“PORTS&HARBOR,

BREAKWATER, WHARF,
PIER, DOCKHEAD AND
MODERN FACILITIES”

COMPILED BY: WYRENE JOY RELLIN-NOGOT, RCE

Ports
a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors
where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from
land.
Harbor or harbour
a part of a body of water along the shore deep enough for anchoring a
ship and so situated with respect to coastal features, whether natural
or artificial, as to provide protection from winds, waves, and currents.
 TYPES OF PORTS
• Inland port
An inland port is a port on a navigable lake, river (fluvial port), or
canal with access to a sea or ocean, which therefore allows a ship to sail
from the ocean inland to the port to load or unload its cargo. An example of
this is the St. Lawrence Seaway which allows ships to travel from the Atlantic
Ocean several thousand kilometers inland to Great Lakes ports like Duluth-
Superior and Chicago
 TYPES OF PORTS
• Fishing port
A fishing port is a port or harbor for landing and distributing fish. It
may be a recreational facility, but it is usually commercial. A fishing port is
the only port that depends on an ocean product, and depletion of fish may
cause a fishing port to be uneconomical. In recent decades, regulations to
save fishing stock may limit the use of a fishing port, perhaps effectively
closing it. Sample: Navotas Fish ports
 TYPES OF PORTS
• Dry port
A dry port is an inland intermodal terminal
directly connected by road or rail to a seaport and
operating as a centre for the transshipment of sea
cargo to inland destinations.
 TYPES OF PORTS
• Seaport
A seaport is a facility which can accommodate ships
which go out to sea. Seaports can be found in natural and
artificial harbors along many coastlines in the world, and they
have a variety of fixtures including cranes to help ships handle
cargo, and docks for ships to attach to.
 TYPES OF PORTS
• Cruise Home Port
A cruise home port is the port where cruise-ship passengers board
(or embark) to start their cruise and disembark the cruise ship at the end of
their cruise. It is also where the cruise ship's supplies are loaded for the
cruise, which includes everything from fresh water and fuel to fruits,
vegetables, champagne, and any other supplies needed for the cruise.
Sample: Tianjin International Cruise Home Port,
 WORLD’S MAJOR PORTS
• AFRICA

Port Said - The busiest port in Africa (Egypt).

 WORLD’S MAJOR PORTS
• ASIA

The port of Shanghai is the largest port in the world in

both cargo tonnage and activity
 WORLD’S MAJOR PORTS
• EUROPE

Europe's busiest container port and biggest port by cargo

tonnage by far is the Port of Rotterdam.
 WORLD’S MAJOR PORTS
• OCEANIA

The largest port in Australia is the Port of

Melbourne.
 Harbor vs Ports
HARBOR
• Harbor can be a man-made or
a natural feature connecting a
piece of land with a large
water body that is mainly used
to provide shelter to ships and
vessels from bad weather.
Harbors are used for safe
anchorage of ships. Natural
harbors are surrounded by
land on most sides but have an
entrance point to the sea.
PORTS
• Ports are commercial places
along the coastline that are
used for import and export
of goods and cargo from
one country to another.
• Ports are mostly man made
and are bigger and have
many facilities.
• Port and harbor engineers handle the design,
construction, and operation of ports, harbors,
canals, and other maritime facilities. This is not
to be confused with marine engineering.

Capri harbor, Italy seen from Anacapri

• A harbor or harbour or haven, is a body of water where
ships, boats, and barges can seek shelter from stormy
weather, or else are stored for future use.

• Harbors can be natural or artificial. An artificial harbor has

deliberately constructed breakwaters, sea walls, or jettys,
or otherwise, they could have been constructed by
dredging, and these require maintenance by further
periodic dredging. An example of the artificial harbor is
Long Beach Harbor, California, which was an array of salt
marshes and tidal flats too shallow for modern merchant
ships before it was first dredged in the early 20th century.

• Harbors and ports are often confused with each other. A

port is a facility for loading and unloading vessels; ports
are usually located in harbors.
 Manila North Harbor

• Manila North Harbor (seaport code:MNN), occupying a 53-

hectare area in Tondo, Manila and operated by the Manila
North Harbour Port Incorporated, has 7 piers namely Pier 2, 4,
6, 8, 10, 12 and 14. North Harbor is accessible by road through
Radial Road 10. Modernization of the port facility involves the
acquisition of heavy equipment, dredging operations,
information technology, container terminal expansion and a
recently completed North Port Passenger Terminal that can
accommodate more passengers, boost tourism in the country,
and replace the old terminal.
 Manila South Harbor

• Manila South Harbor (seaport code:MNS), an 80-

hectare port facilty located in Port Area, Manila and
operated by Asian Terminals Incorporated, has 5 piers
namely Pier 3, 5, 9, 13 and 15. It is accessible by road
through Bonifacio Drive has a passenger terminal
located between Pier 13 and 15 namely Eva Macapagal
Super Terminal. It also houses as the main hub of 2GO
ferry company. As of April 29, 2014, The management
has installed a new Liebherr quay crane to increase the
efficiency of Manila South Harbor.
 Manila International Container Terminal

• Manila International Container Terminal (seaport code:MNL) is

operated by International Container Terminal Services Inc. It is
one of Asia's major seaports and one of the Philippines' most
active ports. It is located between the Manila North Harbor and
the Manila South Harbor and can be accessed by road through
MICT South Access Road. In 2011, Manila International
Container Terminal ranked 38th place in the List of world's
busiest container ports with container traffic(TEU) of 3,260,000.
Inaugurated on July 7, 2012, Berth 6 became fully operational
and increases the Port's annual capacity by 450,000 TEU's.
List of Ports in the
Philippines
 Ports
A port is a location on a coast or shore containing
one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer
people or cargo to or from land. Port locations are
selected to optimize access to land and navigable water,
for commercial demand, and for shelter from wind and
waves. Ports with deeper water are rarer, but can
handle larger, more economical ships.
• The following is a list of major ports in the Philippines organized
by water mass. This list consists primarily of shipping ports, but
also includes some that are primarily or significantly devoted to
other purposes: cruises, fishing, local delivery, and marinas.

The Port of Manila

The Port of Manila (Filipino: Pantalan ng Maynila) refers to
the collective facilities and terminals that processes maritime
trade function in harbours that serves the Metro Manila Area . It
is located in the Port Area and Tondo area of Manila, Philippines
facing the Manila Bay. It is the largest and the premier
international shipping gateway to the country. The Philippine
Ports Authority, a government-owned corporation, manages the
Port of Manila and most of the public ports in the country. It is
composed of 3 major facilities namely Manila North Harbor,
Manila South Harbor and the Manila International Container
Terminal.
History
• The Port of Manila and the area dates back to Spanish
and pre-Spanish rule of the Philippine Islands. It is
recorded that Manila and the Philippines had trade
relations with most neighboring countries at least as
far back as the 9th to 12th centuries. Major trading
partners included China and Japan, with ties to India
through the areas that are now Malaysia and
Indonesia. The Spanish-controlled Port of Manila
handled trade primarily with China and other East
Asian countries, with Mexico, with Arab countries, and
directly with Spain from the 16th to mid-19th century
CE when the port was opened to all trade ships.
Manila Bay was the setting for the Battle of Manila Bay
in 1898 between United States and Spanish forces, and
the siege of Corregidor Island by invading Japanese
forces in 1942.
Location
• The bay entrance is 19 kilometres (12 mi) wide and expands to a
width of 48 kilometres (30 mi). Mariveles, in the province of Bataan,
is an anchorage just inside the northern entrance, and Sangley Point
is the former location of Cavite Naval Base. On either side of the bay
are volcanic peaks topped with tropical foliage. 40 kilometres (25 mi)
to the north is the Bataan Peninsula and to the south is the province
of Cavite.

The skyline of Manila as seen from the top of a ship docked at

the Manila North Harbor.
 The Batangas International Port
The Batangas International Port or locally known as the
Batangas Pier, is a seaport in Batangas City primarily serving the
CALABARZON region of the Philippines. It was declared as a
national port in 1956. It serves as an alternate port to the Port
of
Manila. In the 90's it was the second biggest port in the
Philippines in terms of revenue, just behind the Port of
Manila.The District of Batangas, comprising the province of
Quezon, Aurora, Polilio Islands, Batangas, Marinduque, Oriental
and Occidental Mindoro, Palawan, the Lubang and Cuyo Islands,
Calamian Group, and all other islands within the jurisdition of the
said provinces, in which Batangas City, shall be the principal port
of entry. Its subport of entry are Puerto Princesa, Palawan and
Siain (Plaridel), Quezon and Aurora.
 Port of Batangas, the Philippines' largest oil port and a major
ro-ro terminal.
 Port of Matnog, the busiest passenger ferry terminal on
the AH-26.
 Port of Cebu, the busiest seaport in the Philippines in
terms of annual passengers.
 The Port of Cagayan de Oro

• Port of Cagayan de Oro in Macabalan area is located near the

estuary of Cagayan de Oro River. It has an anchorage depth of
18 meters and is around 400 meters from the shoreline. It has
two authorized cargo-handling operators. With the recent
completion of the P250 million rehabilitation project, the port is
now the biggest international and domestic seaport in
Mindanao.

• The Port of Cagayan de Oro (Macabalan Port) serves regular

cities trips to and from Metro Manila, Cebu City, Tagbilaran,
Bacolod, Dumaguete, Iloilo City and Jagna, Bohol.
Port of Cagayan de Oro.
 The Port of Davao

The Port of Davao , or Davao Port (Filipino:

Daungan ng Dabaw, Cebuano: Pantalan sa Dabaw), is a
seaport located at Davao, Mindanao island in the
Philippines. The Port of Davao consists of a number of
ports, all within the Davao Gulf which is part of the
Celebes Sea, but its main office and seaport is located at
Brgy. Sasa, Davao City. The Port of Davao is largely
dominated by container cargo, raw materials
exportation, bulk cargo, general cargo and passenger
traffic facilities.
Port of Davao, Mindanao's main gateway.
 Davao Port, or the Port of Davao, is one of the Philippines
major seaports alongside Manila, Subic, Cebu, Zamboanga and
others. The Port of Davao, often called Port District of Davao,
includes Davao City and the three provinces. Davao port services
interisland and international shipments. The city is situated 974
kilometers south of Manila, on the shore of Davao Gulf. "Davao"
also refers to three provinces: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur,
and Davao Oriental. Davao City is located in Davao del Sur but is
politically and administratively independent of the province. The
access to the port of entry in Davao City is through Davao Gulf
which has two approaches. One is at Pakiputan Strait between
Davao and the water west of Samal Island. The other approach is
at the east side of Samal Island mainly used as an exit channel of
vessels departing from points north of Davao Gulf. Access to the
subport of entry in Mati, Davao Oriental is through Pujada Bay.
The Davao Gulf is situated on the south coast of Mindanao, the
second largest island in the Philippines.
• The port itself is the most important in Mindanao island and also has
the most busiest international container port in both Visayas and
Mindanao. The port serves as the gateway to the southern Philippines
and is considered as the best-performing port in Mindanao. A number
of Passenger ship-lines operate to Davao, including WG&A Superferry.

History
• The Port opened on 1900 for the international exportation of
agricultural products in then-Davao Province, mostly from
Davao City. It is opened for the prospectors and entrepreneurs
in the city to export their agricultural produce internationally.
Due to the ever expanding economy of the city, it later became
one of the busiest seaports in the country.

• In World War II, the Port became a landing and anchor zone for
American naval forces participating in the battle for the city.
Facilities
• Apart from the government pier and private pier, a number of piers
and wharves exist in the Davao Port region specifically for commercial
use. Vessels awaiting berth availability anchor 450 meters off Sta pier
in 12 fathoms mud. The anchorage is well protected except during
strong southwest monsoon. Pilotage is compulsory for foreign-going
vessels with 100 GRT and over; and for domestic vessels with 75 GRT
and over. Request for pilot should be made 24 hours in advance to
the Davao Pilots' Association.
• Davao City and the Port of Davao has 2 government international
seaports, that of the Sasa International Port and the Sta. Ana Wharf,
and 9 privately owned ports. The City Government is currently in the
process of taking over the management of the seaports to modernize
facilities, such as 3 big modern quayside cranes and to expand
capacity. In addition, the Toril international Fish Port Complex
accommodates small and large-scale fishing activities as well as
provides among others cold-storage facilities.
• Below is a list of major piers and wharves within Davao Port.
 The Port of Subic

The Port of Subic, Subic, Zambales, Philippines, is

located in the vicinity of Subic Bay, one of the
Philippines' finest harbors and most strategic base. The
Port of Subic is one of the busiest, largest, historical and
most important of the ports in the Philippines.
Port of Subic-the former US Navy base and now a major cruise and
transhipment hub.
About
• "Subic Port", or the "Port of Subic" or "Subic Bay Port" is one of
the Philippines and South East Asia's Major Seaport's, and also
one of the Philippine's Most Developed and busiest ports. The
Port area is located within the area known as the Subic Bay
Freeport Zone (SBF), which is known simply as Subic Bay. Subic
Bay, the Philippines' first free port, continues to be one of the
country's major economic engines with more than 700
investment projects, including the 4th largest shipbuilding
facility in the world (Hanjin Heavy Industries and Construction
(HHIC)). Currently upgrading its port facilities through the Subic
Bay Port Development Project and forging ties with the Clark
Special Economic Zone in Angeles City, Pampanga to form the
Subic-Clark Corridor via the 45-kilometer Subic-Clark Toll Road.
 The Port is operated and managed by the Subic Bay
Metropolitan Authority or SBMA. It covers the fenced area of the
former U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay located in the southwest of
Luzon Island in the Philippines surrounded by the municipality of
Subic and Olongapo City in Zambales, and Hermosa and Morong
in Bataan in concurrence of their Sangguniang Bayan pursuant to
Section 12 of RA 7227. The harbor is facing the Zambales
Mountain Range in the west and the Subic Bay opening up to the
South China Sea. It is northwest of the Bataan Peninsula and
southwest of the Zambales Province. Subic Bay Freeport is 110
kilometers north of Manila. Manila Bay and the Bataan Peninsula
separate SBF from Manila. The mountain ranges around the Subic
Bay area and the deep natural harbor provide excellent and
protected anchorage. In addition, these features make the Port of
Subic naturally sheltered from typhoons as well as from the
effects of the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo.
• Subic Seaport has a natural harbor of up to 13.7 meters
covering a total area of 41 hectares. It has a total of 12
operational piers and wharves. It presently has three
characteristic container terminals, a fertilizer terminal at the
Boton Wharf, a grains bulk terminal at the Leyte Wharf and a
general containerized cargo terminal (Marine Terminal) at the
Sattler Pier.

• A new container terminal with two berths is now being

constructed through the Subic Bay Port Development Project
(SBPDP). The two new berths has a total capacity of 300,000
TEUs each, enough to accommodate all types of sea vessels-
from small crafts, commercial yachts, ferry boats to container
vessels, cargo ships, oil tankers and aircraft carriers, even the
Panamax and post-Panamax class container vessels
• “Breakwaters are structures constructed on coasts as part of
coastal defense or to protect an anchorage from the effects
of both weather and long shore drift.”

• “ A structure protecting a shore area, harbor, anchorage or

basin from wave disturbance.”

• “A barrier that breaks the force of waves, as before a

harbor.”
• “Built to provide shelter from waves to manipulate the
littoral/sand transport conditions and thereby to trap some
sand entrance inside the Anchorage Area”

• “Built to reduce beach erosion”.

• “It is designed to block the waves and the surf. Some

breakwaters are below the water's surface (a submerged
breakwater)”.

• “Usually built to provide calm waters for harbors and artificial

marinas”.
 Types of Breakwaters
-Detached breakwater
-Head land breakwaters
-Nearshore breakwaters
-Rubble mound breakwater
-Vertical breakwater
- breakwaters without any constructed connection to the shore.
This type of system detached breakwaters are constructed away
from the shoreline, usually a slight distance offshore .they are
designed to promote beach deposition on their leeside
appropriate in areas of large sediment transport.
- a series of breakwaters constructed in an
“Attached” fashion to the shoreline & angled in the
direction of predominant waves -the shoreline
behind the structures evolves into a natural
“crenulate” or log spiral embayment.
 -Nearshore breakwaters are detached, generally
shore- parallel
• structures that reduce the amount of wave energy reaching a protected area.
They are similar to natural bars, reefs or nearshore islands that dissipate wave
energy.
 RUBBLE MOUND breakwater
• Rubble mounds are frequently used structures which consists of
armor layer, a filter layer & core.

• It is a structure, built up of core of quarry run rock overlain by one or

two layers of large rocks. Armor stone or precast elements are used
for outer armor layer to protect the structure against wave attack.
Crown wall is constructed on top of mound to prevent or to reduce
wave
Layout of rubble mound breakwater
 RUBBLE MOUND breakwater
• “These type of breakwaters dissipate the incident wave
energy by forcing them to break on a slope and thus do not
produce appreciable reflection.”
 VERTICAL BREAKWATER
• A breakwater formed by the construction in a regular and
systematic manner of a vertical wall of masonry concrete blocks
or mass concrete, with vertical and seaward face.
• Reflect the incident waves without dissipating much wave energy.
• Wave protection in port/channel
• Protection from siltation, currents
• Tsunami protection
• Normally it is constructed in locations where the depth of the sea
is greater than twice the design wave height.
• Structures erected on the margin of Navigable
Waters where vessels can stop to load and unload
cargo.
• A platform built out from the shore into the
water and supported by piles; provides access to
ships and boats.
• A structure or platform of timber, masonry, iron,
earth, or other material, built on the shore of a
harbor, river, canal, or the like, and usually
extending from the shore to deep water, so that
vessels may lie close alongside to receive and
discharge cargo, passengers, etc.
• A Wharf is a man-made structure on a river or by the
sea, which provides an area for ships to safely dock.
Some are very intricate, with multiple types of berth
over a large area, and navigable channels, and others
are more straightforward. A Wharf can contain quays
and piers and will normally have buildings within it to
service the ships. Because of their abundance of
unusual buildings and ready-made water features,
unused wharfs are often converted into expensive
retail and housing areas.
 There are public and private wharves. Public
wharves, which can be used with or without paying a
fee, ordinarily belong to a government organization,
such as a city or town. Private wharves are owned or
leased by individuals for their own private use. Such
a wharf may be opened to the public in exchange for
a one-time payment or a rental fee. If the public is
allowed to use the private wharf, it becomes a quasi-
public facility that is open to all who are able to pay
the charges. Whether a particular wharf is public or
private depends mainly on its use, rather than on its
ownership.
Several terms peculiar to wharves:
Wharfage - in its most general sense refers to
the use of a wharf in the usual course of
navigation for such practices as loading and
unloading goods and passengers.
Wharfinger - is an individual who maintains a
wharf for the purposes of receiving goods for
hire.
Dock - refers to an enclosure for the reception of
vessels as well as a place where ships are built
and repaired.
5 of Best: Wharves

Matiatia Wharf
Ocean View Rd, Waiheke
Sandy Bay Wharf
Rakino Island
Puhoi Historical Wharf
Puhoi Rd, Puhoi
Herne Bay Wharf
Herne Bay Road, Herne Bay
Cornwallis Wharf
off Huia Road, Manukau
 PIER
• A pier is a raised structure typically supported by well-
spaced piles or pillars. Bridges, buildings,
and walkways may all be supported by piers. Their open
structure allows tides and currents to flow relatively
unhindered, whereas the more solid foundations of
a quay or the closely spaced piles of a wharf can act as
a breakwater, and are consequently more liable to
silting.
TYPES OF PIER
 WORKING PIER
• Working piers were built for the handling of
passengers and cargo onto and off ships or
canal boats.
 PLEASURE PIER
• Providing a walkway out to sea, pleasure piers often include
amusements and theatres as part of the attraction. Such a pier
may be open air, closed, or partly open, partly closed.
Sometimes a pier has two decks.
 FISHING PIER
• Free Piers are often primarily used for
fishing.
 DOCKS
Docks are enclosed areas for berthing the ships to keep
them afloat at a uniform level to facilitate loading and
unloading cargo.
A dock is a marine structure for berthing of vessels for
loading and unloading cargo and passengers.
CLASSIFICATION OF DOCKS:

Docks can be classified into following

two categories:
➢Wet docks.
➢Dry docks.
• Dry docks
The docks used for repairs of ships
are known as dry docks.
• Wet docks
Docks required for berthing of
ships or vessels to facilitate the loading
and unloading of passengers and cargo
are called wet docks. These are also
known as harbor docks.
Dry dock
Wet dock
 Shape of docks and Basins

Shape of dock or basin should be

straight to facilitate the ships to stand
along them
The following are the shapes may be
adopted as per site conditions:
➢ Rectangular dock
➢ Diamond dock
➢ Inclined Quay type
Rectangular dock:
The length and breadth should be
adjusted in such a way as to give maximum
quayage
Diamond Dock:
For the same perpendicular distance
between long sides, the long side could be
extended conveniently.
Inclined Quay dock:
It consists of a number of projecting
quays into the dock or basin.
Classification of Dry docks:

Dry docks are classified in the following five

categories:
➢ Graving or dry docks.
➢ Floating dry dock.
➢ Marine railway dock.
➢ Ship lift dry docks.
➢Slip ways.
• Dry or graving dock:
A dry dock is also known as graving dock. It
is long excavated chamber, having side walls, a
semi circular end wall and a floor. The open
end of the chamber is provided with a gate
and acts as the entrance to the dock.
▪ Floating dry dock:
It may be defined as a floating vessel, which
can lift ship out of water and retain it above
water by means of its own buoyancy. It is a
hollow structure made of steel or R.C.C
consisting of two walls and a floor with the
ends open.
Marine railway dock:
The marine railway or slip dock or slip
way is an inclined railway extending from
the shore well into the water as the off
there. This railway track is used to draw out
a ship needing repair out of the water.
• Lift dry dock:
This is a constructed platform capable of
being lowered into and raised from water.
Lowering and raising is achieved by means of
hydraulic power applied through cylinders
supporting the ends of cross girders carrying
the platform.
▪ Ship lifts:
As the name suggests, in the ship lift,
the ships are lifted bodily out of water. The
ship lifts may be either electric, hydraulic.
These lifts are used for launching as well as for
dry docking the ships.
Ship lifts
 Slipways

This technique is used for repairs as

well as for building of vessels. In its
simplest form a slip way consists of a
inclined path of timber or stone laid on a
firm ground.
Nowadays facilities.
STORAGE FACILITIES
MINISTERIAL ORDINANCE
ARTICLE 45
“The performance requirement for the storage facilities shall be such that the storage facilities
satisfy the requirement specified by the Minister of Land, Infrastructures, Transport and tourism
so to enable the safe and appropriate storage of cargo in consideration of geotechnical
characteristic, meteorological, sea states and or other environmental condition as well as the
conditions of cargo handling.”

• A storage facility is a place or shelter where any kind of shipped goods are placed in
intermediate storage along a shipping route, usually at a point of transfer such as an air, rail,
trucking, or shipping cargo terminal.
 STORAGE FACILITIES
AGED… CURRENT…
CARGO SORTING FACILITIES
MINISTERIAL ORDINANCE
ARTICLE 41
“The performance requirement for cargo sorting facilities shall be such that the
facilities have stability against self weight, waves, earthquake ground motions,
impose load, wind and/or other actions.”
CARGO SORTING FACILITIES
AGED… CURRENT…
 FACILITIES FOR SHIP SERVICES
MINISTERIAL ORDINANCE
ARTICLE 89
“The facilities shall installed at appropriate locations, corresponding to the condition
of use by ships. The facilities shall have structure which is capable of preventing
water pollution and the water hydrants shall be maintained in a sanitary condition.”
FACILITIES FOR SHIP SERVICES
AGED… CURRENT
 MOVABLE PASSENGER BOARDING
FACILITIES
MINISTERIAL ORDINANCE
ARTICLE 49
“The performance requirement of the fixed and movable passenger boarding facilities shall be
as specified in the subsequent items for the safe and smooth embarkation and disembarkation
of passengers. Damage due to self weight, ground motions, imposed load, winds or other
actions shall not adversely affect the continued use of the fixed or movable passenger boarding
facilities and not impair their functions .”
MOVABLE PASSENGER BOARDING
FACILITIES
AGED… CURRENT…
 Reference:
JSCE: Civil Engineering Handbook, Part11, Ports and Harbours, Giho-do Publishing, pp.1606
http://portesbjerg.dk/sites/default/files/files/documents/6906_port_facilities_web.pdf
http://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=breakwater+ppt
http://www.adelte.com/news-events/tag/passenger-boarding-bridges/page/7
www.pfri.uniri.hr/~bopri/documents/14-ME-tal_001.pdf
http://www.rubbusa.com/markets/port-warehousing.htm
www.ocdi.or.jp/tec_st/tec_pdf/tech_913_980.pdf
http://cruise.damenshiprepair.com/
https://www.wikipedia.org/