Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Related Literature

A 2019 study conducted by DataChildFutures found that 46% of participating Italian

households have AI-powered speakers and 40% of toys are connected to the internet.
According to recent research, by 2023, more than 275 millions of his intelligent language
assistants, such as Amazon Echo and Google Home, will be in homes around the world.

As the younger generation grows interacting with her AI-enabled devices, more
consideration should be given to the impact this technology has on children, their rights and
well-being.

Despite the aggressive application of AI, certain regions are still reluctant to use the
technology. A 2019 survey conducted by the IEEE found that 43% of millennial parents in
the US and 33% of millennials in the UK said they would have no problem leaving their child
with her AI-enabled nurse while in the hospital. got it. In contrast, millennial parents in China,
India, and Brazil are more receptive to artificial intelligence, with 88%, 83%, and 63%
satisfied with virtual nurses caring for their children in hospitals. Results were also seen in
the use of AI-powered robots in pediatric surgery.

Skepticism about the widespread use of AI is also found in discussions about

children's privacy and safety. Children's information, including sensitive and biometric data,
is collected and processed by smart-her devices such as virtual assistants and smart toys.
Misuse of such data can pose a threat to children's safety. For example, in 2017, CloudPets
teddy bears were removed from shelves due to security concerns after personal information,
including photos and recordings of over 2 million children (about the population of
Nebraska)'s voice messages, was leaked.

Serious concerns have also been raised about the use of data from children,
including AI system juvenile records to predict future criminal behavior and recidivism. Aside
from putting privacy at risk, delegates and civil society activists have warned of possible
discrimination, prejudice and mistreatment.

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Local Related Literature

Building and creating wealth is one of the facilitating factors in doing research and
developing technology. There are many factors that contribute to the creation of wealth like
natural resources, capital, labor, market, public & environmental policy, and technology. The
acquisition or advancement of technology is based on the needs of society. Artificial
Intelligence (AI) is one of the most controversial innovations today. The evolution of artificial
intelligence is an opportunity for greater business value to generate wealth [4]. Significant
scientific advances in research and technology development using AI over the years can be
noted, see Fig.1. As shown in the figure, there’s a tremendous increase in the number of AI-
related conferences held from the year 2000 to the present. This is true of published
journals, magazines, and books. These data are correlated to the technology adoption of AI
globally. Most of these advancements have been developed using machine learning (ML)
and artificial intelligence. Machine learning, a sub field of AI, gives the computers the ability
to learn by exposing it to huge amounts of data. Basically, machine learning used vast data
to answer questions. The gathered data are used in training to develop an intelligent model.
The trained model will then be used in predictions or classifications to solve certain
problems. Some applications of ML are prediction, forecasting, optimization, and more. But
there are unstructured data such as images and video which are hard to distinguish the
features or hard to extract the features to generate dataset. Locally, the Philippines, having
enough workforces can be a major player in the utilization of artificial intelligence [11].
Microsoft Philippines reported that 2018 was the country's year of artificial intelligence [12] in
which the two significant indicators of a competitive market are creativity and productivity. AI
is expected to accelerate the rate of innovation [13] and improvements by 1.7 percent and
will double the rate of employee’s productivity by 1.9 percent in the year 2021[12]. Together
with other members of United Nation (UN), the Philippines is steadfast to achieve the 17
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) until 2030.

Conceptual Framework

Explainable Artificial Intelligence, AI is a vibrant research topic in the artificial

intelligence community, with growing interest across methods and domains. Much has been
written about the subject, yet AI still lacks shared terminology and a framework capable of
providing structural soundness to explanations. In our work, we address these issues by
proposing a novel definition of explanation that is a synthesis of what can be found in the
literature. We recognize that explanations are not atomic but the combination of evidence
stemming from the model and its input-output mapping, and the human interpretation of this

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evidence. Furthermore, we fit explanations into the properties of faithfulness i.e., the
explanation being a true description of the model's inner workings and decision-making
process and plausibility i.e., how the explanation looks convincing to the user. Using our
proposed theoretical framework simplifies how these properties are operationalized and it
provides new insight into common explanation methods that we analyze as case studies.

Hypothesis of the Study

The negative effects of artificial intelligence may be more pronounced for certain
groups of individuals, such as those with lower levels of education or limited access to
technology. The use of artificial intelligence may lead to the displacement of human workers
in certain industries, resulting in economic and social challenges. The increased reliance on
artificial intelligence may also lead to a reduction in critical thinking skills and creativity
among individuals, as they become more reliant on automated systems to make decisions.
There may also be ethical concerns around the use of artificial intelligence, such as biases in
decision-making algorithms or the potential for misuse of sensitive personal information. The
negative effects of artificial intelligence may be mitigated through proper regulation and
ethical guidelines for its development and use.

Assumptions of the Study

The assumption that AI will be as transformative and essential to every aspect of modern life
as electricity can stifle any measure that would place limits on AI use or capacity, even if
those measures have other direct benefits. For example, several national AI strategies are
explicit that their intent is not so much to explore the possibilities and limitations of AI; rather
it is, as one strategy put it, to drive AI adoption in the private and public sectors29 and, to
quote another, to support the diffusion of AI across the whole economy. 30 One strategy
even proposes ‘adding the requirement for AI-based solutions in the specifications of other
strategic investments financed from public funds’.31 That is, the states critical decisions on
strategic investments will be informed, in part, on whether the proposed investment involves
AI. The implication being that if the state is considering two proposed investments, one
which involves AI and another which does not, the former will receive priority.

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Definition of terms

The SDG or Sustainable Development Goals or Global Goals – A collection of seventeen

interlinked objectives designed to serve as a "shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for
people and the planet, now and into the future".

GOOGLE HOME - An app that acts as a hub for all your Google devices.

AMAZON ECHO - A product line of hands-free speaker and virtual assistant devices that
interact with an end user via the Amazon Alexa cloud-based voice service.

RECIDIVISM - the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend.

CLOUDPETS - An Internet-connected soft toy manufactured by now defunct Spiral Toys that
was the subject of numerous security vulnerabilities in February 2017.

SKEPTICISM - A questioning attitude or doubt toward knowledge claims that are seen as
mere belief or dogma.

PEDIATRIC SURGERY - Defined as the diagnostic, operative, and postoperative surgical

care for children with congenital and acquired anomalies and diseases, be they
developmental, inflammatory, neoplastic or traumatic.