UNIT 1

UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

Unit is any measure or amount used as a standard for measurement. It is a means of the
measurable extent of a physical quantity. The derived unit is a combination of primary units.
The derived quantity is a combination of two or more primary dimensions. Their units are a
combination of primary units.

TABLE 1

PRIMARY DIMENSIONS AND UNITS IN DIFFERENT SYSTEM OF UNITS

Quantity Units Symbol Dimension

FPS MKS CGS FPS CGS CGS

Length Foot metre centimeter ft m cm L

Mass Pound kilogram Gram lb kg g M

Time Second second Second S S S T

0 0 0
Temperature Fahrenheit Celsius Celsius F C C K
 TABLE 2

DERIVED UNITS IN SI

Quantity Units (symbolic abbreviation in bracket) Dimension

(based on
SI MKS/CGS FPS SI)

Area square metre square centimetre square feet (ft2) L2

(m2) (cm2)

Volume cubic metre cubic centimetre cubic feet (ft3) L3

(m3) (cm3), litre (L)

Density kilograms per grams per cubic pounds per cubic ML-3
cubic metre centimetre (g cm-3) foot (lb ft -3)

(kg m-3)

Mass flow kilogram per grams per second pounds per hour MT-1
rate second (kg s-1)
(g s-1) (lb h-1)

Quantity Units (symbolic abbreviation in bracket) Dimension

(based on SI)

SI MKS/CGS FPS

Molar flow moles per second (mol s-1) moles per second pounds per hour (lb nT-1
rate (mol s-1) h-1)

Volumetric cubic metres per second cubic cubic feet per hour L3T-1
flow rate centimetres per
(m3 s-1) second (cm3 s-1) , (ft3 h-1)
litre per second
(L s-1)
Mass flux moles per square metre per moles per square pound moles per
second metre per second hour per square
(mol s-1 m-2) foot (lb-mol h-1 ft-2) nT-1L-2
(mol s-1 m-2)

Force newton (N) kilogram-force pound force (lbf) MLT-2

(kgf )

Pressure newton per square metre or kilogram force pound force per ML-1T-2
pascal (N m-2 or Pa) per square square foot (lb ft-2)
centimetre (kgf
cm-2)

Quantity Units (symbolic abbreviation in bracket) Dimension

(based on SI)
SI MKS/CGS FPS

Energy joule (j) metre kilogram force foot pound force (ft ML2T-2
lbf)
(m kgf)

Power watts or joules per horse power (HP) foot pound force per ML2T-3
second (W or J s-1) second (ft lb s-1)

Heat, Joules (J ) British kilocalories (Kcal ) Thermal Unit (Btu) ML2T-2

Enthalpy

Heat capacity joules per kilocalories per Btu per pound per L2T-2K-1
kilogram per kilogram per degree degree Fahrenheit
degree kelvin (J celsius (kcal kg-1 0C-1) (Btu lb-1 0F-1)
kg-1 K-1)

Molar heat Joules per mole Kilocalories per mole Btu per pound per ML2T-2K-1N-1
capacity per degree kelvin per degree celsius degree Farenheit
(J mol-1 K-1) (kcal mol-1 0C-1)
(Btu lb mol-1 0F-1)

Heat flux joules per square kilocalories per hour Btu per hour per MT-3
metre per second per square metre square foot (Btu h-1
(J s-1 m-2 W m-2 ) (kcal h-1 m-2) ft-2)
 Conversion factors

1) Length: 1ft = 12 inches

1 inch = 2.54 cm, 1ft = 30.48 cm, 1 yard= 36 inch = 3 feet, 1 mile=1.609
km
2) Mass: 1 kg = 1000 g,
1 lb = 453.59 g = 0.45359 kg
1 ton = 1000 kg
3) Temperature: K= °C+ 273
°C= 5/9 (°F-32)
°R = °F + 460
4) Pressure: 1 bar = 1x105 N/m2 = 750 mmHg
1 N/m2 = 1 Pa
1atm = 1.01325 x 105 N/m2 = 760 mmHg = 33.91ft water = 14.696 psi =
29.92 inches Hg
1 mm Hg = 1 torr
5) Force: 1 kgf = 9.806 N
6) Energy: 1 calorie =4.184 J
1 Btu = 252 calorie
1 J = 1 kgm2/s2 = 107 erg
1 Btu =1055 J
7) Volume: 1cc = 1 ml
1 L = 1000 cc
8) Power: 1 Hp = 745.7 W. 1W = 1J/s. 1 W = 1 N.m
9) Density: 1 g/cc = 1000 kg/m3 = 1 kg/L

Value of Universal gas constant

R= 8.314 J/(gmol.K)
= 1.987 (cal/gmol.K)
= 0.082 atm.L/(gmol.K)
= 8.314 m3Pa/(gmol.K)
= 8.314 m3KPa/(kgmol.K)

Temperature scale:

1) ∆°C= ∆°R
 2) ∆°C= ∆K

3) ∆°C =1.8 ∆°F

4) ∆°K =1.8 ∆°R

Pressure scale:

1) Absolute pressure = gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure

2) Absolute pressure = gauge pressure + barometric pressure

3) Absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure – vacuum pressure

 UNIT 2
GRAM ATOM

Used to specify the amounts of chemical elements. It is defined as the mass in grams of an
element which is equal numerically to its atomic weight.

wt . in grams
gram atoms of an element = − − − − − − − (1)
atomic weight

Similarly, the mass in kilograms of a given element that is numerically equal to its atomic
weight is called a kilogram-atom.

Similarly, kilogram atoms of element

wt .in kg
kg atoms of an element = − − − − − − − (2)
atomic weight

For chemical compounds, a mole is defined as the amount of substance equal to its molecular
weight / formula weight.

GRAM MOLE

Used to specify the amount of chemical compounds.It is defined as the mass in grams of
substance that is equal numerically to its molecular weight.

wt .in g
gmoles of compound = − − − − − − − (3)
molecular weight
Gram mole of a substance is the mass in grams of the substance that is numerically equal to its
molecular weight.
Similarly,

wt .in kg
kgmoles of compound = − − − − − − − (4)
molecular weight

Mole is defined as the amount of substance equal to its molecular weight.

(1) Calculate the kilogram atoms of carbon which weighs 36 kg

Solution: 36 kg carbon
Atomic weight of carbon = 12
 wt .in kg 36
katom of carbon = = =3
atomic weight of carbon 12

(2) Calculate the kilograms of ‘Na’ of which the amount is specified as 3 katom.

Solution: 3 katom Na

Atomic weight of Na = 23

wt .in kg of Na
katom of Na =
atomic weight of Na

∴ Kg of Na = katom of Na x Atomic weight of Na = 3 x 23 = 69

(3) How many kilograms of ethane are there in 210 kmol?

Solution: Basis: 210 kmol ethane.

Atomic weights: C=12, H=1, Chemical formula of ethane = C2H6

Molecular weight of ethane = 2x12+1x6 = 30

wt .in kg of C 2 H 6
kmol of C 2 H 6 =
mol . weight of C 2 H 6

∴ kg of ethane (C2H6) = kmol of ethane x Molecular weight of ethane = 210 x 30 =

6300 kg

∴ 210 kmol of ethane = 6300 kg ethane

(4) Convert 88 kg of carbon dioxide into its amount in molar units.

Solution: Basis: 88 kg of carbon dioxide

Molecular formula of carbon dioxide = CO2

Atomic weights: C=12, O=16

Molecular weight of CO2 = (1x12) + (2x16) = 44

wt .in kg of C O 2 88
kmol of CO 2 = = = 2
mol . weight of CO 2 44

88 g of CO2 = 2 kmol CO2

 (5) Find the moles of oxygen present in 500 grams

Solution: Basis: 500 g of oxygen

Molecular weight of O2 = 2 x 16 = 32

500
kmoles of O 2 = = 15 . 625
32

(6) Convert 499 g of CuSO4.5H2O into moles.

Solution: Basis: 499 g of CuSO4.5H2O

Atomic weights: Cu=63.5, S=32, O= 16 and H = 1

Molecular weight of CuSO4.5H2O

= (1x63.5)+(1x32)+(4x16)+5(2x1+1x16) = 249.5

Moles of CuSO4.5H2O = 499 = 2 mol

249.5
499
kmoles of CuSO 4 .5H 2 O = = 2
249 . 5

The relationship of a compound and its constituents is given for some compounds as follows:

Each mole of NaOH contains one atom of Na

1 mol of NaOH≡ 1 atom of Na ≡ 1 atom of H

Each mole of NaOH contains 1 atom of Na. The sign ≡ refers to ‘equivalent to’ and not ‘equal
to’.

Similarly for H2SO4 and ‘S’

1 mol of H2SO4 = 1 atom of S (atom is written for gram-atom).

1 mol of H2SO4 = 1 atom of S (atom is written for gram-atom)

1 kmol of H2SO4 = 1 katom of S (katom is written for kilogram-atom)

i.e., each mole of H2SO4 contains 1 atom of S.

For CuSO4.5H2O and CuSO4

1 mol of CuSO4.5H2O ≡ 1 mol CuSO4

1 kmol of CuSO4 . 5H2O ≡ 1 kmol of CuSO4

(7) How many kmoles of H2SO4 will contain 64 kg S

Solution: Basis: 64 kg of S
Atomic weight of S = 32

kg of S 64
atoms of S = = = 2
katom 32

Each moles of H2SO4 contains one atom of S.

1 kmol of H2SO4≡ 1 katom of S
1
moles of H 2 SO 4 = x 2 = 2 kmol
1
(8) Find kmoles of K2CO3 that will contain 117 kg of K?
Solution: Basis: 117 kg of K
Atomic weight of K = 39
117
atoms of K = = 3 katom
39

Each mole of K2CO3 contains 2 atom of K

2 atom of K ≡ 1 mole of K2CO3
2 katom of K ≡ a kmol of K2CO3

1
moles of K 2 CO 3 = x 3 = 1 . 5 kmol
2

(9) How many kilograms of carbon are present in 64 kg of methane?

Solution: Basis: 64 kg of methane
Atomic weight of C = 12
Molecular weight of CH4 = 16
1 katom of carbon ≡ 1 kmol of CH4
∴ 12 kg of carbon ≡ 16 kg of CH4
i.e., in 16 kg of CH4, 12 kg of carbon are present.
So amount of carbon present in 64 kg of methane = 12 x 64 = 48
16

(10) Find equivalent moles of Na2SO4 in 644 kg of Na2SO4.10H2O crystals

Solution: Basis: 644 kg of Na2SO4.10H2O crystals

Molecular weight of Na2SO4 = 2x23+1x32+4x16 = 142

Molecular weight of Na2SO4.10H2O

= (2x23)+1x32+4x16+10 (2x1+1x16) = 322

644
moles of Na 2 SO 4 .10H 2 O = = 2 mol
322
 VTU eNotes On Bioprocess Principles
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