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Computer Networks and Web Technologies-1
Computer Networks and Web Technologies-1
Communication
The act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another. All of these
key terms come under the heading “Communication.”
Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the process of using communication facilities such as the telephone,
telegraph, broadcasting or microwave relays to send data over a far distance without
changing it.
➔ over wire
➔ radio
➔ electromagnetic systems
➔ optical
Data Communication
Data communication is the electronic transfer of data and information from one point to
another over a communication medium. Data communication hardware is used to transmit
information such as: numeric data, text, voice, graphics, pictures and video.
Five Components:
➔ Sender
➔ Message
➔ Medium
➔ Receiver
➔ Protocol
Components of a Telecommunication System
Three Components:
➔ Sender
◆ Transmitter that converts information into a signal
➔ Medium
◆ This is the transmission medium that carries the signal.
➔ Receiver
◆ Receives the signal and converts it back into usable information.
PROTOCOL PROTOCOL
Rule 1: Rule 1:
Rule 2: Rule 2:
. .
. .
. .
Rule n: MESSAGE Rule n:
SENDER RECEIVER
Protocols are rules for encoding and decoding or explicit and implicit rules.
Transmission Mode/Direction
➔ Simplex
➔ Half Duplex
➔ Full Duplex
(1) Simplex Mode: Sender can only send the data, but not receive the data;
communication is UNILATERAL, meaning data travels in one direction only.
one direction
only
SENDE RECEIVE
R R
(2) Half Duplex Mode: Sender can send the data and can also receive the data one at a
time. Communication is TWO-WAY DIRECTIONAL, but one at a time.
A is sending
B is receiving
A B
A is receiving
B is sending
A B
(3) Full Duplex Mode: Sender can send and also can receive the data simultaneously.
Communication is TWO-WAY DIRECTIONAl, but communication simultaneously.
BIDIRECTIONA
L
A B
Data Communication and Telecommunication are both a form of communication. Also data
communication is a subset of telecommunication.
Network
What is a Network?
A node can be a computer, printer or any other peripheral device or any other device
capable of sending and receiving data.
A) Types of Connections
➔ Point-to-Point (P2P)
◆ Contains ONLY two hosts such as a computer, switches, routers,
servers connected back to back using a SINGLE cable.
DATA
FLO
Compu Comput
ter er
System System
◆ P2P connection is a dedicated link between two devices, allowing
them to transfer files between one another.
B) Network Topologies
➔ Topology refers to the layout of the network and how the nodes interconnect
to each other to transfer data.
➔ https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/
computer_network_topologies.htm
Bus
If one host disconnects it will not affect the communication, unless the main
communication line or cable is affected.
N.B: The data is sent in only one direction and as soon as it reaches the
extreme end, the terminator removes the data from the line.
Star
All hosts are connected to one central device called the “Hub” using point-to-
point (p2p) connection.
Ring
When one host tries to communicate with another, the data transmitted must
go to the other host. If one host fails/is disrupted/is not working,
communication stops.
This is the most common form of network topology in use currently. It imitates
an extended Star topology and inherits properties of bus topology.
Divides the network into multiple levels/layers of network, using point-to-
point connections.
Mesh
Hybrid
A network structure whose design contains more than one topology is said to
be hybrid topology. Hybrid topology inherits the merits and demerits of all the
incorporating topologies.
Daisy Chain
Connects all the hosts in a linear fashion; hosts are arranged in a LINEAR
fashion, using point-to-point connections.
Network coverage refers to the PHYSICAL DISTANCE over which all the nodes in the
network are spread.
Types of LANs
➔ Peer-to-Peer
➔ Centralised LAN