Applied Energy xxx (2016) xxx–xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy

Waste Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA): Application of Pinch

Analysis for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction in municipal solid
waste management
Wai Shin Ho a,⇑, Haslenda Hashim a, Jeng Shiun Lim a, Chew Tin Lee b, Kah Chiin Sam b, Sie Ting Tan a
a
Process System Engineering Centre (PROSPECT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
b
Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia

h i g h l i g h t s

 A novel method known as Waste Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA) is presented.

 WAMPA aims to identify waste management strategies based on specific target.
 WAMPA is capable to examine the capacity of waste management strategies through graphical representation.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Improper waste management happened in most of the developing country where inadequate disposal of
Received 15 August 2015 waste in landfill is commonly practiced. Apart from disposal, MSW can turn into valuable product
Received in revised form 26 December 2015 through recycling, energy recovery, and biological recovery action as suggested in the hierarchy of waste
Accepted 19 January 2016
management. This study presents a method known as Waste Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA) to
Available online xxxx
examine the implication of a dual-objective – landfill and GHG emission reduction target in sustainable
waste management. WAMPA is capable to identify the capacity of each waste processing strategy
Keywords:
through graphical representation. A general methodology of WAMPA is presented through a demonstra-
GHG emission
Pinch Analysis (PA)
tion of a SWM case followed by a detailed representation of WAMPA for five waste types. Application of
Solid waste management (SWM) the WAMPA is then applied on a case study for sustainable waste management planning from year 2015
Waste-to-Energy (WtE) to 2035. Three waste management strategies are incorporated into the case study – landfill, Waste-to-
Reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R) Energy (WtE), and reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R). The results show a 13.5% of total GHG emission reduc-
tion and 54.6% of total reduction of landfill are achieved. The major contributor of GHG emission which
are from food waste (landfill emission) and plastic (WtE emission) is reduced.
Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction CH4 contributes to about 21% of global greenhouse gasses (GHG).

The generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) has increased in
parallel to the rapid population growth, and with changing con-
sumption patterns, economic development and rapid urbanization.
Improper waste management happened in most of the developing
country where inadequate disposal of waste in landfill is com-
monly practiced. Improper waste management causes long-term
impacts to the environmental, such as pollution of air, soil, surface
and ground water, in addition, reduces valuable land space due to
landfilling. One of the major consequences of landfill is the gener-
ation of methane (CH4) gas from the decomposition of MSW, where
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +60 16 4401186.
E-mail address: hwshin@utm.my (W.S. Ho).
The negative consequences of landfill are the driving force that
pushes governments and municipalities to identify better solutions
for waste management planning. Apart from disposal, MSW can
turn into valuable product through recycling, energy recovery,
and biological recovery action as suggested in the hierarchy of
waste management [1].
As the process to identify the optimal strategy for waste man-
agement can be rather complex. Regional solid waste management
(SWM) strategy are often performed via optimization tool which is
often optimized in a ‘‘black-box” mathematical optimization
approach, emphasizes the design of a system by a specific objective
function that gives the best solution to the objective function [2].
Various types of techniques have been implemented as an opti-
mization model for SWM, such as Linear Programing, Mixed

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.044
0306-2619/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: Ho WS et al. Waste Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA): Application of Pinch Analysis for greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-
sion reduction in municipal solid waste management. Appl Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.044
2 W.S. Ho et al. / Applied Energy xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
Nomenclature
3R reduce, reuse and recycling
CEPA Carbon Emission Pinch Analysis
CO2 carbon dioxide
CH4 methane
EROI Energy Return on Energy Investment
GHG greenhouse gasses
MILP Mixed Integer Linear Programming
MSW municipal solid waste
Integer Linear Programming (MILP), Non-linear Programming
(NLP), stochastic programming, fuzzy logic and hybrid model.
Mathematical optimization approach required the specific mathe-
matical modelling knowledge to develop the models, which might
prevent decision and policy makers to understand fully the reason
in obtaining the optimal solution.
Among the optimization techniques present, Pinch Analysis
(PA), which has been largely applied through many applications,
is significantly important and has the advantage of allowing users
to easily grasp and understand the optimization procedure as PA is
often presented graphically. PA was first developed based on ther-
modynamic principles for the synthesis of heat exchanger net-
works in the 1970s [3]. The fundamental concept of PA is to
maximise the process-to-process heat recovery and minimise the
external utility loads. Since then, it has been applied to processing
problems beyond heat and energy application. For instance, El-
Halwagi and Manousiouthakis [4] adopted PA into mass exchange
networks of a chemical process. Wan Alwi and Manan [5] proposed
a new graphical tool known as STEP to simultaneously target and
design heat exchanger network, which later on, the authors [6]
extended to consider the placement of utilities with flue gas. Miah
et al. [7] proposed a new practical integration framework to solve
complex and diverse production line, involving analysis at zonal
and factory level. Liew et al. [8] proposed a PA centric framework
to perform the heat integration for a total site problem. PA was fur-
ther adapted in power system planning by Bandyopadhyay [9] to
design an off-grid PV/Battery system. Alwi et al. [10] continue to
improve the power for hybrid renewable energy sources known
as Power Pinch Analysis (PPA). Ho et al. [11] extend the PPA
approach by employing new ways of utilising the Demand and
Supply Composite Curve methods for the design of an off-grid
hybrid energy systems. Giaouris et al. [12] continue to improve
the work on PPA by introducing the Power Grand Composite
Curves (PGCC) method to adaptively adjust the system operation
in short-term power requirements. Other than energy and power,
Manan et al. [13] proposed the used of Water Pinch to target the
minimum water flow rate. Ng et al. [14] adopted Water Pinch for
wastewater recycling issue. Foo et al. [15] developed algebraic
and graphical targeting techniques to design the chilled water
and cooling water network.
Conventional Pinch Analyses are used to define the target
(demand chain) of process system based on the information of
stream quantities and quality (supply chain) for a micro-scale
industries planning. With contrast to the conventional Pinch
approaches, Tan and Foo [16] developed the Carbon Emission Pinch
Analysis (CEPA) to address the GHG emission constraints issue of
the energy sectors for macro scale regional planning. In CEPA, the
carbon reduction target from the energy sector was set based on
national or regional development plan, then emissions reduction
action is decided to achieve the set target. Tan et al. [17] extends
the conventional PA technique from industrial sites to broader
macro-scale applications into electricity generation sector to
Please cite this article in press as: Ho WS et al. Waste Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA): Application of Pinch Analysis for greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-
sion reduction in municipal solid waste management. Appl Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.044
NLP Non-linear Programming
PGCC Power Grand Composite Curves
PPA Power Pinch Analysis
SWM solid waste management
WAMPA Waste Management Pinch Analysis
WSC Waste Supply Curve
WtE Waste-to-Energy
optimize the generation mix based on demand/emissions target-
ing. Walmsley et al. [18] combined the CEPA and Energy Return
on Energy Investment (EROI) to perform macro level energy plan-
ning for New Zealand.
This study presents a new application of PA for SWM planning.
The proposed Waste Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA) is
analogous to the existing CEPA. Similar to the existing CEPA, users
will have to identify the constraint for GHG emission and then
adjust a non-carbon emitting option to meet the targeted demand
while maintaining the GHG emission at the appropriate level.
While CEPA is applied for energy management, WAMPA is for solid
waste. In CEPA, the non-carbon emitting option is renewable
energy while in WAMPA is reduce, reuse, and recycling (3R) strat-
egy. In addition to that, WAMPA also include an additional target
for landfill reduction target as well as provides a more detailed step
by step analysis compared to the previous CEPA, to balance the
three general strategies in waste management (Waste-to-Energy
(WtE), landfilling, and 3R). WAMPA is able to reveal the capacity
for landfilling, WtE, and 3R to meet a future scenario where waste
generation is increasing and more stringent constraint is set on
GHG emission and landfilling. In this paper, WAMPA is also
demonstrated for the five major categories of municipal solid
waste, food waste, paper, plastic, metal and glass.
In this article, the general methodology of WAMPA will be pre-
sented through a demonstration of a SWM case followed by a
detailed representation of WAMPA for five waste types. Applica-
tion of the technique is then applied on a hypothetical case study
for sustainable waste management planning. It is noted that the
figures presented in the methodology chapter reflects the hypo-
thetical case study. It is then followed by the result and discussion,
and finally conclusion.
2. Waste Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA)
WAMPA is developed base on CEPA approach that identify the
optimal strategies based on the defined target for a waste manage-
ment system. WAMPA introduces a step-by-step algorithm, which
involves a more systematic approach for waste management
system.
2.1. Assumption of WAMPA
To conduct WAMPA, several assumptions were made:
1. The supply side of waste management is depicted by the capac-
ity of waste processing and disposal technologies, which are
such as recycling, WtE, and landfilling.
2. The demand side of waste management is depicted by the
amount of waste source.
3. Waste are assumed to be segregated, therefore different types
of waste would be processed according to the characteristic.
4. It is assumed that no GHG is release from metal and glass waste.
 W.S. Ho et al. / Applied Energy xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
5. The study only consider GHG emission from CO2 and CH4
sources, which is represented as total CO2 equivalent. CH4 are
emitted from landfills while CO2 are emitted from WtE
technologies.
6. WtE technologies are generalized to emit a similar amount of
CO2 emission.
7. 3R referred to waste reduce, reuse, and recycling activities
which are assumed to not release any GHG during processing.
2.2. The basic steps for WAMPA development
In Pinch Analysis the Demand (source) and Supply (sink) Com-
posite Curve is constructed and the point where the Demand and
Supply Curve meets is known as Pinch Point, base on that several
information can be extracted. In WAMPA, the Pinch Point is defined
by the users as the GHG emission constraint target. The Demand
Curve represent a straight line from the origin to the Pinch Point.
Base on the Pinch Point and the Demand Curve, the Supply Curve
is constructed via WAMPA such that it meets the Demand Curve
at the Pinch Point. The Supply Curve is represented by the Landfill
Curve, WtE Curve and the 3R Curve.
 Landfill Curve: GHG emission from landfill refers to emission of
CH4 due to decomposition of organic waste decomposition.
 WtE Curve: GHG emission from WtE refers to emission of CO2
during conversion of WtE.
 3R Curve: 3R is considered to not emit any GHG.
WAMPA is presented on a two-dimension graph with X-axis as
the cumulative of waste amount and Y-axis as the cumulative of
GHG emission. Fig. 1 shows the graphical concept of WAMPA.
WAMPA is developed to identify the requirement of landfill,
WtE and 3R capacity from a current to a future scenario where
waste quantity is expected to increase subjected to GHG emission
and landfilling constraint. The methodology of WAMPA is therefore
divided into the construction of two Supply Curve, one Curve for
current and another for future scenario. Step-by-step explanation
of WAMPA methodology is as below [19]:
Step 1: Construct the existing Waste Supply Curve (WSC).
Step 2: Set a target of GHG emission (Pinch Point) and waste to
landfill reduction.
Step 3: Construct the new WSC starting from the Pinch Point to
the origin. Start by shifting the Landfill Curve from the existing
Fig. 1. Conceptual illustration of Waste Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA).
Please cite this article in press as: Ho WS et al. Waste Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA): Application of Pinch Analysis for greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-
sion reduction in municipal solid waste management. Appl Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.044
3
WSC to the Pinch Point. Noted that only a portion of the Landfill
Curve is shifted. The length of the Landfill Curve that can be
shifted depends on the waste to landfill reduction target.
Step 4: Shift the existing WtE Curve to the new WSC (beginning
from the end of the Landfill Curve).
Step 5: Extend the WtE Curve so that it touches the x-axis
(maintaining the gradient of the line), the extended portion of
the Curve represent additional WtE capacity to be imple-
mented. If the existing WtE curve crosses the x-axis, it indicates
WtE capacity have to be reduced to the extent that it touches
the x-axis.
WtE is given priority over 3R as the energy produce can also be
applied to avoid GHG emission from fossil fuel, WtE is also more
economical than 3R. However as WtE process emits CO2 and due
to the GHG constraint only a limited amount of WtE can be
imposed.
Step 6: Maintain the existing 3R Curve (at origin).
Step 7: Extend the 3R curve to the WtE curve, the extended por-
tion of the curve represent additional 3R to be implemented.
It is noted that the construction of the Demand Curve is not
required in WAMPA since it is a straight line from the origin to
the Pinch Point and it does not affect the decision for constructing
the WSC. A general illustration of WAMPA algorithm is shown in
Fig. 2.
In summary, WAMPA methodology for GHG emission and land-
fill reduction of waste management is capable to identify the
capacity of landfill, WtE, and 3R.
Depending on waste type, certain Curves (Landfill, WtE, and/or
3R) may not exist during the analysis and these curves may also be
portrayed differently due to differences in GHG emissions. In this
paper, 5 waste types will be discussed, paper, plastic, food waste,
metal and glass.
Few obvious differences in depiction of WAMPA for different
waste type are such as; (1) For food waste, there is no 3R curve
as organic waste cannot be recycled or reuse as a new source of
food; (2) For plastic waste, as plastic is not bio-degradable, Landfill
Curve of plastic waste is depicted as a horizontal line similar to 3R
Curve; and (3) For metal and glass waste, WtE Curve is not present,
the Landfill Curve is also depicted as a horizontal line for metal and
glass waste as no CO2 and CH4 is emitted. Only paper wastes
WAMPA illustrates each Curves as explained in Fig. 2.
4 W.S. Ho et al. / Applied Energy xxx (2016) xxx–xxx

Fig. 2. General WAMPA algorithm.

Fig. 3. WAMPA for plastic waste.

Fig. 4. WAMPA for food waste.

For food, metal and glass waste, the algorithm is slightly differ- WAMPA for each food, metal and glass is shown below. The illus-
ent than that for paper and plastic, as food waste do not require 3R tration of the methodology graphically is shown in Fig. 2 for paper
Curve to be constructed while metal and glass waste do not require waste, Fig. 3 for plastic waste, Fig. 4 (feasible) and Fig. 5 (infeasible)
WtE Curve to be constructed. The step by step methodology of for food waste, and Fig. 6 for metal and glass.

Please cite this article in press as: Ho WS et al. Waste Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA): Application of Pinch Analysis for greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-
sion reduction in municipal solid waste management. Appl Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.044
 W.S. Ho et al. / Applied Energy xxx (2016) xxx–xxx 5

Fig. 5. WAMPA for food waste at 40% landfill reduction instead of 80% (infeasible).

Fig. 6. WAMPA for metal and glass waste.

(a) Food waste (b) Metal and glass waste

Step 1: Construct the existing Waste Supply Curve (WSC).
Step 2: Set a target of GHG emission (Pinch Point) and waste
to landfill reduction.
Step 3: Construct the new WSC starting from the Pinch Point
to the origin. Start by shifting the Landfill Curve from the
existing WSC to the Pinch Point.
Step 4: Shift the existing WtE Curve to the new WSC (begin-
ning from the end of the Landfill Curve).
Step 5: Extend the WtE Curve so that it touches the x-axis
(maintaining the gradient of the line).
If the WtE Curve touches the y-axis first (Fig. 4), it shows that
the GHG emission limit for processing food waste is not yet met,
indicating that further reduction of GHG is possible (further reduc-
tion is presented as the distance from the origin to the intersection
of WtE Curve and y-axis). If the Curve touches the x-axis first
(Fig. 5) the case is infeasible. The distance from the origin to the
intersection of WtE curve and x-axis represent the amount of
waste that is not processed due to landfill capacity and GHG emis-
sion constraints.
For metal and glass waste, as there is no GHG emission, all
Curve are represented as horizontal lines divided into two cate-
gories, 3R Curve and Landfill Curve.
Step 1: Construct the existing Waste Supply Curve (WSC).
Step 2: Set a target of GHG emission (Pinch Point) and waste to
landfill reduction.
Step 3: Construct the new WSC starting from the Pinch Point to
the origin. Start by shifting the Landfill Curve from the existing
WSC to the Pinch Point.
Step 4: Maintain the existing 3R Curve (at origin).
Step 5: Extend the 3R curve to the WtE curve.
3. Case study
Sustainable waste management is identified as the synergy con-
cept of economically affordable, socially acceptable and environ-
mentally effective for waste management. Recovery of resources

Please cite this article in press as: Ho WS et al. Waste Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA): Application of Pinch Analysis for greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-
sion reduction in municipal solid waste management. Appl Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.044
6 W.S. Ho et al. / Applied Energy xxx (2016) xxx–xxx

Table 1 4. Results and discussion

Data for WAMPA analysis.

Waste generation Landfill GHG The overall result of the analysis is shown in Table 3 while the
(t) reduction emission overall waste management strategy in year 2015 (before conduct-
target (%) reduction
ing WAMPA) is shown Fig. 7 and the overall waste management
target (%)
Year Year strategy in year 2035 (after conducting WAMPA) is shown in
2015 2035 Fig. 8. Base on the case study, the total GHG emission after reduc-
Paper waste 40,000 65,000 40 20 tion target for paper waste is 8160 t, plastic waste is 24,480 t and
Plastic waste 120,000 160,000 40 40 food waste is 107,400 t with consideration on further reduction
Food waste 230,000 300,000 80 15 (gap on the y-axis), resulting in the total GHG emission of
Metal waste 30,000 40,000 5 – 140,080 t a reduction of 13.5% from year 2015 (161,900 t). With
Glass waste 15,000 20,000 5 –
references to Figs. 7 and 8, it can be seen that waste to landfill
Landfill emission of food 0.59
waste (t/t waste) [20] has been greatly reduced, from 249,000 t to 113,050 t (54.6%
Landfill emission of 0.37 reduction), WtE increased from 150,000 t to 309,286 t (106.2%
paper waste (t CO2/t increment) and 3R increase from 36,000 t to 162,664 t (351.8%).
waste) [20]
From Fig. 7, it can be seen that the major contributor of GHG emis-
Emission from WtE 0.28
(Paper and food
sion which is from food waste (landfill) and plastic (WtE) is
waste) (t CO2/t waste) reduced. Plastic (WtE) is reduced in amount while food waste
[20] (landfill) is replaced by food waste (WtE). In year 2035, food waste
Emission from WtE 0.68 (WtE) is depicted as the major contributor of GHG emission, how-
(Plastic) (t CO2/t
ever it should be noted that the energy produced through WtE will
waste) [21]
replace fossil fuel energy and could result in further reduction of
GHG emission.

(a) Paper waste

from waste decrease the depletion of non-renewable resource is
identified as the key strategy for sustainable waste management.
In this case study, it was proposed that up to 40% of paper waste
Sustainable planning for waste management has been widely
to landfill should be reduced by year 2035 compared with year
conducted at city level. In order to demonstrate WAMPA in an
2015. In addition to landfill reduction, GHG emission from paper
actual case scenario, a hypothetical case study is applied to illus-
waste management should be reduced by 20%. In order to achieve
trate the analysis and optimization capability of WAMPA in sus-
the targets, WtE strategy is increased from 10,000 t to 13,286 t, a
tainable waste management.
32.86% increase. As no more allowance for GHG emission is avail-
With the aim to be developed into a sustainable city, the hypo-
able, additional paper waste is sent for 3R, which shows an
thetical city in year 2015 has set a target to reduce GHG emission
increase of up to 39,714 t, 29,714 t more than the amount in year
and dependency of landfilling by year 2035. The specific target for
2015.
GHG emission reduction and landfill reduction from each type of
waste are presented in Table 1. The city aimed to reduce the waste
(b) Plastic waste
disposal to landfill with 40% reduction for both paper and plastic
waste, 80% for food waste and 5% for both metal and glass, at the
For plastic waste, up to 40% of landfill and GHG emission reduc-
same time reduce the GHG emission with 20% for paper waste,
tion is expected by year 2035. As plastic is non-biodegradable, no
40% for plastic waste, and 15% of food waste. The other data such
CO2 is release from the landfill and the only way to reduce GHG
as the coefficient of GHG emission for each waste and waste gen-
emission is through the reduction of plastic WtE strategy. A reduce
eration are also summarised in Table 1. Table 2 explained the detail
of 24,000 t for WtE is recorded while 3R increase by 80,000 t. The
data for the case study to demonstrate WAMPA.
large increment in 3R is due to high reduction in both GHG emis-
The illustration of the analysis for paper, plastic, food waste, and
sion and landfilling. The outcome to reduce WtE for plastic is sen-
metal, and glass are shown in Figs. 3–6. Detailed explanation of the
sible and accordance to the fact that combustion of plastic should
analysis is explained in Section 4.
be minimize at it release high amount of GHG and toxic fumes [22].

Table 2
Data for the case study to demonstrate WAMPA.

3R (t) 3R GHG emission (t) WtE (t) WtE GHG emission (t) Landfill (t) Landfill GHG emission (t) Total GHG emission (t)
Paper waste 10,000 – 10,000 2800 20,000 7400 10,200
Plastic waste 20,000 – 60,000 40,800 40,000 0 40,800
Food waste – – 30,000 8400 200,000 118,000 126,400
Metal waste 5000 – – 0 25,000 0 0
Glass waste 1000 – – 0 14,000 0 0

Table 3
Results of WAMPA.

3R (t) 3R carbon emission (t) WtE (t) WtE carbon emission (t) Landfill (t) Landfill carbon emission (t) Total carbon emission (t)
Paper waste 39,714 – 13,286 3,720 12,000 4440 8160
Plastic waste 100,000 – 36,000 24,480 24,000 0 24,480
Food waste – – 299,429 83,840 40,000 23,600 107,400
Metal waste 16,250 – 0 0 23,750 0 0
Glass waste 6700 – 0 0 13,300 0 0

Please cite this article in press as: Ho WS et al. Waste Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA): Application of Pinch Analysis for greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-
sion reduction in municipal solid waste management. Appl Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.044
 W.S. Ho et al. / Applied Energy xxx (2016) xxx–xxx 7

Fig. 7. Waste management in year 2015.

Fig. 8. Waste management in year 2035 (After conducting WAMPA).

Fig. 9. Reducing landfill target.

Please cite this article in press as: Ho WS et al. Waste Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA): Application of Pinch Analysis for greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-
sion reduction in municipal solid waste management. Appl Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.044
8 W.S. Ho et al. / Applied Energy xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
Fig. 10. Reducing carbon emission target.
(c) Food waste
Up to 80% of landfill reduction is expected from food waste man-
agement by year 2035. This is accompanied by a GHG reduction tar-
get of 15%. Base on the analysis shown in Fig. 4, there is an additional
reduction of 11,040 t of GHG that could be achieved. The analysis
indicates that an additional WtE of 230,000 t is required.
For demonstration purposes, the initial landfill reduction target
for food waste is modified to 40% instead of 80%. In this scenario,
the amount of WtE is decreased and due to the GHG constraint, up
to 49,143 t of food waste cannot be disposed. Adjustment is there-
fore required to ensure that all the food waste can be sustainably dis-
posed. Adjustment can be made by decreasing the amount of food
waste to the landfill, and increasing the allowance for GHG emission.
By decreasing the amount of food waste to landfill, the gap
between the Landfill Curve and the x-axis will increase, this allow
for more WtE strategies to be implemented at a lower GHG emis-
sion rate than landfilling. In another word, the WtE Curve can be
shifted upward. As long as the WtE Curve intersect the origin or
the y-axis, the proposed strategy is feasible. The same concept is
applied by decreasing the GHG emission target. An example of
shifting the Food Waste WtE Curve upward is shown in Fig. 9 for
landfill target modification and Fig. 10 for GHG emission target
modification.
(d) Metal and glass
As metal and glass are not possible to be converted through
WtE, a balancing between landfilling and 3R is required. The result
shows that with a reduction of 5% to landfill for both metal and
glass in year 2035 compared to year 2015, an additional amount
of 11,250 t for metal and 5700 t for glass is required.
5. Conclusion
Base on the overall outcome of the study, while WAMPA is able
to identify the capacity of each strategy, it does not select the type
of technology and its corresponding capacity to be implemented.
Selection of technologies which usually is subjected to other fac-
tors of consideration could be done with other optimization tech-
nique such as mathematical programming or with additional
heuristics and guideline to WAMPA. Incorporation of cost and tech-
nologies in processing will be discussed in future works. Neverthe-
less, with the current state, WAMPA could simplified the search by
revealing the targets for total required capacity for each waste
management strategy.
Please cite this article in press as: Ho WS et al. Waste Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA): Application of Pinch Analysis for greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-
sion reduction in municipal solid waste management. Appl Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.044
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support
from the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) granted under the
research project with Vote No. R.J130000.7842.4F771 and from
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) under the research project
with Vote No. Q.J130000.2501.10H28 and Q.J130000.21A2.02E02.
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Please cite this article in press as: Ho WS et al. Waste Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA): Application of Pinch Analysis for greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-
sion reduction in municipal solid waste management. Appl Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.044