9/21/2023

When do you consider yourself growing or

taking at least a small step one at a time?
A1

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A1 Asus, 26/09/2022
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OBJECTIVES
▪Explain the different ways of how plants
reproduce
▪Manifest creativity in propagating plants
▪Determine how genetic engineering
occurred through laboratory activity

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PLANT REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
PRODUCES IDENTICAL
OFFSPRING FROM A
SINGLE PARENT
PLANT.

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NATURAL
VEGETATIVE
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
NATURAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
TUBERS
New plants will grow out of
swollen, modified roots called
“Tubers”. Buds develop at the
base of the stem and then grow
into new plants.
• The eyes of the potato can
develop into a new plants

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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
NATURAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
RUNNER
• Stems grow on top and across
the ground from the existing
stem.
• From the runner new plants
grow
• Some examples are
strawberries and some grasses

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
NATURAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
CORM
 A corm is a thickened
underground stem that
stores nutrients.
 Unlike a bulb, a corm is
solid rather than layered
Examples
Gladiolus
Crocus
Taro

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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
NATURAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
RHIZOME
• Long modified stems that grow
horizontally under the ground.
• New plants grow from the roots.
• They are the plant’s storage
tissue.
Example
Turmeric

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
NATURAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
BULB
• Underground stem for food
storage
• Food storge in large leaf
• Each bulb develops into a new
plant
• One example of the bulb is
onions

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ARTIFICIAL
PROPAGATION
METHODS
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION METHODS
CUTTING

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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION METHODS
2. BUDDING AND
GRAFTING- ATTACHING
SMALL STEMS FROM
PLANTS TO LARGER
STEMS OR ROOTS OF
ANOTHER PLANT. EX.
SOME FRUIT, NUT TREES,
CACTUS

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION METHODS
3. TISSUE CULTURE-
PIECES OF TISSUES FROM
ONE PLANT ARE PLACE TO
STERILE MEDIUM AND
USED TO GROW NEW
INDIVIDUALS. EX.
ORCHIDS, POTATOES

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STIGMA
ANTHER
STAMEN STYLE CARPEL
FILAMENT OVARY

PETAL SEPAL

OVULE
RECEPTACLE

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Reproductive Structure of
Flowering Plants

▪ MALE REPRODUCTIVE PART

• Stamen – male reproductive part
• Anther – makes pollen gran (male sex cells)
• Filament – Holds up the anther
▪ FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PART
• Carpel – female reproductive part
• Stigma – top part of the carpel
• Style – joins the stigma and ovary
• Ovary – contains female sec cells

Pollination

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Pollination

Main Differences Between Self-Pollination and Cross-Pollination

1.Self-pollination occurs between the same flower or

same individual, but Cross-pollination occurs between
different plants.
2.Self-pollination happens in one-fourth of the flower
species, but Cross-pollination happens in three-
fourths of the flowering species.
3.Self-pollination can occur without any agent, but
Cross-pollination will require an agent.
4.Genetic uniformity increases in self-pollination but
genetic variation increases in cross-pollination.
5.Gene pool gets reduced in this self-pollination, but
Gene poll is very well maintained in the cross-
pollination.
6.Limited pollen is produced during self-pollination,
but a large amount of pollen is produced in cross-
pollination.

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Genetically
Modified
Organisms

What is Genetic Engineering?

refers to the direct manipulation of
DNA to alter an organism’s
characteristics (phenotype) in a
particular way. It involves the
transfer of genes or parts of DNA
from one organism to another.

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GENETIC ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES

• Identify an organism that contains a desirable gene.
• Extract the entire DNA from the organisms
• Remove this gene from the rest of the DNA. One way to
do is by using a restriction enzyme. These enzymes
search for specific nucleotide sequences where they will
“cut” the DNA by breaking the bonds at this location.
• Insert the new gene to an existing organism’s DNA. This
may be achieved through a number of different
processes.

USES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING

▪ Repairing a genetic “defect” (as with the early trials of gene
therapy in humans)
▪ Enhancing an effect already natural to that organisms (example:
to increase its growth rate)
▪ Increasing resistance to disease or external damage (example:
crops – blight, color or drought)
▪ Getting a microorganism to produce human insulin for diabetics,
or a sheep to produce a human blood-clotting in her ilk, in both
cases a transgenic method.
▪ Getting a tomato to ripen without going squashy.

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