1 UNIT # 1: The Respiratory System

2
3
4 The Respiratory System is made up of organs that are responsible for delivering oxygen
5 to the Cardiovascular System that transport it to the body cells. Oxygen is an important
6 element for cells; the vital substance used to provide the energy which is required for
7 cellular activities. In addition to this vital task, the Respiratory System helps remove
8 carbon dioxide: thus, preventing the harmful accumulation of this waste product in body
9 tissues. The Respiratory System functions its vital activities uninterrupted, which is
10 necessary for life. A short interruption, even for a few minutes, of its vital tasks can
11 cause an irreparable damage to body tissues. This damage results in the failure of all
12 body systems and ultimately death.
13
14 There are many important functions of the Respiratory System along with its basic
15 functions of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. It aids in regulating the
16 balance of acid and base in the body tissues: an activity that is critical for the normal
17 function of the body tissues. This system guards the body against disease-causing
18 microorganisms and lethal substances that entered in the body during inhalation. Smell-
19 detecting cells are also housed in the respiratory system and that help in the production of
20 speech sounds.
21
22 The Respiratory System works with the Cardiovascular System to exhale carbon dioxide
23 and provide oxygen to the body cells. This two-phase process is called respiration.
24 Inhalation is the first phase of respiration in which air is breathed into the lungs. Oxygen
25 present in the air is transported to the heart through the veins. The heart pumps the
26 oxygenated blood to the whole body. The first phase of respiration completes when the
27 oxygen is transported into the cells from the blood stream. Cellular respiration, an
28 independent energy-producing function, consumes this oxygen and this process produces
29 a byproduct carbon dioxide. The completion of the first phase initiates the second phase
30 of respiration and carbon dioxide moves to the blood stream from the body cells. Carbon
31 dioxide-laden blood moves to the heart, which pumps this waste product into the lungs.
32 The process of exhalation cleans the blood by removing carbon dioxide. The respiration
33 cycle completes with this breathing-out.
34
35 The respiratory system is comprised of the organs that start from the nose and end at the
36 lungs. These organs constitute lower respiratory tract; the larynx or the voice box and the
37 trachea, and the upper respiratory tract; the nose and the pharynx or throat. The trachea is
38 also called the windpipe, which further splits into two branches which are known as
39 bronchi, and a pair of saclike spongy organs called lungs. Bronchi are divided into tiny
40 branches called bronchioles. Different organs of the Respiratory System like nose,
41 pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles play their role to facilitate inhalation
42 and exhalation process. The lungs are the most important organs of the Respiratory
43 System, which work with the circulatory system to provide oxygen to the body and
44 cleanse the body of the byproduct carbon dioxide.
45
46 I. Pre-reading questions:
47 1. How do human beings breathe?
48 2. How do the animals who live in water breathe?
49 3. What organs are used in breathing?
50 II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to:
51 1. Line # 2 it: __ __________________
52 2. Line # 3 this vital substance: __ __________________
53 3. Line # 6 this waste product: __ ____________
54 4. Line # 13 the basic function: __ ______
55 5. Line # 13 it: __ ______
56 6. Line # 21 a two-phase process: __ _______________
57 7. Line # 27 this process: ___________
58 8. Line # 35 that: ___________________
59 9. Line # 44 which: _____________________
60
61 III. Vocabulary Preview
62 Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the
63 reading passage. Make necessary grammatical changes.
64 Then go back and write their meaning in the right column.
65 (pair work)
66
Expressions Meanings
in addition to
aid in
Lethal
critical for
guard against
disease-causing
energy-producing
byproduct
carbon dioxide-laden
split into
67
68 1. The respiratory system works day-in and day-out to fight against the _____
69 substances.
70 2. Tar is a __ ___ of oil refining process.
71 3. __ ___ blood is carried back to the lungs for cleaning.
72 4. Human beings need various vitamins __ ___ other nutrients to carry out their daily
73 routine.
74 5. Carbohydrate is a major __ ___ source in our daily diet.
75 6. Drinking sufficient amount of water __ ___ keeping human kidneys healthy.
76 7. Healthy eating habit is __ ___ maintaining long-lasting health.
77 8. Major blood vessels __ ___ numerous minor ones to provide oxygenated blood to all
78 organs.
79 9. __ ___ bacteria are killed by the white blood cells.
80 10. Human immunity system __ ___ the attacks of disease-causing microorganisms.
81
82 IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions / words in your own sentences.
83 Say them aloud. (speaking)
 84
85 V. Read the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs to find their antonyms.
86
87 word antonym from passage
88
89 a. healthy (paragraph# 1) __________________
90 b. continued (paragraph# 1) ________________
91 c. amendable (paragraph# 1) __ ______________
92 d. salutary (paragraph# 2) __ __________________
93 e. exhalation (paragraph# 2) __ _______________
94 f. destruction (paragraph# 2) __ ______________
95 h. initiate (paragraph# 3) __ ________________
96 i. dependent (paragraph# 3) __ _____________
97 j. produce (paragraph# 3) __ _______________
98 k. join (paragraph# 4) __ ___________________
99 l. insignificant (paragraph# 4) __ ______________
100 m. collect (paragraph# 4) __ ________________
101

102 PRONUNCIATION FOCUS:

103
104 VI. These are the medical terms used in the reading passage. Say these words aloud and
105 memorize their meaning.
106
107 Term Pronunciation Meaning
108
109 Respiratory
110 cardiovascular
111 la-rynx
112 pha-rynx
113 tra-che-a
114 bron-chi
115 respiration
116 inhalation
117 exhalation
118 bron-chi-ole
119 cap-i-llar-y
120 vein
121
122 VII. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle a, b, c, or d. (group work)
123
124 1. The respiratory system _______________ oxygen to all body cells.
125 a. intimates b. removes c. supplies d. prohibits
126
127 2. Oxygen is a(n) ________________ substance for cellular activities.
128 a. secondary b. important c. unimportantd. insignificant
129
130 3. The respiratory system ________________ accumulation of carbon dioxide in body tissues.
131 a. increases b. decreases c. ensures d. hinders
132
133 4. The primary function of the respiratory system is _________________.
134 a. exhaling carbon dioxide b. inhaling oxygen
135 c. both a & b d. neither a nor b
136
137 5. Toxic substances and disease-causing organisms come from _________.
138 a. the blood b. the air c. the cells d. the lungs
139
140 6. Oxygen moves into the cells _______ its movement into the blood stream.
141 a. after b. before c. simultaneously d. prior to
142
143 7. Carbon dioxide is produced in the ________________.
144 a. lungs b. blood stream c. heart d. cells
145
146 8. Oxygenation of blood occurs in the ______________________.
147 a. heart b. blood stream c. lungs d. cells
148
149 9. The bronchioles are ________________ (than) the bronchi.
150 a. bigger b. of the same size of c. smaller d. same as
151
152 10. The lungs work ______________ the circulatory system to deliver oxygen and removes
153 carbon dioxide.
154 a. in coordination with b. independent of
155 c. separately from d. after
156
157 VIII. Read the passage and decide which words act as nouns or verbs in this reading
158 passage. These words are boldfaced in the reading passage. ( pair work)
159
160 transport start task damage balance
161 function cause help sound work
162 air process pump
nouns Verbs

163
164 IX. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned words in your own sentences. Say them aloud.
165 (speaking)
166
167
168
169
170
171
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174 X. Read the last paragraph and complete the following diagram.
175

Upper
respiratory
tract

Respiratory system

trachea

176
177
178 XI. Read the passage and write “T” for true statement and “F” for false statement. Correct
179 the false statements and write them again on the lines given below.
180
181 1. The respiratory system organs transport oxygen to all body cells. ()
182 2. Cells use oxygen to liberate the energy needed for cellular
183 activities. ()
184 3. The respiratory system removes carbon dioxide. ( )
185 4. The respiratory system carries out its life-sustaining activities during the day light. ( )
186 5. Intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide is crucial for the normal cellular
187 functioning. ( )
188 6. The smell-detecting cells house the respiratory system. ( )
189 7. Respiration is a two-phase process. ( )
190 8. Inhalation brings air into the lungs. ( )
191 9. The first phase of respiration completes with moving oxygen into the bloodstream. ( )
192 10. The larynx divides into further two main branches. ( )
193
194 XII. Read the passage carefully and write down all the vital activities of the respiratory
195 system. (pair work)
196
197 Eg. a. It provides oxygen to all body cells.
198 b.
199 c.
200 d.
201 e.
202 f.
203 g.
204 h.
205 i.
206
207 XIII. Work in small groups and find out the three most important activities of the respiratory
208 system. Give reasons for your preference.
209 a._________________________________________
210 b._________________________________________
211 c._________________________________________
212
213 Reasons:
214 ___________________________________________
215 ___________________________________________
216 ___________________________________________
217 ___________________________________________
218 ___________________________________________
219 ___________________________________________
220
221 XIV. Match the diseases with their symptoms.
222
223 disease symptoms
224
225 1. pneumonia ____ stuffy nose, colds, membrane swelling
226 2. asthma ____ watery eyes, sneezing, runny nose
227 3. laryngitis ____ breathing difficulty
228 4. hay fever ____ hoarseness, voice deformity
229 5. viral infection ____ inflammation and fluid buildup
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235
236 Medical Terminology:
237
238 Common roots related to the respiratory system:
239
240 bronchi/o refers to the bronchus
241 laryng/o refers to the larynx
242 nas/o refers to the nose
243 rhin/o refers to the nose
244 pharyng/o refers to the pharynx
245 phren/o refers to the diaphragm
246 pneum/o refers to the lungs
247 pneumon/o refers to the lungs
248 pulmon/o refers to the lungs
249 sinus/o refers to the sinus cavity
250 trache/o refers to the trachea
251
252 XV. Write one example each for the following roots and suffixes. Write their transcription and
253 definitions as well.
254
Root / Example definition
Suffix transcription
bronchi/o

laryng/o

nas/o

rhin/o

pharyng/o

phren/o

pneum/o

pneumon/o

pulmon/o
 sinus/o

trache/o

255
256
257 GRAMMAR FOCUS:
258 Present Continuous Tense
259
260
261 A: Complete the following sentences with the appropriate forms of the verbs given in the
262 parentheses.
263
264 Example. They are studying biology now.
265
266 1. Dr. Salah (go) __ __ to the operation theatre now.
267 2. His colleague (operate on) __ __ an acute carditis.
268 3. The students (write) __ __ the weakly report.
269 4. I (teach) ____ medical terminology to the students now.
270 5. All the faculty members (work) ____ hard this term.
271 6. Dr. Majid (write) ____ an interesting article on acute headache these days.
272 7. The patient (get) __ __ better with the new treatment.
273 8. His blood pressure (fluctuate) __ __ very quickly these days.
274 9. She (wave) __ __ to her friend now.
275 10. The students (live) __ __ in the furnished apartments.
276
277 B. Change the sentences in exercise A into negatives and questions. Change the underlined
278 words with the words given below. (group work)
279
280 Example: physics
281 Are they studying physics now?
282 No, they are not studying physics now.
283
284 1. Dr. Fahd
285
286 .
287 2. appendicitis
288
289 .
290 3. the teachers
291
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293 4. speaking skills
294
295
296 5. this year
297
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299 6. Dr. Sami
300
301
302 7. new diet plan
303
304
305 8. slowly
306
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308 9. sister
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311 10. villas
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313 C. Complete the following sentences with appropriate form of the verbs given in parentheses.
314
315 1. I am hungry now. I (want) __ __ to eat lunch.
316 2. Dr. Saleh (operate) __ __ the patient right now. He (believe) __ __ that the operation
317 will be successful.
318 3. While the teacher (deliver) __ __ the lecture, I (hear) __ __ some students talking
319 loudly.
320 4. He (run) __ __ very fast and (sweat) __ __ bitterly at the moment.
321 5. I (think) __ __ about the last quiz.
322 6. I (see) __ __ Ali walking through the corridor.
323 7. I can not live without you. I (love) __ __ you very much.
324 8. What is this? I (think) __ __ it is new equipment.
325 9. Dr. Ahmed is speaking now. He (sound) __ __ very friendly.
326 10. We (watch) __ __ an interesting movie now. Everybody (have) __ __ a good time.
327 11. Nowadays I (have) __ __ two cars.
328
329 D. Put the appropriate preposition of time; in, on, or at, in the following sentences. ( pair
330 work)
331
332 1. He arrived __ __ 8 o’clock.
333 2. All students started their studies __ __ September.
334 3. Medical students have to study __ __ weekends.
335 4. The new professor joined CMMS __ __ 2005.
336 5. The faculty members attend a seminar __ __ Saturday mornings.
337 6. Dr. Taha is operating __ __ the moment.
338 7. Most doctors don’t like to be on call _ __ night.
339 8. The nurse reported all emergency cases __ __ the morning.
340 9. He will be operated upon ___ October 9th.
341 10. The teacher forbade the students to speak ___ the same time.
342 11. __ the end of the second term, the students will get summer vacation.
343 12. Fatima will go home __ __ summer.
344
345 E. Correct the following sentences.
346 1. The students are usually study hard.
347
348 2. My all friends enjoy the party last week.
349 3. He don’t need to wake up early.
350 4. Abdullah comes usually late.
351 5. You are not understand the consequences.
352 6. He tries to call his friend at the moment?
353 7. He is never believing in false stories.
354 8. He seldom sleeps well in night.
355 9. Good students try to reach school on the morning.
356 10. Does the children need good nutrition?
357 11. Does he went home before his father?
358 12. Does he likes to play football?
359

360 Speaking Focus

361
362 Activity: A
363
364 Work in small groups (three students in each group ).
365 Look at the picture of different people busy in different activities.
366 Discuss what is happening in the picture.
367 One student from each group will stand up and explain the picture using present progressive
368 tense.
369 * Ask questions using present progressive tense.
370 ( group work)
371
372 Activity: A
373
374 Work in two groups: A & B.
375 One student from Group # A will stand and does some actions. (miming)
376 One student from Group # B will stand up and describe the actions of that student using
377 present progressive tense.
378 Two students from Group # A will stand and ask and answer questions regarding that action.
379 Switch the roles after each performance.
380 *Try to do something interesting and unusual.
381 ( group / pair work)
382
383 Examples:
384
385 He is standing on one leg.
386 1. Is he standing on one leg?
387 2. Yes, he is.
388
389 He is waiting for somebody.
390 1. Is he writing on the board?
391 2. No, he isn’t.
392
393 He is reading a book.
394 1. --------------------------------------
395 2. --------------------------------------
396 He is wearing his shoes.
397 1. --------------------------------------
398 2. --------------------------------------
399 He is biting his fingernails.
400 1. --------------------------------------
401 2. --------------------------------------
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