OIL AND GAS CEMENTING

 Introduction: Oil Well cementing is the process of mixing a

slurry of cement and water and displacing it down the casing,
tubing or drill pipe to a pre specified point in the well

• Primary cementing  Casing Cementation The cementing

operation takes place soon after the lowering of casing is called
primary cementation.

• Secondary cementing  Any other operations where cement is

pumped in awell either during drilling operation or in production
phase

 Primary Cementation:

Q. Why we need to pump cement in a well?


1. An oil/gas well is completed in stages.
2. Each stage is secured /completed by lowering a suitable size steel
pipe (casing).
3. The casing pipes are held in its position by an adequate length of
cement bond between pipe and annulus.
4. Cement is mixed with water to form a cement slurry of desired
density and pumped into the pipe and displaced in the annulus
between casing and open hole.
Main Functions:

• Bond and support the casing

• Protect the casing from corrosion.
• Protect the casing from shock loads
• Sealing-off problematic zones.
• Restrict fluid movement between formations
Primary Cementing Techniques:
 Single stage cementation
 Multi stage cementation
 Liner cementation

 Single Stage Cementing: -

It is the Most common technique

 Normally accomplished by pumping one batch of cement down the

casing between two rubber plugs.
 The bottom plug is placed in the casing, followed by cement slurry.
 When the batch of cement has been pumped into thecasing, a top
plug is released.
 The top plug is pumped down until it lands on the topof
bottom plug at float collar, thus completing the cement
job.

Rubber Plugs
Float Collar
 Spacers and flushes are effective displacement aids because they
separate unlike fluids such as cement and drilling fluid.
 They can also enhance the removal of gelled mud, allowing a
better cement bond.
Second to drilling fluid conditioning in importance is the need to use
pipe movement (rotation/reciprocation or both) during and after
cementing.

Pipe centralization isanother important factor in obtaining high

displacement efficiency.
 Stage Cementation: Reasons

1. Down hole formations unable to support hydrostatic

pressure exerted by a long column of cement
2. To cement wells having two or more zones of interested
separated by long intervals.
3. Limitations of cementing equipments
4. Cementing of high pressure gas zones & waterproducing
horizons.
Stage Collar for Multi-Stage Cementation

Main Parts of Stage Collar

 Conventional Stage Equipment’s: -

Stage cementing collar: Basically a joint with ports which

areopened and closed or sealed off by pressure-operated
sleeves.

Rubber seal off plate: Installed in the top float collar to

assurea positive shutoff.

First-stage plug: Used to separate the slurry from the

displacement fluid, it gives a positive indication of the end
ofdisplacement.

Opening bomb: Dropped after the first stage, it is allowed

togravitate to the opening seat in the stage collar;
subsequent application of pressure will move the sleeve
downward, opening the collar’s ports.

Closing plug: Pumped to shutoff on the closing seat.

Stage Collar Accessories

Stage Collar
Operations
Liner Cementation: -
A liner is a standard string of casing, which does not
extend all the way to surface, but is hung off inside
theprevious casing string.

9-5/8” C/Shoe (3000 M)

7” Shoe (4000 M)
LINER EQUIPMENT

LINER CEMENTING
Post Job Consideration

 Waiting on cement

 Compressive strength

500psi Resuming drilling

2000psi Perforation

CEMENT AND ADDITIVES

Cement
• Class ‘G’ Oil Well Cement

Chemicals & Additive: -

Used to change the properties of cement slurries.
 Accelerators
 Retarders
 Fluid Loss Additives
 Friction Reducer
 Defoamer
 CEMENT ADDITIVES

• Accelerators: -
Used to shorten the setting time of cement slurry.
e.g.: - Calcium chloride, Sodium chloride, Sodium silicate

• Retarders: -
Used to delay setting time of cement slurry.
e.g.: - carboxy methyl, hydroxy ethyl
cellulose,organic acids (Tartaric acid
and citric acid)

• Fluid loss additives: -

Used to maintain a constant water to solid ratio.
e.g.: - Organic polymers

• Dispersants or friction reducers: -

Used to improve the flow properties of cement slurry.
e.g.: - salts of lignosulphonates, Polymers

• Light weight additives: -

Used to decrease the density of cement slurry.
e.g.: - Bentonite, Expanded perlite,Metakaolin,
Nitrogen orAir

• Heavy weight additives: -

 Used to increase the density of cement slurry.
e.g.: - Haematite, Ilemenite, Barytes and Micromax

 Secondary Cementation:
Any Cementing operation other than Primary
Cementing Operation (Casing/ Liner Cementation) is
referred to as “Secondary Cementation”

Types:
Plug Cementing
Squeeze Cementing
 Plug Cementing: -
A cement plug of a specified length is placed acrossa selected
interval in an open or a cased hole. The cement is normally
pumped through open-ended drillpipe or tubing.

Reasons for setting a cement plug

1. To stop lost circulation during drilling.
2. Directional drilling and side tracking.
3. To plug back a depleted zone.
4. Abandonment.
Plug Job Application

Stopping Lost Circulation

Plug Job Application

Directional Drilling &

Side-tracking
Plug Job Application

Zonal Isolation

Plug Job Application

Abandonment
 Technique: Balance Plug Method

Plug Placement techniques

Balanced Plug Method

a. Drill pipe/ tubing is run in the cased/ open hole to desired

depth
b. Spacer is pumped ahead and behind cement slurry
to avoidcontamination.
 c. Displacement is completed to the depth of the calculated plug
i. top in the pipe. (Slightly under displace to avoid
backflow)
d. Balance the plug.
e. Pipe slowly pulled out to the plug’s desired top depth, and
i. excess cement reversed out.

Reasons of Failure
I. Mud Contamination with slurry
II. Improper Displacement
III. Insufficient Slurry Volume
IV. Possible downward movement

 Squeeze Cementing: -
The most common remedial method used. The slurry is forced by pressure
to a specifiedpoint in the annulus to cause a seal at the pointof squeeze.
Squeezing techniques
• BRADENHEAD. (Balance plug)
• PACKER SQUEEZE. (Retainer)
Classification by pressure
• LOW PRESSURE SQUEEZING.
• HIGH PRESSURE SQUEEZING.
 Squeeze Techniques

Squeeze with Packer (Cement Retainer)

Squeezing Techniques
a) Low Pressure Squeezing
Injection press < Formation fracture press
b) High Pressure squeezing
Injection press > Formation fracture press

Injection press = Hydrostatic head of the existing fluid + Pressure

applied on the surface

Applications:

i. Supplement a faulty primary cement job.

ii. Reduce water/oil, water/gas, or gas/oil ratio.
iii. Repair casing leaks.
iv. Stop lost circulation in open hole while drilling.
v. Supplement primary cement around a liner by
squeezing the top of the liner (during primary
cementation).
vi. Sealing leakage of the liner top (in case of failureafter
primary cementation).
vii. Abandonment of single zones.
Application of Squeeze Job
 Squeeze Job Types -

CASING SPLIT
Summary
• Cementing is one of the most important operation in drilling
& producing a well.
• Cement operation is a “one shot” process with no second
chance, unlike mud is run as a dynamic, continuously
changing process.
 • The success of a cementing operation is affected by many
factors.
• Everything, therefore, needs to be done to ensure that the
first attempt is the very best possible job.

It is very critical to conduct a successful primary

cement jobsto achieve well integrity

HPHT Challenges & latest

development
HPHT locations around the globe

Montara Oil Spill 2009

US Minerals Mgmt. Service inquiry report
“Service provider had donea poor cement job”
The primary well control barrier- the 9 5/8”cemented casing shoe failed.

Macando GOM 2010

• 7” casing in place of 7” liner

• Out of planned 21 centralizersonly 6 were used
• Cement simulation indicated non-feasibility, due to formation
breakdown
• Partial circulation prior tocementation
• Not cemented 500 ft. above
• top of hydrocarbon zone

Deep Water Horizon 62

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Submitted by: Zaki Ahmed

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