends his ideas to another person. For example, if a manager wants to
inform his subordinates about the introduction of a new product, he is the sender.
2. Message - The idea, feeling, suggestion, guidelines, orders or any content which is intended to be
communicated is message. For example, message is the introduction of new product.
3. Encoding - It is the process of converting the idea, thinking or any other component of message into
symbols, words, actions, diagram etc. For example, message is connected in words and actions.
4. Media - It is the medium, passage or route through which encoded message is passed by the sender to the
receiver. There can be various forms of media-face to face communication, letters, radio, television, e-mail
etc. For example manager inform about the introduction of a new product in a meeting through presentation.
5. Decoding - It means translating the encoded message into language understandable by the receiver.
6. Receiver - He is the person to whom the message has been sent. For example, subordinates are receivers.
7. Feedback - It is the response by the receiver. It marks the completion of the communication process.
8. Noise - It is the hindrance in the process of communication. It can take place at any step in the entire
process. It reduces the accuracy of communication e.g. 1) Disturbance in the telephone lines, 2) An
inattentive receiver 3) Improper Decoding of Message etc.

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Figure 1. Source: https://bit.ly/34cWWWY

Communication process consists of following steps:

(i) The sender formulates the message that he wants to convey to the receiver.
(ii) He encodes or translates his message. He may take the help of symbols, words, actions, diagrams, pictures
etc.
(iii) He selects an appropriate channel or medium through which the message is to be transmitted. It can be
face to face communication, letters, radio, television, e-mail etc.
(iv)The message is received by the receiver.
(v) Received message is decoded by the receiver so that the receiver can draw the meaning of the message.
(vi)The receiver sends his response to the sender. In case of any confusion, the same is conveyed and
necessary clarification sought.

SYNTHESIS
" Communication follows a process.
" There are 8 elements of communication: 1. Sender; 2. Message; 3. Encoding; 4. Media; 5. Decoding;
6. Receiver; 7. Feedback; 8. Noise.

10

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

TEST YOURSELF!

Direction: Fill in the blank.

Communication follows a certain process which is compose or done by the elements. To start the
conversation, the 1._______ formulates the message which will be transmitted to the 2._________. The
sender‘s job is to 3.________ or translate his message and he has to choose the media where will be the
conversation will be grounded. After 4._________ the message, the receiver will then give 5.__________ to
complete the communication process. This process will cycle through until the purpose of the conversation is
met.

Answers Key:
1. Sender
2. Receiver
3. Encode
4. Decoding
5. Feedback

11