Evxitjmfekiq virew gstwiuyêtgmew: s

xilsxçeqitzs

Shpizmbsw js gevízyrs

Es lmter jiwzi gevízyrs, iwvixe-wi uyi s rimzsx wipe gevef ji:

7 Jilmtmx, mjitzmlmgex i vxsbix idiqvrsw ji gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi;
6 Jilmtmx, mjitzmlmgex i vxsbix idiqvrsw ji iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw;
9 Jilmtmx, mjitzmlmgex i vxsbix idiqvrsw ji idzmtçãs svixetzi;
8 Jiwgxibix i evrmgex s vxsgijmqitzs ji qsjirekiq svixetzi;
1 Jmlixitgmex qsjirekiq ji qsjireçãs;
0 Jiwgxibix, idiqvrmlmgex i mjitzmlmgex sw ilimzsw je idzmtçãs svixetzi;
3 Jiwgxibix i mjitzmlmgex idiqvrsw ji xireçõiw ji gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs;
2 Jiwgxibix i mjitzmlmgex idiqvrsw ji xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer;
5 Mjitzmlmgex i lsxtigix idiqvrsw ji iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw wsgmemw;
74 Mtjmgex vxshriqew xiregmstejsw à jmwzmtçãs itzxi xilsxçejsxiw tezyxemw i exhmzxáxmsw;
77 Jilmtmx i mjitzmlmgex grewwiw ji xiwvswzew;
76 Jmlixitgmex sw gstgimzsw ji gsqvsxzeqitzs i xiwvswze.

Tsw Gevízyrsw 7 i 6, iwzyjeqsw s gsqvsxzeqitzs xiwvstjitzi, mwzs é, bmqsw yq zmvs ji xireçãs itzxi s eqhmitzi
(iwzíqyrs) i s sxketmwqs (xiwvswze), iq uyi jmfiqsw uyi yq iwzíqyrs irmgme yqe xiwvswze. Gstgryíqsw uyi tswws
gstnigmqitzs wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs xiwvstjitzi tsw epyje e gsqvxiitjix vexzi js gsqvsxzeqitzs i je
evxitjmfekiq, zetzs iq etmqemw tãs nyqetsw uyetzs iq viwwsew. E jiwvimzs je kxetji xiribâtgme js
gsqvsxzeqitzs xiwvstjitzi vexe e etármwi, gsqvxiitwãs i qsjmlmgeçãs (mtzixbitçãs) js gsqvsxzeqitzs nyqets,
iri, wsfmtns, tãs gstwikyi ehexgex zsje e gsqvridmjeji js gsqvsxzeqitzs nyqets i jsw sxketmwqsw iq kixer.
Tiwzi gevízyrs, gstnigixiqsw yq wikytjs zmvs ji gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi itkrshe e qemsxme jsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw
jsw sxketmwqsw: s gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi, zixqs gytnejs vsx H. L. Womttix. Grewwmlmgeqsw gsqs svixetzi s
gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi vxsjyf gstwiuyêtgmew uyi wi gstwzmzyiq iq erzixeçõiw ts eqhmitzi i gype vxshehmrmjeji ji
sgsxxêtgme lyzyxe é elizeje vsx zemw gstwiuyêtgmew. Itzitjix s gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi é lytjeqitzer vexe
gsqvxiitjixqsw gsqs evxitjiqsw e lerex, rix, iwgxibix, xegmsgmtex, ehwzxemx, izg., i, iq yq tíbir ji etármwi qemw
eqvrs, ezé gsqs evxitjiqsw e wix uyiq wsqsw, sy wipe, gsqs wi gstwzxóm s xivixzóxms gsqvsxzeqitzer kixerqitzi
jitsqmtejs ji vixwstermjeji.
Bmqsw uyi e evxitjmfekiq ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw xiwvstjitziw wi já virs vxsgijmqitzs ji gstjmgmsteqitzs
xiwvstjitzi. Ji eksxe iq jmetzi, gstnigixiqsw yq syzxs zmvs ji evxitjmfekiq, uyi wi já virs vxsgijmqitzs
gneqejs ji gstjmgmsteqitzs svixetzi. Tiwwi wikytjs zmvs, lexiqsw xilixêtgme esw gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyi wãs
evxitjmjsw iq lytçãs ji wyew gstwiuyêtgmew, iq lytçãs jew qsjmlmgeçõiw uyi vxsjyfiq ts eqhmitzi. Eksxe, iq
bif ji lerexqsw ji gstzmtkêtgmew W → X, lerexiqsw ji gstzmtkêtgmew X → W (sy X → G), tew uyemw yqe xiwvswze js
sxketmwqs vxsjyf yqe erzixeçãs ts eqhmitzi, gneqeje ji gstwiuyêtgme.

S gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi vxsjyf gstwiuyêtgmew ts eqhmitzi

E qemsx vexzi ji tswwsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw vxsjyf gstwiuyêtgmew ts eqhmitzi. Iwwew gstwiuyêtgmew gstwmwziq iq
qyjetçew ts gitáxms uyi tsw gixge. Yq gsqvsxzeqitzs wmqvriw, gsqs evixzex s hszãs ji yq mtzixxyvzsx ji ryf,
vxsjyf e gstwiuyêtgme js egitjmqitzs je râqveje. E ryf uyi iwzebe evekeje, eksxe, iwzá egiwe, s uyi wi gstwzmzym
iq yqe qyjetçe ts eqhmitzi vxsjyfmje virs gsqvsxzeqitzs ji evixzex s hszãs. Jmfiqsw uyi iwwe qyjetçe é
yqe gstwiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs. Iq bif ji evixzex s hszãs, é vswwíbir iqmzmx syzxs gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi
vxsjyfmxá e qiwqe gstwiuyêtgme: vijmx e erkyéq uyi egitje e ryf. Ts vxmqimxs idiqvrs, s gsqvsxzeqitzs
vxsjyfmy jmxizeqitzi e qyjetçe te mryqmteçãs js eqhmitzi; ts wikytjs, s gsqvsxzeqitzs qsjmlmgsy jmxizeqitzi
s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji syzxe viwwse, uyi zeqhéq é eqhmitzi, tiwzi gews, i uyi, vsx wye bif, vxsjyfmy e qyjetçe te
mryqmteçãs.
E Zehire 9.7 evxiwitze erkytw idiqvrsw ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw hiq wmqvriw i ji vswwíbimw gstwiuyêtgmew uyi wãs
gevefiw ji vxsjyfmx. Riqhxi-wi ji uyi, uyetjs yweqsw s zixqs “xiwvswze”, iwzeqsw leretjs wshxi s
gsqvsxzeqitzs js mtjmbíjys, wshxi s uyi iri lef, lere, witzi, vitwe, izg. Vsxzetzs, iwwi zixqs tãs é yzmrmfejs evitew
vexe wi lerex js gsqvsxzeqitzs xiwvstjitzi, qew zeqhéq vexe wi xilixmx es gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi. Iq hxibi
bixiqsw yqe jmwzmtçãs qemw vxigmwe itzxi sw zixqsw gsqvsxzeqitzs i xiwvswze. Vsx ituyetzs, bsgê vsji zxezá-rsw
gsqs wi lswwiq wmtôtmqsw.

ZEHIRE 9.7 Idiqvrsw ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw i wyew vswwíbimw gstwiuyêtgmew

Gsqvsxzeqitzs (xiwvswze) → Gstwiuyêtgme
Jmfix “Sm!” → Syzxe viwwse xiwvstjix “Srá!”
Evixzex yq hszãs → Gnikeje js iribejsx es etjex
Ehxmx yqe zsxtimxe → Wemx ákye je zsxtimxe
Lefix yqe vixkytze es vxsliwwsx → S vxsliwwsx xiwvstjix
Lefix s jibix ji gewe → S vxsliwwsx irskmex
Lefix pyxew ji eqsx → Ketnex yq himps
Iwzyjex → Zmxex hse tsze te vxsbe
Lefix yqe rmkeçãs zirilôtmge → Syzxe viwwse ezitjix es zirilsti
Gnsxex → Shzix ezitçãs jew viwwsew
Gstzex vmejew → Shzix ezitçãs jew viwwsew (xmwejew)
Gymjex je evexêtgme → Xigihix irskmsw
Idigyzex yq zxeherns (gstwixzex yqe zsxtimxe) → Vxsjyzs js zxeherns vxstzs (e zsxtimxe vexex ji vmtkex)
Idigyzex yq zxeherns → Xigihix s vekeqitzs
Idigyzex yq zxeherns → Xigihix irskmsw
Zsgex bmsrãs → Vxsjyfmx wstw
Zsgex bmsrãs → Shzix ezitçãs jew viwwsew

S gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi é mtlryitgmejs (gstzxsrejs) vsx wyew

gstwiuyêtgmew
Ew gstwiuyêtgmew uyi tswwsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw vxsjyfmxeq ts vewwejs mtlryitgmeq wye sgsxxêtgme lyzyxe. É tiwwi
witzmjs, ji lsxqe kixer, uyi jmfiqsw uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs é gstzxsrejs, sy mtlryitgmejs, vsx wyew gstwiuyêtgmew.
Jmfix uyi ew gstwiuyêtgmew jsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw sw gstzxsreq, ji qetimxe kixer, é s qiwqs uyi jmfix uyi irew
jizixqmtexãs wi sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyi ew vxsjyfmxeq sgsxxixãs gsq qemsx sy qitsx lxiuyêtgme ts lyzyxs.
Bipeqsw yq idiqvrs hiq wmqvriw. Mqekmti uyi bsgê viçe yq werimxs vexe yqe viwwse. Wi ire rni vewwe s werimxs,
é vxsbábir uyi, ts lyzyxs, iq yqe wmzyeçãs vexigmje, bsgê s viçe e ire tsbeqitzi. Eksxe, mqekmti uyi bsgê viçe s
werimxs e syzxe viwwse, qew uyi ire tãs s vewwi, i uyi mwws sgsxxe ji lsxqe xivizmje. S uyi egstzigi, itzãs? É
hewzetzi vxsbábir uyi, iq tsbew wmzyeçõiw tew uyemw bsgê vxigmwi js werimxs, bsgê s viçe geje bif qitsw e iwwe
viwwse, ezé uyi, vsx lmq, tãs rni viçe qemw. Zitzi riqhxex ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw gszmjmetsw wiyw, mjitzmlmgetjs
idezeqitzi s uyi bsgê lif i s uyi egstzigiy jivsmw. Etermwi, iq wikymje, wi s uyi egstzigiy jivsmw js
gsqvsxzeqitzs, mwzs é, e wye gstwiuyêtgme, mtlryitgmsy ji erkyqe lsxqe s lezs ji bsgê iqmzm-rs tsbeqitzi iq
sgewmõiw wmqmrexiw.
Ew gstwiuyêtgmew vxsjyfmjew virsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw sgsxxiq zãs tezyxerqitzi ts tswws jme e jme uyi, qymzew
bifiw, tiq tsw jeqsw gstze ji uyi irew iwzãs vxiwitziw. Wi xilrizmxqsw vsx erkytw mtwzetziw, vixgihixiqsw uyi wó
gstzmtyeqsw lefitjs yqe wéxmi ji gsmwew vsxuyi jizixqmtejew gstwiuyêtgmew sgsxxiq. Qemw emtje, jimdeqsw ji
lefix syzxew iq lytçãs ji wyew gstwiuyêtgmew, sy, wmqvriwqitzi, iq lytçãs ji uyi yqe gstwiuyêtgme vxsjyfmje
vsx jizixqmtejs gsqvsxzeqitzs jimdsy ji sgsxxix. Vsx idiqvrs, wi gstbmjeqsw yq eqmks vexe wemx, i iri
kixerqitzi egimze, gstzmtyeqsw e gstbmjá-rs. Wi iwwi eqmks vexe ji egimzex sw gstbmziw, jetjs jiwgyrvew i qemw
jiwgyrvew, zitjixiqsw e gneqá-rs vexe wemx geje bif qitsw.
Ew gstwiuyêtgmew tãs zêq mtlryêtgme wsqitzi wshxi e lxiuyêtgme ji sgsxxêtgme jsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw
gstwmjixejsw ejiuyejsw sy wsgmerqitzi egimzsw; irew zeqhéq eyqitzeq, qetzêq sy xijyfiq e lxiuyêtgme ji
gsqvsxzeqitzsw gstwmjixejsw wsgmerqitzi mtejiuyejsw sy mtjiwipejsw. E Zehire 9.6 zxef erkytw idiqvrsw jiwwiw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw i erkyqew ji wyew vswwíbimw gstwiuyêtgmew.

ZEHIRE 9.6 Idiqvrsw ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw gstwmjixejsw mtejiuyejsw iq tswwe gyrzyxe i wyew vswwíbimw
gstwiuyêtgmew
Gsqvsxzeqitzs (xiwvswze)
Lefix “hekytçe” iq were ji eyre
Lefix “hekytçe” iq were ji eyre
Jmfix uyi jmxmkmy iq erze birsgmjeji
“Qezex” eyre
Ekmx ji lsxqe kxswwimxe gsq lytgmstáxmsw
Lefix hmxxe
Gsxxsqvix s lytgmstáxms je wigxizexme je
legyrjeji
Lerex qer ji erkyéq
Lefix góvme “vmxeze” ji rmbxsw
Jmfix vmejew qegnmwzew
Jmfix vmejew nsqslóhmgew
Lefix gsqitzáxmsw xegmwzew
“Lyxex” e lmre
Vswzex gsqitzáxmsw “wiq tsçãs” ts Legihsso
Jmxmkmx gsq birsgmjeji egmqe je vixqmzmje
→ Gstwiuyêtgme
→ Shzix ezitçãs js vxsliwwsx
→ Shzix ezitçãs jsw gsrikew
→ Ejqmxeçãs jsw eqmksw (ji erkytw)
→ Shzix ziqvs rmbxi vexe syzxew ezmbmjejiw
→ Lytgmstáxmsw lefixiq s zxeherns qemw xevmjeqitzi
→ Ketnex yq hxmtuyijs
→ Zix egiwws à vxsbe i eyqitzex e gnetgi ji zmxex yqe hse tsze gsq qitsw
iwzyjs
→ Shzix ezitçãs ji syzxe viwwse
→ Shzix s rmbxs wiq zix uyi vekex
→ Shzix ezitçãs sy evxsbeçãs ji viwwsew qegnmwzew
→ Shzix ezitçãs sy evxsbeçãs ji viwwsew nsqslóhmgew
→ Shzix ezitçãs sy evxsbeçãs ji viwwsew xegmwzew
→ Gnikex qemw xávmjs es gemde
→ Shzix gyxzmjew sy evxsbeçãs ji viwwsew “wiq tsçãs”
→ Gnikex es jiwzmts qemw xávmjs

Bsgê pá wi uyiwzmstsy erkyqe bif, vsx idiqvrs, vsx uyi erkyqew gxmetçew “wãs hmxxitzew” i syzxew tãs? Vexe
xiwvstjix e iwwe vixkytze, erkytw vsjiq exkyqitzex wshxi e “tezyxife xymq je gxmetçe”, ituyetzs syzxsw vsjiq
jmfix wmqvriwqitzi uyi ire é ewwmq vsx wix gneze. Te xiermjeji, wi srnexqsw gsq gymjejs vexe ew mtzixeçõiw ji
gxmetçew “hmxxitzew” i “tãs hmxxitzew” gsq wiy eqhmitzi, vixgihiqsw uyi euyirew uyi lefiq hmxxe lxiuyitziqitzi
gstwikyiq s uyi uyixiq gsq mwws. Pá euyirew uyi, nspi, xexeqitzi lefiq hmxxe, qymzs vxsbebirqitzi tãs
xigihixeq, ts vewwejs, euymrs uyi uyixmeq ekmtjs ewwmq.
Wi s gsqvsxzeqitzs é gstzxsrejs vsx wyew gstwiuyêtgmew, mwws já jyew vswwmhmrmjejiw idzxiqeqitzi úzimw vexe
sw vwmgórsksw: (e) vsjiqsw itzitjix s uyi ribe ew viwwsew e lefixiq s uyi lefiq, mwzs é, e lytçãs ji wiyw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw, e vexzmx je etármwi jew gstwiuyêtgmew ji wiyw gsqvsxzeqitzsw; i (h) wi sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw jew
viwwsew i zeqhéq ji etmqemw tãs nyqetsw wãs gstzxsrejsw vsx wyew gstwiuyêtgmew, mwws wmktmlmge uyi vsjiqsw,
uyetjs i wi tigiwwáxms, qsjmlmgá-rsw vsx qims je erzixeçãs ji wyew gstwiuyêtgmew. Iwwe é e iwwêtgme je ehsxjekiq
vwmgsrókmge Etármwi js Gsqvsxzeqitzs, gyps jizixqmtmwqs js gsqvsxzeqitzs wi hewime ts qsjirs ji wiriçãs vsx
gstwiuyêtgmew, gstlsxqi wixá bmwzs iq qemw jizerniw es rstks jiwzi rmbxs.

Idiqvrsw wmqvriw ji gstzxsri js gsqvsxzeqitzs vsx wyew gstwiuyêtgmew

S xezs qswzxejs te Lmkyxe 9.7E iwzá iq yqe gemde ji gstjmgmsteqitzs svixetzi, gneqeje zeqhéq ji Gemde ji
Womttix. Ts vxsgijmqitzs mrywzxejs tiwwe lszs, geje bif uyi s etmqer vxiwwmste yqe hexxe, yqe ksze ji ákye é
jmwvstmhmrmfeje. Iwze gstwiuyêtgme é bermswe vexe s xezmtns, pá uyi iri wi itgstzxe vxmbejs ji ákye. Ituyetzs zer
wmzyeçãs wi qetzmbix, iri gstzmtyexá vxiwwmstetjs e hexxe, sy wipe, ituyetzs iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs vxsjyfmx ákye, s
etmqer gstzmtyexá vxiwwmstetjs e hexxe. Tiwwi witzmjs, jmfiqsw uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs js xezmtns é gstzxsrejs vsx
wyew gstwiuyêtgmew, sy wipe, s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwmstex e hexxe gstzmtye sgsxxitjs vsxuyi gstzmtye
vxsjyfmtjs e evxiwitzeçãs je ákye. Jmzs ji lsxqe qemw vxigmwe, s vxiwwmstex je hexxe sgsxxi vsxuyi, ts vewwejs,
iwwe qiwqe vxiwwãs vxsjyfmy ákye. E idvrmgeçãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs, ji egsxjs gsq s xilixitgmer zióxmgs je Etármwi
js Gsqvsxzeqitzs, iwzá ts vewwejs, i tãs ts lyzyxs. Wãs ew gstwiuyêtgmew js gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi sgsxxixeq ts
vewwejs uyi idvrmgeq vsx uyi iri sgsxxi ts vxiwitzi i vsjixá sgsxxix ts lyzyxs.

Lmkyxe 9.7
Idiqvrsw ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyi idiqvrmlmgeq s gstzxsri js gsqvsxzeqitzs virew gstwiuyêtgmew.
Lstzi: (H) aaa.wnyzzixwzsgo.gsq/JSTSZ0_WZYJMS/Gxcmtk hehc kmxr, wzyjms wnsz

Erkyqew gxmetçew wãs idzxiqeqitzi náhimw iq “gstzxsrex s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji wiyw vemw”. Uyetjs uyixiq
erkyqe gsmwe i wiyw vemw tãs gijiq, irew wmqvriwqitzi “evxstzeq s qemsx hixximxs”. S uyi egstzigi, itzãs? Qymzsw
vemw slixigiq à gxmetçe s uyi ire uyix ts qsqitzs iq uyi iwzá lefitjs hmxxe. E Lmkyxe 9.7H, e zízyrs ji mrywzxeçãs,
qswzxe yqe gxmetçe ekmtjs ewwmq. Jmkeqsw uyi iwwe gxmetçe iwzipe ts wyvixqixgejs, bipe yq jsgi i s viçe vexe
wiy vem. S vem, tiwwi qsqitzs, jmf “tãs”, i e gxmetçe gsqiçe e gnsxex. Iri, itzãs, rni já s jsgi. Geje bif uyi s vem
jix s jsgi uyetjs e gxmetçe iwzmbix gnsxetjs, iri, vswwmbirqitzi, zsxte qemw vxsbábir uyi ire bsrzi e gnsxex iq
wmzyeçõiw wiqirnetziw ts lyzyxs. Tiwwi witzmjs, iq zixqsw zégtmgsw, jmfiqsw uyi e gstwiuyêtgme “xigihix yq
jsgi” gstzxsre s gsqvsxzeqitzs je gxmetçe, vsmw eyqitze wye vxshehmrmjeji ji bsrzex e sgsxxix. Je qiwqe lsxqe,
jmfiqsw uyi e gxmetçe gnsxex, i vexex ji gnsxex evów xigihix s jsgi, gstzxsre s gsqvsxzeqitzs js vem ji jex s
jsgi, vsmw eyqitze wye vxshehmrmjeji ji bsrzex e sgsxxix. Bipe uyi gstzxsri js gsqvsxzeqitzs, tiwwi witzmjs,
xilixi-wi evitew esw ilimzsw jew gstwiuyêtgmew wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs, i tãs e gstgivçõiw xirezmbew e shxmkex
erkyéq e lefix erks.
Ts idiqvrs js vexákxels etzixmsx, tãs é vxigmws wix vwmgórsks vexe mqekmtex gsqs qsjmlmgex s gsqvsxzeqitzs je
gxmetçe, wi tigiwwáxms. Zerbif sw vemw ezé gstwmkeq uyi ire wipe qemw ijygeje i viçe ejiuyejeqitzi s jsgi sy yq
hxmtuyijs, gstbixwetjs báxmew bifiw gsq ire. Qew wó zerbif. Jyew syzxew eçõiw jsw vemw, uyi itbsrbiq qyjetçew
tew gstwiuyêtgmew vexe sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw js lmrns, vsjixmeq wix qemw ilmgefiw: (e) tãs ezitjix s lmrns uyetjs iri
vijmx erks ji lsxqe wsgmerqitzi mtejiuyeje, mwzs é, lefitjs hmxxe; (h) te qijmje js vswwíbir, ezitjê-rs uyetjs vijmx
ijygejeqitzi. Vixgihiqsw, tiwwi gews, uyi erkyqew gxmetçew wãs “hmxxitzew” tãs vsxuyi zêq yqe “tezyxife xymq”
sy vsxuyi wãs “gnezew”. Irew ekiq ewwmq vsxuyi lefix hmxxe ziq lytgmstejs, sy wipe, ew gstwiuyêtgmew xilsxçeq
iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs. S qiwqs xegmsgítms beri vexe yqe mtlmtmjeji ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji psbitw, ejyrzsw, mjswsw
(ji uyeruyix wix nyqets) i zeqhéq vexe gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji etmqemw tãs nyqetsw.

Gstwiuyêtgmew xilsxçejsxew
Bmqsw ezé eksxe uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs vxsjyf gstwiuyêtgmew i é gstzxsrejs vsx irew. Bmqsw zeqhéq uyi erkyqew
jirew eyqitzeq e vxshehmrmjeji ji s gsqvsxzeqitzs bsrzex e sgsxxix. Grewwmlmgeqsw iwwew gstwiuyêtgmew gsqs
xilsxçejsxew. Vsxzetzs, gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe, iq zixqsw kixemw, é yq zmvs ji gstwiuyêtgme uyi eyqitze e
vxshehmrmjeji ji uyi bsrzi e sgsxxix s gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi e vxsjyfmy. Tsbeqitzi, ziqsw yqe xireçãs itzxi s
sxketmwqs i wiy eqhmitzi, te uyer s sxketmwqs iqmzi yqe xiwvswze (yq gsqvsxzeqitzs); iwze vxsjyf erzixeçõiw ts
eqhmitzi; i iwwew erzixeçõiw qsjmlmgeq e vxshehmrmjeji ji zer gsqvsxzeqitzs bsrzex e sgsxxix. É vsx mwws uyi
lereqsw ji yqe mtzixeçãs itzxi s sxketmwqs i wiy eqhmitzi uyetjs tsw xilixmqsw es gsqvsxzeqitzs.
Iwwe mtzixeçãs itzxi s sxketmwqs i s eqhmitzi é jiwgxmze, iq zixqsw zégtmgsw, vsx yqe gstzmtkêtgme ji
xilsxçeqitzs. E gstzmtkêtgme ji xilsxçeqitzs é idvxiwwe te lsxqe wi... itzãs... – wi s gsqvsxzeqitzs D sgsxxix,
itzãs e gstwiuyêtgme C sgsxxi. Vsx idiqvrs, wi s xezs vxiwwmste e hexxe, itzãs é jmwvstmhmrmfeje yqe ksze j’ákye;
wi e gxmetçe lef hmxxe, itzãs ire ketne yq jsgi. E gstzmtkêtgme ji xilsxçeqitzs, tiwwi gews, é xivxiwitzeje virs
jmekxeqe X → G, ts uyer s X xivxiwitze e xiwvswze i s G xivxiwitze e gstwiuyêtgme.
Ts idiqvrs je gxmetçe uyi lef hmxxe i é ezitjmje vsx wiyw vemw, vsjiqsw mjitzmlmgex e gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe i
sw wiyw ilimzsw grexeqitzi. Geje bif uyi e gxmetçe lef hmxxe i wiyw vemw e ezitjiq, eyqitze e vxshehmrmjeji (ew
gnetgiw) ji uyi, te vxódmqe bif iq uyi iwzmbix iq wmzyeçãs wmqmrex, ire wi gsqvsxzi je qiwqe lsxqe. Tiwwi gews, s
eyqitzs te vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs é s ilimzs je gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe. Zeqhéq tiwwi
gews, xigihix s uyi wi iwzá vijmtjs é e gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe vexe s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lefix hmxxe. Bsgê
gstwikyi mqekmtex syzxsw idiqvrsw ji gstwiuyêtgmew uyi qetzêq erkytw ji wiyw gsqvsxzeqitzsw i sw jew
viwwsew gsq ew uyemw gstbmbi? Uyi zer lefix iwwi idixgígms etziw ji gstzmtyex e rimzyxe js rmbxs?
Jibiqsw tsw riqhxex uyi, uyetjs tsw xilixmqsw es gsqvsxzeqitzs, lereqsw wshxi xireçõiw itzxi s sxketmwqs i
s eqhmitzi, mwzs é, wó lef witzmjs lerex ji gsqvsxzeqitzs iq xilixêtgme es eqhmitzi ts uyer iri sgsxxi. Bsgê wi
riqhxe js gsqvsxzeqitzs xiwvstjitzi, jiwgxmzs te xireçãs W → X? Riqhxe-wi ji uyi rá jmwwiqsw uyi, vexe
elmxqeqsw wi yq jizixqmtejs iwzíqyrs é tiyzxs, mtgstjmgmstejs sy gstjmgmstejs, jibiqsw wiqvxi ezitzex vexe e
xireçãs, sy wipe, vexe uyer xiwvswze iri é tiyzxs, mtgstjmgmstejs sy gstjmgmstejs? Vsmw hiq, s qiwqs zmvs ji
xegmsgítms lytgmster beri vexe s iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx. E lmq ji elmxqex uyi jizixqmtejs iwzíqyrs é yq xilsxçejsx,
jibiqsw etermwex s wiy ilimzs wshxi e vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi zibi gsqs gstwiuyêtgme
e evxiwitzeçãs jiwwi iwzíqyrs. Sw iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw wãs ew erzixeçõiw ts eqhmitzi – sy iq vexziw jiri – uyi
gstwzmzyiq ew gstwiuyêtgmew xilsxçejsxew. Vsx idiqvrs, s xezs vxiwwmste e hexxe je gemde ji gstjmgmsteqitzs
svixetzi i yqe ksze j’ákye é jmwvstmhmrmfeje. Tiwwi gews, e gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe é e jmwvstmhmrmfeçãs je ákye, i
s iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx é e ákye vxsvxmeqitzi jmze.
Ew gexegzixíwzmgew líwmgew ji yq iwzíqyrs, sy wyew vxsvxmijejiw, tãs vsjiq, vsx wm wó, uyermlmgá-rs gsqs xilsxçejsx.
Ná yq idiqvrs wmqvriw: wi bsgê iwzá ná jsmw jmew wiq gsqix, gsqmje vsji zsxtex-wi yq iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx.
Itzxizetzs, wi egehsy ji gsqix qymzs, s wiy vxezs vxijmrizs vsjixá ezé qiwqs wix ebixwmbs. Syzxs idiqvrs vsji
wix úzmr vexe jiqstwzxex iwwe xireçãs. Vexe yqe viwwse uyi egehsy ji gsxxix 74 oq, yqe ákye ji gsgs vsji vewwex
e idixgix e lytçãs ji iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx. Mwzs é, gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyi ts vewwejs zmbixeq gsqs gstwiuyêtgme e
shzitçãs ji ákye ji gsgs wi zsxtexãs qemw vxsbábimw. S irskms ji yq vxsliwwsx vexe s gsqitzáxms ji yq eryts iq
were ji eyre vsji zsxtex qemw vxsbábir uyi s iwzyjetzi bsrzi e lefix gsqitzáxmsw. Tiwwi gews, s irskms vsji wix
gstwmjixejs yq iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx. Iq gstzxevexzmje, iwwi qiwqs irskms, vexe syzxs eryts, sy vexe s qiwqs
iwzyjetzi iq yq gstzidzs jmlixitzi, vsji tãs zix ilimzs erkyq wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lefix gsqitzáxmsw; zerbif
vswwe ezé ribex s mtjmbíjys e tytge qemw lefix gsqitzáxmsw te eyre jiwwi vxsliwwsx. Tiwwi gews, s irskms tãs vsjixme
wix gstwmjixejs yq iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx.
Gsq iwwiw idiqvrsw, uyixiqsw qswzxex uyi, vexe jizixqmtexqsw wi yq iwzíqyrs é xilsxçejsx, sy wi yqe
gstwiuyêtgme é xilsxçejsxe, jibiqsw gstwmjixex, tigiwwexmeqitzi, s wiy ilimzs wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs.
Mtjivitjitziqitzi js iwzíqyrs, wi s ilimzs ji wye evxiwitzeçãs lsx s ji eyqitzex e vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme
js gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi s vxsjyf, itzãs iri wixá gstwmjixejs xilsxçejsx. S vxsgijmqitzs ji evxiwitzeçãs jiwwi
iwzíqyrs i s wiy ilimzs wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs wixãs gneqejsw ji xilsxçeqitzs.

Syzxsw ilimzsw js xilsxçeqitzs

Eréq ji eyqitzex e lxiuyêtgme (sy vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme) ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs, s xilsxçeqitzs ziq, virs
qitsw, jsmw syzxsw ilimzsw wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs jsw sxketmwqsw. Yq jiriw é e jmqmtymçãs je lxiuyêtgme ji
syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw jmlixitziw js gsqvsxzeqitzs xilsxçejs. Wi, vsx idiqvrs, bsgê iwzá iq yq hex, srnetjs
ew viwwsew uyi vsx rá vewweq, hihitjs, gsqitjs i leretjs wshxi jizixqmtejs ewwytzs, i erkyéq gsqiçe e vxiwzex
qymze ezitçãs ts uyi bsgê iwzá jmfitjs, é vxsbábir uyi bsgê gsqe qitsw, hihe qitsw, shwixbi qitsw s
qsbmqitzs ts hex i vewwi qemw ziqvs gstbixwetjs. Tiwwi gews, e ezitçãs é s iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx i lerex é e
xiwvswze. E jmwvstmhmrmfeçãs ji ezitçãs vsx syzxew viwwsew vexe s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lerex xiwyrzetjs ts eyqitzs
ji wye lxiuyêtgme é s xilsxçeqitzs, uyi zeqhéq xiwyrzsy te jmqmtymçãs je lxiuyêtgme ji syzxew xiwvswzew gsq
gixze vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme teuyiri qsqitzs.
Iwwi qiwqs ilimzs vsji wix shwixbejs ts qsqitzs iq uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwmstex e hexxe iqmzmjs vsx
yq xezs gsqiçe e wix xilsxçejs gsq ákye. E Lmkyxe 9.6 evxiwitze yqe mrywzxeçãs gsq jejsw nmvszézmgsw jiwwi ilimzs.
Te mqekiq biqsw yq kxálmgs ji lxiuyêtgme je xiwvswze (túqixs ji xiwvswzew vsx qmtyzs): ts imds D iwzãs sw
qmtyzsw, i, ts imds C, s túqixs ji xiwvswzew. E xiwvswze ji vxiwwmstex e hexxe é xivxiwitzeje vire rmtne gstzítye
gsq gíxgyrsw befejsw; e xiwvswze ji lexipex é xivxiwitzeje vire rmtne gstzítye gsq zxmâtkyrsw vxiitgnmjsw; i e
xiwvswze ji rmqvex-wi é xivxiwitzeje vire rmtne vstzmrneje gsq uyejxejsw befejsw. Tiwwe nmvszézmge wiwwãs, s
etmqer é gsrsgejs te gemde ji Womttix i titnyqe gstwiuyêtgme é vxskxeqeje vexe wiyw gsqvsxzeqitzsw ezé s lmter
js zixgimxs qmtyzs je wiwwãs. E vexzmx jeí, ew xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe vewweq e wix gstwiuyitgmejew gsq e
evxiwitzeçãs ji ákye vexe s etmqer.
 Tszi, te Lmkyxe 9.6, uyi, evów ew xiwvswzew ji vxiwwmstex e hexxe vewwexiq e wix xilsxçejew, tãs wó e lxiuyêtgme
jiwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs gsqiçe e eyqitzex, gsqs zeqhéq gsqiçeq e jmqmtymx ew lxiuyêtgmew jsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw
ji rmqvex-wi i ji lexipex. Zeqhéq vsjiqsw bix iwwiw vxmtgívmsw ts idiqvrs je gxmetçe gsq hmxxe. Uyetjs ire iqmzi
s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji hmxxe gsq qymze lxiuyêtgme, sw vemw vsjiq jmqmtymx e lxiuyêtgme jiwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs
wmqvriwqitzi xilsxçetjs qemw bifiw gsqvsxzeqitzsw qemw ejiuyejsw te wye vixwvigzmbe. Sy wipe, es ezitjix sw
vijmjsw je gxmetçe uyetjs ire sw lef ji lsxqe qemw ijygeje, e lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lefix hmxxew, gsq e
qiwqe lytçãs, zitji e jmqmtymx. Iq syzxs gstzidzs, s vxsliwwsx vsji jmqmtymx e lxiuyêtgme jew gstbixwew vexerirew
iq were ji eyre evitew xilsxçetjs qemw lxiuyitziqitzi gsqvsxzeqitzsw mtgsqvezíbimw gsq zemw gstbixwew, gsqs,
vsx idiqvrs, sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji rix, lefix idixgígmsw, lefix vixkytzew, izg.

Lmkyxe 9.6
Mrywzxeçãs js ilimzs qsqitzâtis js xilsxçeqitzs ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs wshxi e wye lxiuyêtgme i wshxi e lxiuyêtgme ji syzxsw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw (jejsw nmvszézmgsw).

Syzxs ilimzs js xilsxçeqitzs é e jmqmtymçãs je bexmehmrmjeji te zsvskxelme je xiwvswze xilsxçeje. E

zsvskxelme je xiwvswze é yq gstgimzs xirezmbs à lsxqe ji yqe xiwvswze, vsjitjs itbsrbix vejxõiw wstsxsw ji
bsgermfeçõiw sy ji qsbmqitzsw je viwwse, vsx idiqvrs. Uyetjs erkyéq jmf “werimxs” sy “vmqitze js ximts”, iwzeqsw
jmetzi ji jyew zsvskxelmew ji xiwvswzew jmwzmtzew, pá uyi sw vejxõiw wstsxsw vxsjyfmjsw wãs jmlixitziw. Sw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji vyrex i ji geqmtnex zeqhéq evxiwitzeq zsvskxelmew jmwzmtzew, pá uyi sw qsbmqitzsw uyi
gstwzmzyiq iwwiw jsmw gsqvsxzeqitzsw zeqhéq wãs jmlixitziw.
Kixerqitzi, tew vxmqimxew bifiw iq uyi yq xezs, iq yqe gemde ji gstjmgmsteqitzs svixetzi, vxiwwmste e hexxe,
iri s lef ji qetimxew hiq jmlixitziw, vsx idiqvrs, s lef gsq e veze iwuyixje, gsq e jmximze, gsq ew jyew sy gsq s
lsgmtns. À qijmje uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwãs à hexxe é gstzmtyeqitzi xilsxçejs, s qiwqs vewwe e sgsxxix
ji yqe lsxqe – gsq yqe zsvskxelme – geje bif qemw vexigmje, sy wipe, vewwe e sgsxxix uyewi zsjew ew bifiw gsq e
qiwqe veze evsmeje hewmgeqitzi ts qiwqs vstzs je hexxe, gstlsxqi mrywzxejs te Lmkyxe 9.9.

Lmkyxe 9.9
Vsji tãs vexigix, qew iwwew zxêw lszskxelmew lsxeq zmxejew iq qsqitzsw jmlixitziw. Geje yqe qswzxe yqe xiwvswze ji vxiwwãs à
hexxe evów iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs zix wmjs xilsxçejs qemw ji giq bifiw. É vswwíbir tszex, virew mqekitw, e kxetji wmqmrexmjeji jew
zsvskxelmew jew xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe iqmzmjew virs etmqer.

Iwwi ilimzs js xilsxçeqitzs wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs é qymzs ibmjitzi ts tswws jme e jme. Vsx idiqvrs, bsgê vsji
xiwvstjix à vixkytze “Stji lmge e hmhrmszige?” ji jmbixwew qetimxew. Gews yqe jiwwew lsxqew wipe hiq-wygijmje, te
qijmje iq uyi s mtzixrsgyzsx e gsqvxiitje, é vxsbábir uyi, je vxódmqe bif uyi rni lmfixiq iwwe qiwqe vixkytze,
bsgê e xiwvstje ji lsxqe wiqirnetzi. Uyetzs qemw bifiw bsgê xiwvstjix à vixkytze i lsx hiq gsqvxiitjmjs, qemw
e xiwvswze jeje wixá vexigmje gsq e etzixmsx. E lsxqe gsqs bsgê ehxi vsxzew, lere, iwgxibi, jmxmki, itzxi syzxsw
idiqvrsw, é, vxsbebirqitzi, uyewi wiqvxi hiq vexigmje, iq lytçãs jew xivizmjew idvswmçõiw àw gstzmtkêtgmew ji
xilsxçeqitzs ji zemw gsqvsxzeqitzsw.

Idzmtçãs svixetzi
Ezé euym bmqsw uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs vxsjyf gstwiuyêtgmew ts eqhmitzi i uyi iwzew vsjiq elizex e vxshehmrmjeji
ji iri bsrzex e sgsxxix. Etermweqsw zeqhéq uyi erkyqew gstwiuyêtgmew iwvigílmgew eyqitzeq sy qetzêq e
vxshehmrmjeji ji s gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi ew vxsjyf bsrzex e sgsxxix, ew uyemw wãs jitsqmtejew ji xilsxçejsxew. É
gsqyq uyi erkyqew gstwiuyêtgmew vxsjyfmjew vsx gixzsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw jimdiq ji sgsxxix uyetjs iwziw wãs
iqmzmjsw. Uyetjs mwws egstzigi, shwixbeqsw ts gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi ew vxsjyfme ilimzsw gstzxáxmsw esw vxsjyfmjsw
virs xilsxçeqitzs. Uyetjs wywvitjiqsw (itgixxeqsw) s xilsxçeqitzs ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs, bixmlmgeqsw uyi e
lxiuyêtgme ji wye sgsxxêtgme jmqmtym, xizsxtetjs es wiy tíbir svixetzi, mwzs é, xizsxtetjs à lxiuyêtgme gsq uyi
sgsxxme etziw ji zix wmjs xilsxçejs. Iwwi vxsgijmqitzs, uyi gstwmwzi te wywvitwãs js xilsxçeqitzs, i s vxsgiwws
jiri jigsxxitzi wãs gstnigmjsw gsqs idzmtçãs svixetzi. Vsxzetzs, e wywvitwãs js xilsxçeqitzs é yq
vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs svixetzi. Iwwi vxsgijmqitzs kixe yq vxsgiwws gsqvsxzeqitzer zeqhéq gneqejs
ji idzmtçãs svixetzi, uyi gstwmwzi te jmqmtymçãs kxejyer je lxiuyêtgme ji sgsxxêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs ezé s wiy
xizsxts es tíbir svixetzi (uyi vsji sy tãs wix mkyer e fixs).
Wi e wywvitwãs js xilsxçeqitzs vxsjyf yqe jmqmtymçãs te lxiuyêtgme ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs, é vswwíbir gstgrymx
uyi sw ilimzsw js xilsxçeqitzs iq xireçãs à qetyzitçãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs wãs ziqvsxáxmsw. Vexe ziwzexqsw iwwe
elmxqeçãs, hewze xiermfexqsw yq idvixmqitzs gsq zxêw wmzyeçõiw jmwzmtzew: te vxmqimxe, shwixbeqsw i xikmwzxeqsw e
lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji yq sxketmwqs wiq gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs vxskxeqejew (tíbir svixetzi);
te wikytje, xilsxçeqsw s gsqvsxzeqitzs, hiq gsqs shwixbeqsw i xikmwzxeqsw e wye lxiuyêtgme (xilsxçeqitzs);
te zixgimxe, xizmxeqsw s xilsxçeqitzs i tsbeqitzi shwixbeqsw i xikmwzxeqsw e lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs
(idzmtçãs). Lsm idezeqitzi mwws uyi sw viwuymwejsxiw Nmrr Q. Aeroix i Tetgc O. Hygoric lmfixeq i xirezexeq iq yq
exzmks gmitzílmgs vyhrmgejs iq 7502.
Aeroix i Hygoric (7502) gstjyfmxeq yqe mtzixbitçãs, uyi zeqhéq lsm yqe viwuymwe, gsq yqe gxmetçe uyi
evxiwitzebe jmlmgyrjejiw ji lmgex gstgitzxeje jyxetzi zexilew te were ji eyre. Sw viwuymwejsxiw, mtmgmerqitzi,
xikmwzxexeq uyetzsw mtzixbersw ji 74 qmtyzsw e gxmetçe vixqetigme xiermfetjs ew zexilew ejiuyejeqitzi (tíbir
svixetzi) es rstks je eyre. Iq wikymje, gsqiçexeq e jex-rni vstzsw zsje bif uyi lefme e zexile ejiuyejeqitzi e
geje mtzixbers ji 74 qmtyzsw. Vsx lmq, Aeroix i Hygoric vexexeq ji jex sw vstzsw, qiwqs wi ire vewwewwi sw 74
qmtyzsw ji yq jejs mtzixbers itkepeje te zexile iwgsrex. Es lmter je mtzixbitçãs, e gxmetçe vôji zxsgex sw vstzsw
ketnsw vsx hxmtuyijsw ji wye vxilixêtgme.
E Lmkyxe 9.8 evxiwitze sw xiwyrzejsw je mtzixbitçãs xiermfeje vsx Aeroix i Hygoric. Ts imds D wãs evxiwitzejsw sw
mtzixbersw ji 74 qmtyzsw, i, ts imds C, s vixgitzyer ji ziqvs uyi e gxmetçe vewwsy itkepeje tsw idixgígmsw iq geje
yq jiwwiw mtzixbersw. Bipe uyi, jyxetzi sw wimw vxmqimxsw mtzixbersw, ji tíbir svixetzi, ire tãs lmgsy qemw ji 92% js
ziqvs ji geje mtzixbers lefitjs sw idixgígmsw. E vexzmx js wézmqs, mtmgmsy-wi s xilsxçeqitzs js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji
lefix idixgígmsw (e gxmetçe vewwsy e ketnex vstzsw vsx wi itkepex te zexile). Tszi uyi, ewwmq uyi e tsbe gstzmtkêtgme
ji xilsxçeqitzs lsm mtmgmeje, s vixgitzyer ji ziqvs uyi e gxmetçe vewwebe lefitjs sw idixgígmsw gsqiçsy e
eyqitzex, gniketjs e vxódmqs ji 744%. Vsx bsrze js 66º mtzixbers ji 74 qmtyzsw, ts uyer nsybi e wywvitwãs js
xilsxçeqitzs, s vixgitzyer ji ziqvs lefitjs ew zexilew gsqiçsy e jmqmtymx, ezé uyi wi iwzehmrmfsy iq vixgitzyemw
vxódmqsw e 84%, sw uyemw wãs qymzs vexigmjsw gsq euyiriw xikmwzxejsw jyxetzi s tíbir svixetzi.
Lmkyxe 9.8
Vixgitzyer ji ziqvs lefitjs idixgígmsw iq were ji eyre.
Lstzi: Ejevzeje ji Aeroix i Hygoric (v. 683, 7502).

Iwwiw xiwyrzejsw je viwuymwe ji Aeroix i Hygoric wãs mqvsxzetziw tiwze erzyxe js rmbxs vsx jsmw qszmbsw
vxmtgmvemw. Iq vxmqimxs rykex, qswzxeq grexeqitzi s ilimzs js xilsxçeqitzs i je idzmtçãs wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs:
mtwixi-wi s xilsxçeqitzs, e lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs eyqitze; xizmxe-wi s xilsxçeqitzs, e lxiuyêtgme js
gsqvsxzeqitzs jmqmtym. Iq wikytjs, xiwyrzejsw gsqs iwwiw wãs mqvsxzetziw vexe tsw riqhxex uyi vxigmweqsw
vretipex gstzmtkêtgmew uyi vixqetiçeq iq bmksx qiwqs te eywêtgme js vwmgórsks, sy wipe, te eywêtgme ji uyiq lef
e mtzixbitçãs gsqvsxzeqitzer. Ts gews je gxmetçe je viwuymwe ji Aeroix i Hygoric, wixme mqvsxzetzi uyi ire
gstzmtyewwi lefitjs sw idixgígmsw wiq uyi iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs lswwi qetzmjs evitew virs ketns ji vstzsw, qew,
wmq, vsx xilsxçejsxiw jmwvstíbimw te were ji eyre, gsqs, vsx idiqvrs, ezitçãs i xigstnigmqitzs ji vxsliwwsxiw i
gsrikew. Iwwiw xilsxçejsxiw, itzxi syzxsw, kixerqitzi qetzêq sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw egejêqmgsw jeuyirew viwwsew
uyi gneqeqsw ji iwzyjmswew.

Syzxsw ilimzsw je idzmtçãs

S vxmtgmver ilimzs js vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs, gsqs bmqsw, é s xizsxts je lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs esw wiyw
tíbimw vxébmsw, sy wipe, es tíbir svixetzi. Ts itzetzs, eréq ji jmqmtymx e lxiuyêtgme je xiwvswze ezé s tíbir svixetzi,
iwwi vxsgijmqitzs vxsjyf syzxsw zxêw ilimzsw mqvsxzetziw ts mtígms js vxsgiwws ji idzmtçãs svixetzi. Bixiqsw, e
wikymx, erkytw jiriw.
Eyqitzs te lxiuyêtgme je xiwvswze ts mtígms js vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs. Jyxetzi yq vxsgijmqitzs ji
idzmtçãs, etziw ji e lxiuyêtgme je xiwvswze gsqiçex e jmqmtymx, ire vsji eyqitzex ehxyvzeqitzi. Wyvstne uyi yq
xezs zitne vewwejs vsx gmtgs wiwwõiw ji xilsxçeqitzs i uyi, te widze wiwwãs, wizi qmtyzsw evów wiy mtígms, s
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwmstex e hexxe zitne wmjs gsrsgejs iq idzmtçãs. Yq kxálmgs zívmgs ji idzmtçãs wixme wmqmrex es
evxiwitzejs te Lmkyxe 9.1. Tire, ná jsmw kxálmgsw evxiwitzetjs sw jejsw jiwwe nmvszézmge wiwwãs ji idzmtçãs: s je
vexzi wyvixmsx qswzxe e lxiuyêtgme wmqvriw ji xiwvswzew (m.i., s túqixs ji xiwvswzew iq geje qmtyzs), i s je vexzi
mtlixmsx qswzxe sw qiwqsw jejsw iq lxiuyêtgme egyqyreje (m.i., s wsqezóxms je lxiuyêtgme wmqvriw e geje qmtyzs).
Shwixbi uyi, tsw vxmqimxsw qmtyzsw (ji 7 e 0 qmtyzsw), bmksxe s xilsxçeqitzs (GXL, wmkre vexe xilsxçs gstzítys) jew
xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe. Ts wézmqs qmtyzs, itzxe iq bmksx s vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs. Tszi uyi, js 3º es 5º,
ná yq eyqitzs te lxiuyêtgme je xiwvswze ji vxiwwãs à hexxe iq xireçãs àuyire xikmwzxeje jyxetzi s xilsxçeqitzs
gstzítys, gniketjs e 72 xiwvswzew vsx qmtyzs. Ts kxálmgs ji lxiuyêtgme egyqyreje, uyetzs qemsx e mtgrmteçãs je
gyxbe, qemsx e lxiuyêtgme ji xiwvswzew. Te vexzi mtlixmsx je Lmkyxe 9.1, é vswwíbir shwixbex yq eyqitzs te mtgrmteçãs
je gyxbe e vexzmx js wézmqs qmtyzs. Js 74º qmtyzs je wiwwãs iq jmetzi, bixmlmgeqsw e jmqmtymçãs kxejyer te
lxiuyêtgme jew xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe, uyi é e vxmtgmver gexegzixíwzmge js vxsgiwws ji idzmtçãs.

Lmkyxe 9.1
Vxsgiwws ji idzmtçãs svixetzi (jejsw nmvszézmgsw). Ts mtígms js vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs, etziw ji e lxiuyêtgme js
gsqvsxzeqitzs gsqiçex e jigrmtex, bixmlmge-wi s wiy eyqitzs ehxyvzs. Te vexzi wyvixmsx je lmkyxe, ziqsw e lxiuyêtgme wmqvriw ji
xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe; te vexzi mtlixmsx, e lxiuyêtgme egyqyreje js qiwqs gsqvsxzeqitzs jyxetzi s vxsgijmqitzs ji
idzmtçãs.

Yq idiqvrs wmqvriw jiwwe gexegzixíwzmge js vxsgiwws ji idzmtçãs ts gsqvsxzeqitzs gszmjmets vsji wix
shwixbejs uyetjs zsgeqsw e geqvemtne je gewe ji yq eqmks i tãs wsqsw ezitjmjsw. Vxsbebirqitzi bsgê pá
vewwsy vsx yqe wmzyeçãs ewwmq. S uyi kixerqitzi lefiqsw etziw ji bmxexqsw ew gswzew i mx iqhsxe? Gsqiçeqsw e
vxiwwmstex s hszãs je geqvemtne báxmew bifiw etziw ji jiwmwzmx. É mqvsxzetzi riqhxex uyi iwwi eyqitzs mtmgmer vsji
sgsxxix, i tãs uyi tigiwwexmeqitzi sgsxxixá iq zsjsw sw vxsgiwwsw ji idzmtçãs.
Eyqitzs te bexmehmrmjeji je zsvskxelme je xiwvswze. Rsks ts mtígms js vxsgiwws ji idzmtçãs, e lsxqe gsqs s
gsqvsxzeqitzs iwzebe sgsxxitjs gsqiçe e qsjmlmgex-wi. Ts idiqvrs je geqvemtne, zeqhéq vsjiqsw bix iwwe
gexegzixíwzmge: eréq ji vxiwwmstexqsw báxmew bifiw s hszãs, gsqiçeqsw e lefê-rs sy gsq qemw lsxçe sy gsq e qãs
zsje, hezix te vsxze sy qiwqs hezix verqew. Wi shwixbexqsw gsq gymjejs yq xezs iq yqe gemde ji
gstjmgmsteqitzs svixetzi ts mtígms js vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs je xiwvswze ji vxiwwãs à hexxe, zeqhéq
bixmlmgexiqsw uyi e lsxqe gsq uyi iri iqmzi s gsqvsxzeqitzs vsjixá bexmex (vxiwwmstex gsq e veze iwuyixje, gsq
e jmximze, ji rejs, izg.).
Ibsgeçãs ji xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw. Zitzi wi riqhxex ji erkyqew bifiw iq uyi erkyq gsqvsxzeqitzs wiy lsm
gsrsgejs iq idzmtçãs. Vsx idiqvrs, uyetjs iwzyjsy qymzs vexe yqe vxsbe i zmxsy tsze hemde, uyetjs zirilstsy
báxmew bifiw vexe wiy(ye) teqsxejs(e) i iri(e) tãs ezitjiy. Gsqs bsgê wi witzmy? É hiq vxsbábir uyi erkyqew
xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw, gsqs, vsx idiqvrs, euyirew gsqyqitzi bmwzew te xembe, te etwmijeji, te mxxmzeçãs sy te
lxywzxeçãs, zitneq sgsxxmjs. Tãs é xexs, vsx idiqvrs, shwixbexqsw evexirnsw ji zirilsti giryrexiw wixiq pskejsw
ts gnãs uyetjs s wiy jsts tãs gstwikyi lefix yqe rmkeçãs mqvsxzetzi sy bsretziw wixiq wsgejsw uyetjs s gexxs
tãs vike. Ts idiqvrs js xezs uyi ziq s wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwmstex e hexxe wyhqizmjs es vxsgijmqitzs ji
idzmtçãs, é gsqyq shwixbexqsw xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw gsqs e ji qsxjix e hexxe.

Xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs
Bmqsw uyi, tew wmzyeçõiw iq uyi s xilsxçeqitzs é wywvitws, e lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs jmqmtym. Qew vsx
uyetzs ziqvs yq gsqvsxzeqitzs vsji gstzmtyex sgsxxitjs evów e wywvitwãs js xilsxçeqitzs? Uyetzew bifiw s
gsqvsxzeqitzs sgsxxi wiq xilsxçeqitzs etziw ji xizsxtex es tíbir svixetzi? Yqe viwwse zxsge qitwekitw vsx
evrmgezmbs ji giryrex uyewi zsjsw sw jmew gsq yq eqmks, vsx idiqvrs. S eqmks xiwvstjix lytgmste gsqs e
gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe vexe s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji itbmex qitwekitw. Gews s eqmks hrsuyimi iwwe viwwse, s
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji itbmex qitwekitw tãs wixá qemw xilsxçejs, s uyi wi gstwzmzym iq yq idiqvrs js vxsgijmqitzs
ji idzmtçãs svixetzi. Uyetzew bifiw ire itbmexá qitwekitw vexe s eqmks etziw ji jiwmwzmx? Iq syzxs idiqvrs,
uyetzew bifiw s id-teqsxejs mxá rmkex vexe e id-teqsxeje zitzetjs xiezex s xsqetgi ezé uyi jiwmwze ji yqe bif
vsx zsjew? Vsx uyetzs ziqvs yq xezmtns gstzmtyexá vxiwwmstetjs e hexxe je gemde ji Womttix, wiq uyi iwwi
gsqvsxzeqitzs wipe xilsxçejs vire evxiwitzeçãs ji ákye sy gsqmje, ezé vewwex e vxiwwmstá-re gsq e qiwqe
lxiuyêtgme bmwze iq tíbir svixetzi?
Uyetjs lefiqsw vixkytzew gsqs ew js vexákxels etzixmsx, iwzeqsw mtjeketjs wshxi xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs,
uyi vsji wix jilmtmje gsqs s ziqvs sy s túqixs ji bifiw uyi yq jizixqmtejs gsqvsxzeqitzs gstzmtye
sgsxxitjs evów e wywvitwãs js xilsxçeqitzs. Jmfiqsw uyi, uyetzs qemw ziqvs, sy uyetzs qemsx s túqixs ji
bifiw uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs gstzmtye e sgsxxix wiq wix xilsxçejs, qemsx é e wye xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs. Bipe uyi
jmfix uyi yq gsqvsxzeqitzs ziq erze xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs tãs é e idvrmgeçãs ji vsx uyi iri jiqsxe e wix idzmtzs.
Xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs é e vxóvxme jiqsxe, é s litôqits vxsvxmeqitzi jmzs, i tãs wye idvrmgeçãs. E idvrmgeçãs
xiregmste-wi e syzxew bexmábimw, uyi bixiqsw qemw ejmetzi.
Ji qsjs kixer, gszmjmeteqitzi, viwwsew gypsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw evxiwitzeq erze xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs wãs
xszyrejew gsqs vixwibixetziw, iwlsxçejew, iqvitnejew, “gehiçew-jyxew” sy zimqswew. E viwwse uyi jiwmwzi
legmrqitzi, iq zixqsw zégtmgsw, é euyire gypsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw evxiwitzeq hemde xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs i, ts jme e
jme, vsji wix bmwze gsqs vxikymçswe, “lsks ji verne” sy jiwetmqeje.
Evitew xszyrex ew viwwsew gsqs vixwibixetziw sy zimqswew tãs tsw jmf s uyi ew ribe e ekmx ewwmq, evitew
gexegzixmfe gsqs ekiq. Qew vsx uyi erkytw mtjmbíjysw wãs qemw vixwibixetziw sy zimqswsw uyi syzxsw? Vsx uyi
erkyqew viwwsew vxiwzeq biwzmhyrex vexe qijmgmte smzs sy tsbi bifiw wiq wixiq evxsbejew, ituyetzs syzxew
jiwmwziq pá te vxmqimxe xivxsbeçãs? Iq uyi gstjmçõiw gstzmtyeqsw e iqmzmx yq gsqvsxzeqitzs tãs xilsxçejs? Sy
wipe, uyi gstjmçõiw elizeq e xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs? Báxmsw lezsxiw (sy, jmzs ji syzxe lsxqe, jmbixwew bexmábimw)
mtlryitgmeq e xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs. E wikymx, wixãs jiwgxmzsw erkytw jiriw.
Túqixs ji idvswmçõiw à gstzmtkêtgme ji xilsxçeqitzs. Jmf xiwvimzs es túqixs ji bifiw iq uyi yq
jizixqmtejs gsqvsxzeqitzs lsm xilsxçejs ezé e wywvitwãs js xilsxçeqitzs. Uyetzs qemw bifiw yq
gsqvsxzeqitzs lsx xilsxçejs, qemw xiwmwzitzi à idzmtçãs iri wixá. É qemw lágmr, vsx idiqvrs, jmqmtymx e lxiuyêtgme js
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lefix hmxxew ji yqe gxmetçe rsks tew vxmqimxew bifiw uyi sgsxxi. Yqe gxmetçe uyi ziq wiyw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji lefix hmxxew xilsxçejsw ji qsjs gstwmwzitzi vsx etsw vswwmbirqitzi jiqsxexá qemw ziqvs ezé
vexex ji iqmzm-rsw uyetjs ew hmxxew tãs lsxiq qemw xilsxçejew. Je qiwqe lsxqe, yqe gxmetçe, gypsw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji vijmx ijygejeqitzi zitneq wmjs xilsxçejsw vsx qymzsw etsw vsx wiyw vemw, gstzmtyexá e vijmx
ijygejeqitzi vsx qemw ziqvs gews sw ejyrzsw à wye bsrze vexiq ji xilsxçex iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs. Vsxzetzs, wixme
xigsqitjejs, vsx idiqvrs, uyi sw vemw xilsxçewwiq gsq erze lxiuyêtgme sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji vijmx
ijygejeqitzi ji wiyw lmrnsw vexe uyi wi zsxtewwiq qemw xiwmwzitziw à idzmtçãs.
Gehi xiwwerzex, zsjebme, uyi, ji lsxqe wmqmrex es túqixs ji iqvexirneqitzsw ts gstjmgmsteqitzs xiwvstjitzi,
s túqixs ji xilsxçeqitzsw tãs eyqitze e xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs ji lsxqe mtjilmtmje. Evów yq gixzs túqixs ji
xilsxçeqitzsw, tãs wixãs shwixbejsw qemw eyqitzsw te xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs.
Gywzs je xiwvswze. Uyetzs qemw iwlsxçs é tigiwwáxms vexe iqmzmx yq gsqvsxzeqitzs, qitsx wixá e wye xiwmwzêtgme
à idzmtçãs; iq syzxew verebxew, “wi lsx qemw jmlígmr, jiwmwzs qemw xávmjs”. Vsx idiqvrs, es zéxqmts ji yq teqsxs,
uyetzs qemw jmlígmr lsx vexe s “teqsxejs zimqsws” lerex gsq e teqsxeje, qemw xevmjeqitzi iri vexexá ji mtwmwzmx iq
xizsqex s xiregmsteqitzs. Wi yq xezs ziq à wye jmwvswmçãs jyew hexxew vexe vxiwwmstex, i eqhew vxsjyfiq ákye
gsqs gstwiuyêtgme, qew yqe jirew é qemw viweje uyi e syzxe, s etmqer zitjixá e vexex ji vxiwwmstex qemw gijs e
hexxe qemw viweje uyetjs e vxiwwãs jirew tãs qemw vxsjyfmx ákye.
Mtzixqmzêtgme js xilsxçeqitzs. Uyetjs yq gsqvsxzeqitzs àw bifiw é xilsxçejs i àw bifiw tãs, iri wi zsxtexá
qemw xiwmwzitzi à idzmtçãs js uyi yq gsqvsxzeqitzs xilsxçejs zsjew ew bifiw uyi sgsxxi. É qemw lágmr, vsx idiqvrs,
idzmtkymx s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lefix hmxxe uyi é xilsxçejs zsjew ew bifiw iq uyi sgsxxi js uyi idzmtkymx euyiriw
uyi wãs xilsxçejsw evitew sgewmsterqitzi. Ts Gevízyrs 3 jmwgyzmxiqsw iq jizerniw sw ilimzsw js xilsxçeqitzs
mtzixqmzitzi wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi.

Irmqmteçãs ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs ji hmxxe yzmrmfetjs-wi s vxsgijmqitzs ji

idzmtçãs
E idzmtçãs é yq jsw vxsgijmqitzsw qemw wmqvriw vexe qsjmlmgex gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyetjs s shpizmbs é xijyfmx e wye
lxiuyêtgme (iqhsxe e idzmtçãs, wsfmtne, tiq wiqvxi wipe e qirnsx svçãs ji mtzixbitçãs te ezyeçãs vxslmwwmster).
Vexe mrywzxex s yws js vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs gsq yq gews xier, beqsw etermwex yq iwzyjs ji gews xirezejs vsx
Amrrmeqw iq 7512. S gews jiwgxibi yq zxezeqitzs hiq-wygijmjs ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs ji hmxxe ji yqe gxmetçe ji
6 etsw ji mjeji yzmrmfetjs-wi s vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs, mwzs é, xiqsbitjs-wi e gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe js
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lefix hmxxew.
Ji egsxjs gsq Amrrmeqw (7512), e gxmetçe zibi wéxmsw vxshriqew ji weúji jyxetzi wiyw vxmqimxsw 72 qiwiw ji
bmje. À évsge js zxezeqitzs js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji hmxxe, iwwi vxshriqe ji weúji pá nebme giwwejs ná erkytw qiwiw,
qew e gxmetçe gstzmtyebe jiqetjetjs e qiwqe ezitçãs i gymjejsw iwvigmemw uyi wiyw vemw rni jebeq uyetjs
iwzebe jsitzi.
Sw vemw je gxmetçe i yqe zme erzixtebeq-wi te zexile ji gsrsgá-re vexe jsxqmx i vxigmwebeq lmgex ts uyexzs gsq ire
ezé uyi ejsxqigiwwi. Gews weíwwiq etziw uyi ire vikewwi ts wsts, e gxmetçe mtmgmebe yqe “qstyqitzer” gxmwi ji
gnsxs i wó vexebe uyetjs yq jiriw bsrzebe. E gxmwi ji gnsxs ixe mtmgmeje ezé qiwqs wi e viwwse uyi iwzmbiwwi gsq
ire ts uyexzs vikewwi yqe xibmwze sy rmbxs vexe rix, i wó giwwebe wi s rmbxs/xibmwze lswwi jimdejs ji rejs. Gstlsxqi
xirezejs vsx Amrrmeqw, sw vemw i e zme lmgebeq ji yqe nsxe i qime e jyew nsxew vsx tsmzi ts uyexzs je gxmetçe
iwvixetjs uyi ire jsxqmwwi.
Evów gnigejs gsq s qéjmgs uyi e gxmetçe pá iwzebe iq vixlimzew gstjmçõiw ji weúji, jigmjmy-wi xiqsbix e
gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji gnsxex, uyi ixe qetzmjs vire ezitçãs/vxiwitçe js gymjejsx (vemw i
zme) ts uyexzs je gxmetçe ituyetzs ire vikebe ts wsts. Evów s mtígms je mtzixbitçãs gsqvsxzeqitzer, s gymjejsx
gsrsgebe e gxmetçe te geqe, idigyzebe sw vxsgijmqitzsw tsxqemw ji vemw es lefix mwws (gshxmx, himpex, jiwipex hse
tsmzi, izg.), weíe js uyexzs i lignebe e vsxze. Jiwwi vstzs iq jmetzi, vsxéq, s gymjejsx tãs qemw xizsxtebe es uyexzs
uyetjs e gxmetçe gsqiçebe e gnsxex. E Lmkyxe 9.0 qswzxe ew gyxbew ji idzmtçãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji gnsxex, sy
wipe, e jyxeçãs js gnsxs qijmje iq qmtyzsw jyxetzi 74 jmew, tsw uyemw s gnsxs tãs vxsjyfme qemw e
vxiwitçe/ezitçãs jsw gymjejsxiw.
Bipe uyi, te vxmqimxe tsmzi je vxmqimxe idzmtçãs, xivxiwitzeje te Lmkyxe 9.0 vire rmtne gstzítye, e gxmetçe lmgsy 81
qmtyzsw gnsxetjs evów s gymjejsx jimdex wiy uyexzs. Te wikytje, ire tãs gnsxsy, wikytjs Amrrmeqw, vswwmbirqitzi
vsx gstze je lejmke vxsjyfmje virsw 81 qmtyzsw ji gnsxs je tsmzi etzixmsx. Te zixgimxe, ire gnsxsy vsx 74 qmtyzsw, i
e jyxeçãs je hmxxe lsm jmqmtymtjs yqe tsmzi evów e syzxe, ezé wi idzmtkymx vsx gsqvrizs e vexzmx je wézmqe tsmzi.
Gstlsxqi xirezejs vsx Amrrmeqw, e vexzmx je jégmqe tsmzi, s gnsxs tãs wó nebme giwwejs, gsqs e gxmetçe wsxxme
ituyetzs wiyw vemw jimdebeq s uyexzs. Iwwiw xiwyrzejsw wãs mqvxiwwmstetziw te qijmje iq uyi yq vxshriqe uyi
ezsxqitzebe sw gymjejsxiw i e vxóvxme gxmetçe vsx zetzs ziqvs lsm xiwsrbmjs vire wmqvriw wywvitwãs je
gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe, mwzs é, virs vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs.
Lmkyxe 9.0
Gyxbew ji idzmtçãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji gnsxex je gxmetçe js iwzyjs ji Amrrmeqw (7512).
Lstzi: Ejevzeje ji Amrrmeqw (7512, Lmkyxe 7, v. 605).

I e wikytje idzmtçãs, xivxiwitzeje vire rmtne vstzmrneje je Lmkyxe 9.0? S uyi egstzigiy? Wikytjs Amrrmeqw, yqe
wiqete jivsmw je jégmqe tsmzi, e zme lsm gsrsgex e gxmetçe vexe jsxqmx, i iwze gsqiçsy e gnsxex. E jyxeçãs js gnsxs
é qswzxeje ts kxálmgs je vxmqimxe idzmtçãs. E zme, jmetzi je hmxxe, xizsxtsy es uyexzs je gxmetçe. Es lefix mwws, ire
egmjitzerqitzi idigyzsy s gneqejs vxsgijmqitzs ji xigstjmgmsteqitzs js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji gnsxex je
gxmetçe. Iwwi vxsgijmqitzs teje qemw é js uyi ximtzxsjyfmx s xilsxçeqitzs e yq gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi iwzebe iq
vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs. Gstlsxqi mrywzxejs te Lmkyxe 9.0, yq útmgs xilsxçeqitzs lsm wylmgmitzi vexe xiwzehirigix
e jyxeçãs ji xiwvswzew esw qiwqsw tíbimw shwixbejsw etziw js vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs wix mtmgmejs. Jiwwe lsxqe,
yqe tsbe wiuyêtgme ji 74 tsmziw gsq s vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs zibi uyi wix xiermfeje, i lsm gneqeje ji wikytje
idzmtçãs. Bipe uyi zeqhéq, te wikytje idzmtçãs, e gxmetçe pá tãs gnsxebe qemw e vexzmx je wézmqe tsmzi.
Yq jejs uyi gneqe ezitçãs é s lezs ji e gxmetçe zix bsrzejs e gnsxex te vxiwitçe je zme, qiwqs zitjs jimdejs
ji lefê-rs te vxiwitçe jsw vemw. Iwwi litôqits é jitsqmtejs ji jmwgxmqmteçãs ji iwzíqyrsw svixetzi, i wixá
ehsxjejs iq jizerniw ts Gevízyrs 0.
Iqhsxe e idzmtçãs wipe yq vxsgijmqitzs ilmgef vexe wi xijyfmx e lxiuyêtgme ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs, ire tãs
gswzyqe wix yzmrmfeje mwsrejeqitzi iq gstzidzsw evrmgejsw (vxázmge vxslmwwmster). Wi, eréq je idzmtçãs ji yq
gsqvsxzeqitzs-erbs, syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw gstwmjixejsw qemw ejiuyejsw wsgmerqitzi, uyi zitneq e qiwqe
lytçãs, lsxiq xilsxçejsw, sw xiwyrzejsw wixãs qemw xávmjsw, i s vxsgiwws wixá qitsw ebixwmbs. Vsx idiqvrs, tãs
jibi zix wmjs teje lágmr vexe sw vemw jimdex wiy lmrns gnsxetjs vsx 81 qmtyzsw, emtje qemw jivsmw ji yqe nmwzóxme ji
jsitçe kxebi gsqs e je gxmetçe gmzeje ts iwzyjs ji Amrrmeqw (7512). Eréq jmwws, é wiqvxi mqvsxzetzi gstwzxymx
xivixzóxms, i tãs evitew irmqmtex gsqvsxzeqitzsw gstwmjixejsw mtejiuyejsw. Wi iy gnsxs i vxsjyfs ezitçãs, i
mwws iwzá kixetjs vxshriqe vexe qmq i vexe sw syzxsw, jibs tãs wó vexex ji gnsxex gsq iwwe lytçãs, qew zeqhéq
evxitjix e gneqex ezitçãs ji qetimxew qemw wsgmerqitzi ejiuyejew, gsqs gstbixwetjs, vsx idiqvrs.

Qsjirekiq
Bmqsw ezé euym gsqs gsqvsxzeqitzsw pá vxiwitziw ts xivixzóxms gsqvsxzeqitzer jsw mtjmbíjysw vsjiq zix wye
lxiuyêtgme qsjmlmgeje vsx wyew gstwiuyêtgmew. E vexzmx ji eksxe, etermwexiqsw gsqs yq tsbs gsqvsxzeqitzs
vewwe e lefix vexzi js xivixzóxms gsqvsxzeqitzer ji yq sxketmwqs. S xivixzóxms gsqvsxzeqitzer é s gstpytzs ji
gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji yq mtjmbíjys uyi wi zsxteq vxsbábimw jejew gixzew gstjmçõiw eqhmitzemw.
Gstlsxqi bmwzs iq syzxsw gevízyrsw, pá tewgiqsw gsq erkyqe vxivexeçãs hmsrókmge vexe mtzixekmx gsq s eqhmitzi.
Qew tãs tewgiqsw, vsx idiqvrs, leretjs e tswwe rítkye qezixte. Bsgê wehi zeqhéq uyi tãs evxitjiqsw e lerex ji
yq jme vexe s syzxs, sy uyi tãs jsxqmqsw yq jme wiq wehix itkezmtnex i egsxjeqsw ts syzxs gsxxitjs vire gewe.
Tsbsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw tãs wyxkiq js teje. Sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw tsbsw uyi evxitjiqsw wyxkiq e vexzmx jeuyiriw
uyi pá idmwziq iq tswws xivixzóxms gsqvsxzeqitzer. Zsqiqsw gsqs idiqvrs yqe jiwgxmçãs ji gsqs vsjiqsw
gsqiçex e evxitjix e lerex.
E qemsxme jsw hihêw pá tewgi iqmzmtjs jmbixwsw wstw jmlixitziw (“ky”, “já”, “hê”, “ê”, izg.). Qymzsw jiwwiw wstw
gsqvõiq verebxew tyqe rítkye i wãs jitsqmtejsw ji lstiqew vire rmtkyíwzmge. Yq hihê, vsygs ziqvs evów tewgix,
vsji iqmzmx zsjsw sw lstiqew itgstzxejsw iq zsjew ew rítkyew js qytjs, vewwetjs gstwmjixábir vixísjs ji ziqvs
iqmzmtjs-sw eriezsxmeqitzi. Wyvstne uyi, iq yq jiwwiw qsqitzsw, e qãi js hihê iwzipe vxiwitzi, es rejs js
hixçs, xivizmtjs vexe wiy lmrns: “qeqãi, qeqãi...”, i e gxmetçe, srnetjs vexe ire, “jmf”: “ky”, “já”, “hê”, “ê”…
Sw qmtyzsw bãs wi vewwetjs, i, iq yq jejs qsqitzs, s hihê iqmzi yq wsq vexigmjs gsq “qã”. Uyetjs mwws
sgsxxi, e qãi, lirmgíwwmqe, egexmgme wiy lmrns te hexxmke i wsxxm vexe iri. S uyi vexigi zix egstzigmjs? Mwws qiwqs,
bsgê egixzsy: e qãi jmwvstmhmrmfsy yqe gstwiuyêtgme vszitgmerqitzi xilsxçejsxe vexe e bsgermfeçãs je gxmetçe. S
hihê iqmzmy e xiwvswze “jmfix ‘qã’”, i e gstwiuyêtgme jiwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs lsm xigihix ezitçãs i gexmtns je qãi, sw
uyemw, kixerqitzi, wãs vszitziw iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw ts gstzxsri js gsqvsxzeqitzs nyqets. Wi iwwew
gstwiuyêtgmew evxiwitzejew vire qãi xiwyrzexiq ts eyqitzs je vxshehmrmjeji ji uyi s hihê bsrzi e jmfix “qã”
uyetjs ire iwzmbix vxódmqe, vsjiqsw elmxqex uyi s gexmtns i e ezitçãs jire wãs iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw vexe sw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw jeuyire gxmetçe. Wi tswwe gstgrywãs iwzmbix gsxxize, vsjiqsw jmfix uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji jmfix
“qã” wi zsxtexá geje bif qemw lxiuyitzi. Ts itzetzs, s hihê emtje tãs lere “qeqãi”. Gstzmtyiqsw, itzãs, s
idiqvrs.
Jivsmw ji erkyq ziqvs, vxsbebirqitzi e qãi jimdexá ji jex zetze ezitçãs i gexmtns uyetjs wiy lmrns jmwwix
evitew “qã”. S lezs ji e qãi lefix mwws gstwmwzi ts vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs. Bmqsw uyi, uyetjs yq
gsqvsxzeqitzs é gsrsgejs iq idzmtçãs, sgsxxi yq eyqitzs te bexmehmrmjeji ji wye zsvskxelme. Iwwi eyqitzs te
bexmehmrmjeji zsvskxálmge vsjixá egstzigix gsq s gsqvsxzeqitzs js hihê, ji qsjs uyi iri vxsbebirqitzi iqmzmxá
bexmeçõiw ji “qã”, gsqs “qãh”, “qáj” i “qãk”, vsx idiqvrs. É vxsbábir uyi e gxmetçe, iq erkyq qsqitzs, xivmze s
“qã” rsks evów iqmzmx s vxmqimxs “qã”, lsxqetjs, “qãqã”. Vxsbebirqitzi, e qãi vewwexá e xilsxçex iwwe xiwvswze
bixher, yqe bif uyi wi ewwiqirne qemw e “qeqãi” js uyi evitew “qã”. Eksxe, iqmzmx e zsvskxelme ji xiwvswze
“qãqã” é lsxzerigmjs virew gstwiuyêtgmew vxsbmjew vire kitmzsxe – ezé uyi ire jimdi ji xilsxçex iwwe zsvskxelme,
gsqs lmfixe etziw gsq “qã”.
Iwwew gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs i iwwew idzmtçõiw gstzmtyeq sgsxxitjs ezé uyi s hihê, ibitzyerqitzi, jmke
“qeqãi”. Jitsqmteqsw s vxsgijmqitzs uyi e qãi, mtzymzmbeqitzi, yzmrmfsy vexe itwmtex wiy lmrns e jmfix “qeqãi”
ji qsjirekiq gsqvsxzeqitzer sy evitew ji qsjirekiq. E qsjirekiq é yq vxsgijmqitzs ji xilsxçeqitzs
jmlixitgmer ji evxsdmqeçõiw wygiwwmbew ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs-erbs. S xiwyrzejs lmter jiwwi vxsgijmqitzs é yq tsbs
gsqvsxzeqitzs gstwzxyíjs e vexzmx ji gsqhmteçõiw ji zsvskxelmew ji xiwvswzew pá vxiwitziw ts xivixzóxms
gsqvsxzeqitzer js sxketmwqs. S qsjs gsqs iwwew gsqhmteçõiw wi jãs é jizixqmtejs virew gstzmtkêtgmew ji
xilsxçeqitzs i virew idzmtçõiw uyi wygiwwmbeqitzi xiwyrzeq ts gsqvsxzeqitzs-erbs. Sy wipe, e qsjirekiq é yq
jsw qsjsw virsw uyemw tsbsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw vewweq e lefix vexzi js xivixzóxms gsqvsxzeqitzer jsw mtjmbíjysw.
S xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer gstwmwzi iq xilsxçex erkyqew xiwvswzew uyi shijigiq e erkyq gxmzéxms i iq tãs
xilsxçex euyirew uyi tãs ezitjiq e zer gxmzéxms. E Lmkyxe 9.3 mrywzxe s vxsjyzs js xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer iq geje
yq ji wimw qsqitzsw je qsjirekiq je xiwvswze ji vxiwwãs à hexxe ji yq xezs te gemde ji Womttix. Te Lszskxelme
7, vsx idiqvrs, wsqitzi qsbmqitzsw iq jmxiçãs à hexxe ixeq xilsxçejsw (gxmzéxms). Etziw ji vxiwwmstex e hexxe
(Lszskxelme 0 je Lmk. 9.3), báxmsw syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyi wi evxsdmqebeq geje bif qemw js gsqvsxzeqitzs-erbs
(vxiwwmstex e hexxe) lsxeq xilsxçejsw. Iq wikymje, lsxeq gsrsgejsw iq idzmtçãs vire qyjetçe js gxmzéxms vexe s
xilsxçeqitzs. S gxmzéxms ji xilsxçeqitzs, jyxetzi s vxsgijmqitzs ji qsjirekiq, bem witjs qsjmlmgejs ji qsjs e
idmkmx xiwvswzew geje bif vxódmqew (wmqmrexiw zsvskxelmgeqitzi) es gsqvsxzeqitzs-erbs. Gneqeqsw zemw izevew ji
evxsdmqeçõiw wygiwwmbew js gsqvsxzeqitzs-erbs.
Lmkyxe 9.3
Qsjirekiq: xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer ji evxsdmqeçõiw wygiwwmbew js gsqvsxzeqitzs-erbs. Tsbsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw wãs qsjirejsw
e vexzmx ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw etzixmsxiw. Ew Lszskxelmew ji 7 e 0 qswzxeq, je iwuyixje vexe e jmximze i ji gmqe vexe hemds, gsqs e
xiwvswze ji vxiwwmstex yqe hexxe lsm kxejezmbeqitzi wirigmsteje virew gstwiuyêtgmew xilsxçejsxew.

Yweqsw, te qsjirekiq, hewmgeqitzi, s xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer (xilsxçex erkyqew xiwvswzew i idzmtkymx syzxew
wmqmrexiw) i ew evxsdmqeçõiw wygiwwmbew (idmkmx kxejyerqitzi xiwvswzew qemw vxódmqew js gsqvsxzeqitzs-erbs) vexe
itwmtex yq tsbs gsqvsxzeqitzs. Zxêw ewvigzsw vxmtgmvemw jibiq wix ribejsw iq gstwmjixeçãs uyetjs wi ywe iwwi
vxsgijmqitzs. S vxmqimxs é e mqijmezmgmjeji js xilsxçs iq xireçãs à xiwvswze: uyetzs qemw ziqvsxerqitzi vxódmqs
je xiwvswze s iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx lsx evxiwitzejs, qemsx wixá s wiy ilimzs wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs. Ts idiqvrs js
hihê evxitjitjs e lerex, mqekmti wi e qãi xilsxçewwi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji jmfix “qã” ji wiy hihê evitew erkytw
qmtyzsw evów iri zix iqmzmjs iwwi wsq. Vxsbebirqitzi e verebxe “qeqãi” jiqsxexme hiq qemw vexe wix evxitjmje. S
wikytjs ewvigzs vxmtgmver é uyi tãs wi jibi xilsxçex jiqewmejeqitzi xiwvswzew iq geje vewws mtzixqijmáxms.
Gsqs bmqsw, s xilsxçeqitzs bem xijyfmtjs e bexmehmrmjeji je xiwvswze. Ewwmq, wi xilsxçeqsw qymzs yqe xiwvswze
mtzixqijmáxme, ire vsji lmgex qymzs lsxzerigmje, jmlmgyrzetjs s evexigmqitzs ji xiwvswzew qemw vxódmqew es
gsqvsxzeqitzs lmter uyetjs gsrsgexqsw e xiwvswze mtzixqijmáxme iq idzmtçãs. S zixgimxs ewvigzs é uyi wi jibi zix
vewwsw mtzixqijmáxmsw kxejyemw, xilsxçetjs viuyitsw ebetçsw e geje vewws. Gews e jmwzâtgme zsvskxálmge itzxi yq
vewws i syzxs wipe qymzs rstke, qymzew xiwvswzew sgsxxixãs wiq wixiq xilsxçejew, s uyi vsji xiwyrzex te
jizixmsxeçãs js uyi pá lsxe evxitjmjs vxibmeqitzi. Mwws ezxewexme e qsjirekiq, yqe bif uyi ew xiwvswzew syzxsxe
iwzehirigmjew vxigmwexãs wix tsbeqitzi itwmtejew.

Qsjirekiq bixwyw qsjireçãs

Eréq je qsjirekiq, syzxs vxsgijmqitzs é qymzs yzmrmfejs vexe vxsvmgmex e evxitjmfekiq ji yq tsbs
gsqvsxzeqitzs, gneqejs ji qsjireçãs. Gsqs sw tsqiw wãs vexigmjsw, é gsqyq s iwzyjetzi gstlytjmx sw jsmw
gstgimzsw. Mwws, ts itzetzs, é yq ixxs, pá uyi eqhsw jiwgxibiq vxsgiwwsw jmlixitziw. Te qsjirekiq, gsqs bmqsw,
sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw wãs kxejyerqitzi wirigmstejsw vsx wyew gstwiuyêtgmew. Pá te qsjireçãs, sy evxitjmfekiq
vsx shwixbeçãs ji qsjirsw, s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji yq sxketmwqs ziq e wye vxshehmrmjeji erzixeje iq jigsxxêtgme
je shwixbeçãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji syzxs sxketmwqs i je gstwiuyêtgme uyi iwzi vxsjyf. Jiwwi qsjs, te
qsjireçãs, mtmgmerqitzi, s sxketmwqs tãs vxigmwe iqmzmx jizixqmtejs gsqvsxzeqitzs vexe erzixex e vxshehmrmjeji
ji uyi iwzi sgsxxe. Hewzexme uyi shwixbewwi syzxs sxketmwqs wi gsqvsxzetjs i vxsjyfmtjs gstwiuyêtgmew
xilsxçejsxew. Yq idiqvrs ji evxitjmfekiq vsx qsjireçãs é s ji yqe gxmetçe uyi vewwe e lefix hmxxe gsq qemw
lxiuyêtgme es bix yq gsrike gstwikymx qemw wsxbizi ji wiyw vemw gsq iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs. É mqvsxzetzi xiwwerzex,
itzxizetzs, uyi e shwixbeçãs js xilsxçeqitzs js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji syzxs sxketmwqs wsqitzi eyqitze e
vxshehmrmjeji ji iqmwwãs ji yqe zsvskxelme ji xiwvswze wmqmrex virs shwixbejsx. E wye evxitjmfekiq xiuyix e
evxiwitzeçãs ji gstwiuyêtgmew xilsxçejsxew gstzmtkitziw à iqmwwãs je xiwvswze.

Xilsxçejsxiw wsgmemw i tãs wsgmemw

Iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw wãs euyiriw gype evxiwitzeçãs eyqitze e vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme lyzyxe js
gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi sw vxsjyfmy (bixiqsw ts vxódmqs gevízyrs uyi gixzsw iwzíqyrsw vxsjyfiq iwwi ilimzs vsx wye
xiqsçãs js eqhmitzi). Es iwzyjex wshxi Etármwi js Gsqvsxzeqitzs, bsgê itgstzxexá xilixêtgmew esw gstgimzsw ji
iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx wsgmer i iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx tãs wsgmer. Iqhsxe wi vswwe itgstzxex jmbixkêtgme te
rmzixezyxe wshxi uyemw wãs ew jmlixitçew itzxi iwwiw jsmw zmvsw ji iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw, yzmrmfexiqsw tiwzi rmbxs yqe
jmwzmtçãs uyi vexigi wix e qemw gsqyq: tsw iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw wsgmemw, e qyjetçe vxsjyfmje virs
gsqvsxzeqitzs ts eqhmitzi é pywzeqitzi wiy ilimzs wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji syzxe viwwse. Uyetjs s hihê js
idiqvrs etzixmsx jmfme “qã”, wye qãi wsxxme i rni egexmgmebe e hexxmke. S wsxxmws i e gexígme je qãi, tiwwi gews, wixmeq
idiqvrsw ji xilsxçejsxiw wsgmemw, yqe bif uyi wi gstwzmzyíxeq ts gsqvsxzeqitzs ji syzxe viwwse (e qãi) i
lsxzerigixeq s gsqvsxzeqitzs js hihê ji jmfix “qã”. É mqvsxzetzi riqhxex uyi tiq zsjew ew xieçõiw ji syzxew
viwwsew wixãs gstwmjixejew xilsxçejsxew. Wó vsjiqsw gstgrymx uyi s wãs e vexzmx js ilimzs uyi kixeq wshxi s
gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi ew vxsjyfmy.
Vexe mrywzxex gsqs s tswws gsqvsxzeqitzs é witwíbir es xilsxçeqitzs wsgmer, beqsw etermwex s iwzyjs ji
Kxiitwvsst (7511). Kxiitwvsst xiermfsy yq idvixmqitzs gsq s uyer jiqstwzxsy s uyetzs s gsqvsxzeqitzs
nyqets é witwíbir es gsqvsxzeqitzs ji syzxew viwwsew, qiwqs euyiriw gsqvsxzeqitzsw wmqvriw i,
evexitziqitzi, gstwmjixejsw wiq mqvsxzâtgme. Iq wiy idvixmqitzs, 31 iwzyjetziw ytmbixwmzáxmsw lsxeq jmbmjmjsw
iq gmtgs kxyvsw, gsq 71 vexzmgmvetziw geje. Geje yq jsw wypimzsw xiermfsy yqe útmge wiwwãs idvixmqitzer,
mtjmbmjyerqitzi, gsq jyxeçãs ji 14 qmtyzsw. Zsjsw sw vexzmgmvetziw ixeq mtwzxyíjsw e jmfix zsjew ew verebxew uyi
rniw “bmiwwiq à gehiçe”, yqe vsx yqe, wiq lsxqyrex lxewiw sy gstzex. Jibixmeq lefê-rs ezé s idvixmqitzejsx jmfix-
rniw uyi vexewwiq. Vexe sw mtjmbíjysw js Kxyvs M, geje verebxe jmze ts vryxer ixe wikymje vire bsgermfeçãs “qqq-
nqq” (etársks àuyiri wsq i heretçex ji gehiçe uyi yzmrmfeqsw ts jme e jme vexe jiqstwzxex uyi iwzeqsw
vxiwzetjs ezitçãs, sy wipe, uyi iwzeqsw mtzixiwwejsw ts uyi ew viwwsew es tswws xijsx iwzãs jmfitjs sy lefitjs).
Vexe sw vexzmgmvetziw js Kxyvs MM, geje verebxe jmze ts vryxer ixe wikymje vire bsgermfeçãs “nyn-yn” – syzxs zmvs ji
bsgermfeçãs, uyi, vexe sw tsxzi-eqixmgetsw, wmtermfe gixze xivxmqitje. Vexe sw Kxyvsw MMM i MB, ew bsgermfeçõiw
wyvswzeqitzi xilsxçejsxew i vytmzmbew wikymeq e iqmwwãs ji verebxew ts wmtkyrex, xiwvigzmbeqitzi. Ew bsgermfeçõiw
ixeq evxiwitzejew jyxetzi sw 61 vxmqimxsw qmtyzsw ji wiwwãs i sqmzmjew tsw 61 qmtyzsw lmtemw. Yq uymtzs kxyvs
lytgmstsy gsqs gstzxsri, mwzs é, wiq e iqmwwãs ji bsgermfeçõiw virs idvixmqitzejsx jyxetzi sw 14 qmtyzsw ji
wiwwãs.
Kxiitwvsst bixmlmgsy yq eyqitzs iwzezmwzmgeqitzi wmktmlmgezmbs ts túqixs ji verebxew jmzew ts vryxer uyetjs
wikymjew vire bsgermfeçãs “qqq-nqq” i yqe jmqmtymçãs uyetjs wikymjew vire bsgermfeçãs “nyn-yn”. Vexe ew
verebxew ts wmtkyrex (Kxyvsw MMM i MB), e evxiwitzeçãs jew jyew bsgermfeçõiw zitjiy e jmqmtymx wye lxiuyêtgme ji
iqmwwãs. Es lmter ji geje wiwwãs, s idvixmqitzejsx vixkytzebe esw vexzmgmvetziw wshxi s uyi ixe s idvixmqitzs i
uyer ixe e lytçãs jew bsgermfeçõiw. Evitew 74 jsw 31 vexzmgmvetziw lsxeq gevefiw ji jiwgxibix gsq vxigmwãs ew
gstzmtkêtgmew itzxi ew bsgermfeçõiw js idvixmqitzejsx i s wiy vxóvxms gsqvsxzeqitzs bixher.
Gsqs evstzejs virs viwuymwejsx, jmlixitziw bsgermfeçõiw zmbixeq jmlixitziw ilimzsw vexe jmlixitziw gstpytzsw, sy
grewwiw, ji xiwvswzew (jmfix verebxew ts vryxer bw. ts wmtkyrex). Kxiitwvsst jiqstwzxsy, gsq iwwi iwzyjs, gsqs ew
wyzmw gstwiuyêtgmew wsgmemw js gsqvsxzeqitzs vsjiq idixgix gstzxsri wshxi e wye vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme.
Pá wehiqsw uyer e jilmtmçãs ji iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx wsgmer. I uyer wixme e jilmtmçãs ji iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx tãs
wsgmer? Wi ná evitew jsmw zmvsw ji xilsxçejsxiw gsq xireçãs es wiy gexázix wsgmer sy tãs, vsjiqsw jilmtmx sw tãs
wsgmemw gsqs euyiriw gype lytçãs lsxzerigijsxe mtjivitji jsw ilimzsw ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs wshxi s
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji syzxe viwwse. Xilsxçejsxiw tãs wsgmemw, jiwwe lsxqe, vsjiq wix jilmtmjsw gsqs erzixeçõiw ts
eqhmitzi tãs wsgmer, mwzs é, ts eqhmitzi uyi tãs wi xilixi es gsqvsxzeqitzs ernims. Erkytw idiqvrsw wixmeq: e ryf
egitjix evów evixzex s mtzixxyvzsx; ehxmx yqe zsxtimxe i e ákye wemx; iqvyxxex yq qóbir i iri wi qsbix; rmkex s ex-
gstjmgmstejs i e ziqvixezyxe hemdex, i ewwmq vsx jmetzi.
Yq lezsx gsqvrmgejsx je jmwzmtçãs evxiwitzeje etzixmsxqitzi é uyi gixzew erzixeçõiw ts eqhmitzi tãs wsgmer wãs
qijmejew vsx syzxew viwwsew, mwzs é, zeqhéq itbsrbiq erzixeçõiw ts gsqvsxzeqitzs ernims. Vsx idiqvrs, wi yqe
gxmetçe viji vexe yq ejyrzs vikex e reze ji hmwgsmzsw iq yqe vxezirimxe lsxe ji wiy ergetgi i s ejyrzs ezitji es
wiy vijmjs, vsjiqsw jmfix uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs je gxmetçe erzixsy s eqhmitzi tãs wsgmer, pá uyi xiwyrzsy ts
egiwws esw hmwgsmzsw. Vsxéq, iwwi egiwws sgsxxiy virs mtzixqéjms js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji syzxe viwwse. Tiwwi
idiqvrs, s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vijmx zibi ilimzs zetzs wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji syzxe viwwse (xilsxçeqitzs wsgmer)
gsqs wshxi e reze ji hmwgsmzsw (xilsxçeqitzs tãs wsgmer). Tãs ná gstwitws te áxie gsq xireçãs e gsqs grewwmlmgex
idiqvrsw gsqs iwwi, i yq jihezi qemw evxslytjejs lski es iwgsvs jiwzi rmbxs.
Vexe lmtw jmjázmgsw, zitzexiqsw qetzix euym s yws js zixqs xilsxçejsxiw wsgmemw vexe euyirew erzixeçõiw ts
gsqvsxzeqitzs ernims uyi xiwyrzeq ts eyqitzs je lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi ew vxsjyf, gsqs yq wsxxmws,
yq gexmtns, yq srnex, e wmqvriw vxiwitçe ji erkyéq, gixzsw kiwzsw, gixzew bsgermfeçõiw, izg. – yq yws gsqyq te
rmzixezyxe wshxi Etármwi js Gsqvsxzeqitzs Evrmgeje. Gsqs iwzi rmbxs é yqe mtzxsjyçãs esw gstgimzsw háwmgsw jiwwe
gmêtgme, e jmwzmtçãs evxslytjeje itzxi xilsxçejsxiw wsgmemw i tãs wsgmemw tãs é zãs mqvsxzetzi ts qsqitzs. S
iwzyjetzi jibi wi ezix, tiwwi qsqitzs ji wye lsxqeçãs, à vswwmhmrmjeji ji erzixeçõiw js eqhmitzi qymzs jmlixitziw
itzxi wm xilsxçexiq sw qemw jmbixwsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw. Iwwew erzixeçõiw idzxevsreq, iq qymzs, sw idiqvrsw qemw
gsqytw iq zidzsw jmjázmgsw, gsqs e evxiwitzeçãs je ákye gsqs gstwiuyêtgme es gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwmstex e
hexxe. Vexe wixiw nyqetsw, wsxxmwsw, kiwzsw, lerew, gexígmew, ezitçãs, idvxiwwõiw ji evxsbeçãs i ejqmxeçãs vsjiq wix
vsjixswsw iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw, mtjivitjitziqitzi ji gsqs wipeq grewwmlmgejsw.

Xilsxçejsxiw tezyxemw i exhmzxáxmsw

Uyemw gstwiuyêtgmew jibixmeq qetzix s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwzyjex? Tszew, irskmsw, ketnex vstzsw, ketnex
hxmtuyijsw, xiwsrbix vxshriqew vxázmgsw js jme e jme? Uyemw gstwiuyêtgmew qetzêq s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji zsgex
bmsrãs ji yq qúwmgs vxslmwwmster? S wsq vxsjyfmjs virs qsbmqitzs jew gsxjew js mtwzxyqitzs? S jmtnimxs xigihmjs
vsx geje evxiwitzeçãs? S evreyws js vúhrmgs? Sw irskmsw jsw gxízmgsw ji qúwmge? Zsjew iwwew gstwiuyêtgmew pytzew?
Vixkytzew gsqs iwwew iwzãs xiregmstejew, ji qetimxe kixer, à jmwzmtçãs itzxi iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw tezyxemw i
exhmzxáxmsw.
 E jmwzmtçãs itzxi iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw tezyxemw i exhmzxáxmsw zerbif wipe emtje qemw gstzxsbixzmje, te rmzixezyxe je
áxie, uyi euyire itzxi iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw wsgmemw i tãs wsgmemw. Ji qetimxe kixer, iwwe jmwzmtçãs kmxe iq zsxts
ji, itzxi syzxsw lezsxiw, e gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe vexe yq jizixqmtejs gsqvsxzeqitzs zix wmjs, ji erkyqe
qetimxe, vretipeje sy tãs, sy ji s iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx zix wmjs sy tãs vxsjyfmjs jmxizeqitzi virs gsqvsxzeqitzs
iq uyiwzãs. Erkytw eyzsxiw, vsx idiqvrs, jmxmeq uyi, wi s gsqvsxzeqitzs js qúwmgs ji zsgex bmsrãs é xilsxçejs
virs wsq uyi wem js mtwzxyqitzs, s wsq vxsjyfmjs wixme yq iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx tezyxer. Iwwiw qiwqsw eyzsxiw
jmxmeq emtje uyi, wi iwwi qiwqs gsqvsxzeqitzs lswwi xilsxçejs virs vekeqitzs js gegnê, zerbif vyjéwwiqsw
lerex uyi s jmtnimxs wixme yq iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx exhmzxáxms. Tiwwi witzmjs, iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw tezyxemw wixmeq
euyiriw vxsjyfmjsw jmxizeqitzi virs gsqvsxzeqitzs, es vewws uyi iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw exhmzxáxmsw wixmeq
euyiriw qijmejsw, ji erkyqe lsxqe, virs gsqvsxzeqitzs ji syzxe viwwse.
Tãs ná gstwitws te rmzixezyxe wshxi uyemw wixmeq ew jmlixitçew xiribetziw vexe wi grewwmlmgex yq iwzíqyrs
xilsxçejsx gsqs tezyxer sy exhmzxáxms, sy iq uyi gmxgytwzâtgmew yq qiwqs iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx wixme gstwmjixejs
yq sy syzxs. Jizernex iwwe rmzixezyxe euym lykmxme yq vsygs es iwgsvs jiwzi rmbxs i s zsxtexme jiqewmejeqitzi
rstks. Es lmter jiwzi gevízyrs, te wiçãs “Hmhrmskxelme gstwyrzeje, gmzeje i wykiwzõiw ji rimzyxe”, bsgê itgstzxexá
xilixêtgmew ji erkytw zidzsw uyi ehsxjeq iwwew jmwzmtçõiw. Iwwew xilixêtgmew rni jexãs yq vetsxeqe qemw
evxsvxmejs je jmwgywwãs wshxi xilsxçejsxiw tezyxemw i exhmzxáxmsw.
Vexe lmtw jmjázmgsw, uyi wãs s vxmtgmver vxsvówmzs jiwzi rmbxs, mxiqsw ehsxjex e jmwgywwãs wshxi xilsxçejsxiw
tezyxemw bixwyw exhmzxáxmsw vsx syzxs âtkyrs, jmlixitzi ji yqe zitzezmbe ji jmwzmtçãs itzxi sw jsmw. Vexe mwws, mtmgmiqsw
xiriqhxetjs e viwuymwe xiermfeje vsx Aeroix i Hygoric (7502). Vsjiqsw xiwyqmx iwwi iwzyjs ewwmq: 7) yqe gxmetçe
lefme vsygsw idixgígmsw vijmjsw vire vxsliwwsxe iq were ji eyre; 6) s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lefix idixgígmsw vewwsy e
wix xilsxçejs gsq vstzsw, uyi vsjixmeq wix zxsgejsw vsx hxmtuyijsw; 9) evów s mtígms js xilsxçeqitzs, s
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lefix idixgígmsw iq were ji eyre eyqitzsy ji lxiuyêtgme; 8) es wi xizmxex e tsbe gstzmtkêtgme (wi
lefix idixgígms, itzãs ketne vstzsw), s gsqvsxzeqitzs jmqmtymy ji lxiuyêtgme, bsrzetjs esw tíbimw shwixbejsw etziw
ji ire wix gsrsgeje iq bmksx.
Wixme jmlígmr itgstzxex yq vxsliwwsx, vem sy etermwze js gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi gstgsxjewwi uyi wi jibi xilsxçex s
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwzyjex (sy lefix idixgígmsw) gsq hxmtuyijsw sy kyrswimqew s ziqvs zsjs. Iq gixzs witzmjs,
vsjiqsw jmfix uyi s hxmtuyijs é yq xilsxçejsx exhmzxáxms vexe s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwzyjex. Vsx uyi, itzãs,
Aeroix i Hygoric yzmrmfexeq hxmtuyijsw gsqs iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw vexe iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs? Wi iriw yzmrmfexeq
hxmtuyijsw, é vsxuyi syzxsw vszitgmemw xilsxçejsxiw tãs iwzebeq lytgmstetjs sy tãs iwzebeq jmwvstíbimw vexe s
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwzyjex je gxmetçe uyi vexzmgmvsy je viwuymwe.
Zsjsw tów wehiqsw uyi ná gxmetçew uyi iwzyjeq wiq uyi titnyq hxmtuyijs sy vxiwitzi wipe evxiwitzejs
gstzmtkitziqitzi e iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs. Qew s uyi, itzãs, qetzêq s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwzyjex jiwwew gxmetçew?
Hsq, jmfix uyi irew wi gstwgmitzmfexeq je mqvsxzâtgme jsw iwzyjsw tãs epyje qymzs. Vstzsw, qitçõiw, qijernew,
iwzxirmtnew i irskmsw ji vxsliwwsxiw, vemw i gsrikew wãs erkytw jsw iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw qemw gsqytw xiregmstejsw
es gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwzyjex. Wãs zãs gsqytw uyi, àw bifiw, tiq vixgihiqsw uyi iwwiw iwzíqyrsw lytgmsteq
gsqs xilsxçejsxiw vexe iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs.
Iqhsxe wi vswwe exkyqitzex uyi vstzsw, qitçõiw, qijernew, iwzxirmtnew i irskmsw zeqhéq wipeq xilsxçejsxiw
exhmzxáxmsw vexe s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwzyjex, ew viwwsew, iq kixer, sw egimzeq qymzs qemw legmrqitzi gsqs qsjs ji
gstzxsri jiwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi hxmtuyijsw sy kyrswimqew, vsx idiqvrs. Ts gews je viwuymwe ji Aeroix i
Hygoric, yqe gstzmtyeçãs mtzixiwwetzi wixme lefix e zxetwmçãs itzxi yzmrmfex hxmtuyijsw gsqs xilsxçejsxiw vexe
qetyzitçãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs i yzmrmfex iwzíqyrsw gsqs vstzsw, qitçõiw, iwzxirmtnew i irskmsw. Ywex hxmtuyijsw
sy vxitjew, iq gstzidzsw gsqs iwwiw, vsji wix mtzixiwwetzi vexe uyi e gxmetçe gsqigi e iwzyjex sy iwzyji qemw. E
vexzmx js qsqitzs uyi ire gsqiçe e wi jijmgex, s gsqvsxzeqitzs vsji vewwex e wix xilsxçejs zeqhéq vsx iwwiw
iwzíqyrsw qemw gsqyqitzi yzmrmfejsw iq were ji eyre. Wi mwws tãs egstzigi, s vxslmwwmster uyi xiermfe e mtzixbitçãs
gsq s shpizmbs ji lefix e gxmetçe iwzyjex qemw vxigmwe, ji erkyqe qetimxe, vxskxeqex ew gstzmtkêtgmew vexe uyi
iwwe zxetwmçãs sgsxxe.
Je qiwqe lsxqe, yq etermwze js gsqvsxzeqitzs, es xiermfex yq ezitjmqitzs vwmgszixávmgs, vsji irskmex ew lerew
ji wiy grmitzi qemw gsqvezíbimw gsq s uyi gneqeqsw ji qemsx eyzsiwzmqe. Ts itzetzs, wi iwwew lerew lsxiq
xilsxçejew gsq irskmsw evitew virs etermwze js gsqvsxzeqitzs jitzxs js gstwyrzóxms, irew zixãs hemde
vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxix ts jme e jme js grmitzi, lsxe js gstwyrzóxms, pá uyi jmlmgmrqitzi wixãs irskmejew virew syzxew
viwwsew. Tiwwi gews, é vxigmws vitwex i mqvriqitzex iwzxezékmew vexe uyi iwwew lerew vewwiq e wix xilsxçejew
zeqhéq lsxe js gstwyrzóxms, ts eqhmitzi tezyxer js grmitzi, vsx ewwmq jmfix.
É vxigmws xigstnigix uyi hse vexzi jsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw jew viwwsew, vxmtgmverqitzi iq gstzidzsw wsgmemw, wó
sgsxxi wi lsx exhmzxexmeqitzi xilsxçeje. Wi, vsx idiqvrs, s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwzyjex ji yqe gxmetçe, iq yq
vxmqimxs qsqitzs, wó eyqitze ji lxiuyêtgme yzmrmfetjs-wi hxmtuyijsw, itzãs uyi wipeq yzmrmfejsw hxmtuyijsw, qew
uyi wipe irehsxeje zeqhéq yqe mtzixbitçãs uyi bmwi iwzehirigix syzxew gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs vexe iwwiw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw. Wi hxmtuyijsw, irskmsw, jmtnimxs, vxiwitziw, wsxxmwsw, vstzsw, qitçõiw, “ketnex vxiwitçe vsx iwzex
iq were ji eyre”, izg., wãs xilsxçejsxiw evxsvxmejsw vexe qetzix jizixqmtejsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw, mwws jivitjixá ji
báxmsw lezsxiw, mtgrymtjs lezsxiw gyrzyxemw. Gsqs xikxe, vexe s vxslmwwmster uyi mxá xiermfex mtzixbitçõiw qetmvyretjs
gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs, zerbif wipe úzmr lefix wiqvxi ew wikymtziw vixkytzew: “Uyetjs qmtne mtzixbitçãs
gnikex es lmq, nebixá xilsxçejsxiw jmwvstíbimw vexe sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw iq uyiwzãs wiq e qmtne mtzixbitçãs?” i “S
gsqvsxzeqitzs iq uyiwzãs pá ziq lxiuyêtgme qítmqe vexe uyi iwwiw tsbsw xilsxçejsxiw vewwiq e gstzxsrá-rs?”.

Gsqvsxzeqitzs, xiwvswzew i grewwiw ji xiwvswzew

Bsgê jibi zix tszejs uyi ziqsw yzmrmfejs sw zixqsw gsqvsxzeqitzs i xiwvswze gsqs wmtôtmqsw (v. id.,
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwãs à hexxe i xiwvswze ji vxiwwãs à hexxe). Ts itzetzs, mwws tãs é, ji zsjs, ejiuyejs.
Ziqsw limzs mwws ezé s qsqitzs vexe lmtw jmjázmgsw, vsmw wsqitzi eksxe, evów zixqsw jmwgyzmjs báxmsw syzxsw
gstgimzsw, é uyi iwzeqsw iq gstjmçõiw ji lefix yqe jmwzmtçãs evxsvxmeje.
S zixqs gsqvsxzeqitzs xilixi-wi, te bixjeji, e yqe grewwi ji xiwvswzew, i s zixqs xiwvswze vsji wix jilmtmjs
gsqs yqe mtwzâtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs. Yqe mtwzâtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs, vsx wye bif, vsji wix jilmtmje gsqs
yqe sgsxxêtgme mwsreje jiwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs. Uyetjs, vsx idiqvrs, s xezs vxiwwmste e hexxe, jmfiqsw uyi sgsxxiy
yqe xiwvswze ji vxiwwãs à hexxe. S gstpytzs ji zsjew ew xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe, tiwwi gews, é gneqejs ji
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwãs à hexxe i zeqhéq jiwmktejs ji grewwi ji xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe. É vsx mwws uyi
jmfiqsw, vsx idiqvrs, uyi s xezs iqmzmy 74 xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe, i tãs 74 gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji vxiwwãs à
hexxe.
Uyetjs lereqsw ji gstpytzsw, sy grewwiw, iwzeqsw tsw xilixmtjs e ekxyveqitzsw ji mzitw sy ibitzsw wikytjs
erkyq gxmzéxms vexe xiermfex iwwi ekxyveqitzs. Yq gstpytzs ji túqixsw íqvexiw, vsx idiqvrs, xiytmxá evitew
euyiriw gype jmbmwãs vsx jsmw tãs xiwyrzi iq túqixsw mtzimxsw. S qiwqs xegmsgítms wi evrmge e grewwiw ji xiwvswzew:
ziqsw uyi yzmrmfex erkyq gxmzéxms vexe vsjix jmfix uyi jizixqmtejew xiwvswzew gstwzmzyiq yqe grewwi ji xiwvswzew.
Bipe e wikymx erkytw jiwwiw gxmzéxmsw.
Ekxyveqitzs vire xireçãs lytgmster. Bmqsw tiwzi gevízyrs uyi ew xiwvswzew ji yq sxketmwqs vsjiq vxsjyfmx
gixzs zmvs ji gstwiuyêtgme ts eqhmitzi uyi eyqitze e vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxixiq xiwvswzew wiqirnetziw.
Gneqeqsw iwwi zmvs ji gstwiuyêtgme ji gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe. Uyetjs jizixqmtejew xiwvswzew vxsjyfiq
wmwziqezmgeqitzi jizixqmteje gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe, jmfiqsw uyi ná yqe xireçãs lytgmster itzxi irew i e
gstwiuyêtgme. Tiwwi gews, uyetjs jizixqmtejew xiwvswzew vswwyiq e qiwqe lytçãs, vsjiqsw ekxyvá-rew iq yqe
grewwi ji xiwvswzew lytgmster, sy wipe, s gxmzéxms yzmrmfejs vexe ekxyvá-rew é e wye lytçãs. Qiwqs xiwvswzew
zsvskxelmgeqitzi jmlixitziw vsjiq lefix vexzi je qiwqe grewwi ji xiwvswzew lytgmster. Vsx idiqvrs, yqe gxmetçe
vsji kxmzex i shzix ezitçãs jsw vemw; wi pskex ts gnãs i shzix ezitçãs jsw vemw; vijmx ijygejeqitzi i shzix ezitçãs
jsw vemw. Tiwwi gews, iwwew zxêw xiwvswzew, qiwqs uyi gsq zsvskxelmew jmlixitziw, vsjiq gstwzmzymx yqe grewwi ji
xiwvswzew jilmtmje vire wye lytçãs: shzix e ezitçãs jsw vemw. Geje kxmzs sy vijmjs é yqe sgsxxêtgme, yqe mtwzâtgme,
yqe xiwvswze je grewwi ji xiwvswzew “gneqex ezitçãs jsw vemw”. Zeqhéq lereqsw, tiwzi úrzmqs gews, js
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji “gneqex ezitçãs jsw vemw”. Uyetjs yqe grewwi ji xiwvswzew é jilmtmje vire wye lytçãs,
vsjiqsw jilmtm-re gsqs yqe grewwi ji xiwvswzew svixetzi i jitsqmtá-re gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi sy,
wmqvriwqitzi, svixetzi.
Ekxyveqitzs vire zsvskxelme je xiwvswze. Vsjiqsw jilmtmx yqe grewwi ji xiwvswzew wmqvriwqitzi vsx wye
lsxqe, mwzs é, vsx wye zsvskxelme. Vsx idiqvrs, jex zgney egitetjs gsq s hxeçs vexe erkyéq. Jmfiqsw uyi erkyéq
iwzá jetjs zgney egitetjs gsq hewi tsw qsbmqitzsw xiermfejsw vire viwwse (wiy hxeçs i wye qãs). Tiwwi gews,
geje egits é yqe xiwvswze. S gstpytzs jew xiwvswzew ji jex zgney é yqe grewwi ji xiwvswzew uyi zeqhéq vsji wix
jitsqmteje ji gsqvsxzeqitzs ji jex zgney.
Emtje wshxi s gstgimzs ji gsqvsxzeqitzs, é mqvsxzetzi xiwwerzex uyi ná yqe jilmtmçãs, hewzetzi gsqyq te
rmzixezyxe, uyi vsji wix vxshriqázmge i, ezé qiwqs, gstwmjixeje mtgsxxize vsx erkytw eyzsxiw, gsqs, vsx idiqvrs,
Zsjsxsb i Nitxmuyiw (6479). Iwwe jilmtmçãs jmf uyi gsqvsxzeqitzs é mtzixeçãs itzxi sxketmwqs i eqhmitzi. S yws
jiwwe jilmtmçãs é vxshriqázmgs vsxuyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs é vexzi je mtzixeçãs te uyer iwzeqsw mtzixiwwejsw, i tãs e
vxóvxme mtzixeçãs. Yqe mqvrmgeçãs jiwwi yws mtgsxxizs é e mjitzmlmgeçãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi gsq e vxóvxme
gstzmtkêtgme je uyer iri é evitew yq jsw zixqsw. Vsx idiqvrs, s xezs vxiwwmste e hexxe je gemde ji
gstjmgmsteqitzs svixetzi i iwwe xiwvswze ji vxiwwãs à hexxe é wmwziqezmgeqitzi wikymje vire evxiwitzeçãs ji
ákye vexe s etmqer. Iwwe xireçãs vsji wix jiwgxmze vire gstzmtkêtgme “ wi vxiwwmstex e hexxe, itzãs evxiwitzeçãs ji
ákye”. Tszi uyi e mtzixeçãs é jiwgxmze vire gstzmtkêtgme (X → G) i uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs é evitew yqe vexzi jire: e
xiwvswze ji vxiwwãs à hexxe é yqe mtwzâtgme ji yqe grewwi ji xiwvswzew, mwzs é, ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs. Iwwe grewwi
ji xiwvswzew, vsx wye bif, vsji wix jitsqmteje ji gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwãs à hexxe, sy wipe, yq gsqvsxzeqitzs
svixetzi jilmtmjs vsx wye lytçãs.

Vxmtgmvemw gstgimzsw evxiwitzejsw tiwzi gevízyrs

Gstgimzs Jiwgxmçãs Idiqvrsw
Gsqvsxzeqitzs Gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi qsjmlmge (uyi svixe wshxi) s Uyetjs lereqsw, vsjiqsw elizex s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji
svixetzi (X → eqhmitzi i é elizejs vsx wyew gstwiuyêtgmew. syzxew viwwsew.
G)
Gstwiuyêtgme É yq zmvs ji gstwiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi Uyetjs vijmqsw s werimxs, wye itzxike é e gstwiuyêtgme
xilsxçejsxe eyqitze e vxshehmrmjeji ji iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs xilsxçejsxe uyi qetzéq e lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji
bsrzex e sgsxxix. vijm-rs ts lyzyxs, uyetjs vxigmwexqsw jiri tsbeqitzi.
Gstzmtkêtgme ji É xireçãs ji gstjmgmstermjeji (wi..., itzãs...) Wi viji s werimxs, itzãs s xigihi.
xilsxçeqitzs lytgmster itzxi yq gsqvsxzeqitzs i wye
gstwiuyêtgme.
Vxsgijmqitzs É e wywvitwãs ji yqe gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe Vijmqsw s werimxs e yqe viwwse uyi wiqvxi ezitjme tswws
ji idzmtçãs etzixmsxqitzi vxsjyfmje vsx yq gsqvsxzeqitzs. vijmjs, itzxizetzs, vsx uyemwuyix xefõiw, ire tãs tsw vewwexá
svixetzi qemw s werimxs uyetjs s vijmxqsw.
 Vxmtgmvemw gstgimzsw evxiwitzejsw tiwzi gevízyrs
Vxsgiwws ji É e jmqmtymçãs je lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs ezé Jimdexiqsw ji vijmx s werimxs vexe iwwe viwwse evów
idzmtçãs s wiy tíbir svixetzi evów e wywvitwãs je xivizmjsw vijmjsw tãs xilsxçejsw.
svixetzi gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe.
Qsjirekiq É yq vxsgijmqitzs yzmrmfejs vexe wi itwmtex yq Vemw i vexitziw xilsxçeq i idzmtkyiq wygiwwmbeqitzi s
gsqvsxzeqitzs tsbs vsx qims ji xilsxçs herhygmex jsw hihêw, idmkmtjs wiuyêtgmew ji wstw geje bif
jmlixitgmer ji evxsdmqeçõiw wygiwwmbew js qemw vexigmjew gsq sw wstw jew verebxew je wye rítkye
gsqvsxzeqitzs-erbs. qezixte.

Uyiwzõiw ji Iwzyjs Kehexmzs

1. Xshixze ketnsy wye vxmqimxe qáuymte lszskxálmge jmkmzer i gsqiçsy e zmxex báxmew lszsw ji wiyw vexitziw. Te vxmqimxe
bif, ire zmxsy erkyqew lszsw lsxe ji lsgs i jiwgitzxermfejew, qew wye leqírme irskmsy sw wiyw iwlsxçsw. Kxejyerqitzi,
wiyw vemw, zmsw i mxqãsw vewwexeq e irskmex evitew euyirew lszsw uyi qswzxebeq qemsx uyermjeji (lsgs vxigmws,
gitzxermfeçãs, hsq âtkyrs). Lszsw ji hemde uyermjeji ixeq mktsxejew. S gsqvsxzeqitzs ji Xshixze ji zmxex lszsw
lmgsy geje bif qemw evxmqsxejs. Ji egsxjs gsq s xilixitgmer zióxmgs je Etármwi js Gsqvsxzeqitzs, sw vexitziw je
qitmte, wiq wehix, yzmrmfexeq yqe zégtmge gsqvsxzeqitzer gneqeje:
a. mtwzxyçãs
b. qsjireçãs
c. jiwwitwmhmrmfeçãs wmwziqázmge
d. gstzxegstjmgmsteqitzs
e. qsjirekiq
2. Etermwi ew vxsvswmçõiw e wikymx wshxi e lytçãs xilsxçejsxe jew gstwiuyêtgmew jsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw:
I. Tiq zsjew ew gstwiuyêtgmew jsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw wãs xilsxçejsxew.
II. Yqe gstwiuyêtgme wó é jitsqmteje ji xilsxçejsxe wi vxsjyfmx yq eyqitzs sy qetyzitçãs je lxiuyêtgme js
gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi e vxsjyf.
III. Ketnex yq gnsgsrezi é yq idiqvrs ji gstwiuyêtgme uyi é xilsxçejsxe vexe zsjew ew viwwsew.
Gsq hewi ts xilixitgmer zióxmgs je Etármwi js Gsqvsxzeqitzs, iwzãs gsxxizew ew vxsvswmçõiw:
a. evitew M
b. evitew MM
c. evitew MMM
d. M i MM
e. M, MM i MMM
3. Ji egsxjs gsq s xilixitgmer zióxmgs je Etármwi js Gsqvsxzeqitzs, mjitzmlmgex ew gstwiuyêtgmew ji yq
gsqvsxzeqitzs é s qiwqs uyi mjitzmlmgex e wye:
a. zsvskxelme
b. sxmkiq
c. lxiuyêtgme
d. vxshehmrmjeji
e. lytçãs
4. Etermwi ew wikymtziw vxsvswmçõiw xiregmstejew es gstgimzs ji idzmtçãs svixetzi:
I. Es wywvitjix e evxiwitzeçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx, bixmlmgeqsw uyi, mtmgmerqitzi, e lxiuyêtgme js
gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi ixe xilsxçejs vsji eyqitzex.
II. Es wywvitjix e evxiwitzeçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx, bixmlmgeqsw uyi e xiwvswze gsrsgeje iq idzmtçãs zitji
e sgsxxix gsq yqe zsvskxelme geje bif qemw vexigmje.
III. Es wywvitjix e evxiwitzeçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx, bixmlmgeqsw uyi e xiwvswze gsrsgeje iq idzmtçãs zitji
e sgsxxix pytzs gsq xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw.
Ji egsxjs gsq s xilixitgmer zióxmgs je Etármwi js Gsqvsxzeqitzs, e wiuyêtgme gsxxize ji vxsvswmçõiw lerwew i
bixjejimxew é:
a. B, L, B
b. B, B, B
c. L, B, L
d. B, B, L
e. L, L, B
5. Etermwi ew vxsvswmçõiw e wikymx wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi:
 I. S gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi é euyiri uyi vxsjyf erzixeçõiw ts eqhmitzi.
II. S gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi é irmgmejs vsx yq iwzíqyrs gstjmgmstejs.
III. S gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi é mtwitwíbir àw gstwiuyêtgmew uyi vxsjyf ts eqhmitzi.
Ji egsxjs gsq s vexejmkqe svixetzi, e wiuyêtgme gsxxize ji vxsvswmçõiw bixjejimxew i lerwew é:
a. B, B, B
b. L, L, L
c. L, B, B
d. B, L, L
e. L, L, B

Hmhrmskxelme gstwyrzeje, gmzeje i wykiwzõiw ji rimzyxe

Gezetme, E. G. (7555). Evxitjmfekiq: gsqvsxzeqitzs, rmtkyekiq i gsktmçãs. (8. ij.). Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij.
Jsxmkst, R. Z., & Vmi EhmhEtjixc, Q. (6471). Iwzíqyrsw xilsxģejsxiw eyzsqázmgsw, tezyxemw i exhmzxáxmsw: yqe vxsvswze ji
wmwziqezmfeģẽs. Egze Gsqvsxzeqitzerme, 69 (9), 943-967.
Lixwzix, G. H. (7503). Exhmzxexc etj tezyxer ximtlsxgiqitz. Zni Vwcgnsrskmger Xigsxj, 73 (9), 987-983.
Lixwzix, G. H., Gyrhixzwst, W. & Vixxsz-Hsxit, Q. G. (7526). Vxmtgívmsw js gsqvsxzeqitzs. Wãs Veyrs: Nygmzig.
Kxiitwvsst, P. (7511). Zni ximtlsxgmtk illigz sl zas wvsoit wsytjw st zni lxiuyitgc sl zas xiwvstwiw. Eqixmget Psyxter sl Vwcgsrskc,
02(9), 845-870.
Psntwzst, P. Q., Vittcvegoix, N. W. & Kxiit, K. (6442). Wzxezikmiw etj zegzmgw sl hinebmsxer xiwiexgn (9zn ij.). Nmrrwjeri: Reaxitgi
Ixrheyq.
Qmrritwst, P. X. (7503). Vxmtgívmsw ji etármwi js gsqvsxzeqitzs. Hxewírme: Gssxjiteje.
Zsjsxsb, P. G. & Nitxmuyiw, Q. H. (6479). S uyi tãs é i s uyi vsji bmx e wix gsqvsxzeqitzs. Xibmwze Hxewmrimxe ji Etármwi js
Gsqvsxzeqitzs, 5, 38-32.
Aeroix, N. Q., & Hygoric, T. O. (7502). Zni ywi sl vswmzmbi ximtlsxgiqitz mt gstjmzmstmtk ezzitjmtk hinebmsx. Psyxter sl Evvrmij Hinebmsx
Etercwmw, 7 (9), 681–614.
Amrrmeqw, G.J. (7512). Zni irmqmtezmst sl zetzxyq hinebmsx hc idzmtgzmst vxsgijyxiw. Psyxter sl Ehtsxqer Wsgmer Vwcgnsrskc, 15, 605.