Electronic Devices

(ECE F214)
Lecture – 02

Semiconductor Materials
&
Crystal Lattice
Dr. Manish Gupta
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
BITS-Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Crystals
❑ Crystalline Crystal
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
image of crystalline silicon

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/High-resolution-TEM-
image-of-a-22-nm-single-crystal-Si-nanowire-The-inset-is-
a-selected_fig2_200047168

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/51169 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Crystals
❑ Amorphous Crystal
Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM) image of crystalline silicon

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/51169

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Crystals
❑ Polycrystalline Crystal
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
image of polycrystalline silicon

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijs/2011/632139/fig3/

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/51169 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Crystal Lattices
• Lattice: The symmetric array of points in space is called lattice
or periodicity.

• Basis: The addition of atoms or group of atoms having the

same spatial arrangements at each lattice point is known as
basis.

B.G. Streetman & Sanjay Banerjee, "Solid State Electronic Devices",7th/ 6th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Crystal Lattices

A 2-dimensional lattice showing translation of a unit cell

Unit cell: A volume or cell that represents the entire lattice and
repeat throughout the crystal
B.G. Streetman & Sanjay Banerjee, "Solid State Electronic Devices",7th/ 6th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Crystal Lattice
Primitive cell:
• A unit cell that contains exactly one lattice point. It can be
repeated in an integral form to produce the entire lattice.

• It is a special form of the unit cell.

• O’D’E’F’ is the primitive unit cell

Primitive Vectors:

A 2-dimensional lattice showing

translation of a unit cell
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Crystal Lattice
Primitive Vectors:

Resultant vectors

• For 1D: a (r = pa)

• For 2D: a, and b (r = pa +pb)
• For 3D: a, b and c (r = pa + pd + pc)

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Crystal Lattice
Cubic Unit Cells (or 3D Unit Cells):

B.G. Streetman & Sanjay Banerjee, "Solid State Electronic Devices",7th/ 6th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Crystal Lattice
❑ Miller Indices

• Miller Indices are used to obtain the direction and planes

inside the crystal or lattice

• The direction of the plane is denoted by h, k, l i.e. (hkl)

❑ Steps to Obtain Miller Indices
1. Identify the plane intercepts on the x, y and z-axes.
2. Specify intercepts in fractional coordinates.
3. Take the reciprocals of the fractional intercepts.
4. Multiply the reciprocal of the fractions obtained in step 3 by the
smallest factor to convert them all to a integer

B.G. Streetman & Sanjay Banerjee, "Solid State Electronic Devices",7th/ 6th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Crystal Lattice
❑ Illustration 1:

• Consider the plane in dark pink

color of lattice constant 1a.

• The plane intersect the x-axis at a

and it run parallel along the y-axis
and z-axis

• Thus, the plane is recognized as

(1, ∞, ∞)

• Miller indices (1 0 0)

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Crystal Lattice
❑ Illustration 2:

S2 (001)

S1 (100)
S3 (010)

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Crystal Lattice
❑ Illustration 3:

Miller indices: (110)

https://www.sas-globalwafers.co.jp/eng/products/wafer/process.html BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Crystal Lattice
❑ Illustration 4:

Miller indices: (111)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Crystal Lattice
❑ Illustration 5:

Miller indices: (211)

https://www.sas-globalwafers.co.jp/eng/products/wafer/process.html BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Thank you

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus