Phases,Fields, and Problems of

Water Resources Engineering

Phases
HOW DOES THE WATER WE USE EVERY DAY
HOW DOES THE WATER WE USE EVERY DAY

MAKE ITS WAY INTO OUR

HOMES ?
Water resources begin in
one of two places :
 Water resources begin in
one of two places :

SURFACE GROUNDWATE
WATER R
SURFACE
WATER
SURFACE WATER
SURFACE WATER

RIVER STREAMS
SURFACE WATER

STREAMS LAKES
SURFACE WATER

LAKES
GROUNDWAT
ER
GROUNDWATER

AQUIFER
 GROUNDWATER

AQUIFER
Treatment Process
1. Catchment
2. Screening
process
3. Coagulation and
Flocculation
4. Sedimentation
5. Filtration
6. Disinfection
7. Testing
Treatment Process
 is the area of land from which all surface run-off and subsurface
waters flow through streams, rivers, groundwater aquifers and
CATCHMENT lakes into the sea, river mouth, estuary or delta; and the water
downstream affected by the site’s discharge.
 To protect the main units of a treatment plant and aid in their
SCREENING PROCESS efficient operation, it is necessary to use screens to remove
any large floating and suspended solids present in the inflow.
Treatment Process
During coagulation, chemicals
with a positive charge are added
to the water. The positive charge
neutralizes the negative charge of
dirt and other dissolved particles
in the water
SCREENING PROCESS
Treatment Process

SCREENING PROCESS
 Flocculation is the gentle
mixing of the water to form
larger, heavier particles called
flocs. Often, water treatment
plants will add additional
chemicals during this step to
help the flocs form.
SCREENING PROCESS
SCREENING PROCESS
Sedimentation is one
of the steps water
treatment plants use
to separate out solids
from the water
During filtration, the clear
water passes through filters
that have different pore
sizes and are made of
different materials (such as
sand, gravel, and charcoal)
 After the water has been
filtered, water treatment plants
may add one or more chemical
disinfectants (such as chlorine,
chloramine, or chlorine
dioxide) to kill any remaining
parasites, bacteria, or viruses.
Treatment Process

TESTING
TESTING
1. Physical tests – indicate
properties detectable by the
senses.
2. Chemical tests – determine the
amounts of mineral and organic
substances that affect water
quality.
3. Bacteriological tests – show the
presence of bacteria,
characteristic of fecal pollution.
Water Distribution System – The
water service pipe, water
distribution pipes, and the
necessary connecting pipes,
fittings, control valves, and all
appurtenances in or adjacent to
the structure or premises.
Water distribution systems consist of an interconnected
series of components. They include:

SERVICE
PIPE
The Pipe from the
main source

DISTRIBUTI
ON PIPE
A pipe within
structure
 Water distribution systems consist of an interconnected
series of components. They include:

STORAGE
FACILITIES
The main purpose is
to provide sufficient
amounts of water to
average or equalize
the daily demands on
the system
Water distribution systems consist of an interconnected
series of components. They include:

COMPONENT
S THAT
CONVEY
DRINKING
WATER
 Requirements of Good Distribution Systems
1. Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution
pipes.
2. It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended
places with sufficient pressure heads.
3. It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water
during firefighting.
4. All the distribution pipes should be preferably laid 1 m away or
above the sewer lines.
5. It should be fairly watertight as to keep losses due to the leakage
to a minimum.
Fields
Fields of Water Resources
Engineering

Irrigation engineering is in
charge of organising, planning,
and maintaining irrigation
systems for the transportation
and distribution of water to
residential and agricultural
locations.
Fields of Water Resources
Engineering
Coastal engineering involves the
practice of civil engineering, as well
as the sciences of oceanography and
coastal geology, to control erosion;
place, construct, and monitor coastal
structures; nourish beaches; and
develop and maintain ports, harbors,
and related navigation facilities.
Fields of Water Resources
Engineering

Drainage civil engineering

is a specific discipline
relating to the planning and
design of systems to
transport water away from
your site or building(s)
Fields of Water Resources
Engineering
Fields of Water Resources
Engineering
Fields of Water Resources
Engineering

Flood control is a necessary

precautionary measure to
ensure that the damages
caused by flooding are kept
at to the bare minimum.
Fields of Water Resources
Engineering

Ground-water hydrology is
the subdivision of the science
of hydrology that deals with
the occurrence, movement,
and quality of water beneath
the Earth's surface.
Fields of Water Resources
Engineering

Water Resources Management

(WRM) is the process of
planning, developing, and
managing water resources, in
terms of both water quantity and
quality, across all water uses.
Problems
 Aging Water Infrastructure

Many regions have aging water

infrastructure that requires significant
investment to repair or replace. Aging
infrastructure results in water losses
through leaks and breaks, reducing the
efficiency of water supply systems.
Moreover, aging infrastructure
increases the risk of contamination,
leading to poor water quality.
 Water Quality

Water quality is another emerging

challenge facing water resources. The
presence of pollutants, such as
agricultural chemicals and industrial
waste, in water bodies, poses a risk to
human health and the environment. Poor
water quality affects aquatic ecosystems,
reduces biodiversity, and degrades water
resources, making them unsuitable for
various uses.
 Water Quality
On the morning of February 28, 2023, MV Princess Empress sank off Naujan, Oriental Mindoro,
Philippines, causing an oil spill in the waters of the provinces of Antique, Batangas, Oriental Mindoro,
and Palawan.
 Mounting Global Water
Demand

The global population is growing at an

unprecedented rate, increasing the
demand for water resources. Population
growth results in increased water use
for various purposes such as irrigation,
drinking water, and industrial uses. As
such, the demand for water resources is
likely to exceed supply in many
regions, leading to water scarcity.
 Aquifer Depletion

Stressors that can deplete aquifers

include changes in precipitation
and snowmelt patterns;
withdrawal of ground water for
drinking, irrigation, and other
human uses; and impervious paved
surfaces that prevent precipitation
from recharging ground water.
 Climate Change

Climate change is one of the most

significant challenges facing water
resources globally. The effects of climate
change, such as increased temperatures,
changes in precipitation patterns, and
extreme weather events, have adverse
impacts on water availability and quality.
Climate change also affects the timing and
amount of water available for different
uses, including agriculture and domestic
use.
 Energy-Water Nexus

Energy production and water resources

are interdependent, creating a nexus
between the two. Energy production
requires water for cooling and
generation, while water supply and
treatment require energy. However,
the increasing demand for energy and
water resources puts pressure on the
two, leading to competition for
resources.
 Significant Need for Water
and Sanitation Infrastructure

Out of its population of 109

million people, 57 million people
(52% of the population) lack
access to a reliable, safely
managed source of water, 43
million people (39%) lacked
access to safely managed
household sanitation facilities.
THANK YOU
PREPARED BY:

Kristal Abalos
Carl Julius Ayag
Thomas John Palas
Renz Flores
Marvin Obciana