2

S uyi é gstwzxyzmbmwqs

Qew s gexázix vxóvxms je bmje é yrzxevewwex-wi gstzmtye-

qitzi i, wi vxsgyxeqsw s wikxijs je sxketmfeçãs xegms-

ter te sxketmfeçãs bmzer, mtgrywmbi iq wyew wyvixeçõiw,

s qézsjs gstwmwzi itzãs iq vxsgyxex gsqvxiitjix s

gstnigmqitzs vsx wye vxóvxme gstwzxyçãs, s uyi teje ziq

ji ehwyxjs, vsmw s gstnigmqitzs é iwwitgmerqitzi gstw-

zxyçãs. (Vmekiz, 7503/7539, v. 845)

S ytmbixws wiqvxi lsm s uyi é nspi? Sw qemw etzmksw egxijmzebeq, i qymzsw

emtje egxijmzeq, uyi s ytmbix ws lsm gxmejs vsx Jiyw zer uyer é nspi; i s zixme

gxmejs ná 3444 etsw, evxsdmqejeqitzi. Wikytjs iwwe gxitçe, e Zixxe é s gitzxs

js ytmbixws; qew e vexzmx js wégyrs DBM zer gstgivçãs lsm jiwqsxstetjs, gsq

e efixqeçãs ji uyi tãs e Zixxe, qew s Wsr wixme s gitzxs. Nspi, “e Zixxe é yqe

vijxmtne uyi sxhmze yqe iwzxire viuyite uyi fige te vixmlixme ji yqe kerádme

wiq mqvsxzâtgme à jixmbe iq yq ytmbixws uyi wi idvetji” (Lsrne ji Wãs Veyrs,

74 qems 7556).

Iwwi jiwqsxsteqitzs sgsxxi iq báxmew áxiew js gstnigmqitzs nyqets.

Jexamt, ts wégyrs DBMMM, te hmsrskme, zmxe js nsqiq s zízyrs ji firns ji Jiyw i

lef jiri yq jiwgitjitzi jsw wíqmsw. Lxiyj, ts mtígms js wégyrs DD, te vwmgetármwi,

efixqe uyi s nsqiq tiq es qitsw é jsts ji wye gstwgmêtgme i ji wiyw ezsw,

vsmw iwziw wãs jizixqmtejsw, iq rexke iwgere, virs mtgstwgmitzi, “wmwziqe jmtâ-

qmgs iq vixqetitzi ezmbmjeji”, vxslytjeqitzi itxemfejs tew xireçõiw wsgmemw.

Wehiqsw, nspi, uyi s ytmbixws é qymzs qemsx js uyi wi mqekmtebe, uyi

tãs é iwzázmgs i, qemw, uyi jiwji s wiy mtígms, ná 71 hmrnõiw ji etsw, iwzá iq

idvetwãs e birsgmjejiw iwvetzswew. E líwmge ezôqmge pá tsw vewwexe, ts mtígms js

wégyrs DD, e mjime ji qsbmqitzs à birsgmjeji je ryf, ts qmgxsgswqs. Iq yqe

verebxe, zsjs s ytmbixws, tsw tíbimw qmgxs i qegxs, iwzá iq qsbmqitzs. Wi iri

iwzá iq qsbmqitzs, iwzá-wi gstwzmzymtjs, iwzá-wi gstwzxymtjs. Sy wi jiwzxymtjs?

Sy gstwzxymtjs gsmwew tsbew?

776 Lixtetjs Higoix

Ts vrets je bmje egstzigi e qiwqe gsmwe. E bmje evexigiy te Zixxe ná

qemw ji 9,0 hmrnõiw ji etsw, jmfiq sw hmórsksw. Vitwebe-wi uyi Jiyw gxmexe ew

iwvégmiw i uyi irew wi gstwixbebeq zer i uyer. Wehi-wi, nspi, uyi ew iwvégmiw uyi

bmbiq ezyerqitzi te Zixxe vsygs zêq e bix gsq ew uyi bmbixeq ná 014 sy ná 01

qmrnõiw ji etsw (jeze js jiwevexigmqitzs jsw jmtswweyxsw): qew ew uyi bmbiq

nspi, mtgrywmbi e nyqete, wãs nixjimxew jew uyi bmbixeq tiwwew évsgew – nixetçe

js uyi wshxsy ji kxetjiw gezáwzxsliw, gsqs, vsx idiqvrs, ew vxsbsgejew vsx

gnybe ji qizisxmzsw.

Iwwew gstgivçõiw uyi ew gmêtgmew lsxeq gstwzxymtjs xifliziq-wi te firswsfie

i te wsgmsrskme. Nikir i Qexd idvxiwweq iwwi qsbmqitzs vire jmerézmge: jmerézmge

ts vitweqitzs i jmerézmge te xiermjeji shpizmbe. S vxmtgívms je zxetwlsxqeçãs

iwzá te iwwêtgme js vxóvxms wix. Ts wégyrs DD, pá wsh e mtflyêtgme je líwmge xirezm-

bmwze i je qigâtmge uyâtzmge, Vmekiz lef xiflizmx iwzew mjimew te vwmgsrskme, te firs-

wsfie i, qemw iwvigmfigeqitzi, te ivmwziqsrskme, gstwzxymtjs yqe tsbe gmêtgme e

uyi gneqsy ji ivmwziqsrskme kitézmge.

Vmekiz bem qswzxex gsqs s nsqiq, rsks uyi tewgi, eviwex ji zxefix yqe

lewgmtetzi hekekiq nixijmzáxme uyi xiqstze e qmrnõiw ji etsw ji ibsryçãs, tãs

gstwikyi iqmzmx e qemw wmqvriw svixeçãs ji vitweqitzs sy s qemw iriqitzex

ezs wmqhórmgs. Bem qswzxex emtje uyi s qims wsgmer, vsx qemw uyi wmtzizmfi qm-

rnexiw ji etsw ji gmbmrmfeçãs, tãs gstwikyi itwmtex e iwwi xigéq-tewgmjs s qemw

iriqitzex gstnigmqitzs shpizmbs. Mwzs é, s wypimzs nyqets é yq vxspizs e wix

gstwzxyíjs; s shpizs é, zeqhéq, yq vxspizs e wix gstwzxyíjs. Wypimzs i shpizs tãs

zêq idmwzêtgme vxébme, e vxmsxm: iriw wi gstwzmzyiq qyzyeqitzi, te mtzixeçãs. Iriw

wi gstwzxsiq. Gsqs?

S wypimzs eki wshxi s shpizs, ewwmqmretjs-s: iwwe eçãs ewwmqmrejsxe zxetw-

lsxqe s shpizs. S shpizs, es wix ewwmqmrejs, xiwmwzi esw mtwzxyqitzsw ji ewwmqm-

reçãs ji uyi s wypimzs jmwvõi ts qsqitzs. Vsx mwws, s wypimzs xieki, xilefitjs

iwwiw mtwzxyqitzsw sy gstwzxymtjs tsbsw mtwzxyqitzsw, qemw vsjixswsw, gsq

sw uyemw wi zsxte gevef ji ewwmqmrex, mwzs é, ji zxetwlsxqex shpizsw geje bif qemw

gsqvridsw. Iwwew zxetwlsxqeçõiw jsw mtwzxyqitzsw ji ewwmqmreçãs gstwzmzyiq

e eçãs egsqsjejsxe. Gstnigix é zxetwlsxqex s shpizs i, vsx iwwe zxetwlsxqeçãs,

zxetwlsxqex e wm qiwqs. (S vxsgiwws ijygegmster uyi teje zxetwlsxqe iwzá ti-

ketjs e wm qiwqs.) S gstnigmqitzs tãs tewgi gsq s mtjmbíjys tiq é jejs

virs qims wsgmer. S wypimzs gstwzxóm wiy gstnigmqitzs te mtzixeçãs gsq s qims

– zetzs líwmgs gsqs wsgmer. Iwwe gstwzxyçãs jivitji, vsxzetzs, jew gstjmçõiw

js wypimzs (mtjmbíjys wejms, hiq-ermqitzejs, wiq jifigmêtgmew tiyxsrókmgew,

izg.) i jew gstjmçõiw js qims; te lebire é idzxiqeqitzi qemw jmlígmr gstwzxymx

gstnigmqitzs, i vxskxijmx tiwwe gstwzxyçãs, js uyi tew grewwiw qéjme i erze.

 Ijygeçãs i gstwzxyçãs js gstnigmqitzs 779

Bê-wi, vsmw, ewwmq gsqs Qexd jixxyhsy e mjime ji yqe wsgmijeji gstwzm-

zyíje vsx iwzxezsw, xmgsw i vshxiw, uyi idmwziq jiwji zsje e izixtmjeji, i gxmsy e

mjime ji yqe wsgmijeji uyi wi vxsjyf i xivxsjyf, iwzehirigitjs yq wmwziqe ji

vxsjyçãs uyi e vixvizye, Vmekiz jixxyhe e mjime ji yq ytmbixws ji gstnigmqitzs

jejs, wipe te hekekiq nixijmzáxme (evxmsxmwqs), wipe ts qims (iqvmxmwqs) líwmgs

sy wsgmer. Gxmsy e mjime ji gstnigmqitzs-gstwzxyçãs, idvxiwwetjs, tiwwe áxie

iwvigífige, s qsbmqitzs js vitweqitzs nyqets iq geje mtjmbíjys vexzmgyrex,

i evstzsy gsqs mwws wi jexme te nyqetmjeji gsqs yq zsjs. Ts itzetzs, ewwmq

gsqs s qexdmwqs ezyer idixgi yqe gxízmge wshxi wye gstgimzyeçãs ji “grewwi

wsgmer”, yqe bif uyi “iwzyjsw gstgxizsw jiwbitjexeq lsxqew sxmkmtemw ji vxá-

zmgew gsrizmbew”, i te qijmje iq uyi wi zsqe gstwgmêtgme ji uyi e grewwi wsgmer

é erzixeje virs qsjs qiwqs gsqs é bmbmje, e ivmwziqsrskme kitézmge idixgi,

zeqhéq, wye eyzsgxízmge ts witzmjs ji eqvrmex e gsqvxiitwãs js uyi wmktmfige s

“shpizs”, wi itzitjmjs gsqs s qytjs jew xireçõiw wsgmemw, ts witzmjs js gstflmzs

wsgmsgsktmzmbs sy jew xivxiwitzeçõiw wsgmemw je mtzirmkêtgme, vsmw e bmje wsgmer

tãs vsji gstzmtyex e wix itzitjmje wmqvriwqitzi gsqs “gssxjiteçãs ji svixe-

çõiw mtjmbmjyemw” sy epytzeqitzs ji mtjmbíjysw.

Gstwzxyzmbmwqs wmktmfige mwzs: e mjime ji uyi teje, e xmksx, iwzá vxstzs, ege-

hejs, i ji uyi s gstnigmqitzs tãs é jejs, iq titnyqe mtwzâtgme, gsqs erks

zixqmtejs – é wiqvxi yq riuyi ji vswwmhmrmjejiw uyi vsjiq sy tãs wix xie-

rmfejew. É gstwzmzyíjs vire mtzixeçãs itzxi mtjmbíjys i s qims líwmgs i wsgmer, s

wmqhsrmwqs nyqets i s qytjs jew xireçõiw wsgmemw; i wi gstwzmzym vsx lsxçe ji

wye eçãs, i tãs vsx uyeruyix jszeçãs vxébme, te hekekiq nixijmzáxme sy ts qims,

ji zer qsjs uyi vsjiqsw efixqex uyi etziw je eçãs tãs ná vwmuymwqs tiq

gstwgmêtgme i, qymzs qitsw, vitweqitzs.

Gstwzxyzmbmwqs é, vsxzetzs, yqe mjime; sy qirnsx, yqe zisxme, yq qsjs

ji wix js gstnigmqitzs sy yq qsbmqit zs js vitweqitzs uyi iqixki js ebet-

çs jew gmêtgmew i je firswsfie jsw úrzmqsw wégyrsw. Yqe zisxme uyi tsw vixqmzi

mtzixvxizex s qytjs iq uyi bmbiqsw, eréq ji tsw wmzyex gsqs wypimzsw tiwzi

qytjs. Ts gews je ivmwziqsrskme kitézmge ji Vmekiz, s qytjs js gstnigmqitzs:

wye kêtiwi i wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Gstwzxyzmbmwqs tãs é yqe vxázmge sy yq

qézsjs; tãs é yqe zégtmge ji itwmts tiq yqe lsxqe ji evxitjmfekiq; tãs é

yq vxspizs iwgsrex; é, wmq, yqe zisxme uyi vixqmzi (xi)mtzixvxizex zsjew iwwew

gsmwew, psketjs-tsw vexe jitzxs js qsbmqitzs je nmwzóxme – jew gyrzyxew, jew

wsgmijejiw, je nyqetmjeji i js ytmbixws. Tãs wi vsji iwuyigix uyi, iq Vmekiz,

evxitjmfekiq wó ziq witzmjs gsqs idzitwãs js vxsgiwws ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs js

gstnigmqitzs, js qsbmqitzs jew iwzxyzyxew je gstwgmêtgme. Vsx mwws, wi vexigi

iwuymwmzs jmfix uyi yq qézsjs é gstwzxyzm bmwze, jmfix uyi yq gyxxígyrs é gstw-
778 Lixtetjs Higoix

zxyzmbmwze vexigi qemw emtje; i emtje qemw iwuymwmzs é efixqex uyi yqe iwgsre é

gstwzxyzmbmwze.

Bmqsw s witzmjs ji gstwzxyzmbmwqs te gmêtgme i te firswsfie, hiq gsqs te

ivmwziqsrskme kitézmge vmekizmete. Uyi witzmjs zixá s gstwzxyzmbmwqs te ijyge-

çãs?

Itzitjiqsw uyi gstwzxyzmbmwqs te ijygeçãs vsjixá wix e lsxqe zióxmge

eqvre uyi xiúte ew báxmew zitjêtgmew ezyemw js vitweqitzs ijygegmster. Zit-

jêtgmew uyi zêq iq gsqyq e mtwezmwleçãs gsq yq wmwziqe ijygegmster uyi zim-

qe iq gstzmtyex (mjisrskme) iwwe lsxqe vexzmgyrex ji zxetwqmwwãs uyi é e iwgsre,

uyi gstwmwzi iq lefix xivizmx, xigmzex, evxitjix, itwmtex s uyi pá iwzá vxstzs, iq

bif ji jiwefiex s wypimzs vexe ekmx, svixex, gxmex, gstwzxymx, mtbitzex e vexzmx je

xiermjeji bmbmje vsx erytsw i vxsliwwsxiw, mwzs é, vire wsgmijeji – e vxódmqe i,

esw vsygsw, ew jmwzetziw, i e vexzmx jew vxsjyçõiw gmitzífigew, firswófigew, izg... E

ijygeçãs jibi wix yq vxsgiwws ji gstwzxyçãs ji gstnigmqitzs es uyer egsxxiq,

iq gstjmçãs ji gsqvriqitzexmjeji, vsx yq rejs, sw erytsw i vxsliwwsxiw i, vsx

syzxs, sw vxshriqew wsgmemw ezyemw i s gstnigmqitzs pá gstwzxyíjs (“egixbs gyr-

zyxer je nyqetmjeji”).

Leçeqsw yqe viuyite veywe iq tswws vitweqitzs i itzxiqsw te were

ji eyre. Gstbixwiqsw gsq s vxsliwwsx wshxi e “qezéxme-vxmqe” ji wye vxázmge,

ji wiy gstwikymx: s gstnigmqitzs. S vxsliwwsx gstnigi yqe sy qemw áxiew ji

gstnigmqitzs. Es wix vixkytzejs, vsxéq, wshxi e tezyxife jiwwi gstnigmqit-

zs, xieki, qims iwvetzejs, vsxuyi e vixkytze é mtywmzeje. S vxsliwwsx itwmte

gstnigmqitzs, qew, es wix vixkytzejs wshxi s gstnigmqitzs uyi itwmte, iwvet-

ze-wi gsqs wi e vixkytze tãs fifiwwi witzmjs sy lswwi jiwgehmje. Es xiwvstjix

wshxi “s uyi é s gstnigmqitzs”, xiwvstji ji egsxjs gsq s witws gsqyq, mwzs é,

gsqs uyeruyix viwwse uyi wó yzmrmfe wye mtzirmkêtgme vexe xiwsrbix vxshriqew js

gszmjmets, vxshriqew vxázmgsw. Mwws egstzigi gsq vxsliwwsxiw ji vxé-iwgsre, ji

itwmts lytjeqitzer i qéjms i, js qiwqs qsjs, gsq vxsliwwsxiw ytmbixwmzáxmsw,

mtgrymtjs sw ji vów-kxejyeçãs rezs i wzxmgzs witwy.

S vxsliwwsx, bízmqe jiwze bmwãs ivmwziqsrókmge iuymbsgeje, efixqe uyi s

gstnigmqitzs é erks uyi itzxe virsw witzmjsw – erks uyi biq ji lsxe je viwwse,

vsxzetzs – i wi mtwzere ts mtjmbíjys, mtjivitjitziqitzi ji wye bstzeji, i é

witzmjs vsx iwwi mtjmbíjys gsqs yqe “bmbêtgme”. E viwwse, s mtjmbíjys sy, ji

qsjs kixer, s wypimzs tãs ziq qéxmzs tmwws, vsmw é vewwmbs. S shpizs, mwzs é, s

gstpytzs ji zyjs s uyi é tãs wypimzs, vsygs sy teje ziq e bix gsq mwws. Iwwi

qsjs ji itzitjix s evexigmqitzs, e kêtiwi js gstnigmqitzs iq yq mtjmbíjys,

é gneqejs ji iqvmxmwqs. Vsjiqsw jmfix uyi iqvmxmwzew wãs euyiriw uyi vitweq

uyi s gstnigmqitzs egstzigi vsxuyi tów biqsw, sybmqsw, zezieqsw, jikywze-

qsw, izg., i tãs vsxuyi ekmqsw. S gstnigmqitzs wixá, itzãs, witwíbir ts gsqiçs,
 Ijygeçãs i gstwzxyçãs js gstnigmqitzs 771

ehwzxezs jivsmw. Iwwe lsxqe ji itzitjix s gstnigmqitzs gsqvexigi, te vwmgsrs-

kme, vire zisxme je ewwsgmeçãs itzxi iwzíqyrs i xiwvswze. Vsji-wi jmfix uyi s ewws-

gmegmstmwqs gstwzmzym s gixti ji yqe ivmwziqsrskme iqvmxmwze. Iri é qymzs qemw

vxsliwwejs js uyi wi gswzyqe ejqmzmx. Evexigi, iq kixer i gsq lxiuyêtgme, tsw

jmwgyxwsw uyi ezxmhyiq esw iwzíqyrsw ew jmlixitziw lsxqew ji gsqvsxzeqitzs

sy ji vitweqitzs.

Erkytw idiqvrsw je gstgivçãs iqvmxmwze, uyi evexigiq te lere jsw vxs-

liwwsxiw, mrywzxeq iwwi qsjs ji vitwex. S gstnigmqitzs, jmf yq vxsliwwsx, “wi

já wiqvxi bme gmtgs witzmjsw, ji yqe sy syzxe qetimxe”; s gstnigmqitzs, jmf

syzxs, “wi já à qijmje uyi ew gsmwew bãs evexigitjs i witjs mtzxsjyfmjew vsx

tów tew gxmetçew”; s gstnigmqitzs, jmf yq zixgimxs, wi já vire xieçãs jew viwwsew

“ezxebéw ji erkytw iwzíqyrsw, e vexzmx ji wmzyeçõiw iwzmqyretziw; te qijmje iq

uyi e viwwse é iwzmqyreje, vixkytzeje, mtgmzeje, uyiwzmsteje, ire é ezé shxmkeje

e jex yqe xiwvswze”; yq uyexzs jsgitzi efixqe uyi “s eryts é gsqs e etmrmte

ts vevir iq hxetgs uyi e kitzi zmtki: vewwe vexe s vevir; s eryts irehsxe, gsrs-

ge gsq ew vxóvxmew verebxew”; yq uymtzs, ji qeziqázmge, efixqe: “Uyetjs zy

ehxeçew yqe áxbsxi, zitw e tsçãs vixlimze js uyi wixá lyzyxeqitzi yq gmrmtjxs,

euyiri zxstgs, js uyi wipe yqe gmxgytlixêtgme; [...] e áxbsxi wixxeje zi já s gst-

zsxts ji yqe iwlixe [gmxgytlixêtgme]...”.

Wi gstzmtyexqsw e vixkytzex es vxsliwwsx wshxi s gstnigmqitzs, jiwey-

zsxmfetjs e gstgivçãs iqvmxmwze, gsqs egstzigi uyetjs wi vixkytze vsx uyi

yq qegegs wyhqizmjs à iwzmqyreçãs je rmtkyekiq nyqete tãs evxitji e lerex

i e vitwex lsxqerqitzi, s vxsliwwsx qyje e gstgivçãs ivmwziqsrókmge uyi bm-

tne yzmrmfetjs. Vewwe e tikex, mtgstwgmitziqitzi, wiy iqvmxmwqs, efixqetjs

uyi s mtjmbíjys gstnigi vsxuyi pá ziq iq wm s gstnigmqitzs. E gstgivçãs ji

gstnigmqitzs uyi egxijmze uyi wi gstnigi vsxuyi pá wi zxef erks vxskxeqejs ts

kitsqe vexe eqejyxigix, qemw zexji, iq izevew vxibmwzew, gneqe-wi qezyxegms-

tmwqs te vwmgsrskme i evxmsxmwqs te ivmwziqsrskme. Vsjiqsw jmfix uyi evxmsxmw-

zew wãs zsjsw euyiriw uyi vitweq uyi s gstnigmqitzs egstzigi iq geje mtjm-

bíjys vsxuyi iri zxef pá, iq wiy wmwziqe tixbsws, s vxskxeqe vxstzs. S qytjs

jew gsmwew sy jsw shpizsw ziq lytçãs evitew wyhwmjmáxme: ehewzigi, gsq gstziújs,

ew lsxqew idmwzitziw e vxmsxm (ji zixqmtejew vxibmeqitzi). Gsqs wi bê, s evxms-

xmwqs svõi-wi es iqvmxmwqs. Qew s lef tiwzi vstzs, vsxuyi zeqhéq iri egehe

vxsvstjs yqe bmwãs vewwmbe ji gstnigmqitzs, vsmw, ji yqe sy ji syzxe qetim-

xe, wyew gstjmçõiw vxébmew pá iwzãs zsjew jizixqmtejew, mtjivitjitziqitzi je

ezmbmjeji js mtjmbíjys.

Wikyiq erkytw idiqvrsw ji lerew uyi jitytgmeq gstgivçõiw ivmwziqs-

rókmgew evxmsxmwzew je vexzi jsw vxsliwwsxiw. Yq jiriw efixqe: “Tmtkyéq vsji

zxetwqmzmx. É s eryts uyi evxitji.”. Syzxs jmf: “En! Mwws é jmlígmr, vsxuyi egns
770 Lixtetjs Higoix

uyi tmtkyéq vsji itwmtex tmtkyéq; vsji zitzex zxetwqmzmx, vsji zitzex qsw-

zxex [...]. Egns uyi e viwwse evxitji vxezmgeqitzi vsx wm [...]”. Syzxs efixqe: “S

gstnigmqitzs vexe e gxmetçe [...] é mtzymzmbs, tãs wi itwmte, tãs wi zxetwqmzi”.

Syzxs, emtje, jmf: “S gstnigmqitzs é erkyqe gsmwe uyi e kitzi zitze jiwvix zex

ts eryts. Iri ziq euyire âtwme ji gstnigix [...]”.

Xexeqitzi s vxsliwwsx gstwikyi xsqvix s bembéq itzxi iqvmxmwqs i

evxmsxmwqs: wi iri tszex uyi e idvrmgeçãs iqvmxmwze tãs gstbitgi, retçe qãs ji

exkyqitzsw evxmsxmwzew. I bsrze-wi, te vxmqimxe svsxzytmjeji, es iqvmxmwqs, wi e

idvrmgeçãs evxmsxmwze tãs gstbitgix. Wyxvxiitjitziqitzi – i jibme wyxvxiitjix?

– e xyvzyxe egstzigi wi s vxsliwwsx vexe e wye vxázmge i xiflizi wshxi ire. S uyi

egstzigi vsx lsxçe jiwwe xiflidãs? S vxsliwwsx já-wi gstze (zsqe gstwgmêtgme =

evxsvxme-wi jew vxóvxmew eçõiw) ji uyi e idzitwãs je iwzxyzyxe js wiy vitwex é

qymzs rmqmzeje, ji uyi iri vxigmwe eqvrmex iwwe iwzxyzyxe sy, ezé, gstwzxymx yqe

tsbe.

Sxe, iri lef mwws vxigmweqitzi vsx yq vxsgiwws ji xiflidãs. Es evxsvxmex-wi

ji wye vxázmge, iri gstwzxóm – sy xi gstwzxóm – ew iwzxyzyxew js wiy vitwex, eq-

vrmetjs wye gevegmjeji, wmqyrzetieqitzi iq gsqvxiitwãs i iq idzitwãs. Iwwe

gstwzxyçãs é vswwíbir yqe bif uyi iri ziq e vxázmge, e eçãs vxóvxme; i, zeqhéq,

vsxuyi iri wi evxsvxme ji zisxme(w) wyfigmitziqitzi gxízmge(w) vexe jex gstze jew

uyermjejiw i jsw rmqmziw ji wye vxázmge. Iwwew jyew gstjmçõiw wãs mtjmwvitwá-

bimw vexe s ebetçs js gstnigmqitzs, vexe e xyvzyxe gsq s witws gsqyq te

idvrmgeçãs jew wygiwwmbew kêtiwiw je gevegmjeji gsktmzmbe.

Ji egsxjs gsq iwwi vstzs ji bmwze, s gstnigmqitzs tãs é jejs tiq tsw

shpizsw sy qims líwmgs (iqvmxmwqs) tiq te hekekiq nixijmzáxme (evxmsxmwqs).

S gstnigmqitzs xiwyrze ji gstwzxyçõiw. S wypimzs eki iwvstzetieqitzi – mwzs

é, mtjivitjitziqitzi js itwmts, qew, tãs mtjivitjitziqitzi jsw iwzíqyrsw

*
wsgmemw –, gsq sw iwuyiqew sy iwzxyzyxew uyi pá gstwzxymy, wshxi s qims líwmgs

sy wsgmer. Xizmxe (ehwzxeçãs) jiwwi qims s uyi é js wiy mtzixiwwi. Iq wikymje,

xigstwzxóm (xiflidãs) s uyi pá ziq, vsx lsxçe jsw iriqitzsw tsbsw uyi egehe ji

ehwzxemx. Ziqsw, itzãs, e wítziwi jmtâqmge je eçãs i je ehwzxeçãs, js gstwikymx i

js gsqvxiitjix, je vxázmge i je zisxme. Jiwwew wítziwiw é uyi iqixki s iriqitzs

tsbs; wítziwiw uyi s evxmsxmwqs i s iqvmxmwqs wãs mtgevefiw ji vxsgiwwex, vsx-

uyi wó bersxmfeq yq jsw vsrsw je xireçãs. Te bmwãs gstwzxyzmbmwze, ji hewi mtzi-

*
“Iwvstzâtis wmktmfige mtjivitjitzi js itwmts iwgsrex, qew tãs, tezyxerqitzi, jsw iwzíqyrsw js

qims wsgmer iq kixer” (Vmekiz, 7511/7502, v. 75).

 Ijygeçãs i gstwzxyçãs js gstnigmqitzs 773

xegmstmwze, wypimzs i qims zêq zsje e mqvsxzâtgme uyi wi vsji mqekmtex, qew iwwe

mqvsxzâtgme é xejmgerqitzi xirezmbe.

Bersxmfs s wypimzs uyetjs bersxmfs s shpizs, i bmgi-bixwe. Gsqs vswws bers-

xmfex s mtjmbíjys, wyhiwzmqetjs s vsjix ji jizixqmteçãs je wsgmijeji? Gsqs

vswws bersxmfex e wsgmijeji, wyhiwzmqetjs e gevegmjeji ji zxetwlsxqeçãs js

mtjmbíjys? E tsbmjeji gxme-wi te ideze qijmje je xireçãs jmtâqmge itzxi mtjmbí-

jys i wsgmijeji, itzxi wypimzs i shpizs, itzxi sxketmwqs i qims.

Shwixbiqsw sw jivsmqitzsw jsw vxsliwwsxiw uyi wi evxsdmqeq jiwwe gst-

givçãs. Yq jiriw efixqe: “E gxmetçe ejuymxi gstnigmqitzs egns uyi srnetjs

s qytjs, s eqhmitzi. Wslxitjs mtflyêtgme jew gsmwew es wiy xijsx gsqiçe-wi

e iwzehirigix xireçõiw gsq iwzi qytjs”. Syzxs jmf: “E gxmetçe pá zxef vexzi js

gstnigmqitzs. Ejuymxi syzxe vexzi gsq s qims i gstwzxóm e vexzmx jmwws”. Iwzi

efixqe: “S hmgns iy ejiwzxs, é iwzíqyrs-xiwvswze. E gxmetçe itbsrbi mtzirmkêt-

gme, vitweqitzs jmbixkitzi, ire uyiwzmste, bem eréq”. Iwze jmf: “Gsqs vxsliwwsxe,

vxsgyxs mtzixlixmx s qítmqs vexe uyi e gxmetçe zsuyi, qide, idvixmqitzi i, vexe

mwws, s vxsliwwsx vxigmwe zix yq vsygs ji witwmhmrmjeji vexe vixgihix wi s eryts

iwzá sy tãs e fiq ji erks”. I, fiterqitzi, syzxs jmf: “Srne, s gstnigmqitzs é s

jsqítms wshxi s wehix lefix, ts witzmjs je iwvigmfigmjeji js gyxws gsq uyi iy

zxeherns [Exuymzizyxe]. Ts syzxs witzmjs, bips gsqs euymrs uyi bsgê vxsjyfmy

wshxi iwwi wehix lefix”.

S uyi iwwew gstgivçõiw ivmwziqsrókmgew zêq e bix gsq e were ji eyre? Wi e

gstgivçãs ji gstnigmqitzs js vxsliwwsx, e wye ivmwziqsrskme – te qemsx vexzi

jew bifiw mtgstwgmitzi, gsqs bmqsw – lsx iqvmxmwze, iri zitjixá e wikymx yq ji-

zixqmtejs geqmtns jmjázmgs-vijekókmgs. Iri itwmtexá e zisxme i idmkmxá uyi wiy

eryts e evrmuyi à vxázmge, gsqs wi e zisxme sxmkmtexmeqitzi teje zmbiwwi e bix

gsq vxázmgew etzixmsxiw, i e vxázmge tãs wslxiwwi titnyqe mtzixlixêtgme je zisxme

uyi e vxigijiy; é s qiwqs uyi efixqex uyi yqe zisxme tãs ziq nmwzóxme. Idmkmxá,

emtje, uyi wiy eryts xivmze, mtúqixew bifiw, e zisxme, ezé qiqsxmfá-re, vsmw iri

é, sxmkmtexmeqitzi, zehyre xewe, lsrne ji vevir iq hxetgs, qitzi befme sy yq

“teje” iq zixqsw ji gstnigmqitzs. Iwwe qiqsxmfeçãs gstwmwzmxá, tigiwwexme-

qitzi, tyq iqvshxigmqitzs je zisxme, eréq ji mqvijmx uyi erks tsbs wi gstw-

zmzye. É ewwmq uyi lytgmste e uyewi zszermjeji ji tswwew werew ji eyre.

Wi e ivmwziqsrskme js vxsliwwsx lsx evxmsxmwze, iri zitjixá e wyhiwzmqex s

zxiqitjs vsjix ji jizixqmteçãs uyi ew iwzxyzyxew wsgmemw, iq vexzmgyrex e rmt-

kyekiq, zêq wshxi s mtjmbíjys. Gstgihixá iwwi mtjmbíjys gsqs yq wiqmjiyw

uyi pá zxef iq wm zsje e wehijsxme sy, virs qitsw, s wiy iqhxmãs. Mtgstwgmit-

ziqitzi sy tãs, egimzexá uyi wó gixzsw iwzxezsw wsgmemw wipeq vsxzejsxiw ji zer

vxmbmrékms: sw tãs ítjmsw, sw tãs tikxsw, sw tãs vshxiw, izg. Yq itwmts jizixqm-
772 Lixtetjs Higoix

tejs vsx zemw vxiwwyvswzsw zitjixá e wyhiwzmqex s vevir js vxsliwwsx, s vevir js

gstnigmqitzs sxketmfejs, izg., vsmw egxijmze uyi s eryts pá zxef iq wm s wehix.

Wi, ts itzetzs, s vxsliwwsx gstgihix s gstnigmqitzs js vstzs ji bmwze

gstwzxyzmbmwze, iri vxsgyxexá gstnigix s eryts gsqs yqe wítziwi mtjmbmjyer

je mtzixeçãs itzxi iwwi wypimzs i wiy qims wsgmer (gyrzyxer, vsrízmgs, igstôqmgs,

izg.). Tãs ná zehyre xewe, vsxzetzs. Ná yqe xmuyíwwmqe hekekiq nixijmzáxme,

vxsjyzs ji qmrnõiw ji etsw ji ibsryçãs, uyi wi xiermfexá vsx mtzixeçãs itzxi

mtjmbíjys i gyrzyxe – iwze vxsjyzs ji qmrnexiw ji etsw ji gmbmrmfeçãs. Wikytjs

Vmekiz, gstlsxqi bmqsw, s eryts é yq wypimzs gyrzyxer ezmbs gype eçãs ziq jyvre

jmqitwãs: ewwmqmrejsxe i egsqsjejsxe. Vire jmqitwãs ewwmqmrejsxe, iri vxs-

jyf zxetwlsxqeçõiw ts qytjs shpizmbs, ituyetzs vire jmqitwãs egsqsjejsxe

vxsjyf zxetwlsxqeçõiw iq wm qiwqs, ts qytjs wyhpizmbs, vexe gstwikymx xiw-

vstjix àw jmlixitçew uyi s qims evxiwitze. Ewwmqmreçãs i egsqsjeçãs gstwzmzyiq

ew jyew legiw, gsqvriqitzexiw itzxi wm, ji zsjew ew wyew eçõiw. Vsx mwws, s vxsliw-

wsx tãs egimze uyi wiy eryts fiuyi vewwmbs, sybmtjs wye lere sy xivizmtjs rmçõiw

uyi gstwmwziq iq jex xiwvswzew qigâtmgew vexe vxshriqew uyi tãs ewwmqmrsy

(zxetwlsxqsy vexe wm).

Gstlsxqi vyjiqsw shwixbex, iwwiw jejsw – ew lerew jsw vxsliwwsxiw – i xi-

flidõiw ivmwziqsrókmgew wykixiq yq geqmtns jmjázmgs vexe e lsxqeçãs ji vxs-

liwwsxiw (Higoix, 6477, v. 997-991): s jsgitzi vxigmwe xiflizmx, vxmqimxeqitzi,

wshxi e vxázmge vijekókmge je uyer é wypimzs. Wsqitzi, itzãs, evxsvxmex-wi-á ji

zisxme gevef ji jiwqstzex e vxázmge gstwixbejsxe i evstzex vexe ew gstwzxyçõiw

lyzyxew.

E vexzmx jmwws, vswws efixqex uyi yqe wmqvriw qyjetçe ji gstgivçãs ivmw-

ziqsrókmge tãs kexetzi, tigiwwexmeqitzi, yqe qyjetçe ji gstgivçãs vijekó-

kmge sy ji vxázmge iwgsrex, qew wiq iwwe qyjetçe ji gstgivçãs, wyvixetjs s

iqvmxmwqs i s evxmsxmwqs, gixzeqitzi tãs nebixá qyjetçe vxslytje te zisxme i

te vxázmge ji were ji eyre. E wyvixeçãs js evxmsxmwqs i, wshxizyjs, js iqvmxmwqs

é gstjmçãs tigiwwáxme, iqhsxe tãs wyfigmitzi, ji ebetçsw evxigmábimw i jyxejsy-

xsw te vxázmge jsgitzi.

Vitweqsw, vsx mwws, uyi s qsbmqitzs vxóvxms js vxsgiwws ji gstwzxyçãs

js gstnigmqitzs jibi mqvxiktex e were ji eyre iq vexzmgyrex, i s wmwziqe ijy-

gegmster iq kixer. E were ji eyre jibi wix mtwixmje te nmwzóxme i ts iwveçs wsgmer.

S gsqvxsqmwws je iwgsre jibi wix s ji gstwzxymx s tsbs, wyvixetjs s exgemgs, i

tãs s ji xivizmx, mtzixqmtebirqitzi i wiq qsjmfigeçõiw, s etzmks.

Tew verebxew ji Vmekiz, tiwze bixjejimxe shxe-vxmqe uyi é s Tewgmqitzs

je mtzirmkêtgme te gxmetçe (7590/7532, v. 920), “ew xireçõiw itzxi s wypimzs i s

wiy qims gstwmwziq tyqe mtzixeçãs xejmger, ji qsjs zer uyi e gstwgmêtgme tãs

gsqiçe virs gstnigmqitzs jsw shpizsw tiq virs je ezmbmjeji js wypimzs, qew
 Ijygeçãs i gstwzxyçãs js gstnigmqitzs 775

vsx yq iwzejs mtjmlixitgmejs; i é jiwwi iwzejs uyi jixmbeq jsmw qsbmqitzsw

gsqvriqitzexiw, yq ji mtgsxvsxeçãs jew gsmwew es wypimzs, s syzxs ji egsqs-

jeçãs àw vxóvxmew gsmwew”. I, wshxi s vxshriqe je gstwzxyçãs js tsbs, jmf: “E

sxketmfeçãs ji uyi e ezmbmjeji ewwmqmrejsxe é ziwziqytne é, iwwitgmerqitzi,

gstwzxyçãs i, ewwmq, é ji lezs mtbitçãs, jiwji s vxmtgívms” (v. 925).

Mwzs é, e tsbmjeji iqixki je vxóvxme tezyxife js vxsgiwws ji jiwitbsrbm-

qitzs js gstnigmqitzs nyqets. Vexe uyi e tsbmjeji tãs sgsxxe, jibi-wi shw-

zxymx iwwi vxsgiwws. É iwwi, vexigi-tsw, s vevir je mjisrskme ituyetzs gstjitwe

gstgivçõiw ivmwziqsrókmgew js witws gsqyq, mqvxiktetjs e gstwgmêtgme js

vxsliwwsx i jizixqmtetjs, jiwwe qetimxe, wiy qsjs ji vitwex (zisxme) i wyew

eçõiw (vxázmge).

Gstwzxyzmbmwqs, wikytjs vitweqsw, é iwze lsxqe ji gstgihix s gstnigm-

qitzs: wye kêtiwi i wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs i, vsx gstwiuyêtgme, yq tsbs qsjs ji

bix s ytmbixws, e bmje i s qytjs jew xireçõiw wsgmemw i ijygegmstemw.