February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 18

⎡1, 1< t < 2

P.P.18.1 (a) g(t) = u(t + 1) - u(t - 2) = ⎢
⎣0, otherwise
2 1
G(ω) = ∫ 1 ⋅ e − jωt dt = − e − jωt 12
1 jω
e − jω − e − j2 ω
=
jω

(b) F(t) = 4δ(t + 2)

∞ ∞
F(ω) = ∫−∞
f ( t )e − jωt dt = ∫ 4δ( t + 2)e − jωt dt
−∞
jωt
= 4e t =2 = 4e j2ω

(c) F(t) = sin(ωot)

⎡ − e jωo t ⎤ 1
F(ω) = F ⎢ ⎥= F e j ωo t − F e - jωo [( ) ( )]
⎣ 2 j ⎦ j2
= − jπ[δ(ω − ω o ) − δ(ω + ω o )]

∞ 1
P.P.18.2 F(ω) = ∫−∞
f ( t )e − jωt = ∫ (−1)e − jωt dt
0

[ ]
− jωt − j ωt
e e j
= 0
−1 − 1
= 1 − e jω − e − jω + 1
− jω − jω ω
0

2(cos ω − 1)
=
jω

e at , t<0
P.P.18.3 f (t) =
0, t>0
∞ ∞
F(ω) = ∫−∞
f ( t )e jωt dt = ∫ e at e − jωt dt
−∞

Let x = -t, then dt = -dx

0 0 − ( a − jω ) x
F(ω) = ∫ e −ax e jωx ( −dx ) = − ∫ e dx
∞ ∞
1 1
= e a − jω ) x =
a − jω a − jω
P.P.18.4 (a) g(t) = u(t) - u(t - 1)
F(ω) = u(ω) - e-jωu(ω) = (1 - e-jω)u(ω)
= (1 - e-jω)(πδ(ω) + 1/(jω))

(b) f(t) = te-2tu(t)

Let g(t) = e-2tu(t) G(ω) = 1/(2 + jω)
dG
f(t) = tg(t) j = j(-1) (2 + jω)-2(j)
dω
1
F(ω) =
(2 + jω) 2

(c) f(t) is sketched below.

f(t)
5

2 t

f '(t) = –10δ(t – 2) – 20δ(t – 2)

f "(t) = 10δ(t) - 10δ(t - 2) - 20δ'(t - 2)
(jω)2F(ω) = 10(1 - e-jω2) - 20jωe-jω2

F(ω) =
(
10 e − jω2 − 1 ) + 20je − jω2
ω2 ω

P.P.18.5 Given f(t), f '(t) and f "(t) are sketched below:

f(t)

t
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
 f ’(t)

t
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4

f “(t)

2 2 2 2

t
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4

–4 –4

f "(t) = 2δ(t + 4) - 4δ(t + 3) + 2δ(t + 2) + 2δ(t - 2) - 4δ(t + 3) + 2δ(t - 4)

We take the Fourier transform of each term.

(jω)2F(ω) = 2(ej4ω + e-j4ω) - 4(ej3ω + e-j3ω) + 2(ej2ω + e-j2ω)

= 4 cos 4ω - 8 cos 3ω + 4 cos 2ω
F(ω) = [1/(ω2)](8 cos 3ω - 4 cos 4ω - 4 cos 2ω)

6(2 jω + 3)
P.P.18.6 (a) H(ω) =
( jω + 1)( jω + 4)( jω + 2)
2 3 5
= + −
jω + 1 j ω + 2 jω + 4
h(t) = (2e-t + 3e-2t - 5e-4t)u(t)

(b) y(t) = u(t) + 2e-t cos 4t u(t)

= (1 + 2e-t cos 4t) u(t)

P.P.18.7 vi = 2 sgn (t) Vi(ω) = 4/(jω)

H(ω) = 4/(4 + jω)
16 A B
Vo (ω) = H(ω)Vi (ω) = = +
jω(4 + jω) jω 4 + jω
4 4
= −
j ω 4 + jω
 vo(t) = 2 sgn (t) - 4e-4tu(t) = 2[-1 + u(t)] - 4e-4tu(t)
= - 2 + 4 [1 - e-4t]u(t)

P.P.18.8 Is(ω) = 20π[δ(ω + 4) + δ(ω - 4)]

6 + jω2 3 + jω
H(ω) = =
10 + 6 + j2ω 8 + jω
⎛ 3 + jω ⎞
I0(ω) = H(ω)Is(ω) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟(20π)[δ(ω + 4) + δ(ω − 4)]
⎝ 8 + jω ⎠
20π ∞ ⎛ 3 + jω ⎞
2π ∫−∞ ⎜⎝ 8 + jω ⎟⎠
i o ( t ) = F -1Io(ω) = ⎜ ⎟[δ(ω + 4) + δ(ω − 4)e jωt dω]

⎡ 3 − j4 − j4 t 3 + j4 j4 t ⎤
= 10 ⎢ e + e ⎥
⎣ 8 − jω 8 + j4 ⎦
But
3 + j4 5∠53.13D
= = 0.559∠26.57 D
8 + j4 80∠26.56 D

( D
i o ( t ) = 5.59 e − j( 4 t + 26.57 ) + e j( 4 t + 26.57
D
)
)
io(t) = 11.18 cos (4t + 26.57°)A

∞ ∞
(a) W1Ω = ∫ 100 e dt = 200∫ e − 4 t dt
−4 t
P.P.18.9
−∞ 0

since t is even.
200e −4 t ∞
W1Ω = = 50J
−4
0

40
(b) H (ω) =
4 + ω2
1 ∞ 1600 1600 1 ⎛ ω 1 ω⎞
W1Ω = ∫ dω = ⋅ ⎜ 2 + tan −1 ⎟ 0∞
π 0 4 + ω2 ( )
2
π 8⎝ω + 4 2 2⎠
200 ⎛ π ⎞
W1Ω = ⎜ 0 + − 0 − 0 ⎟ = 50J
π ⎝ 4 ⎠

P.P.18.10 F(ω) = F(ω) =

1 2 1
1 + jω 1 + ω2
2 ∞ dω 2 2 π
W2 Ω = ∫ = tan −1 ω ∞0 = ⋅ = 1
π 1+ ω
0 2
π π 2
for -4 < ω < 4,
2 4 dω
W= ∫
π 1+ ω
0 2
= 2 tan −1 ω 04
2 76
= ⋅ π = 0.844 = 84.4%
π 180
 i.e. 84.4% of the total energy.

P.P.18.11 If fc = 2 MHz, fm = 4 kHz

upper sideband = 2,000,000 + 4,000 = 2,004,000 Hz

Carrier = 2,000,000 Hz
Lower sideband = 2,000,000 -4,000 = 1,996,000 Hz

P.P.18.12 W = 12.5 kHz, fs = 2W = 25 kHz

1 1
Ts = = = 40 μs
f s 25x10 3