Test Bank for LIFE, 1st Edition: Postlethwait

Test Bank for LIFE, 1st Edition: Postlethwait

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GENES, PROTEINS, AND

GENETIC ENGINEERING
Multiple Choice

1) Ultraviolet light can cause permanent changes in genes. These changes are called
a. mutations.
b. enzymes.
c. fibrin.
d. promoters.
e. polypeptides.
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: ultraviolet light, mutations
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: A

2) The AT3 protein that Harry Meade was working with.

a. is important to aid in clot formation.
b. has never been cloned.
c. can prevent blood clots from forming.
d. is found only in sheep.
e. is produced in the salivary glands.
Text Section: Introduction, LO1
Key Concept: AT3, antithrombin protein, blood clots
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: C

3) In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the

a. cell membrane.
b. cytoplasm.
c. mitochondria.
d. nucleus.
e. ribosome.
Text Section: LO1
Key Concept: transcription
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: D
4) DNA and RNA are similar in that both
a. contain the same sugar.
b. are double-stranded molecules.
c. contain nitrogenous bases.
d. are in the form of a double-helix.
e. are very long molecules.
Text Section: LO2
Key Concept: DNA, RNA
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: C

5) Promoters
a. determine the start of DNA strand separation.
b. are required to end transcription.
c. are a sequence of RNA nucleotides.
d. are involved in determining the start of translation.
e. aid in complementary base pairing.
Text Section: Introduction, LO2
Key Concept: promoter, transcription
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: A

6) The anticodon
a. is found on mRNA.
b. has the same sequence as the codon.
c. is a sequence found on DNA.
d. helps the ribosome begin translation.
e. helps bring in the correct amino acid to add to the growing polypeptide chain.
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: translation, anticodon
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: E

7) The two subunits of the ribosome join during

a. initiation of translation.
b. promotion of transcription.
c. elongation.
d. termination of translation.
e. termination of transcription.
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: translation, ribosomal subunits
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: A

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8) All of the following can lead to cancer except
a. mutagens.
b. Bacteria.
c. mutations.
d. UV radiation.
e. carcinogens.
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: cancer, carcinogens
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: B

9) In recombinant DNA technology, enzymes used to precisely cut DNA are called
a. DNA ligases.
b. restriction enzymes.
c. DNA polymerases.
d. RNA polymerases.
e. vectors.
Text Section: LO5
Key Concept: recombinant DNA technology, restriction enzymes
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: B

10) Organisms carrying genes from another species are called

a. transformed.
b. transgenic.
c. cancerous.
d. hybrids.
e. vectors.
Text Section: LO5
Key Concept: transgenic
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: B

11) In DNA, cytosine bonds to guanine. In RNA, cytosine bonds to

a. thymine.
b. cytosine.
c. uracil.
d. guanine.
e. adenine.
Text Section: LO2
Key Concept: RNA
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: D
12) What form of RNA carries instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome?
a. tRNA
b. mRNA
c. sRNA
d. rRNA
e. bRNA
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: RNA
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: B

13) The “language” of the genetic code of DNA uses an alphabet of

a. nucleotide bases.
b. proteins.
c. amino acids.
d. sugars.
e. phosphate molecules.
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: DNA
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: A

14) The “language” of the genetic code of RNA uses an alphabet of

a. nucleotide bases.
b. proteins.
c. amino acids.
d. Sugars.
e. phosphate molecules.
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: RNA
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: A

15) When looking at a table depicting the genetic code, the base sequences signify
a. DNA.
b. mtDNA.
c. mRNA.
d. tRNA.
e. rRNA.
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: genetic code
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: C

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16) tRNA molecules are composed of
a. DNA.
b. nucleotides.
c. amino acids
d. polypeptides.
e. lipids.
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: tRNA
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: B

17) The three-base sequence of DNA codes for

a. one protein.
b. one strand of mRNA.
c. one amino acid.
d. one polypeptide.
e. one strand of tRNA.
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: protein synthesis
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: C

18) We refer to the DNA code as being redundant or repetitive. This means that
a. each triplet codes for one amino acid.
b. some codons code for the same amino acid.
c. one codon codes for one amino acid.
d. each triplet codes for a different amino acid.
e. a single triplet may code for more than one amino acid.
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: genetic code
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: B

19) A component of bacteria that are often used in biotechnology are

a. operons.
b. introns.
c. exons.
d. polypeptides.
e. plasmids.
Text Section: LO5
Key Concept: plasmids
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: E
20) To determine whether gene transfer has been successful, one would add
a. nutrient broth to the medium.
b. plasmids to the culture dish.
c. amino acids to the culture dish.
d. antibiotics to the culture dish.
e. DNA to the medium.
Text Section: LO5
Key Concept: biotechnology
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: D

21) What enzyme is used to “glue” together the ends of cut pieces of DNA?
a. DNA polymerase
b. RNA polymerase
c. DNA ligase
d. restriction enzymes
e. protease
Text Section: LO5
Key Concept: ligases
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: C

22) The anticodon of the tRNA molecule base pairs with

a. DNA.
b. mRNA.
c. amino acids.
d. polypeptides.
e. rRNA.
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: tRNA
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: B

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Matching

1) Match the following descriptive terms with DNA, RNA, or both

1. ___ contains the base uracil
2. ___ is usually double-stranded
3. ___ has a sugar-phosphate backbone
4. ___ has one strand that serves as a template during transcription
5. ___ carries the genetic information to the ribosome
6. ___ can exit the nucleus
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. both DNA and RNA
Text Section: LO2
Key Concept: DNA, RNA
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. a; 5. b; 6. b

2) Match the following examples with the correct descriptive term.

7. ___ site where RNA polymerase binds to DNA
8. ___ site where protein binding can block transcription
9. ___ cluster of genes under coordinated regulation
10. ___ potential DNA-binding protein
A. operon
B. promoter
C. repressor
D. operator
Text Section: Introduction, LO2, LO4
Key Concept: gene regulation
Level: Application of concepts
Answer: 7. b; 8. c; 9. a; 10. d
 3) Match the following codons with their corresponding amino acid.
11. ___ AUG
12. ___ AGG
13. ___ GUU
14. ___ UAA
15. ___ AAU
A. arg
B. stop
C. met/start
D. asn
E. val
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: genetic code
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: 11. c; 12. a; 13. e; 14. b; 15. d

4) Match the following fact with the corresponding stage.

16. ___ the ribosomal subunits join
17. ___ a tRNA molecule carrying methionine binds
18. ___ the polypeptide falls from the ribosome
19. ___ a stop codon is reached
20. ___ tRNA molecules carrying amino acids add to the growing chain
A. disassembly
B. elongation
C. termination
D. initiation
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: protein synthesis
Level: Basic fact retention
Answer: 16. d; 17. d; 18. a; 19. c; 20. b

Integrate and Apply What You’ve Learned (Short Answer)

1) What is the importance of a cell being able to regulate gene expression?

Text Section: LO4
Key Concept: gene regulation
Level: Application of concepts
Answer: Expression of genes when the proteins are not needed is wasteful to cells and can cause a cell to grow more
slowly than its neighbors. Expression of genes at inappropriate times can interfere with normal development or
cause cancer.

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2) If a certain stretch of DNA reads ATTACGAG, what would the corresponding mRNA sequence be?
Text Section: LO2
Key Concept: DNA, RNA
Level: Application of concepts
Answer: The corresponding sequence would be UAAUGCUC.

3) If a certain stretch of DNA reads ATTACGAG, what would the corresponding tRNA sequence be?
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: DNA, RNA
Level: Application of concepts
Answer: The corresponding sequence would be AUUACGAG.

4) If a certain stretch of DNA reads ATTACGAG, what would the corresponding amino acid sequence
be?
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: DNA, RNA
Level: Application of concepts
Answer: Nothing. The first codon codes for “stop.”

Analyze and Evaluate the Concepts (Essay)

1) Based on what you know about the genetic code, list one or two codons that would most likely code
for the same amino acid. This is a hypothetical question; don’t look at the table showing the genetic
code.
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: genetic code
Level: Application of concepts
Answer: The correct answer(s) would be codons that have identical first two bases, and variation only in the third
base (such as CCC and CCA).

2) Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.

Text Section: LO2
Key Concept: DNA, RNA
Level: Application of concepts
Answer: Both DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides. DNA is a double stranded helix, RNA has only one
strand. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, in RNA it is ribose. DNA exists primarily in the nucleus, RNA also
exists in the cytoplasm.

3) First, give the amino acid sequence for the following DNA segment: AATCGAGGTACA. If a base
substitution mutation occurred in this segment of DNA, would the resultant amino acid chain be
affected?
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: mutation
Level: Application of concepts
Answer: Initially, the amino acid sequence would be phe-ala-pro-cys. Depending on what nucleotide base the
student chooses, the amino acid sequence may or may not be affected.
Test Bank for LIFE, 1st Edition: Postlethwait

4) Explain the concept “the genetic code is almost universal.” Why is it important?
Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: genetic code
Level: Application of concepts
Answer: This means that the codons that code for amino acids are the same in nearly all living organisms. For
example, AGG codes for argenine in human cells, in the cells of a tomato plant, in the cells of a bacterium. This is
the basis for genetic recombination.

5) What enzymes are used to cut DNA molecules? How do they work?
Text Section: LO5
Key Concept: restriction enzymes
Level: Application of concepts
Answer: Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA in a particular spot. Each restriction enzyme is specific to the
sequence of base pairs that they will cut. The “cut” is typically in a staggered fashion. The DNA of the vector is cut
with the same restriction enzyme as the DNA from the organism whose gene is to be transferred, and when the two
strands are mixed, ligases seal these matching fragments.

6) What types of mutations are the most harmful, and why?

Text Section: LO3
Key Concept: mutations
Level: Application of concepts
Answer: Base additions or deletions are harmful, as when one base is added or deleted, it throws the entire sequence,
and most likely the protein produced from this altered sequence will be nonfunctional. Further, this type of
mutation may result in a “stop” codon occurring in an incorrect location. Obviously, chromosomal breakage is
deleterious. But a base substitution may not be harmful, particularly if the deletion is in the third base of the triplet,
due to redundancy.

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