Nangarhar University “Engineering Faculty”

Lecture # 3: Design of Tension

Members

Subject: Design of Steel Structures CE411

Instructor: Asociate Prof. Msc. Ibadurahmad " Momand"

Lecturer: Bsc Civil Engineering. M.Hamid "Elmy"
1
 Introduction to Tension Members
Tension Members in Steel Structures:
Tension members mostly used in steel structures
They are structural elements that are
subjected to axial tensile forces. Examples include:

 Members in trusses
 Cables in cable-stayed and suspension bridges
 Bracing in frames to resist lateral forces
from blast, wind, and earthquake

2 Instructor: Ibadurahmad " Momand" Lecturer: M.Hamid "Elmy"

 Introduction to Tension Members

Tension Members in Truss:

Web as a tension
member
Bottom Chord
as a tension member

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 Introduction to Tension Members

Tension Members in Building Frames

Bracing as a tension member

4 Instructor: Ibadurahmad " Momand" Lecturer: M.Hamid "Elmy"
 Introduction to Tension Members

Tension Members in Bridge Cables:

Tension
Cables

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 Design of Tension Members

Stress in Tension Members:

Length of
Member
P Connection

Stresses (f ) in axially loaded members are calculated using the equation F=P/A

where P is the Applied load and A is the cross-sectional area normal to the load.

Design of Tension Members performed for Strength Requirement;

Tension member at Length (gross area)

Tension member at connection (net area)
6 Instructor: Ibadurahmad " Momand" Lecturer: M.Hamid "Elmy"
 Design Requirement
Objectives:
- Find a member with adequate gross and net areas
𝑳 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏
- Find a member that satisfies 𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ≤ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑨

Required Strength Available Strength

(Nominal Resistance)

1.4D
0.9 Fy Ag
LRFD max 1.2D  1.6L LRFD min
0.75Fu Ae
Pu
To prevent yielding Pu  0.90Fy Ag  Ag 
0.9 Fy
To avoid fracture
Pu
Pu  0.75Fu Ae  Ae 
0.75Fy
7 Instructor: Ibadurahmad " Momand" Lecturer: M.Hamid "Elmy"
 Design Strength

A tension member can fail by:

 Excessive deformation (yielding) - Excessive deformation is
prevented by limiting stresses on the gross section to less than
the yield stress. For yielding on the gross section, the nominal strength is:

Pn = Fy Ag and φt=0.90 (3.2.1)

 Fracture - Fracture is avoided by limiting stresses on the net

section to less than the ultimate tensile strength. For fracture on
the net section, the nominal strength is:

Pn = Fu Ae = Fu (U*An) and φt=0.75 (3.2.2)

where Ae is the effective net area, An is the net area and U is the
reduction coefficient (an efficient factor)

8 Instructor: Ibadurahmad " Momand" Lecturer: M.Hamid "Elmy"

 Net Area
Ag =Gross Cross Section Area through the length of members
2 1
An= Net Area “ the minimum reduced
Area after holes Area are taken out.

An= Ag – A holes
b= breath of plate
t= thickness of member
D= diameter of holes (1)
Ag= b*t

(2) 𝑨𝒏 =(b-D)t

Failure of a tension member always

accrue at the weakest section
where Area is minimum (An).
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Net Area

Note: for hole drilling 3-4mm

addional dia is punched to place
the bolt .

10 Instructor: Ibadurahmad " Momand" Lecturer: M.Hamid "Elmy"

 Net Area “ Effective Area”

The AISC Steel Manual introduces the concept of

effective net area to account for shear lag effects.

 For bolted connections: Ae = UAn

 For welded connections: Ae = UAg

where U  1  x  0.9
L

and x is the distance from the plane of the connection to

the centroid of the connected member and L is the length of the
connection in the direction of the load.

11 Instructor: Ibadurahmad " Momand" Lecturer: M.Hamid "Elmy"

 Net Area “ Effective Area”

Efficiency Factor “U” For welded connections, AISC Table

l> 𝟐𝒘 𝒖=𝟏

1.5w< 𝒍 < 𝟐𝒘 𝑼 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕

w< 𝒍 < 𝟏. 𝟓𝒘 𝑼 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
12 Instructor: Ibadurahmad " Momand" Lecturer: M.Hamid "Elmy"
 Net Area “ Effective Area”
Efficiency Factor “U” For welded connections, AISC Table

13 Instructor: Ibadurahmad " Momand" Lecturer: M.Hamid "Elmy"

 Staggered Fasteners

Failure line - When a member has staggered bolt holes, a different approach to

finding Ae for the fracture limit state is taken. This is because the effective net area

is different as the line of fracture changes due to the stagger in the holes.

𝑺𝟐
For calculation of the effective net area, an additional amount of is added for
𝟒𝒈
𝑺𝟐
each inclined line, the Net Area is calculating as: An= Ag - Aholes+ ∑
𝟒𝒈

𝑺𝟐
𝟒𝒈
A

B
C
D

14 Instructor: Ibadurahmad " Momand" Lecturer: M.Hamid "Elmy"

 Staggered Fasteners
All possible failure patterns should be considered:

15 Instructor: Ibadurahmad " Momand" Lecturer: M.Hamid "Elmy"

 Effective Net Area
1-Example: Find out the Net Area for below Figure, consisting of 4x20mm Bolts,

With Plate b= 300mm and t=8mm.

A
Sol: Dh= Db+4mm=20+4=24mm B

1- AD 𝐴𝑛 =[30-2*(2.4)]*.8=20.16𝑐𝑚2 D C

𝟓.𝟓𝟐 𝟓.𝟓𝟐
2- ABD 𝑨𝒏 =[30-3*(2.4)+ + ]*0.8=19.87𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝟒∗𝟔.𝟓 𝟒∗𝟏𝟎

𝟓.𝟓𝟐 𝟒.𝟓𝟐
3- ABC 𝑨𝒏 =[30-3*(2.4)+ + ]*0.8=19.57𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝟒∗𝟔.𝟓 𝟒∗𝟏𝟎

AD ABD ABC

16 Instructor: Ibadurahmad " Momand" Lecturer: M.Hamid "Elmy"

Effective Net Area

17 Instructor: Ibadurahmad " Momand" Lecturer: M.Hamid "Elmy"

 Work Examples
2- Example: Design Double Angle section for Below Bracing.

Length of Bracing L=6.1m & U=0.85

and Total Factored Load Pu= 38.0 Ton

𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
Use 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 & 𝑭𝒖 = 3800
𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟐

𝑷𝒖 𝟑𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝑨𝒈 ≥ = = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟖 𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝟎. 𝟗 ∗ 𝒇𝒚 𝟎. 𝟗 ∗ 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎

𝑷𝒖 𝟑𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑨𝒆 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑
𝑨𝒆 ≥ = = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝒏 = = = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟖 𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 ∗ 𝒇𝒖 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 ∗ 𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑼 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
𝑳 𝟔.𝟏∗𝟏𝟎𝟐
Slenderness Ratio ≤ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≥ =2.03 cm
𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟎𝟎

Select 2L Section for A= 16.88 and 𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≥ 2.03cm Try L 80× 𝟖𝟎 × 𝟖

𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑨𝒈 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟑 , 𝒓𝒙 =2.42 So, 𝑨𝒈𝒕 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟒𝟔 ≥ 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟗 O.K

USE 2L 80× 𝟖𝟎 × 𝟖mm

18 Instructor: Ibadurahmad " Momand" Lecturer: M.Hamid "Elmy"