Filsafat Keilmuan | Fakultas Teknik UGM

Relationship Between Science and Technology

Tim Fakultas Teknik

Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Vesion: 11 August 2022
Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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 Outlines of today’s lecture

Development in science and technology

System and its components

Technology and problem solving

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 Development in science and technology

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 What do you think?
“The science of today is the technology
of tomorrow”

-- Dr. Edward Teller --

Edward Teller (Hungarian: Teller Ede; January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a
Hungarian-American theoretical physicist who is known colloquially as "the father of the
hydrogen bomb”. Teller continued to find support from the U.S. government and military
research establishment, particularly for his advocacy for nuclear energy development, a
strong nuclear arsenal, and a vigorous nuclear testing program.

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 What do you think?
“The statements of science are not of
what is true and what is not true, but
statements of what is known with
different degrees of certainty”

-- Prof. Richard Feynman --

Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an
American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral
formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics,
the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as his
work in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For
contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman
received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 jointly with Julian Schwinger
and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga.

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 What do you think?
“We live in a society exquisitely dependent on
science and technology, in which hardly
anyone knows anything about science and
technology”.

-- Prof. Carl Sagan

Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American
astronomer, planetary scientist, cosmologist, astrophysicist, astrobiologist, author,
and science communicator. He spent most of his career as a professor of astronomy
at Cornell University, where he directed the Laboratory for Planetary Studies. Sagan
and his works received numerous awards and honors, including the NASA
Distinguished Public Service Medal, the National Academy of Sciences Public
Welfare Medal, the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction for his book The
Dragons of Eden, and, regarding Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, two Emmy
Awards, the Peabody Award, and the Hugo Award.

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 Science and technology: what’s the difference?

• Science: the study of naturally

occurring phenomena with a view to
gaining more knowledge about the
universe.

• Technology: human innovation in

action that involves the generation of
knowledge and process to develop
systems that solve problems and
extend human capabilities.

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 Science, technology, and society

Source: Vhon Xander Manongtong, 2022

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 Courtesy of Peter Fisk, 2017
Source: https://www.peterfisk.com/2017/05/fast-forwards-future-need-smarter-strategy-shape-relentless-innovation-fast-growth/

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 Source: Siemens, Picture of The Future, 2013

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 Three areas of technology
• Informational systems
– communications,
management, and control
• Physical systems
– production, manufacturing,
construction and exploration
• Biological systems
– improve human life, plants, or
animals

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 Which one is technology?

• Computers • Microscopes
• Plywood • Corn
• Satellites • Yogurt
• Cloning • Ironing your clothes
• Take-out food • Rice
• Pencils • Smart phones
• Planning a big BBQ party • Banana

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 Components of technology

• Technology is generally considered to

have three components;
– the artifact: the product, whatever we
have made
– the knowledge required to produce the
artifact: here is where science is
important
– the processes required to produce the
artifact

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 The artifact
• The obvious and visible components
of technology
• Technological products (artifacts)
• Goods and services
• Examples include:
 cell phones  postal service
 computers  paper
 hammers  CD players
 pencils  desks

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 The knowledge
• Information
• Theories – includes scientific theories and
principles
• Organizations
• Technical processes
• Skills

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 The process

• Designing, making, testing, and

completing technological solutions to
problems
• Involves different kinds of knowledge
• Involves development of technical skills
and capability
• This component solves the problems,
uses the resources, creates and solves
human, social and environmental
problems.

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 System and its components

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 Systems
• Technological systems are the building blocks of
technological products
• System: a group of parts which can do together what the
parts individually cannot do
• A system is designed to produce a specific output

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 System parts
• Systems have three major parts
– Input, which is the desired result plus the resources used
by the system
– Process, which is the action that the system performs
– Output, which is the results of the system process

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 Open and closed loop systems
• An open loop system has no feedback

• A closed loop system has feedback

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 System feedback
• Feedback is a part of the system that:
– monitors the output
– compares it to the input
– and adjusts the process to make sure the output is correct

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 Microwave as a system

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 System outcomes

• Happen as a result of the processes that the

system applies to the input
• May be just what we wanted, or it may not be
• May be just what we expected or not
• Describe this as the outcomes or
consequences, may be:
– good or bad
– expected or unexpected

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 Sample system outcomes for microwave

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 Electric heat in a room
• Electric heat usually has a thermostat, either
on the wall, or on the heater itself.
• The thermostat is really three devices.
– One is a dial (or slider) setting you adjust to tell
the system your desired temperature.
– The second is a thermometer that measures the
actual air temperature.
– The third is a switch that turns the heater on and
off.

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 Heating system with a few possible outcomes

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 Technology and problem solving

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 Engineering ~ problem solving

• “A good scientist is a person with original

ideas. A good engineer is a person who
makes a design that works with as few
original ideas as possible” (Prof. Freeman
Dyson, “Disturbing the Universe”, 1981)

• “The world’s best problem solvers are those

who can look at a problem from a number
of different perspectives” (Prof. Mark
Sommerville, Ph.D. – Olin College of
Engineering, US)

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 Research vs. engineering

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 Why engineers fail?

**
**

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 Failure 1: Inability to ask
• Asking smart question about a problem
is more important than solving the
problem without thinking how the
problem comes into existence.
• Source of information: Google is your
friend, but it gives you all information
regardless they are useful or useless.
• Three level of questioning: what, how,
and why (Simon Sinek, 2015)
Courtesy of Simon Sinek
Source: David E. Goldberg, 2009

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 How to ask: 5 WHYs
Societal problem: global warming

WHY? The greenhouse effect

Inaccurate control of
WHY? CO2 emission

General Smart homes do not

WHY? work properly
engineering problem
AI software suffers from
WHY? false detection

Specific Active contour algorithm does

WHY? not differentiate cat and human
engineering problem
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 Failure 2: Inability to label
• Learning math and science, but having
difficulty in labeling the components,
assemblies, systems and process in
engineering projects.
• Learning should be proactively
conducted  nurturing technology
awareness.
• Unable to consistently naming design
Courtesy of Adobe.Com

challenges or design problems.

Source: David E. Goldberg, 2009

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 Failure 3: Inability to model

• Recognizing components or process is

not enough to solve the problem.
• Engineers should understand the
problem qualitatively in words and
diagrams prior to quantitative modeling:
- List of system elements
- Problem categories
- Describing how things work
Courtesy of ThisisEngineering RAEng
Source: David E. Goldberg, 2009

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 Failure 4: Inability to decompose

• Generally, a big problem consists of

several chunks of smaller problems
• You need to keep decomposing the
problem until you arrive at a series
of steps that cannot be broken
down any further.
• You should be able to stick all the Courtesy of www.knowitallninja.com
individual pieces back together to
make a complete project.
Source: David E. Goldberg, 2009

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 Failure 5: Inability to visualize and ideate

Source: https://gamestorming.com/how-now-wow-matrix/
Source: David E. Goldberg, 2009

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 Failure 6: Inability to measure

• Engineering should rely on empirical

measurement.
• Visualization and ideation should be
followed with valid experimentation.
• Knowledge and insight should be
derived from data and information.

Source: David E. Goldberg, 2009

Courtesy of www.knowitallninja

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