Reading. Unit 1. Environment - Students

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1 I V S M N T
2 D E O X F Y C
3 C O N A M N E R
4 U A N I T O N O
5 E O T O I M S
6 D E F O E S T O N
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11 C R N I C D
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1 I N V E S T M E N T
2 D E T O X I F Y C
3 C O N T A M I N A T E R
4 U R B A N I Z A T I O N O
5 E C O T O U R I S M
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8 H A R M F U L W
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10 L I T T E R I N G R
11 C H R O N I C D
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Reading – Unit 1
ENVIRONMENT
01
Lesson preparation
02
Exam focus
• Vocabulary – Environment Sentence/Note/Table completion
• Grammar – Word form
03Practice
04
Glossary
01
Lesson
preparation
• Vocabulary – Environment
• Grammar – Word form
Vocabulary
Exercise 1. Match each word with the right definition
Word Answer Meaning

1. Fossil (n) c
1 - ……… a. to remove harmful substances or poisons from something
2. Contaminate (v) e
2 - …….. b. environmentally responsible travel to enjoy and appreciate nature and cultural
experiences
3. Detoxify (v) a
3 - …….. c. the parts of a dead animal or a plant that have become hard and turned into rock
4. Urbanization (n) f
4 - …….. d. the use of natural products and energy in a way that does not harm the
environment
5. Sustainability (n) d
5 - …….. e. to make something less pure or make it polluted
6. Ecotourism (n) b
6 - …….. f. the process in which towns, streets, factories, etc. are built where there was once
countryside
7. Deforestation (n) h
7 - …….. g. money given as part of the cost of something, to help or encourage it to happen
8. Subsidy (n) g
8 - …….. h. the cutting down of tree in a large area
Exercise 1. Match each word with the right definition
Word Meaning
1. Fossil (n) Hóa thạch

2. Contaminate (v) Làm ô nhiễm
3. Detoxify (v) Thanh lọc, làm sạch chất bẩn
4. Urbanization (n) Sự đô thị hóa
5. Sustainability (n) Tính bền vững

6. Ecotourism (n) Du lịch sinh thái
7. Deforestation (n) Sự tàn phá rừng
8. Subsidy (n) Tiền trợ cấp (từ chính phủ)

Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer
1. Since the ………………… has removed so much topsoil, the crop productivity is
adversely affected.
A. deforestation B. soil erosion C. urbanization
2. The company received a substantial state …………………. for further investment.

A. subsidy B. money C. cost
3. ……………………… has brought positive changes in poor areas.

A. Contamination B. Urbanization C. Deforestation
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer
4. It has a chronic waste problem with garbage and sewerage littering the edges
of the ……………………. that forms the island.
A. coral reef B. fossil fuel C. contamination
5. Costa Rica's national parks have made it a center for ………………………

A. sustainability B. urbanization C. ecotourism
Vocabulary
English Vietnamese
Contaminate (V)
(N) Đô thị hóa
Detoxify (V)
Sustainability (N)
(N) Du lịch sinh thái
Deforestation (N)
(N) Hóa thạch
Vocabulary
English Vietnamese
Contaminate (V) Nhiễm bẩn
Urbanization (N) Đô thị hóa
Detoxify (V) Thanh lọc
Sustainability (N) Tính bền vững
Ecotourism (N) Du lịch sinh thái
Deforestation (N) Cháy rừng
Fossil (N) Hóa thạch
Grammar
Exercise 1. Put these words into the right column
naturally effect sustainable effective nature

contamination sustainability deforest natural sustain
subsidize deforestation affect contaminate effectively
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
Deforest Effect Sustainable Naturally

Sustain Nature Effective Effectively
Subsidize Contamination Natural
Affect Sustainability
Contaminate Deforestation
Exercise 2. Circle the correct answer
To V
1. Technology is considered to (affect/effect) relationships in various ways.

The (affect/effect) of noise pollution on our health is undeniable.
The N of ....
Adj + N
2. Gender equality is one of the (sustainable/sustainability) development goals.
The long-term (sustainable/sustainability) of the community is the priority at the moment.
3. The love of beauty is an essential part of all human (natural/nature).

(Natural/Nature) disasters include all types of severe weather, which have the potential to pose a
significant threat to human health and safety.
4. The government received a substantial government (subsidize/subsidy).

Oil revenue has allowed the government to (subsidize/subsidy) housing, gasoline
and cars.
5. The government is taking actions to (urbanize/urbanization) this area.

Rapid (urbanize/urbanization) happened after several large groups of immigrants
moved into the city.
Verbs:
Position in a sentence: after subject, after adverbs of frequency
Nouns:
Noun endings: -ity, -ment, -ness, -ation, -hood …
Position in a sentence: after a determiner or one or more adjectives
Grammar
notes Adjectives:
Adjective endings: -ful, -able, -ible, -al, -ic, -ive, -ous, -y, -less …
Position in a sentence: before noun(s), after linking verbs (be, become, get,
seem, look, feel …), find/make/keep + object + adj,
Adverbs:
Adverb endings: -ly and some special cases (e.g. well, fast …)
02
Exam focus
Sentence/Note/Table completion
Example 1. Read the passage below and do the following task
Complete the sentences. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER
from the passage for each answer
1. The past history of the species that used to exist on Earth can be found through
Adj/N
the …………………………….. record.
2. The coming and going of specific groups and species can illustrate to us that life
Ving/Adj
is forever ……………………………
N
3. Without ………………………………., life forms would not be able to replicate.
Reading strategies
Sentence/Note/Table completion
Instructions
• Identify the limited number of words
• Underline keywords from questions
• Predict the type of word (noun, verb,
adjective…)
• Locate and scan the information from the text
Exercise 1. Read the passage below and do the following task
the …………………………………….. record.
2. The coming and going of specific groups and species can illustrate to us that
life is forever ……………………………
fossil and phylogenetic record.
the ……………………………………..
Looking back through time, by means of the fossil and phylogenetic record, we
can see that the Earth has been home to many more species than are alive today.
the fossil and phylogenetic record.
2. The coming and going of specific groups and species can illustrate to us that
life is forever ……………………………
2. The coming and going of specific groups and species can illustrate to us that life
evolving
is forever ……………………………
Taking a historical perspective shows that life is constantly evolving, with the
success and dominance of different groups waxing and waning over time.
DNA
All living organisms can replicate, and the replicator molecule is DNA.
Reading tip!
As the statement you are given in IELTS
completion tasks will not be taken exactly from
the passage, you need to be aware of
paraphrasing and synonyms.
Complete the table now.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Type of Impact to Children Range of Reference to Siblings Rate of Influence
Adj/N
1 ……………………………
background from parents Including to all of siblings 40 - 50%
and family
less than 3
Shared Environment N
to 2 ……………………………
number/percent
……………………………
N
4 …………………………… to part of siblings 40 - 50%
Type of Impact to Children Consider your own overall personality.

How much of who you are today was
genetic
1 …………………………… shaped by your genetic inheritance, and
background from parents how much is a result of your lifetime of
and family experiences?

New developments in behavior genetic methods

Type of Range of
have made it possible to specify shared
Impact to Reference to Rate of Influence
environments of importance and to tease apart
Children Siblings
familial and non-familial sources of shared
environmental influence. It may also refer to all of
Shared to 2 less than 3
siblings of a family, but the rate of influence is less
Environment all of siblings
………………………… 10 percent
…………………………
than 10 percent.

Range of
Type of Impact Rate of Non-shared environment, it may refer to
Reference to
to Children Influence the part of siblings of a family, the rate of
Siblings
influence to children is 40 % to 50%.
Non-shared
4 …………………… to part of siblings 40 - 50%
environment
03
Practice
Practice
Exercise 1

1. According to Dr Randolph, people get sick because of ……………………..…….. – in other words, a
failure to adjust to the modern environment.
2. Vague, far-off concepts like global warming are made more urgent when ……………………..…….. are
studied together.
3. Rising temperatures result in more widespread distribution of disease because some insects are
able to ……………………..……...
4. Large-scale removal of trees forces wildlife from their habitat and brings them into contact with
……………………..……..
5. Uncontrollable ……………………..…….. of zoonotic viruses are becoming more numerous.
6. Collaboration between many disciplines is needed to confront the problems of urban
development, pollution, ……………………..…….. and new pathogens.
7. Environmental medicine should receive more …………………….……… to help it meet future demands.

maladaptation – in other
1. According to Dr Randolph, people get sick because of ……………………..……..
words, a failure to adjust to the modern environment.
Dr Randolph suggested that our bodies, designed for the Stone Age, have not quite
caught up with the modern age and consequently, many people suffer diseases from
maladaptation, or an inability to deal with some of the new substances that are now
part of our environment.

2. Vague, far-off concepts like global warming are made more urgent when
environment
……………………..…….. are studied together.
and health
Looking at the environment and health together is a way of making distant and
nebulous notions, such as global warming, more immediate and important.

3. Rising temperatures result in more widespread distribution of disease because some

expand their range
insects are able to ……………………..……...
Even a slight rise in temperature, which the world is already experiencing, has
immediate effects. Mosquitoes can expand their range and feed on different migratory
birds than usual, resulting in these birds transferring a disease into other countries.

4. Large-scale removal of trees forces wildlife from their habitat and brings them into
domesticated animals
contact with ……………………..……..
Deforestation also displaces feral animals that may then infect domesticated animals,
which enter the food chain and transmit the disease to people.

outbreaks
5. Uncontrollable ……………………..…….. of zoonotic viruses are becoming more numerous.
Viral zoonoses like avian influenza (bird flu), swine flu (H1N1 virus) and Ebola are on the
increase with more frequent, often uncontainable, outbreaks.

6. Collaboration between many disciplines is needed to confront the problems of urban

climate change and new pathogens.
development, pollution, ……………………..……..
As the human population of the planet increases, encroaching further on animal

domains and causing ecological change, inter-professional cooperation is crucial to
meet the challenges of dealing with the effects of climate change, emergent cross-
species pathogens, rising toxicity in air, water and soil, and uncontrolled development
and urbanisation.

government
7. Environmental medicine should receive more …………………….……… to help it meet future
funds
demands.
This can only happen if additional government funds are channelled into the study and
practice of environmental medicine.
Practice
Exercise 2

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Coral reefs can provide
. A resource bank, e.g. for keeping clams and 1 Important considerations:
……………………………..
. Development must be based on appropriate principles.
. A seasonal back-up, when 2 ……………………………..
. Need for 5 ……………………………...
products are insufficient, e.g. in northern Mozambique . Poorly-planned development can create 6
. A tourist attraction, e.g. 3 …………………………….. tours in …………………………….. with local fishers.
the Caribbean.
Benefits for local people include:
. The creation of jobs.
. Improvements to roads and 4 ……………………………..


sea cucumbers
A resource bank, e.g. for keeping clams and 1 ……………………………..
In many places, the reef may even act as a resource bank, used as a means of saving food
for future times of need. In Manus, Papua New Guinea, giant clams are collected and held
in walled enclosures on the reef, until they are needed during periods of rough weather.
In Palau, sea cucumbers are seldom eaten during good weather in an effort …


agricultural
A seasonal back-up, when 2 …………………………….. products are insufficient, e.g. in
northern Mozambique
For example, in coastal communities in northern Mozambique, reef harvests provide key
sources of food and cash when agricultural production is low, with the peak in fisheries
production coinciding with the period of lowest agricultural stocks.


scuba diving
A tourist attraction, e.g. 3 …………………………….. tours in the Caribbean.
In the Caribbean alone, tours based on scuba-diving have attracted 20 million people in
one year.

Benefits for local people include:
The creation of jobs.
communications
Improvements to roads and 4 ……………………………..
The upgrading of roads and communications associated with the expansion of

tourism may also bring benefits to local communities.

Important considerations:
Development must be based on appropriate principles.

sustainability
Need for 5 ……………………………...
… and requires development guided by social, cultural and environmental principles.

There is growing recognition that sustainability is a key requirement, as encompassed
in small-scale eco-tourism activities, for instance.

Important considerations:
conflict
Poorly-planned development can create 6 …………………………….. with local fishers.
Where tourism development has not been carefully planned and the needs and priorities
of the local community have not been properly recognised, conflict has sometimes arisen
between tourism and local, small-scale fishers.
Practice
Exercise 3
Agricultural practice Environmental damage that may result

G. Clearing land for cultivation
1 ………………………………………….…… Deforestation
C. Increased use of chemical inputs
2 ………………………………………………. Degraded water supply
For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation,
chemical fertilisers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies;
Agricultural practice Environmental damage that may result

F. Soil erosion
More intensive farming 3 …………………………………………………
Expansion of monoculture B. Disappearance of old plant varieties

4 …………………………………………………
more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate
soil erosion; and the spread of mono-culture and use of high-yielding varieties of
crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants
which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future
04
Glossary
Exercise 1. Fill in each blank with the suitable word
acid rain poisonous pollutants global warming

greenhouse effect energy-efficient release renewable
pollutants into the atmosphere.

1. Many factories release harmful ……………………….
acid rain
2. Burning fossil fuels can cause ………………………. to fall from the clouds.
Global
3. ………………………. is the increase in temperature of the earth’s atmosphere.
warming
Energy-
4. ………………………. vehicles and appliances use less energy than other types of
efficient
transportation.
Exercise 1. Fill in each blank with the suitable word
acid rain poisonous pollutants global warming

greenhouse effect energy-efficient release renewable
renewable
5. To deal with global warming, we should use ………………………. energy like solar and
wind.
poisonous
6. Thousands of fish were killed as a result of a discharge of …………………….. chemicals
from a nearby factory.
7. The destruction of forests is contributing to the greenhouse

………………………..effect
release
8. Some countries approved to ………………………. contaminated water into the sea.
1. Scientists are developing some (alternative/sewage/poisonous) approaches to treat the

disease.
2. Untreated (release/sewage/energy) is being released into the sea, from where it pollutes
our beaches.
3. Ways must be found to prevent the (efficient/renewable/poisonous) gases from polluting

the air.
4. Cleaning up road dust is one of the cheapest ways to reduce the

(alternative/pollutant/release).
5. He has carried out extensive research into (renewable/pollutant/release) energy sources.
English Vietnamese
Greenhouse effect Hiệu ứng nhà kính
Alternative Thay thế
Energy-efficient Tiết kiệm năng lượng
Acid rain Mưa axit
Pollutant Chất gây ô nhiễm
English Vietnamese
global warming Nóng lên toàn cầu
renewable Có thể tái tạo
Sewage Nước thải
release Thải ra
Poisonous Chất độc

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• Grammar – Word form

• Grammar – Word form

Word Answer Meaning

1. Fossil (n) Hóa thạch

3. Detoxify (v) Thanh lọc, làm sạch chất bẩn

4. Urbanization (n) Sự đô thị hóa

5. Sustainability (n) Tính bền vững

7. Deforestation (n) Sự tàn phá rừng

8. Subsidy (n) Tiền trợ cấp (từ chính phủ)

2. The company received a substantial state …………………. for further investment.

3. ……………………… has brought positive changes in poor areas.

5. Costa Rica's national parks have made it a center for ………………………

(N) Đô thị hóa

(N) Du lịch sinh thái

(N) Hóa thạch

Urbanization (N) Đô thị hóa

Detoxify (V) Thanh lọc

Sustainability (N) Tính bền vững

Ecotourism (N) Du lịch sinh thái

Deforestation (N) Cháy rừng

Fossil (N) Hóa thạch

naturally effect sustainable effective nature

Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

Deforest Effect Sustainable Naturally

1. Technology is considered to (affect/effect) relationships in various ways.

3. The love of beauty is an essential part of all human (natural/nature).

4. The government received a substantial government (subsidize/subsidy).

5. The government is taking actions to (urbanize/urbanization) this area.

the …………………………………….. record.

life is forever ……………………………

3. Without ………………………………., life forms would not be able to replicate.

the fossil and phylogenetic record.

life is forever ……………………………

3. Without ………………………………., life forms would not be able to replicate.

Type of Impact to Children Range of Reference to Siblings Rate of Influence

Type of Impact to Children Consider your own overall personality.

Complete the table now.

New developments in behavior genetic methods

Complete the table now.

Complete the table now.

Complete the table now.

Complete the table now.

Complete the table now.

3. Rising temperatures result in more widespread distribution of disease because some

Complete the table now.

Complete the table now.

Complete the table now.

6. Collaboration between many disciplines is needed to confront the problems of urban

As the human population of the planet increases, encroaching further on animal

Complete the table now.

Complete the table now.

Complete the table now.

Coral reefs can provide

Complete the table now.

Coral reefs can provide

Complete the table now.

Coral reefs can provide

Complete the table now.

Benefits for local people include:

The creation of jobs.

The upgrading of roads and communications associated with the expansion of

Complete the table now.

Development must be based on appropriate principles.