▪ Cure parochialism.

From close-mindedness to stretched

imagination, outlook, and concern. One’s concern is not only for their
immediate context or environment.
▪ It can teach you more about yourself. With knowledge about other
countries, one can compare their society's condition with that of other
societies/countries. This comparison may point out uniqueness and
even similarities.
▪ You are interacting with the world. As global citizens, being aware
of what is happening with the world is a given. With all the
interconnectedness and interdependence, the events happening
outside us might bring a positive or negative impact.
How did Globalization Began?
▪ Trading of rare commodities like salt, spices and gold.
▪ In other words, there is exchange of goods among traders of different
countries mainly because some of these commodities and goods are
not found in their own country.
Example: Silk Road (silk is a highly prized commodity) is an Asian
ancient trade route that linked China and Europe via an overland route
to exchange silk, wool, gold, silver, jade, tea, spices, etc.
▪ Advancement in transportation and communication resulted to an
easier and increased exchange of information and goods easily.
- Geographical challenges are no longer an issue.
Globalization represents the global integration of
international trade, investment, information technology and
cultures. Government policies designed to open economies
domestically and internationally to boost development in
poorer countries and raise standards of living for their
people are what drive globalization.
The literature on definitions of globalization revealed that definitions
could be classified as either:
1. broad and inclusive
2. narrow and exclusive
▪ Ohmae (1992) -..."globalization means the onset of the borderless
worlds..."
▪ Robert Cox - "the characteristics of the globalization trend include
the internationalizing of production, the new international division of
labor, new migratory movements from South to North, the new
competitive environment that accelerates these processes, and the
internationalizing of the state...making states into agencies of the
globalizing word."
▪ Thomas Larson (2001) - "the process of the world shrinkage, of
distances getting shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to the
increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can
interact, to mutual benefit with somebody on the other side of the
world." (p.9)
Martin Khor, the former President of the Third World Network (TWN)
regarded globalization as colonization.
▪ World Health Organization:
Globalization is “the increased interconnectedness and
interdependence of peoples and countries, is generally understood to
include two inter-related elements: the opening of international
borders to increasing fast flows of goods, services, finance, people and
ideas; and the changes in institutions and policies at national and
international levels that facilitate or promote such flows. Globalization
has the potential for both positive and negative effects on
development and health.
Thomas Friedman "The inexorable integration of markets,
transportation systems, and communication systems to a degree never
witnessed before- in a way that enabling corporations, countries, and
individuals to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper, and
cheaper than ever before"
Manfred Steger
▪ "The term globalization should be used to refer to a set of social
processes that are thought to transform our present social condition
into one globality.
▪ "The expansion and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world-time and across world-space."
As Economic Process

▪ How the evolution of international markets and corporations led to an

intensified form of global interdependence.
▪ The notion that globalization involves the increasing linkage of national
economies through trade, financial flows, and foreign direct investments.
▪ The premium put on free trade.
Two most important aspect of economic globalization:
1. changing nature of the production process,
2. liberalization and internationalization of financial transactions.
▪ - Emergence of transactional financial system.
▪ - Creation of international financial markets.
As Political Process

▪ The implication that economic globalization might be leading to the

reduced control of national governments over economic policies.
▪ Political globalization as a process intrinsically connected to the
expansion of markets.
▪ The central role of politics – especially the successful mobilization of
political power – in unleashing the forces of globalization.
▪ The continued relevance of conventional political units, operating
either in the form of modern nation- states or global cities.
▪ The need for effective global governance structures as a
consequence of various forces of globalization.
▪ -The gradual process of relative deterritorialization that facilitate the
growth of ‘super territorial’ relations between people
As Cultural Process

▪ Confronted with the question of whether globalization increases

cultural homogeneity or it leads to greater diversity and
heterogeneity.
▪ Viewing globalization not as a one-dimensional phenomenon, but as a
multidimensional process involving diverse domains of activity and
interaction, including the cultural sphere.
▪ Increasing network of complex cultural interconnection and
independence.
▪ Culture no longer remains tied to fixed localities such as town and
nation, but acquires new meaning that reflect dominant themes
emerging in a global context.
▪ Concept of ‘globality’, referring to the experience of living and acting
across borders.
GLOBALISM GLOBALIZATION
▪ Globalism is an ideology ▪ Globalization is the spread of
based on the belief that technology, products,
people, information, and goods information, and jobs across
should be able to cross nations.
national borders unrestricted. ▪ Involves increasing
▪ The ideological component of interconnection between
globalization. people and regions throughout
the world.
Anthropologist Arjun Appadurai (1996) identifies multiple
and intersecting dimensions of global cultural flowshe calls
'landscapes' or 'scapes' (Steger, 2014: 13).
These five conceptual dimensions are:
▪ Ethnoscape. Flows of people. The movement of people.
▪ Technoscape. Flows of technology. Development and boom of
technology that facilitates cross-border connections and transactions. E.g.
the internet, information technology, and engineering.
▪ Finanscape. Flows of money. The flow of global capital. International
banking and cash systems allow this to happen. E.g. credit card systems.
▪ Mediascape. Flows of information. The production and dissemination of
information through electronic means. The access of people to modern
popular culture. E.g. access to international entertainment like Hollywood
films, K-drama, and anime; media such as newspapers, magazines, the
social network.
▪ Ideoscape. Flows of ideas. Ideologies of state, and social movements. E.g.
posting of your views on a certain event or human reality on Facebook;
religious missionaries spreading their doctrines to other regions or
countries; environmentalism.
(Globalization occurs at multiple intersecting levels)
▪ The perspective of the person who defines globalization
shapes its definition. "Globalization is a 'world of things'
that have different speeds, axes, points or origin and
termination, and varied relationships to institutional
structures in different regions, nations, or societies””. -
Arjun Appadurai (as cited in Chowdhury, 2016, p. 137)
▪ Globalization is a debate and the debate is globalization. -
It is an uneven process that affects people differently.
▪ Globalization is reality.