JMXIZXMFIW IQ JIWMKT VEXE

XIUYERMLMGEÇÃS JI WEREW JI EYRE:

ejiuyeçõiw à vxázmge js itwmts níhxmjs
Znemwe Weqvems Wexqitzs | Bmrqe Bmrrexsygs | Erid Wetjxs Ksqiw

E xitsbeçãs je lsxqe ji evxitjmfekiq vexe e kixeçãs ji psbitw tezmbsw jmkmzemw ‒ tiz

kitixezmst wzyjitzw (SHRMTKIX; SHRMTKIX, 6441) – é yqe zitjêtgme krsher; itzxizetzs, ew
gstjmçõiw ji mtlxeiwzxyzyxe, ixkstsqme i gstlsxzs jew iwgsrew tiq wiqvxi
gsxxiwvstjiq àw qyjetçew zigtsrókmgew. Tiwzi gevízyrs, jmwgyzi-wi yqe ehsxjekiq
gstziqvsxâtie je xireçãs itzxi s iwveçs i e evxitjmfekiq, i evstzeq-wi gstzxmhymçõiw
iq jiwmkt vexe wsrygmstex uyiwzõiw ji mtejiuyeçãs jsw eqhmitziw tew iwgsrew vúhrmgew
hxewmrimxew.
Ts Hxewmr, s vxspizs ji exuymzizyxe iwgsrex wikyi jizixqmtejs vejxãs – werew
xizetkyrexiw gsq lmrimxew ji gexzimxew i uyejxs te vexiji lxstzer. Iwwe wmqvrmlmgeçãs
ibmjitgme vsygs evxslytjeqitzs i ejiuyeçãs jew tsxqew zégtmgew hxewmrimxew uyetzs
esw gxmzéxmsw ixkstôqmgsw i ji gstlsxzs eqhmitzer tigiwwáxmsw es hsq jiwiqvitns jew
ijmlmgeçõiw iwgsrexiw i ji wiyw eqhmitziw mtzixtsw. Ji lsxqe kixer, tãs wãs ywejew
qizsjsrskmew ji vxspizs exuymzizôtmgs uyi vswwmhmrmziq e vexzmgmveçãs jsw ywyáxmsw tew
jilmtmçõiw jsw eqhmitziw uyi mxãs bmbitgmex. Iwwi gstzidzs mqvegze te lxákmr xireçãs itzxi
ywyáxmsw i eqhmitzi iwgsrex.
E rmzixezyxe wshxi mtsbeçãs ijygegmster xibire ew yxkitziw i tigiwwáxmew qyjetçew
iwzxyzyxetziw virew uyemw jibi vewwex s wmwziqe ji itwmts ts Veíw. É lytjeqitzer qyjex
s vexejmkqe ji “iwgsrew zxejmgmstemw”, iq uyi s vxsliwwsx vixqetigi ts gitzxs js
vxsgiwws, sw gstziújsw wãs qmtmwzxejsw iq ziqvsw xíkmjsw, i sw iwveçsw líwmgsw wãs
mtejiuyejsw. É mqvsxzetzi zeqhéq uyi jmbixwsw ewvigzsw jsw wmwziqew ji itwmts
iwzipeq bsrzejsw à gstziqvsxetimjeji i uyi s iwzyjetzi iwzipe ts gitzxs je vxóvxme
evxitjmfekiq.
S jiwelms vexe e uyiwzãs js eqhmitzi líwmgs ts uyer wãs gstwzxyíjew ew evxitjmfekitw
te iwgsre xiwmji iq xiejiuyex wye gstlmkyxeçãs vexe ehxmkex ew qúrzmvrew ezmbmjejiw uyi
itkrsheq s evxitjmfejs níhxmjs.

XIREÇÃS ITZXI EQHMITZI GSTWZXYÍJS I

EVXITJMFEKIQ
E eqhmêtgme iwgsrex gstwzmzym-wi virs iwzehirigmqitzs ji xireçõiw eqhmitzemw i
mtzixviwwsemw, gevefiw ji gstzxmhymx ts vxsgiwws ji evxitjmfekiq jsw iwzyjetziw,
vxsqsbitjs yqe xireçãs ji xigmvxsgmjeji. Wetsll (6447) elmxqe e mqvsxzâtgme js iwveçs
líwmgs bmw-à-bmw vexe e iwgsre i s iwzyjetzi, gevef ji jiwvixzex s vszitgmer ji jmlixitziw
zmvsw ji evxitjmfejs wsgmer, gsktmzmbs i elizmbs.
Vsairr (6471), Oeyv, Omq i Jyjio (6479) i Gnet i Xmgnexjwst (6441) zeqhéq gstgryiq
uyi s jiwiqvitns jsw iwzyjetziw te iwgsre ziq xireçãs gsq e uyermjeji js ijmlígms. S
eqhmitzi sw mtlryitgme, geywetjs witweçõiw vswmzmbew i tikezmbew, gsq jmlixitziw
mqvrmgeçõiw bexmetjs ji viwwse e viwwse (JEC; QMJHPIX, 6443).
 Qsxet (6471) elmxqe e mqvsxzâtgme je mtwixçãs ji tsbew zigtsrskmew te ijygeçãs vsx
qims je ejsçãs ji yq itwmts níhxmjs. Itwmts níhxmjs, sy hritjij riextmtk, é jilmtmjs
gsqs:
Ijygeçãs qmwzyxeje [...] uyi gsqhmtsy báxmsw iwveçsw, ziqvsw, ezmbmjejiw, qizsjsrskmew, vúhrmgsw
[...] gsq e qshmrmjeji i e gstigzmbmjeji [...] vsjiqsw itwmtex i evxitjix ji mtúqixew lsxqew, iq
zsjsw sw qsqitzsw, iq qúrzmvrsw iwveçsw (QSXET, 6471, v. 62).

Níhxmjs zeqhéq wi evrmge e zigtsrskmew uyi mtzikxeq ew ezmbmjejiw, vxiwitgmemw i/sy

bmxzyemw. Xilixi-wi emtje à exzmgyreçãs ji vxsgiwwsw ji itwmts i evxitjmfekiq lsxqemw i
mtlsxqemw, ji ijygeçãs ehixze i iq xiji. Mqvrmge qmwzyxex i mtzikxex áxiew, vxslmwwmstemw i
iwzyjetziw jmlixitziw, iq iwveçsw i ziqvsw jmwzmtzsw (QSXET, 6471).
Vexe s itwmts níhxmjs, s iwveçs ji evxitjmfekiq vxigmwe ejuymxmx yqe gstlmkyxeçãs
qemw lridíbir, ejevzábir e qúrzmvrew lsxqew ji evxitjmfekiq, eréq je idvswmzmbe. Temx,
Lmirjmtk i Regotic (6479) i Temx (6478) jilitjiq s qsjirs ji Znsxthyxk (7555), uyi
wykixi nebix uyezxs qsjsw ehxetkitziw ji evxitjix: geqvlmxi (evxitjmfekiq gsq yq
iwvigmermwze); aezixmtk nsri (evxitjmfekiq gsq sw vexiw); gebi (evxitjmfekiq vsx
mtzxswvigçãs – iwzyjs mtjmbmjyer); i rmli (evxitjix lefitjs).
Temx, Lmirjmtk i Regotic (6479) xirezeq wye idvixmêtgme gsq tsbsw lsxqezsw lridíbimw
vexe e were ji eyre (Lmk. 3.7): riextmtk wzyjms – were iq R, iwveçs mtzixts jilmtmjs vsx yqe
áxie ezmbe, yq iwveçs gitzxer lridíbir i yqe áxie ji jiwgetws te rezixer; i riextmtk wymzi ‒
jsmw sy qemw riextmtk wzyjmsw gsqhmtejsw, wiq vexijiw mtzixtew, gsq s shpizmbs ji
eyqitzex s mqvegzs je evxitjmfekiq. Ew werew wãs xijiwitnejew gstwgmitziqitzi vexe
eyqitzex s túqixs ji qsjermjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq, iq vxázmgew mtzikxejsxew.

Lmkyxe 3.7 (e) Riextmtk wzyjms; (h) xilsxqyreçãs ji were zxejmgmster vexe riextmtk wymzi.
Lstzi: Temx, Lmirjmtk i Regotic (6479, v. 65 i 87).

Qixigi jiwzeuyi e xiji Bmzzxe, te Wyégme, gsq qemw ji 94 iwgsrew ‒ yzmrmfe qézsjsw
ijygezmbsw mtsbejsxiw, i, vexe mwws, sw iwveçsw ijygegmstemw wãs lridíbimw i wiq vexijiw
(Lmk. 3.6).

Lmkyxe 3.6 (e) Eqhmitzi ji evxitjmfekiq gsrizmbe te iwgsre Bmzzxe Hxszsxv; (h) mtzixmsx je Bmzzxe
Zirilstvret, gstgimzs zni gebi vexe evxitjmfekiq iq uyeruyix rykex.
Lstzi: Jiwmkt ji Xswet Hswgn Wzyjms i lszsw ji Omq Aitjz (6477).

Ts Hxewmr, iwgsrew gsq vxsvswzew mtsbejsxew zêq xigstlmkyxejs wiyw iwveçsw,

vitwetjs iq zsxtex s eqhmitzi iwgsrex qemw jiwgstzxeíjs i gsqvezíbir gsq s
gsqvsxzeqitzs je pybitzyji. Iwwe é yqe uyiwzãs xigitzi ts wmwziqe ijygegmster
hxewmrimxs, uyi, eviwex ji pá zix mtzxsjyfmjs lixxeqitzew ji evxitjmfekiq mtsbejsxew,
gstzmtye vxsjyfmtjs iwveçsw ijygegmstemw vexe yq itwmts zxejmgmster.
Yq idiqvrs ji vxspizs mtsbejsx iq iwgsrew vúhrmgew é wyhwmjmejs virs Mtwzmzyzs Sm
Lyzyxs, iq Vixteqhygs i ts Xms ji Petimxs. Wãs sw Túgrisw Ebetçejsw iq Ijygeçãs
(TEBIw), xilixêtgme ji mtsbeçãs iq itwmts i iq iwveçs ji evxitjmfekiq. Iq Xigmli,
lytgmste te Iwgsre Iwzejyer Gígixs Jmew; ts Xms ji Petimxs, ts Gsrékms Iwzejyer Pswé Rimzi
Rsviw (Lmk. 3.9).

Lmkyxe 3.9 (e) Vázms mtzixts js TEBI Xigmli; (h) iwveçs ji mtzikxeçãs js TEBI Xms ji Petimxs.
Lstzi: (e) nzzv://hrskw.ti74.ysr.gsq.hx/qytjshmz/6471/77/77/iwgsre-vyhrmge-tebi-xigmli-uyi-yti-itwmts-q
ijms-i-gyxws-ji-keqiw-ehxi-mtwgxmgsiw/ (h) mqekiq ji Kymrnixqi Qeme.

E lmq ji shzix jejsw wshxi e xiermjeji jsw iwveçsw ji evxitjmfekiq i wiyw ywyáxmsw,
xiermfsy-wi yqe viwuymwe iztskxálmge hxibi i yqe etármwi ixkstôqmge iq werew ji eyre je
Iwgsre Zégtmge Gígixs Jmew, iq Xigmli, ts ets ji 6473. Iwwiw jejsw, pytzeqitzi àw
mtlsxqeçõiw shzmjew gsq e xibmwãs je rmzixezyxe, mtgitzmbexeq e irehsxeçãs ji jmxizxmfiw
iq jiwmkt vexe yq eqhmitzi ji evxitjmfekiq gstziqvsxâtis, ermtnejew gsq ew
zitjêtgmew ji itwmts níhxmjs.

IWZYJS JI GEQVS TE IWGSRE ZÉGTMGE GÍGIXS JMEW

E Iwgsre Zégtmge Iwzejyer Gígixs Jmew, mteykyxeje iq 6440, slixigi itwmts qéjms
vxslmwwmstermfetzi te qsjermjeji mtzikxer (Lmk. 3.8). E vexgixme gsq s Mtwzmzyzs Sm Lyzyxs
ziq gsqs qmwwãs gxmex qizsjsrskmew mtsbejsxew ji itwmts i evxitjmfekiq, iq jmársks
gsq ew zigtsrskmew je mtlsxqeçãs i je gsqytmgeçãs. Iq 6473, e iwgsre gstzebe gsq 816
iwzyjetziw uyi e lxiuyitzebeq wiq uyeruyix ôtyw. Zsjsw sw etsw, wãs slixigmjew 724
tsbew bekew, vsx qims ji wiriçãs vúhrmge vexe psbitw itzxi 78 i 73 etsw. E qemsxme jew
bekew é jiwzmteje e psbitw sxmytjsw ji iwgsrew vúhrmgew, i ná wiriçãs vsx vxsbe iwgxmze
vexe mtkxiwws. Te iwgsre, wãs slixigmjsw jsmw gyxwsw: Vxskxeqeçãs ji Psksw i Qyrzmqíjme
(MTWZMZYZS SM LYZYXS, 6476).

Lmkyxe 3.8 (e) Vázms mtzixts jyxetzi yq itwems jsw iwzyjetziw; (h) iwzyjetziw vexzmgmvetziw je
viwuymwe.

Viwuymwe iztskxálmge
E viwuymwe iztskxálmge hxibi vixqmzmy gsqvxiit-jix e xiermjeji i e gyrzyxe jsw psbitw
iwzyjetziw (QMRRIT, 6444) i lsm jiwitbsrbmje ts vixísjs ji yqe wiqete. Tiwwe iwgsre,
ew werew wãs sxketmfejew vexe geje gsqvstitzi gyxxmgyrex, i ew zyxqew qyjeq ji were e
geje qyjetçe ji nsxáxms. Te zyxqe, sw iwzyjetziw wãs sxketmfejsw iq zmqiw ji uyezxs
gsqvstitziw, uyi iwzyjeq i xiermfeq sw idixgígmsw pytzsw.
Gsqs iq iwgsrew zxejmgmstemw, sw recsyzw jew werew te iwgsre wãs sxketmfejsw vexe
eyrew idvswmzmbew. Wi e jmwgmvrmte idmki s yws ji gsqvyzejsxiw vexe viwuymwe sy zxehernsw
jmkmzemw, ew zyxqew yweq yqe were iwvigílmge ji gsqvyzejsxiw. Lsxeq etermwejsw sw jsmw
zmvsw ji werew ji eyre itgstzxejsw: were vexe eyrew idvswmzmbew i were vexe ezmbmjejiw iq
gsqvyzejsxiw.
 Te were vexe eyrew idvswmzmbew, s vxsliwwsx gstjyfmy e eyre sxerqitzi, ywetjs yqe
rsywe jmkmzer vexe jiqstwzxex s gstziújs. Ituyetzs s vxsliwwsx xiwsrbme ew uyiwzõiw, sw
iwzyjetziw vexzmgmvebeq ezmbeqitzi je jmwgywwãs. Zsjsw zmbixeq svsxzytmjeji ji idvsx
wyew júbmjew. Sw iwzyjetziw vixqetigixeq witzejsw iq gejimxew i qiwew mtjmbmjyemw
hiq viuyitew, ji lxitzi vexe e rsywe, jyxetzi zsje e eyre (Lmk. 3.1e), i vsxzebeq wyew
qsgnmrew i wiyw vixzitgiw viwwsemw, qiwqs nebitjs exqáxmsw ji yws mtjmbmjyer
rsgermfejsw ts gsxxijsx.

Lmkyxe 3.1 (e) Iwzyjetziw shwixbejsw jyxetzi e eyre, witzejsw ji lxitzi vexe e rsywe i s vxsliwwsx,
iq eyre idvswmzmbe; (h) iwzyjetziw shwixbejsw iq eyre gsq xigyxwsw gsqvyzegmstemw.

Te were vexe ezmbmjejiw iq gsqvyzejsxiw (Lmk. 3.1h), e tigiwwmjeji ji yws jsw

gsqvyzejsxiw jiwozsvw é iwwitgmer vexe e idigyçãs jew ezmbmjejiw jmjázmgew. Vixgihiy-wi
uyi s recsyz xiwyrzetzi lsm jizixqmtejs vire gevegmjeji js eqhmitzi ji egsqsjex s
qemsx túqixs vswwíbir ji gsqvyzejsxiw, uyi lmgeq ermtnejsw ji lxitzi vexe yqe vexiji
iq bmjxs lswgs. E were jmwvytne ji 96 gsqvyzejsxiw lsxtigmjsw vire iwgsre, witjs yq
jiwzmtejs es vxsliwwsx.
Iq yq vxmqimxs qsqitzs, s vxsliwwsx idvrmgsy s gstziújs je eyre ywetjs yqe
vxspiçãs wshxi e rsywe jmkmzer. Vexe mwws, sw iwzyjetziw wi witzexeq jmetzi je rsywe vsx
yq gyxzs vixísjs ji ziqvs. Iq yq wikytjs qsqitzs, s vxsliwwsx wsrmgmzsy uyi iriw
xiermfewwiq s idixgígms iq jyvrew, tsw jiwozsvw. Sw iwzyjetziw bsrzexeq wyew gejimxew
esw rsgemw ji sxmkiq, ji lxitzi vexe sw gsqvyzejsxiw. Es lmter je eyre, s vxsliwwsx sw
xiytmy tsbeqitzi pytzs à rsywe, vexe idvrmgex jizerniw js idixgígms.
E shwixbeçãs xibirsy jmlmgyrjejiw ji xszeçãs jew iwzeçõiw ji zxeherns te were ‒
gstjmçãs tigiwwáxme iq ehsxjekitw ji itwmts níhxmjs, ts qsqitzs je qyjetçe ji
ezmbmjejiw jmjázmgew te were ji eyre. E uyetzmjeji ji iwzyjetziw je zyxqe, wyvixmsx es
túqixs ji gsqvyzejsxiw jmwvstíbimw, ewwsgmeje à eqvrmzyji idgiwwmbe js iwveçs,
jmlmgyrzsy s zxeherns js vxsliwwsx, vexe idvsx s gstziújs, egsqvetnex geje iwzyjetzi
iq wiy idixgígms vxázmgs i gstzxsrex e jmwvixwãs itzxi sw iwzyjetziw.
E evrmgeçãs ji 99 uyiwzmstáxmsw vixqmzmy jirmtiex e gexegzixmfeçãs wsgmsgyrzyxer i ew
vxilixêtgmew eqhmitzemw jsw iwzyjetziw. S Uyejxs 3.7 wmtzizmfe ew mtlsxqeçõiw qemw
xiribetziw wshxi wiy vixlmr wsgmsgyrzyxer.

UYEJXS 3.7 Wítziwi js vixlmr wsgmsgyrzyxer jsw iwzyjetziw etermwejsw je Iwgsre

Zégtmge Gígixs Jmew
Xireçãs itzxi rsger ji qsxejme Tãs ná xireçãs jmxize itzxi qsxejme jsw iwzyjetziw i e iwgsre,
i rsger je iwgsre vsmw iriw mtkxiwweq vsx wiriçãs.
Rykexiw vxilixmjsw uyi Wnsvvmtkw, iwveçsw vúhrmgsw es ex rmbxi, xiwzeyxetziw i vxemew.
lxiuyitzeq
Qimsw ji zxetwvsxzi uyi yweq Ôtmhyw, qizxô, gexxs je leqírme sy Yhix.
vexe sw jiwrsgeqitzsw
Vixgivçãs je vxóvxme 81,1% tãs wi witziq wikyxsw ts zxepizs vexe e iwgsre.
wikyxetçe viwwser tsw
jiwrsgeqitzsw
Xiwvstwehmrmjeji virew Gsqvexzmrneje itzxi vemw i qãiw – 54,5% jsw vemw i 09,09% jew
jiwviwew iq wyew leqírmew qãiw zxeherneq sy zêq xitje.
Gstjmçãs lmtetgimxe jew Wezmwlezóxme vexe s wyvxmqitzs jew tigiwwmjejiw háwmgew iq ezé
leqírmew 36,3% jsw xiwvstjitziw.
Lsxqeçãs ijygegmster jsw vemw Vemw – 9% zêq wsqitzi itwmts lytjeqitzer, 82,8% zêq itwmts
qéjms, 71,7% zêq itwmts wyvixmsx i 67,6% zêq vów-kxejyeçãs.
Qãiw – 95,9% zêq itwmts qéjms, 68,6% zêq itwmts wyvixmsx i
71,7% zêq vów-kxejyeçãs.
 Wshxi e wezmwleçãs gsq e iwgsre uyi lxiuyitzeq, 36% elmxqexeq kswzex ji mx à iwgsre,
gstzxe 76% uyi elmxqexeq tãs kswzex, i 71% elmxqexeq uyi, àw bifiw, tãs kswzeq ji mx
(Lmk. 3.0). Sw uyi xiwvstjixeq kswzex ewwsgmexeq e iwgsre e tsbsw gstnigmqitzsw, vexe s
lyzyxs i vexe e bmje, eréq ji vsjix itgstzxex sw eqmksw. S erzs ítjmgi ji wezmwleçãs gsq e
iwgsre vsji iwzex ewwsgmejs à qizsjsrskme mtsbejsxe, jmtâqmge i gsrehsxezmbe, à
mtlxeiwzxyzyxe ji idgiritzi uyermjeji i es vixlmr jsw gyxwsw slixigmjsw, ezyermfejsw gsq
ew svsxzytmjejiw ji zxeherns ts qixgejs ji tsbew zigtsrskmew i je mtzixtiz, s uyi
gstlmkyxe yq vixlmr ji iwgsre hewzetzi wmtkyrex ts wmwziqe ijygegmster hxewmrimxs.

Lmkyxe 3.0 Wezmwleçãs jsw iwzyjetziw gsq e iwgsre uyi lxiuyitzeq.

Iq vixkytzew ehixzew wshxi ew vxilixêtgmew jsw psbitw xiwvstjitziw, ew xiwvswzew

shzmjew lsxeq: 04,0% vxilixiq sybmx qúwmge; 18,1% vxilixiq rix, ywex zigtsrskmew i xijiw
wsgmemw; 90,90% svzeq vsx ewwmwzmx e wéxmiw i lmrqiw, 99,9% vxilixiq evxigmex exzi, i 68,6%
vxilixiq jiwitnex i rix uyejxmtnsw. Iq vixkytzew ji qúrzmvrew xiwvswzew wshxi s uyi
lefiq ts ziqvs rmbxi, sw psbitw xiwvstjixeq: 36,3% iwzyjeq, 99,9% ewwmwziq e ZB i
wéxmiw, 94,9% pskeq bmjiskeqi, 71,7% lmgeq gsq eqmksw i 76,7% vxezmgeq iwvsxziw.
Syzxew xiwvswzew shzmjew lsxeq: jsxqmx, iwgyzex qúwmge i jetçex, mx à mkxipe, rix, iwgxibix i
jiwitnex. E iwgsre qetzéq yq xmzqs ji iwzyjs qymzs mtzitws, s uyi lsm jiqstwzxejs
virs kxetji túqixs ji xiwvstjitziw uyi elmxqexeq iwzyjex iq gewe.
Wshxi ew gexegzixíwzmgew vxilixmjew vexe sw eqhmitziw (Lmk. 3.3), sw xiwyrzejsw evstzeq
uyi: 23,5% vxilixiq eqhmitziw egsrnijsxiw; 27,2% kswzeq ji eqhmitziw zxetuymrsw;
31,2% kswzeq ji eqhmitziw gsq zigtsrskme; 00,3% vxilixiq eqhmitziw xiredetziw; 17,1%
kswzeq ji eqhmitziw psbitw; 81,1% vxilixiq eqhmitziw wmqvriw; i 86,8% vxilixiq
eqhmitziw hiq-mryqmtejsw.

Lmkyxe 3.3 Kxálmgs ji vxilixêtgmew jsw erytsw uyetzs e gexegzixíwzmgew eqhmitzemw.

Lstzi: Sw eyzsxiw (6472).

Etármwi ixkstôqmge jsw eqhmitziw ji evxitjmfekiq

Ew etármwiw ixkstôqmgew jsw eqhmitziw lsxeq xiermfejew gsq hewi te qizsjsrskme
ixkstôqmge vexe s eqhmitzi gstwzxyíjs (QIEG) (BMRREXSYGS, 6445), uyi vxibê jyew
izevew: e etármwi js eqhmitzi i e etármwi je vixgivçãs jsw ywyáxmsw. Sw jejsw
shwixbejsw lsxeq xikmwzxejsw iq qims lszskxálmgs i jmqitwmster i iwzãs jiwgxmzsw e
wikymx.
Were idvswmzmbe
E áxie úzmr js eqhmitzi etermwejs lsm ji 34,94 q6. Gstwmjixetjs e gevegmjeji qádmqe ji
sgyveçãs, ziq-wi e xireçãs 7,31 q6/iwzyjetzi – wezmwlezóxme, yqe bif uyi e xireçãs
wykixmje vire Lytjeçãs vexe s Jiwitbsrbmqitzs je Ijygeçãs (LJI, 6476) é ji 7,1
q6/iwzyjetzi. Tiwwe were, jmwzxmhyiq-wi 84 qiwew i 84 gejimxew es gitzxs; yqe qiwe
gsq yq gsqvyzejsx, vexe yws js vxsliwwsx, pytzs à vexiji je rsywe; yqe zire ji
vxspiçãs; yq vxspizsx wywvitws ts lsxxs; yqe rsywe jmkmzer (wiq yzmrmfeçãs); i mtwzereçõiw
ji mtzixtiz Am-Lm i ji itixkme irézxmge: zsqejew i mryqmteçãs.
Vexe qitwyxeçãs ji ítjmgiw ji jiwiqvitns, iq eqhew ew werew, yzmrmfexeq-wi ew
wikymtziw lixxeqitzew jmkmzemw: jiwiqvitns zéxqmgs – JW Znixqsqizix (JW Wslzaexi);
jiwiqvitns egúwzmgs – jigmhiríqizxs (Wsytj Qizix, Ehg Evvw); i jiwiqvitns ryqítmgs –
qijmjsx ji ryf S6 RIJ.[TZ] Sw jejsw líwmgsw shzmjsw itgstzxeq-wi wmtzizmfejsw te Zehire
3.7.

ZEHIRE 3.7 Jejsw líwmgsw shzmjsw te were idvswmzmbe

Lezsx Ítjmgi Ítjmgi
etermwejs shzmjs xigsqitjejs Shwixbeçõiw
Ziqvixezyxe 67 69 Ziqvixezyxe qetzmje gstwzetziqitzi vsx wmwziqe ji
(°G) (OSAERZSAWOM, gstjmgmsteqitzs ji ex (wvrmz). Ziqvixezyxe idzixte
6477) qéjme ji 90 °G, ts nsxáxms je gsrize (mtbixts).
Xyíjs (jH) 82-30 61-91 jH S xyíjs qitwyxejs bexmsy es rstks je eyre idvswmzmbe,
(HIXRYTK; i s tíbir wstsxs je bsf js sxejsx i jsw iwzyjetziw
RMTJBERR; qetzibi yqe qéjme ji 07 jH.
WGNIAIRE,
7555)|
84-14
(EWWSGMEÇÃS
HXEWMRIMXE JI
TSXQEW
ZÉGTMGEW,
6473)
Mryqmteçãs – 944-144 Wezmwlezóxme wsh e ryqmtáxme, te áxie ji qiwew, qew
(ryd) (IYXSVIET tãs é ytmlsxqi i é mtwylmgmitzi pytzs à rsywe, stji tãs
WZETJEXJ, ná mryqmteçãs iwvigílmge.
6446) | 944 –
kixer, 144 –
pytzs à rsywe
(EWWSGMEÇÃS
HXEWMRIMXE JI
TSXQEW
ZÉGTMGEW,
6479)
Tezyxer – 944-144 Tãs ná mtgmjêtgme je ryf wsrex te were, vsmw ew petirew
idmwzitziw wãs viuyitew i gshixzew vsx virígyre
vxszizsxe.
Exzmlmgmer 661- 944-144 Smzs vstzsw ji ryqmtáxmew gsq râqvejew
881 lrysxiwgitziw zyhyrexiw, jmwzxmhyíjew ytmlsxqiqitzi
ts eqhmitzi. Lsm shzmje kxetji bexmeçãs itzxi sw
vstzsw qitwyxejsw gstwmjixetjs e jmwzâtgme js
mtwzxyqitzs iq xireçãs à ryqmtáxme.
Qezixmer ji
egeheqitzs Gsx Qezixmer Shwixbeçãs
Vmws Gmtfe Gstgxizs rmws. Vmws ytmlsxqi i tmbirejs, iq qezixmer vsygs
ehwsxbitzi iq xireçãs e xyíjsw. Gsx ejiuyeje.
Vexijiw Hxetge Erbitexme Erze xilrizâtgme jew vexijiw iq xireçãs à ryf tezyxer i
i efyr wmqvriw ji àw stjew wstsxew. Tãs ná zxezeqitzs egúwzmgs vexe
zmpsrsw, ehwsxçãs ji xyíjsw ji lytjs, i s zxezeqitzs ji gsxiw
iwviwwyxe ji lsm yzmrmfejs evitew gsqs ilimzs jigsxezmbs.
78 gq, wiq
mwsretzi zéxqmgs
mtzixts.
Egeheqitzs iq
zidzyxe rmwe
lswge.
 ZEHIRE 3.7 Jejsw líwmgsw shzmjsw te were idvswmzmbe
Lezsx Ítjmgi Ítjmgi
etermwejs shzmjs xigsqitjejs Shwixbeçõiw

Zizs Gmtfe Repi ji Qéjme xilrizâtgme wstsxe i ryqmtswe uyi lebsxigi

gstgxizs vexgmerqitzi ew ezmbmjejiw idvswmzmbew.
qegmçs, gsq
stjyreçõiw.
Qshmrmáxms
Gejimxew
Hemdew Gmtfe i Iwzxyzyxe Jmqitwãs js ewwitzs: 89 d 84 gq. Erzyxe js ewwitzs:
efyr qizármge gmtfe, 88 gq. Gejimxew ji ewwitzs viuyits, jmlmgyrzetjs e
ewwitzs VBG egsqsjeçãs gstlsxzábir. Tãs zêq evsms vexe sw
efyr. hxeçsw tiq vexe sw véw i wãs lmdew.
Qiwew
Hemdew Gmtfe i Iwzxyzyxe Jmqitwãs js zeqvs: 04 d 81 gq. Erzyxe js zeqvs: 30
efyr qizármge gmtfe, gq. Qiwe ji yws kixer vexe ezmbmjejiw ji iwgxmze i
zeqvs ji evsms ji revzsvw. Jmqitwmsteqitzs viuyits vexe e
qejimxe i xiermfeçãs jew ezmbmjejiw ji iwzyjs i zeqhéq vexe e
xibiwzmqitzs egsqsjeçãs jew vixtew jsw ywyáxmsw, vsxuyi ná yqe
qireqítmgs hetjipe ji rmbxsw, gsq 8 gq ji erzyxe, xiwzetjs es
gmtfe rmws. ywyáxms e erzyxe ji 37 gq vexe egsqsjex-wi.
Vsxze Hxetge Qejimxe Jmqitwãs: 709 d 676 gq (lsrne ji 24 gq). Eqvre
gsqvitweje, ehixzyxe iq jyew lsrnew i qeçetize egiwwíbir,
gsq vmtzyxe viuyits bmwsx zxetwrúgmjs vexe bmwyermfeçãs js mtzixmsx
hxetge. ji erzyxe mtegiwwíbir.
Petirew Bmjxs Bmjxs gsq Jmqitwãs ji 24 d 04/764 gq. Petire gsq iwzxyzyxe iq
gsq virígyre. eryqítms, bmjxs gsqyq, gsq evrmgeçãs ji virígyre
virígyre gsrsxmje, tãs vixqmzi bmwyermfeçãs js idzixmsx tiq
svege bitzmreçãs tezyxer.

Irehsxeqsw e vretze ji yws je were etermweje (Lmk. 3.2). Te áxie gmxgyreje, iwzá
jiwzegeje e fste ji qemsx yws – vexe e ezmbmjeji idvswmzmbe, stji iwzãs jmwvswzew
gejimxew i qiwew mtjmbmjyemw iq wiqmgíxgyrs, ji lxitzi vexe e rsywe. Iq gmtfe-iwgyxs,
jiwzegeq-wi ew fstew ji qitsx yws, tew idzxiqmjejiw es lytjs je were sy rezixerqitzi
à rsywe. Sw lrydsw iwzãs qexgejsw gsq wizew: iq vxizs, vexe s egiwws es qshmrmáxms; iq
gmtfe, vexe e weíje je were.

Lmkyxe 3.2 Vretze (wiq iwgere) je were ji eyre ji hmsrskme.

Iwwe were lsm vxivexeje vexe egsqsjex 84 iwzyjetziw, qew tãs ná iwveçs wylmgmitzi
vexe e gmxgyreçãs itzxi ew qiwew, i s sxejsx xiermfe wye lere evitew ji lxitzi vexe e
vxmqimxe lmre ji erytsw. Tãs ná vswwmhmrmjeji ji qyjex sy lridmhmrmfex s recsyz, vire
idgiwwmbe uyetzmjeji ji ewwitzsw. Wikytjs xirezs js vxsliwwsx, uyetjs iri gstjyf yqe
ezmbmjeji iq kxyvs, é jmlígmr ejiuyex e were i sw iuymveqitzsw i qetzix e sxketmfeçãs te
zyxqe. E sxketmfeçãs js iwveçs iwgsrex é hewieje tew jmwgmvrmtew, sy wipe, ew werew wãs
lmdew vsx gstziújsw i tãs vsx zyxqew. Ewwmq, sw exqáxmsw iwzãs sxketmfejsw tsw
gsxxijsxiw, i ew zyxqew qyjeq ji were e geje tsbe jmwgmvrmte js jme. Sw ewwitzsw tãs
wãs lmdsw vexe geje iwzyjetzi, uyi vsjiq qyjex ji ewwitzsw à wye rmbxi iwgsrne.
Vexe lmtw ji etármwi jew ezmbmjejiw, lsxeq ywejsw jsmw tíbimw ji ehsxjekiq: s tíbir 7
zxeze ji ezmbmjejiw ji egiwws i egsqsjeçãs ts eqhmitzi; i s tíbir 6 xilixi-wi àw
ezmbmjejiw ijygegmstemw vxsvxmeqitzi jmzew. Sw jejsw shzmjsw jiwwe etármwi itgstzxeq-
wi jiwgxmzsw tew Zehirew 3.6 i 3.9. Te Zehire 3.6, wãs etermwejsw sw jejsw ts tíbir 7 ji
ezmbmjeji iq eyre, uyi jiqstwzxeq e zexile jiqetjeje es ywyáxms, ew gstjmçõiw
slixigmjew virs eqhmitzi i e gxízmge xiermfeje virsw viwuymwejsxiw.

ZEHIRE 3.6 Etármwi js tíbir 7 – xiermfex ezmbmjejiw ji egiwws i egsqsjeçãs iq were

ji eyre
Zexile Gstjmçõiw slixigmjew virs eqhmitzi Gxízmge
Ehxmx e E rexkyxe je vsxze é ji 24 gq i ehxi vexe s mtzixmsx, s Jibiq-wi ywex ew jyew lsrnew
vsxze uyi jmlmgyrze iq wmzyeçõiw ji lyke. E qeçetize ziq vexe ehxmx e vsxze gsq rexkyxe
lsxqezs ji erebetge, gsq xmwgs ji gevzyxe js vytns egiwwíbir, s bmwsx jibi wix
ji gewegsw. qemsx i iwzex vswmgmstejs ezé
7,74 q ji erzyxe js vmws
egehejs.
Itzxex te E were é viuyite vexe e uyetzmjeji ji iwzyjetziw. S recsyz mtzixts tãs vixqmzi
were Tãs ná iwveçs ji evxsdmqeçãs pytzs à vsxze. Vexe egiwws rmbxi e zsjew ew qiwew
ezxebiwwex e were, é vxigmws vewwex ji lxitzi vexe e ts gitzxs je grewwi, vsxuyi
rsywe, mtzixxsqvitjs e eyre. S vmws vixqmzi e iwzãs ekxyvejew qymzs
idigyçãs ji qsbmqitzsw iq wikyxetçe. E mryqmteçãs vxódmqew yqew jew syzxew ts
tezyxer é mtidmwzitzi, i e exzmlmgmer é wylmgmitzi vexe s gitzxs je were.
jiwitbsrbmqitzs js geqmtnex.
Ergetçex S recsyz je were ji eyre ziq e wikymtzi sxketmfeçãs: Recsyz mtejiuyejs vexe
s ewwitzs qiwew i gejimxew mtjmbmjyemw es gitzxs je were, ji ezmbmjejiw iq kxyvs, i zyxqe
lxitzi vexe e rsywe. qymzs kxetji, jmlmgyrzetjs
Idmwzi yq zmvs ji qiwe/ewwitzs te were ji eyre: es zxehernsw qemw gsrehsxezmbsw i
gitzxs je were, lmrimxew ji ewwitzsw mtjmbmjyemw bsrzejsw jmtâqmgsw. Qiwew ts gitzxs je
vexe e rsywe, iq uyi sw iwzyjetziw vsjiq iwgxibix, were wãs mtegiwwíbimw.
vxiwzex ezitçãs te eyre sy iwzyjex wsfmtnsw. Vexe
Witzex-wi zxehernsw iq kxyvs, ew qiwew vsjiq wix ekxyvejew. S qshmrmáxms iwzá iq hsq
iwzejs. Ew gejimxew tãs zêq
evsms ji hxeçsw i wãs lmdew. S
zeqetns viuyits jew qiwew
i jew gejimxew jmlmgyrze yqe
egsqsjeçãs qemw gstlsxzábir
sy s witzex jmtâqmgs.
Sxketmfex Sw shpizsw viwwsemw i ew qsgnmrew lmgeq egsqsjejsw Sw exqáxmsw lmgeq jmwvswzsw
sw wshxi ew qiwew sy ew gejimxew i, ts lmq je eyre, sw tsw gsxxijsxiw i, jyxetzi e
shpizsw iwzyjetziw vsjiq kyexjá-rsw tsw exqáxmsw js eyre, sw vixzitgiw viwwsemw
viwwsemw gsxxijsx sy ribá-rsw ji bsrze vexe gewe. lmgeq wshxi ew qiwew, uyi wãs
qymzs viuyitew.
Lmgex ji S qsbmqitzs ji ribetzex-wi sgsxxi evitew ts mtígms i Ná jmlmgyrjeji ji ribetzex-wi,
vé es lmq je eyre. Iwzyjetziw qsbiq-wi vsygs. vsmw s idgiwws ji qiwew i
gejimxew shwzxym sw iwveçsw
itzxi irew.
Wemx je Titnyqe.
were

Te Zehire 3.9 wãs etermwejsw sw jejsw ts tíbir 6 je ezmbmjeji te eyre uyi jmfiq
xiwvimzs àw ezmbmjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq.

ZEHIRE 3.9 Etármwi js tíbir 6 – xiermfex ezmbmjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq iq were ji eyre

Gstjmçõiw slixigmjew virs
Zexile eqhmitzi
Ewwmwzmx e yqe E were iwzá iuymveje gsq
evxiwitzeçãs lixxeqitzew jmkmzemw vexe
sxer evxiwitzeçãs i gstidãs gsq
mtzixtiz (Am-Lm i gehsw).
Gxízmge
E eqvrmzyji je were ji eyre é viuyite, i s recsyz
lmds jew qiwew lebsxigi ewwmwzmx e evxiwitzeçõiw
iq lxitzi à rsywe. E bmwyermfeçãs i e eyjmhmrmjeji
wãs hsew jitzxs je were, qiwqs tãs nebitjs
zxezeqitzs egúwzmgs vexe qirnsxex e
mtzirmkmhmrmjeji js xigmtzs.
ZEHIRE 3.9 Etármwi js tíbir 6 – xiermfex ezmbmjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq iq were ji eyre
Gstjmçõiw slixigmjew virs
Zexile eqhmitzi Gxízmge
Zxehernex Ná yq zmvs ji qiwe, S iwveçs ji were ji eyre é mtwylmgmitzi vexe
mtjmbmjyerqitzi mtjmbmjyer, es gitzxs je were idigyzex erzixeçõiw ts recsyz, jiqetjejew vsx
wshxi e qiwe ji eyre, iq uyi s eryts vsji ezmbmjejiw qemw jmtâqmgew sy ji kxyvs. Uyetjs
lefix wiyw zxehernsw zxeherneq iq kxyvs, sw iwzyjetziw ekxyveq
mtjmbmjyemw. qiwew i gejimxew. Tãs ná iwveçs vexe ezmbmjeji
ji rimzyxe sy ji gstbmbêtgme. Ew qiwew wãs
nsxmfstzemw, ji 04 d 81 gq, gsq erzyxe ji 30 gq,
qijmjew viuyitew vexe ezmbmjejiw ji
evxitjmfekiq. Wye wyvixlígmi é rmwe, i wye
iwzxyzyxe é ribi.
Zxehernex iq S recsyz je were ji eyre E jmqitwãs i s viws jew qiwew legmrmzeq
iuymvi vixqmzi uyi sw iwzyjetziw erzixeçõiw ji recsyz, vexe xisxketmfex qiwew,
xiermfiq ezmbmjejiw ji kxyvs, gsqs egstwirnejs vexe zxehernex iq kxyvsw. E
gsqs rimzyxe, iwgxmze i mryqmteçãs tezyxer é mtidmwzitzi i zszerqitzi
jmwgywwãs, qew, vexe wyvxmje vsx râqvejew lrysxiwgitziw, iq zsjsw sw
ezmbmjejiw vxázmgew qemw vstzsw je eyre.
jmtâqmgew, ná erkyqew
jmlmgyrjejiw ji qshmrmjeji.
Lefix yqe S recsyz je were ji eyre Ná hewzetzi iwveçs ji gmxgyreçãs itzxi e rsywe i
evxiwitzeçãs vixqmzi uyi sw iwzyjetziw ew qiwew lxstzemw je grewwi. Ew vsygew petirew
iq vé leriq ji lxitzi vexe e legmrmzeq s iwgyxigmqitzs je were vexe vxspiçõiw.
grewwi. S iwveçs lxstzer é
wezmwlezóxms.
Ejiuyex ew E were é iuymveje gsq Tãs ná mtgmjêtgme ji ryf tezyxer, zeqhéq tãs ná
gstjmçõiw js wmwziqe irézxmgs wylmgmitzi gstzxsri je uyetzmjeji i js zmvs ji mryqmteçãs
eqhmitzi àw vexe egmsteqitzs ji exzmlmgmer.
tigiwwmjejiw mryqmteçãs exzmlmgmer i gstzxsri
iwvigílmgew je ji ziqvixezyxe vsx qims ji
grewwi xilxmkixeçãs.
Ew petirew iwzãs vswmgmstejew Ew petirew tãs vxsvsxgmsteq mryqmteçãs tezyxer,
iq jyew vexijiw ‒ es rejs je tiq bitzmreçãs, tiq bmwyermfeçãs ji áxiew bixjiw
rsywe i es lytjs je were. Wãs idzixtew.
viuyitew i tãs legmrmzeq e
mryqmteçãs tezyxer tiq e
bmwyermfeçãs js idzixmsx. Tãs
ná gsxzmtew.
Mryqmteçãs exzmlmgmer é vsygs Vxigmwe qirnsxex e gstjmçãs ji jmteqmgmjeji je
ejiuyeje, qew é ytmlsxqi te mryqmteçãs exzmlmgmer. Tew qiwew, jibi nebix yqe
áxie ji qiwew. Ná yqe hse mryqmteçãs ji zexile, evxsvxmeje vexe e ezmbmjeji
uyetzmjeji ji zsqejew ji iwgxmze i rimzyxe, ewwmq gsqs mryqmteçãs te
irézxmgew ts vixíqizxs jew qiwe js vxsliwwsx i pytzs à rsywe.
vexijiw i zeqhéq pytzs à
rsywe, tew uyemw vsjiq wix
rmkejsw mtwzxyqitzsw ji
vxspiçãs i gexxikejsxiw ji
giryrexiw i zehrizw.

Were ji gsqvyzejsxiw
E áxie úzmr js eqhmitzi etermwejs é ji 764,07 q6. Gstwmjixetjs e gevegmjeji qádmqe ji
sgyveçãs, ziq-wi e xireçãs 9,47 q6/iwzyjetzi, gstwmjixeje idgiwwmbe. Tiwwe were, iwzãs
jmwzxmhyíjew 75 qiwew i 75 gejimxew gsq xsjífmsw, pytzs àw petirew; uyezxs qiwew
xijstjew gsq uyezxs gejimxew geje, vexe gsqvyzejsxiw; jyew qiwew xizetkyrexiw gsq
wimw gejimxew geje vexe zxehernsw iq kxyvs; ji lxitzi vexe e rsywe, yqe qiwe vexe s
vxsliwwsx, yqe rsywe jmkmzer gsq vxspizsx wywvitws ts lsxxs; jsmw exqáxmsw; i mtwzereçõiw
ji mtzixtiz Am-Lm i ji itixkme irézxmge: zsqejew i mryqmteçãs. Sw jejsw líwmgsw shzmjsw
itgstzxeq-wi wmtzizmfejsw te Zehire 3.8.

ZEHIRE 3.8 Jejsw líwmgsw shzmjsw te were ji gsqvyzejsxiw

Lezsx Ítjmgi Ítjmgi
etermwejs shzmjs xigsqitjejs Shwixbeçõiw
Ziqvixezyxe 69 69 Ziqvixezyxe qetzmje gstwzetziqitzi vsx wmwziqe
(°G) (OSAERZSAWOM, ji gstjmgmsteqitzs ji ex. Ziqvixezyxe idzixte
6477) qéjme ji 90°G, ts nsxáxms je gsrize (mtbixts).
ZEHIRE 3.8 Jejsw líwmgsw shzmjsw te were ji gsqvyzejsxiw
Xyíjs (jH) 80-30 61-91 jH S xyíjs qitwyxejs bexmsy ji egsxjs gsq ew
(HIXRYTK; ezmbmjejiw jiwiqvitnejew. E qéjme ji xyíjs lsm ji
RMTJBERR; 13 jH, qew, es lytjs je were, sw iwzyjetziw
WGNIAIRE, 7555) jiqstwzxexeq jmlmgyrjeji ji ezitçãs à lere js
| sxejsx.
84-14
(EWWSGMEÇÃS
HXEWMRIMXE JI
TSXQEW
ZÉGTMGEW, 6473)
Mryqmteçãs – 944-144 Mtwezmwlezóxme, qiwqs gstwmjixetjs e ryf iqmzmje
(ryd) (IYXSVIET virsw gsqvyzejsxiw, i zeqhéq pytzs à rsywe, stji
WZETJEXJ, 6446) tãs ná mryqmteçãs iwvigílmge.
| 944 – kixer, 144
– pytzs à rsywe
(EWWSGMEÇÃS
HXEWMRIMXE JI
TSXQEW
ZÉGTMGEW, 6479)
Tezyxer 644-641 944-144 Lsm qitwyxeje vsx qims je mtgmjêtgme wsrex shzmje
virew petirew rezixemw lignejew, iq bmjxs
wiqmzxetwvexitzi, e yqe jmwzâtgme ji 4,3 q je
petire, wshxi e qiwe, ts nsxáxms jew 74n. E
mtgmjêtgme wsrex é jmlywe es rstks je rezixer je were
i tãs ezmtki zsjew ew qiwew.
Exzmlmgmer 644-600 944-144 Wimw vstzsw ji ryqmtáxmew gsq râqvejew
lrysxiwgitziw zyhyrexiw, gsq erizew xilrizsxew,
jmwzxmhyíjew ytmlsxqiqitzi ts eqhmitzi. Lsm
shzmje qymze bexmeçãs itzxi sw vstzsw qitwyxejsw
gstwmjixetjs e jmwzâtgme jew lstziw ji mryqmteçãs.
E mryqmteçãs je rsywe é limze wsqitzi vire ryf js
vxspizsx.
Qezixmer ji
egeheqitzs Gsx Qezixmer Shwixbeçãs
Vmws Hxetgs Gixâqmgs Vmws ytmlsxqi i tmbirejs, iq qezixmer vsygs
ehwsxbitzi iq xireçãs e xyíjsw. Gsx ejiuyeje.
Vexijiw Hxetgs i Erbitexme wmqvriw Qéjme xilrizâtgme jew vexijiw iq xireçãs à ryf
rexetpe ji zmpsrsw, tezyxer i àw stjew wstsxew. Tãs ná zxezeqitzs
iwviwwyxe ji 78 egúwzmgs vexe ehwsxçãs/xilridãs js wsq es lytjs,
gq, wiq mwsretzi i s zxezeqitzs ji gsxiw é evitew jigsxezmbs.
zéxqmgs mtzixts.
Egeheqitzs iq
vmtzyxe lswge.
Zizs Gmtfe Repi ji gstgxizs Qéjme xilrizâtgme wstsxe i hemde xilrizâtgme
stjyreje. ryqmtswe, uyi jiwlebsxigi ew ezmbmjejiw jitzxs ji
yq eqhmitzi zãs kxetji.
Qshmrmáxms
Gejimxew
Xsjífms 7 Gmtfe i Iwzxyzyxe Jmqitwãs js ewwitzs: 86 d 86 gq. Erzyxe js
hxetgs qizármge gmtfe, ewwitzs: 81 gq. Gejimxew viuyitew, qew gsq
ewwitzs ji VBG xsjífmsw uyi lebsxigiq e qshmrmjeji. Ziq evsms
hxetgs. vexe sw hxeçsw, gsq 66 gq, qew tãs vexe sw véw.
Xsjífms 6 Vxizs i Iwzxyzyxe Jmqitwãs js ewwitzs: 81 d 82 gq. Erzyxe js
bixji qizármge vxize i ewwitzs: 83 gq. Gejimxew gstlsxzábimw, gsq xsjífmsw
ewwitzs iwzslejs uyi lebsxigiq e qshmrmjeji i gsq xikyrekiq ji
bixji. erzyxe js ewwitzs. Ziq evsms vexe sw hxeçsw, gsq
66 gq, qew tãs vexe sw véw.
Qiwew
Xijstje ji Gmtfe Iwzxyzyxe i Jmqitwãs: 714 (jmeq.) d 36 (erz.) gq. Qiwe
uyezxs rykexiw zeqvs iq gstlsxzábir, vexe egsqsjex zxêw gsqvyzejsxiw
qejimxe jiwozsv i qetzix zxeherns iq iuymvi, pá uyi sw
gsqvitweje. ywyáxmsw wi witzeq lxitzi e lxitzi.
Xibiwzmqitzs
qireqítmgs gmtfe.
 ZEHIRE 3.8 Jejsw líwmgsw shzmjsw te were ji gsqvyzejsxiw
Mtjmbmjyer Qejimxe Iwzxyzyxe i Jmqitwãs js zeqvs: 24 d 04 gq. Erzyxe js zeqvs:
grexe zeqvs iq 39 gq. Qiwe mtjmbmjyer vexe jiwozsv, tãs ziq
qejimxe grexe. iwveçs vexe iwgxmze. E lsxqe ji sxketmfeçãs tãs
lebsxigi e bmwyermfeçãs je rsywe.
Xizetkyrex ji Gmtfe Iwzxyzyxe i Jmqitwãs: 644 (gsqv.) d 744 (rexk.) d 30 (erz.) gq.
wimw rykexiw zeqvs iq Qiwe gstlsxzábir vexe zxeherns iq iuymvi, pá uyi
qejimxe sw ywyáxmsw wi witzeq lxitzi e lxitzi.
gsqvitweje.
Xibiwzmqitzs
qireqítmgs gmtfe.
Exqáxmsw Gmtfe Qejimxe Vsygsw exqáxmsw i ji yws wsqitzi vexe exqefitex
gsqvitweje, zxehernsw iq jiwitbsrbmqitzs i iq gsxxiçãs.
gsq
xibiwzmqitzs
qireqítmgs.
Vsxze Hxetge Qejimxe Jmqitwãs: 702 d 664 gq (lsrne ji 24 gq). Eqvre
gsqvitweje, ehixzyxe i qeçetize egiwwíbir, qew jmwvõi ji bmwsx
gsq vmtzyxe qymzs viuyits vexe bmwyermfeçãs mtzixmsx.
hxetge.
Petirew Iwzxyzyxe VBG i bmjxs lswgs. Jmqitwãs: 714 d 624 gq. Petire gsq iwzxyzyxe iq
hxetge, eryqítms, gsq bmjxs lswgs, uyi tãs vixqmzi e
bmjxs bmwyermfeçãs js idzixmsx. Ew lsrnew wãs lmdew, tãs
lswgs. vixqmzmtjs bitzmreçãs tezyxer.

Lsm irehsxeje yqe vretze ji yws je were etermweje. Te Lmkyxe 3.5, ew áxiew gmxgyrejew
jiwzegeq ew fstew ji qemsx yws, ji egsxjs gsq ew ezmbmjejiw shwixbejew: ezmbmjeji
idvswmzmbe i ezmbmjeji ji zxeherns tsw jiwozsvw. Iq gmtfe-iwgyxs, jiwzegeq-wi ew fstew ji
qitsx yws, tew idzxiqmjejiw es lytjs je were sy rezixerqitzi à rsywe. Sw lrydsw iwzãs
qexgejsw iq vxizs vexe s egiwws es qshmrmáxms i, iq gmtfe, vexe e weíje je were.

Lmkyxe 3.5 Vretze (wiq iwgere) je were ji eyre ji vxsjyçãs ji mqekitw.

Iwwe were lsm vxivexeje vexe egsqsjex 84 iwzyjetziw, qew ná wsqitzi 97 jiwozsvw
jmwvstíbimw. Ew ezmbmjejiw wãs wiqvxi limzew iq jyvrew. S lsxqezs, qymzs erstkejs, kixe
áxiew ji vsygs sy titnyq yws, geywetjs jmwvixwãs, gsq gstwiuyitzi jiwezitçãs.
Te Zehire 3.1, wãs etermwejsw sw jejsw ts tíbir 7 ji ezmbmjeji iq eyre, jiqstwzxetjs e
zexile jiqetjeje es ywyáxms, ew gstjmçõiw slixigmjew virs eqhmitzi i e gxízmge xiermfeje
virsw viwuymwejsxiw.

ZEHIRE 3.1 Etármwi jew ezmbmjejiw js tíbir 7 – egiwws i vixgyxws iq were ji eyre
Zexile Gstjmçõiw slixigmjew virs eqhmitzi
Ehxmx e E rexkyxe je vsxze é ji 21 gq i ehxi vexe s
vsxze idzixmsx, s uyi legmrmze iq wmzyeçõiw ji lyke.
E qeçetize ziq lsxqezs ji erebetge, gsq
xmwgs ji gevzyxe js vytns ji gewegsw.
Itzxex te E were é eqvre. Ná iwveçs ji evxsdmqeçãs
were pytzs à vsxze, ji stji wi bmwyermfe zsje e were
ji eyre etziw ji ezxebiwwá-re. S vmws vixqmzi
e idigyçãs ji qsbmqitzsw iq wikyxetçe.
Ew mryqmteçõiw tezyxemw sy exzmlmgmemw wãs
ejiuyejew es jiwitbsrbmqitzs js
geqmtnex.
Gxízmge
S bmwsx é viuyits i iq erzyxe
mtegiwwíbir.
S recsyz mtzixts vixqmzi egiwws rmbxi e
zsjew ew qiwew, uyi iwzãs sxketmfejew
iq bsrze js vixíqizxs je were.
S iwveçs idmwzitzi é
wyvixjmqitwmstejs vexe egsqsjex e
zyxqe, i ná jmwvixwãs jyxetzi e eyre.
Ergetçex S recsyz je were ji eyre ziq jyew
s ewwitzs sxketmfeçõiw: 7) qiwew mtjmbmjyemw ji lxitzi
vexe e petire rezixer; i 6) qiwew vexe kxyvsw
pytzs à vexiji rezixer. Zsjew ew qiwew wãs
vexe yws ji gsqvyzejsxiw jiwozsv.
Witzex-wi Iq lxitzi à vexiji rezixer jmximze (wiq
petirew), ná wimw qiwew ji kxyvs gsq
gsqvyzejsxiw (jiwozsv). Ew gejimxew wãs
iwzslejew sy iq vsrmizmrits, gsq xsjífms i
evsms ji hxeçsw, iq hsq iwzejs.
Sxketmfex Sw exqáxmsw wãs ywejsw vexe exqefitex sw
sw zxehernsw jsw iwzyjetziw. Vexe sw shpizsw
shpizsw viwwsemw, iriw yweq exqáxmsw rsgermfejsw ts
viwwsemw gsxxijsx.
Lmgex ji S qsbmqitzs ji ribetzex-wi é limzs
vé i wemx rmbxiqitzi i jmbixwew bifiw es rstks je eyre.
je were
Lstzi: Sw eyzsxiw (6472).
Tãs ná qiwew mtjmbmjyemw wylmgmitziw
vexe zxeherns ts gsqvyzejsx vexe
zsjsw sw iwzyjetziw. Iriw vxigmweq
zxehernex iq jyvrew, s uyi vsji geywex
jmwzxeçãs. Revzsvw tãs wãs zxefmjsw vexe
e iwgsre, vsx uyiwzõiw ji wikyxetçe ts
zxepizs.
Titnyqe.
Tãs idmwziq exqáxmsw mtjmbmjyemw jitzxs
je were. Ew qsgnmrew, sw rmbxsw i sw
gejixtsw lmgeq wshxi ew qiwew. Ew
qiwew mtjmbmjyemw tãs zêq iwveçs
wylmgmitzi vexe iwgxmze.
Titnyqe.

Te Zehire 3.0 wãs etermwejsw sw jejsw ts tíbir 6 je ezmbmjeji te eyre uyi jmfiq
xiwvimzs àw ezmbmjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq.

ZEHIRE 3.0 Etármwi js tíbir 6 - xiermfex ezmbmjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq iq were ji eyre

Gstjmçõiw
slixigmjew virs
Zexile eqhmitzi Gxízmge
Ewwmwzmx e yqe E were iwzá iuymveje E eqvrmzyji je were ji eyre é wyvixjmqitwmsteje,
evxiwitzeçãs gsq lixxeqitzew vsxéq ew gejimxew gsq xsjífmsw vsjiq wix legmrqitzi
jmkmzemw vexe qsbmjew vexe pytzs je rsywe. Ew qiwew tãs vsjiq wix
evxiwitzeçãs i qsbmjew, vsmw zsjew egsqsjeq jiwozsvw. Tãs ná
gstidãs gsq mtzixtiz zxezeqitzs egúwzmgs vexe qirnsxex e mtzirmkmhmrmjeji je
(Am-Lm). Sw iwzyjetziw lere.
ribeq wyew gejimxew
ezé e lxitzi je were
vexe ewwmwzmx i sybmx e
rmçãs.
Zxehernex Idmwziq zxêw zmvsw ji S iwveçs ji were ji eyre é ejiuyejs vexe idigyzex
mtjmbmjyerqitzi qiwew te were ji eyre. erzixeçõiw ts recsyz, jiqetjejew vsx ezmbmjejiw qemw
wshxi e qiwe Ew qiwew mtjmbmjyemw i jmtâqmgew sy ji kxyvs. Tãs ná qiwew rmbxiw vexe iwgxmze
xijstjew egsqsjeq sy zxehernsw qetyemw vexe zsjsw sw iwzyjetziw. Tãs ná
jiwozsvw, i ew qiwew iwveçs vexe ezmbmjeji ji rimzyxe sy gstbmbêtgme. Ew
xizetkyrexiw wãs qiwew gsq jiwozsvw iwzãs iq lxitzi à vexiji rezixer,
ywejew vexe ezmbmjejiw stji ná wmwziqe irézxmgs vexe lytgmsteqitzs jsw
ji iwgxmze i jiwitns gsqvyzejsxiw. Iwwe vswmçãs zsxte jmlígmr bix e rsywe.
qetyer, ji iwzyjs sy Tãs ná mryqmteçãs ji zexile tew qiwew.
iq kxyvs.
Zxehernex iq S recsyz je were ji E mryqmteçãs é mtwylmgmitzi i jiwytmlsxqi vexe zsjsw sw
kxyvs eyre vixqmzi uyi vstzsw je eyre.
iwzyjetziw ywiq Tãs ná rykex vexe zsjsw sw iwzyjetziw witzexiq à
qiwew xizetkyrexiw qiwe ji zxehernsw qetyemw.
vexe witzex-wi es
xiermfex ezmbmjejiw ji
kxyvs, gsqs rimzyxe,
iwgxmze, jmwgywwãs sy
ezmbmjejiw vxázmgew.
Lefix yqe S recsyz je were ji Te lxitzi je grewwi, ná gejimxe i qiwe js vxsliwwsx,
evxiwitzeçãs eyre vixqmzi uyi sw qiwe vexe e mqvxiwwsxe i wmwziqe irézxmgs vexe s yws
iwzyjetziw iq vé ji lixxeqitzew jmkmzemw. Ná vsygs iwveçs ji gmxgyreçãs
leriq ji lxitzi vexe e itzxi e rsywe i e qiwe lxstzer. Lmsw lmgeq idvswzsw i
grewwi. S iwveçs vsjiq geywex egmjitziw. Ew petirew vxódmqew lsxeq
lxstzer é wezmwlezóxms. iwgyxigmjew gsq virígyre, qew iwwe tãs é wylmgmitzi
Ná vxspizsx i zire vexe iwgyxigix e were te evxiwitzeçãs ji qezixmer
ejiuyejsw vexe jmkmzer.
idigyzex iwwe zexile.
Ejiuyex ew E were é iuymveje gsq Tãs ná gsxzmtew wylmgmitziw vexe iwgyxigix e were vexe
gstjmçõiw js wmwziqe irézxmgs vxspiçõiw, zeqhéq tãs ná gstzxsri je uyetzmjeji i js
eqhmitzi àw wylmgmitzi vexe zmvs ji mryqmteçãs exzmlmgmer, tiq js ex-gstjmgmstejs.
tigiwwmjejiw gexxikex sw jiwozsvw.
iwvigílmgew je
grewwi Ew petirew iwzãs Ná yqe mtgmjêtgme ji ryf tezyxer jmlywe wshxi ew qiwew
vswmgmstejew iq jyew ji jiwozsvw te rezixer je were. Ew petirew wãs lmdew i iq
vexijiw – iq eqhsw bmjxs lswgs i tãs vixqmziq e bmwyermfeçãs js idzixmsx.
sw rejsw je rsywe.
E mryqmteçãs exzmlmgmer é Vxigmwe qirnsxex e gstjmçãs ji jmteqmgmjeji je
mtwylmgmitzi, qew mryqmteçãs exzmlmgmer. Tew qiwew ji gsqvyzejsxiw, jibi
ytmlsxqi. nebix yqe mryqmteçãs ji zexile, evxsvxmeje vexe ibmzex
slywgeqitzs i hxmrns idgiwwmbs jew zirew.
Ew zsqejew irézxmgew Tãs ná zsqejew wylmgmitziw vexe gexxikeqitzs ji
wãs ywejew wsqitzi iuymveqitzsw viwwsemw – revzsvw i giryrexiw jsw
vexe sw jiwozsvw i iwzyjetziw.
zeqhéq pytzs à rsywe,
stji vsjiq wix
rmkejsw mtwzxyqitzsw
ji vxspiçãs.
E were é iuymveje gsq Sw exqáxmsw jiwzmteq-wi vexe sw qezixmemw, i sw
exqáxmsw vexe iwzyjetziw yweq exqáxmsw js gsxxijsx.
exqefitex qezixmemw
iwgsrexiw i zxehernsw
jsw iwzyjetziw.

Etármwi je vixgivçãs js ywyáxms

Vexe gsrizex e vixgivçãs js ywyáxms wshxi s eqhmitzi bmbitgmejs, lsm evrmgeje e zégtmge ji
hxemtwzsxqmtk. Sw xiwyrzejsw evstzexeq e wezmwleçãs jsw iwzyjetziw gsq xireçãs es
eqhmitzi ji evxitjmfekiq uyi yzmrmfeq, ji egsxjs gsq wyew vxilixêtgmew viwwsemw i
gyrzyxemw. Ew xiwvswzew shzmjew lsxeq wmtzizmfejew ts Uyejxs 3.6.

UYEJXS 3.6 Jejsw je wezmwleçãs jsw iwzyjetziw gsq s eqhmitzi bmbitgmejs

Ji uyi gsmwew bsgêw kswzeq tiwze were ji eyre?
Iwveçs eqvrs; gsxiw tsw eqhmitziw; gsqvyzejsxiw jmwvstíbimw s ziqvs zsjs; jmlixitziw lsxqew ji
sxketmfeçãs ji geje were; zix ex-gstjmgmstejs i qyrzmqíjme tew werew; hse mryqmteçãs;
xiregmsteqitzs itzxi ew viwwsew; lsxqe ji sxketmfeçãs jew gejimxew iq qime-rye.
Ji uyi gsmwew bsgêw tãs kswzeq tiwze were ji eyre?
Hetjipe jihemds jew gejimxew; birsgmjeji hemde je mtzixtiz; ew mtwzereçõiw irézxmgew/nmjxswwetmzáxmew
evexitziw; ew gejimxew wãs jiwgstlsxzábimw i viuyitew; qymze gstbixwe jsw gsrikew jyxetzi e eyre;
rsywew jmkmzemw uyi tãs lytgmsteq; werew qymzs lignejew, wiq ehixzyxew vexe s idzixmsx; vsyge ryf
tezyxer; qiwew jetmlmgejew, uyi itketgneq i xewkeq ew gerçew; e xikyrekiq ts ex-gstjmgmstejs –
àw bifiw, lef qymzs lxms i, iq syzxew, qymzs gersx; s zeqetns je rsywe é viuyits; eyrew qemw
jmtâqmgew; mtlmrzxeçãs iq erkyqew vexijiw.
Wi bsgêw vyjiwwiq vxspizex yqe tsbe were ji eyre, uyi gsmwew vsjixmeq qirnsxex?
Iq xireçãs à iwgsre:
Zix qemw qsqitzsw ji zxsge ji svmtmõiw gsq sw iwzyjetziw i epyjex qemw gsq wiyw vxshriqew;
wiqvxi zix eyrew jmtâqmgew.
Iq xireçãs à were ji eyre:
Ywex gejimxew iwzslejew; zix rsywe qemsx; gsrsgex zehirew gsq ew lóxqyrew tew vexijiw; zix
evexirnsw ji ex-gstjmgmstejs qemw ilmgmitziw i iq hsq iwzejs ji qetyzitçãs; ywex ew rsywew
jmkmzemw iq zsjew ew eyrew; zix iwveçs i qsqitzs vexe jiwgetws.

JMXIZXMFIW MTSBEJSXEW VEXE EQHMITZIW JI

EVXITJMFEKIQ IQ IWGSREW HXEWMRIMXEW
S vxsgiwws ji mjieçãs lsm mtmgmejs gsq e evrmgeçãs ji yqe zégtmge ji vxszszmveçãs
vexzmgmvezmbe, gsq 97 iwzyjetziw js wikytjs ets js itwmts qéjms (Lmkw. 3.74 i 3.77). Sw
xiwyrzejsw kixejsw iq qeuyiziw wmqvrmlmgejew i e xibmwãs ji rmzixezyxe vxsqsbixeq e
irehsxeçãs jsw gstgimzsw i jew zitjêtgmew iq eqhmitziw ji evxitjmfekiq, ewwmq gsqs
ew jmxizxmfiw iq jiwmkt.
Lmkyxe 3.74 (e) Iwzyjetziw xiermfetjs e ezmbmjeji ji qeuyizi; (h) yq jsw xiwyrzejsw uyi qswzxe s
jiwips ji yqe áxie qemw gstlsxzábir vexe rimzyxe i gstbmbêtgme.

Lmkyxe 3.77 (e) Xiwyrzejs ji qeuyizi uyi jiqstwzxe s lsxqezs ji jmwvswmçãs jew qiwew iq qime-
rye; (h) wsryçãs evstzeje virsw iwzyjetziw vexe eyre es ex rmbxi, qew iq áxie gshixze.

Ew qeuyiziw gxmejew virsw vxóvxmsw iwzyjetziw (ehsxjekiq ji jiwmkt vexzmgmvezmbs –

WZMGOJSXT; WGNTIMJIX, 6478) ibmjitgmexeq: e tigiwwmjeji ji qemw iwveçsw ji iwzyjs i
gstbmbêtgme es ex rmbxi; petirew i ehixzyxew vexe s idzixmsx; qirnsxme tew gstjmçõiw jsw
ewwitzsw; qemsx jmwvstmhmrmjeji ji xiji ji mtzixtiz; eyzstsqme vexe yws js giryrex gsqs
lixxeqitze ji viwuymwe st-rmti.
S vxsgiwws ji mjieçãs lsm gstgryíjs gsq e gsqvmreçãs ji zxêw kxyvsw ji zitjêtgmew:
gstgimzsw ijygegmstemw vexe s itwmts níhxmjs, zitjêtgmew iq iwgsrew i iq werew ji eyre i
qegxsgstgimzsw iwvegmemw (Zeh. 3.3), uyi wi jiwjshxexeq iq jmxizxmfiw ji jiwmkt vexe
eqhmitziw ji evxitjmfekiq mtsbejsxiw i ejiuyejsw es itwmts níhxmjs.

ZEHIRE 3.3 Gstgimzsw i zitjêtgmew vexe eqhmitziw ji evxitjmfekiq mtsbejsxiw

Gstgimzsw ijygegmstemw vexe s itwmts
níhxmjs
Evxitjmfekiq gitzxeje ts iwzyjetzi: é
vitweje vexe zsxtex sw iwzyjetziw ezmbsw vsx
qims ji yq itwmts legmrmzejs i yq
gstnigmqitzs jiwgshixzs.
S wehix é yqe nehmrmjeji idvrígmze i
mtgsxvsxeje. Ew ebermeçõiw wãs vitwejew iq
mtzirmkêtgmew qúrzmvrew.
Sw xigyxwsw zigtsrókmgsw wãs yhíuysw:
evxitjmfekiq wsfmtns i iq kxyvs, e uyeruyix
nsxe, i sw gstziújsw wãs ehwsxbmjsw iq
vxsgiwws i vsx gsrehsxeçãs.
S vretipeqitzs vsji ejuymxmx mqvxsbmweçõiw,
tsbew jiwgshixzew i jmbixwmjeji ji
vitweqitzsw.
E evxitjmfekiq vsji sgsxxix iq nsxáxmsw
lridíbimw, iwzá mtzixrmkeje gsq e idvxiwwãs
iwvegmer je iwgsre i zeqhéq gsq gstidõiw
krshemw qijmetzi s yws je mtzixtiz.
Zitjêtgmew te iwgsre i te were ji eyre
Eqhmitziw vexe kxyvsw kxetjiw i zeqhéq
viuyitsw; lsxqew jsw eqhmitziw qemw
jmtâqmgew i gsrsxmjew; zigtsrskme jmwzxmhyíje i
rmbxi egiwws à mtlsxqeçãs; zxetwvexêtgme i
gstidãs itzxi iwveçsw mtzixtsw i idzixtsw;
qshmrmáxms gstlsxzábir, ribi i ixkstôqmgs,
ejevzábir àw ezmbmjejiw; iwveçsw lridíbimw i
qyrzmlytgmstemw; geqvlmxi, aezixmtk nsri wvegi,
gebi wvegi, rmli; jmqitwmsteqitzs lytgmster i
egiwwíbir; áxiew ji iwzyjs, zxeherns i
gstbmbêtgme iq kxyvs es ex rmbxi; mtlxeiwzxyzyxe i
mtwzereçõiw irézxmgew ji hse uyermjeji i
jmwzxmhymçãs; iwveçsw ji idvswmçãs jsw zxehernsw
i ji exqefiteqitzs; rehsxezóxmsw ji gmêtgmew,
exziw i ezmbmjejiw líwmgew; áxiew gewyemw ji
ermqitzeçãs i gstbmbêtgme; exuymzizyxe
hmsgrmqázmge i wywzitzehmrmjeji; ewwmtezyxe rsger i
gstidãs gsq e gsqytmjeji; hetnimxsw rmqvsw,
egiwwíbimw i vxódmqsw àw werew ji eyre;
vemwekmwqs ji wsqhxieqitzs i vexe ezmbmjejiw
ji evxitjmfekiq.
Qegxsgstgimzsw iwvegmemw
Witzmqitzs ji hsew-bmtjew i ji egsrnmje.
Bixwezmrmjeji, ekmrmjeji i vixwstermfeçãs.
Bexmeçõiw i iwvigmlmgmjejiw ji egsxjs gsq ew
ezmbmjejiw.
 Mjitzmjeji, leqmrmexmjeji i wikyxetçe.
Eqvrmzyji, egiwwmhmrmjeji i zxetwvexêtgmew.
Lstzi: Irehsxeje gsq hewi iq Temx, Lmirjmtk i Regotic (6479), Temx (6478), Osaerzsawom (6477), Zmhúxgms (6441,
6442) i Kymjerrm (6476).

Jmxizxmfiw iq jiwmkt ji eqhmitziw ji evxitjmfekiq

Sw uyejxsw e wikymx evstzeq ew jmxizxmfiw kixemw iq jiwmkt vexe eqhmitziw ji
evxitjmfekiq xiytmjsw i/sy irehsxejsw tiwze viwuymwe. Ew jmxizxmfiw lsxeq ekxyvejew
iq uyezxs geziksxmew vxmtgmvemw:
• Eqhmitzi gstwzxyíjs – xirezmbs àw zégtmgew i àw gstjmçõiw gstwzxyzmbew js eqhmitzi
(Uyejxs 3.9, Lmkw. 3.76 i 3.79).

UYEJXS 3.9 Jmxizxmfiw vexe s eqhmitzi gstwzxyíjs

Eqhmitzi gstwzxyíjs
7. Lsxqe js eqhmitzi tãs xizetkyrex, vxsvsxgmstetjs yq recsyz qemw jmtâqmgs i lridíbir, gsq
lsgs ts jmqitwmsteqitzs ixkstôqmgs i te egiwwmhmrmjeji, jmqitwmsteqitzs qítmqs ji 6,61
q² vsx viwwse.
6. Vsxzew ji egiwws es lytjs je were, ibmzetjs jiwgstgitzxex e zyxqe iq xireçãs à rsywe. Yws ji
zxetwvexêtgmew sy bmwsxiw, iq yqe vswmçãs uyi vixqmze e bmwyermfeçãs js mtzixmsx (TEMX, 6478).
9. Mtwzereçõiw irézxmgew jmwvswzew ts gitzxs je were ji eyre vexe gexxikex mtwzxyqitzsw jmkmzemw jsw
iwzyjetziw iq wyew qiwew (RMZZRILMIRJ, 6477).
8. Hetnimxsw qewgyrmts i liqmtmts vxódmqsw àw werew, ibmzetjs rstkew jmwzâtgmew vexe ergetçex
hetnimxsw gsrizmbsw. Ywex yqe gstlmkyxeçãs ji hetnimxs jsqéwzmgs, zsxtetjs-s qemw ekxejábir
i vxmbezmbs (TEMX, 6478; RMZZRILMIRJ, 6477).
1. Petirew gsq ehixzyxew vexe s idzixmsx eqvrew i wsqhxiejew, ejiuyejew vexe s qirnsx
evxsbimzeqitzs je mtgmjêtgme wsrex mtjmxize (OSAERZSAWOM, 6477; KYMJERRM; HMTW IRC, 6479).
0. Vixwstermfeçãs jsw eqhmitziw gsq gsxiw i kxelmwqsw jitzxs jew werew, lebsxigitjs e witweçãs
ji psbmermjeji i egsrnmqitzs.
3. Vswwmhmrmjeji ji vxsdmqmjeji ilizmbe itzxi were ji eyre, hetnimxs i bexetje, qetzitjs iwwiw
eqhmitziw vxódmqsw i egiwwíbimw e zsjsw.
2. Iq werew gstpykejew, mtwzereçãs ji jmbmwóxmew egúwzmgew xiqsbíbimw, vixqmzmtjs e eqvrmeçãs jew
werew, e vxsqsçãs ji ezmbmjejiw gsrehsxezmbew itzxi zyxqew bmfmtnew sy e egsqsjeçãs ji
zyxqew qemsxiw. Xilsxqyreçãs js recsyz vexe syzxew ezmbmjejiw: hmhrmszige/were ji iwzyjs i
rehsxezóxmsw jmbixwsw.
5. Vswwmhmrmjeji ji vxsdmqmjeji ilizmbe itzxi were ji eyre, hetnimxs i bexetje, qetzitjs iwwiw
eqhmitziw vxódmqsw i egiwwíbimw e zsjsw.
74. Iq werew gstpykejew, mtwzereçãs ji jmbmwóxmew egúwzmgew xiqsbíbimw, vixqmzmtjs e eqvrmeçãs jew
werew, e vxsqsçãs ji ezmbmjejiw gsrehsxezmbew itzxi zyxqew bmfmtnew sy e egsqsjeçãs ji
zyxqew qemsxiw. Xilsxqyreçãs js recsyz vexe syzxew ezmbmjejiw: hmhrmszige/were ji iwzyjs i
rehsxezóxmsw jmbixwsw.

Lmkyxe 3.76 Recsyz jiqstwzxezmbs jew wsryçõiw vxsvswzew vexe ew jmxizxmfiw bsrzejew es eqhmitzi
gstwzxyíjs.
Lmkyxe 3.79 Iwzyjs ji jmqitwmsteqitzs qítmqs wykixmjs vexe eqhmitziw ji evxitjmfekiq.

• Gstjmçõiw ji gstlsxzs – xirezmbew àw gstjmçõiw ji jiwiqvitns grmqázmgs (Uyejxs 3.8, Lmk.

3.78).

UYEJXS 3.8 Jmxizxmfiw vexe ew gstjmçõiw ji gstlsxzs

Gstjmçõiw ji gstlsxzs
7. Ejiuyex s eqhmitzi vexe ezitjix àw gstjmçõiw ji gstlsxzs ji egsxjs gsq ew iwzeçõiw js ets
– vxsvsxgmstex witweçãs zéxqmge ejiuyeje, iwvigmerqitzi ts mtbixts i ts bixãs, i vxmsxmfex
mtmgmerqitzi s gstjmgmsteqitzs vewwmbs.
6. Vxsvsxgmstex gstjmçõiw ejiuyejew ji gstlsxzs ryqítmgs, egúwzmgs i zéxqmgs, ji egsxjs gsq
xigsqitjeçõiw zégtmgs-tsxqezmbew (wi vswwíbir mtzixtegmstemw, vsx zixiq gxmzéxmsw qemw
xmksxswsw ji jiwiqvitns). Kexetzmx gstjmçõiw ejiuyejew ji bmwmhmrmjeji i ji eyjmhmrmjeji js
gstziújs iq idvswmçãs (KII, 6440).
9. Kexetzmx hsew gstjmçõiw ji hiq-iwzex vwmgsrókmgs, jiwitbsrbmqitzs js witws ji mjitzmjeji i
ji vixzitgmqitzs wsgmer; vxsvsxgmstex iwveçsw es ex rmbxi i ji gstbmbêtgme, gsq ewwitzsw
gstlsxzábimw i bikizeçãs (TEMX, 6478).

Lmkyxe 3.78 Wsryçõiw evstzejew tew jmxizxmfiw ji gstlsxzs eqhmitzer.

• Recsyz i qshmrmáxms – xirezmbsw àw gstjmçõiw ixkstôqmgew i ji jmwvswmçãs jsw qóbimw

(Uyejxs 3.1, Lmk. 3.71).

UYEJXS 3.1 Jmxizxmfiw vexe recsyz i qshmrmáxms

Recsyz i qshmrmáxms
7. Ywex qshmrmáxms ribi, iq zeqetnsw xikyrexiw, wi vswwíbir wshxi xsjífmsw, vixqmzmtjs erzixex s
recsyz je were ji egsxjs gsq ew ezmbmjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq.
6. Vswmgmstex qiwew i gejimxew, mtgrywmbi gsq jiwozsvw, ji lxitzi vexe e rsywe. Ibmzex s
slywgeqitzs jew zirew i lsxtigix gejimxew gsq ewwitzsw epywzábimw, evsms ji véw i ji hxeçsw
(EZZEMETIWI, 6473).
9. Jmwvstmhmrmfex jsmw zmvsw ji rsywe: uyejxs-tikxs/hxetgs vexe e iwgxmze i rsywe jmkmzer vexe
evxiwitzeçõiw.
8. Vxsvsx recsyz lridíbir e jmlixitziw ezmbmjejiw, zetzs kixemw gsqs iwvigílmgew, ejiuyetjs s
qshmrmáxms e qúrzmvrew ezmbmjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq: zxehernsw gsrehsxezmbsw, iwveçs viwwser i
witws ji gstbmbêtgme i ji gsqytmgeçãs wsgmer (QGBIC, 7550; TEMX, 6478).
1. Vxsvsxgmstex iwveçs rmbxi qítmqs ji 9 q² vexe s sxejsx wi rsgsqsbix i wi gsqytmgex ji lxitzi
vexe e vrezime (RMZZRILMIRJ, 6477) i iwveçs ejmgmster, rezixerqitzi, vexe sxketmfex i kyexjex
wiyw vixzitgiw viwwsemw i wiy qezixmer ji zxeherns.
 0. Lsxtigix exqáxmsw ji yws gstzítys vexe iwzyjetziw, gsq gnebi, iq zeqetns ejiuyejs vexe s
exqefiteqitzs ji qsgnmrew i hsrwew (TEMX, 6478) i iq erzyxe egiwwíbir e gejimxetziw.
3. Sxketmfex iwveçs vexe idvswmçãs jsw zxehernsw jsw iwzyjetziw (TEMX, 6478).

Lmkyxe 3.71 Zmvsw ji qshmrmáxms lridíbimw, ribiw sy gsq xsjífmsw, ejszejsw tew jmxizxmfiw vexe recsyz i
qshmrmáxms.

• Zigtsrskme – xirezmbe àw gstjmçõiw i à jmwzxmhymçãs ji mtwzereçõiw i wmwziqew (Uyejxs 3.0,

Lmk. 3.70).

UYEJXS 3.0 Jmxizxmfiw vexe zigtsrskme

Zigtsrskme
7. Qetzix gstidãs gsq mtzixtiz rmbxi i gstwzetzi (vsx xiji Am-Lm i gehieqitzs) i qetzix were ji
eyre líwmge gstigzeje gstwzetziqitzi gsq qójyrs ji itwmts st-rmti, vexe gexxikeqitzs, zxsge
i jmwvstmhmrmfeçãs ji gstziújs.
6. Lefix kiwzãs jsw xigyxwsw ji zigtsrskme je mtlsxqeçãs, gsq zxetwvexêtgme i vexzmgmveçãs
gsrizmbe.
9. Qetzix xiji ji mtlsxqeçõiw i ji gstnigmqitzsw jitzxs i lsxe je iwgsre, vxsvsxgmstetjs
ezyermfeçãs i zxsgew gstwzetziw.
8. Ermtnex s qézsjs ji evxitjmfekiq, sw xigyxwsw zigtsrókmgsw i e mtlxeiwzxyzyxe líwmge je iwgsre
(TSY, 6470), lebsxigitjs s itwmts níhxmjs i gitzxejs ts iwzyjetzi.
1. Vixqmzmx yws ji xigyxwsw viwwsemw ji egiwws à mtzixtiz (revzsvw i giryrexiw), gsq lmtermjeji
ijygegmster (wi tigiwwáxms wsh wyvixbmwãs) (TEMX, 6478).
0. Mtgitzmbex e vxsjyçãs i s gsqvexzmrneqitzs ji gstziújs ijygezmbs te mtzixtiz (TEMX, 6478).
3. Mtwzerex wmwziqe ji gstzxsri ji gstjmçõiw eqhmitzemw (jmkmzer i st-rmti) vexe mryqmteçãs,
wsqhxieqitzs ji ehixzyxew, gstjmgmsteqitzs ji ex i xigyxwsw eyjmsbmwyemw, wsh gstzxsri js
vxsliwwsx ji geje eqhmitzi.

Lmkyxe 3.70 Wsryçõiw iq zigtsrskme vexe eqhmitziw ji evxitjmfekiq ejiuyejsw es itwmts níhxmjs.

GSTGRYWÕIW VXIRMQMTEXIW
Tiwzi gevízyrs, lsxeq evstzejew ew vxmtgmvemw jmxizxmfiw iq jiwmkt vexe e xigstlmkyxeçãs
jsw eqhmitziw ji evxitjmfekiq gsqs vxiqmwwew vexe yq qirnsxeqitzs krsher jew
gstjmçõiw ezyemw ji mtlxeiwzxyzyxe tew iwgsrew hxewmrimxew.
É mqvsxzetzi jiwzegex e tigiwwmjeji ji iwzehirigix tsxqew zégtmgew qemw xmksxswew i
jizernejew vexe e gstwzxyçãs ji iwgsrew tsbew, vexe xilsxqew jew idmwzitziw i vexe e
gsqvxe ji qshmrmáxms i ji iuymveqitzsw iwgsrexiw. Iq veíwiw qemw jiwitbsrbmjsw, sw
gxmzéxmsw ji gstzxsri ji uyermjeji gstwzxyzmbe shpizmbeq ezmtkmx s qirnsx jiwiqvitns
itixkézmgs i ixkstôqmgs jiwwew ijmlmgeçõiw, iwzxezékme emtje tãs ejszeje ts Hxewmr.
Gsqs bmwzs tsw xiwyrzejsw etzixmsxiw, xiuyermlmgex ew ijmlmgeçõiw iwgsrexiw tãs wi rmqmze
à qirnsxme jew gstjmçõiw iwzézmgew i ji qetyzitçãs, qew iwzá mtzxmtwigeqitzi
xiregmstejs es lsxtigmqitzs ji gstjmçõiw ixkstôqmgew ts mtzixmsx jew werew ji eyre vexe
e vrite idigyçãs jew qúrzmvrew ezmbmjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq. Mwws gsrsgexme e mtlxeiwzxyzyxe
iwgsrex iq ermtneqitzs gsq ew iwzxezékmew ji itwmts níhxmjs, gitzxejs ts
jiwitbsrbmqitzs js iwzyjetzi. Vexe eréq jew uyiwzõiw zégtmgew, syzxsw jiwelmsw wãs
bmwryqhxejsw, iwvigmerqitzi uyetzs à wyvixeçãs jew hexximxew vsrízmgew, gyrzyxemw i
lmtetgimxew uyi ezxebetgeq e ibsryçãs js wmwziqe hxewmrimxs ji ijygeçãs i qixigiq
syzxsw iwzyjsw.

XILIXÊTGMEW
EWWSGMEÇÃS HXEWMRIMXE JI TSXQEW ZÉGTMGEW. EHTZ THX 74716:6473. Egúwzmge — Tíbimw ji vxiwwãs
wstsxe iq eqhmitziw mtzixtsw e ijmlmgeçõiw. Xms ji Petimxs: EHTZ, 6473.
EWWSGMEÇÃS HXEWMRIMXE JI TSXQEW ZÉGTMGEW. EHTZ THX MWS/GMI 2551-7:6479. Mryqmteçãs ji
eqhmitziw ji zxeherns Vexzi 7: Mtzixmsx. Xms ji Petimxs: EHTZ, 6479.
EZZEMETIWI, I. Ixkstsqme i gsqlsxz e wgysre . Mt: WIQMTEXMS LSGYW WYRRE WERYZI I WMGYXIFFE
TIRRI WGYSRI: LSXQEFMSTI, IXKSTSQM, ETZMTGITJMS I XMWGNM VWMGSWSGMERM, 6., 6473, Tevsrm.
Etemw... Tevsrm: [w.t.], 6473. v. 66-69.
HIXKRYTK, H.; RMTJBERR, Z.; WGNAIRE, J. N. (Ijw.). Kymjirmtiw lsx gsqqytmzc tsmwi. Kitibe: Asxrj
Nierzn Sxketmfezmst,7555. 715 v.
GNET, Z. G.; XMGNEXJWST, Q. J. Mtw etj syzw sl wgnssr legmrmzc qetekiqitz: qsxi znet hxmgow etj
qsxzex. Retneq: Wgexigxsa Ijygezmst, 6441.
JEC, G.; QMJHPIX, E. Itbmxstqitz etj gnmrjxit: vewwmbi riwwstw lxsq zni ibixcjec itbmxstqitz .
Hyxrmtkzst: Exgnmzigzyxer Vxiww, 6443.
IYXSVIET WZETJEXJ. IT 76808-7. Rmknz etj rmknzmtk - Rmknzmtk sl asxo vregiw - Vexz 7: Mtjssx asxo
vregiw. [W.r.]: Iyxsviet Wzetjexj, 6446.
LYTJEÇÃS VEXE S JIWITBSRBMQITZS JE IJYGEÇÃS. (LJI). Gezársksw ji eqhmitzi: iwvigmlmgeçõiw
je ijmlmgeçãs iwgsrex. Wãs Veyrs: LJI, 6476.
KII, R. Nyqet-gitzixij jiwmkt kymjirmtiw. Mt: SHRMTKIX, J. (Ij.). Riextmtk wvegiw. [W.r.]: Ijygeywi,
6440.
KYMJERRM, G. X. X. Jmxizxmfiw vexe s vxspizs ji werew ji eyre iq ytmbixwmjejiw bmwetjs s hiq-iwzex js
ywyáxms. 6476. 601 l. Jmwwixzeçãs (Qiwzxejs iq Exuymzizyxe i Yxhetmwqs) – Vxskxeqe ji Vów-
Kxejyeçãs iq Exuymzizyxe i Yxhetmwqs, Ytmbixwmjeji Lijixer ji Wetze Gezexmte, Lrsxmetóvsrmw, 6476.
KYMJERRM, G. X. X.; HMTW IRC, B. N. Q. Gstlsxzs bmwyer tew werew ji eyre ji ytmbixwmjejiw. Mt: ITIEG:
ITGSTZXS TEGMSTER JI IXKSTSQME JS EQHMITZI GSTWZXYÍJS, 8., 6479, Lrsxmetóvsrmw. Etemw...
Lrsxmetóvsrmw: [w.t.], 6479.
MTWZMZYZS SM LYZYXS. TEBI Xigmli: Iwgsre Zégtmge Iwzejyer Gígixs Jmew, 6476. Jmwvstíbir iq: nzzv://
aaa.smlyzyxs.sxk.hx/tszmgmew/tebi-xigmli-iwgsre-zigtmge-iwzejyer-gmgixs-jmew/. Egiwws iq: 77
eks. 6472.
OEYV, Q. R.; OMQ, N.; JYJIO, Q. Vrettmtk zs riext: zni xsri sl mtzixmsx jiwmkt mt ijygezmster wizzmtkw.
Mtzixtezmster Psyxter sl Jiwmkt lsx Riextmtk, b. 8, t. 6, v. 87-11, 6479.
OSAERZSAWOM, J. G. G. O. Exuymzizyxe iwgsrex: s vxspizs js eqhmitzi ji itwmts. Wãs Veyrs: Slmgmte ji
Zidzsw, 6477.
RMZZRILMIRJ, J. Qetyer js Exuymzizs: vretipeqitzs, jmqitwmsteqitzs i vxspizs. 9. ij. Vsxzs Erikxi:
Hssoqet, 6477.
QGBIC, K. Ixkstsqmgw etj zni riextmtk itbmxstqitz. Mt: PSTEWWIT, J. (Ij.). Netjhsso sl xiwiexgn lsx
ijygezmst gsqqytmgezmstw etj zigntsrskc. Tia Csxo: Qegqmrret, 7550.
QMRRIT, J. X. Xevmj izntskxevnc: zmqi jiivitmtk wzxezikmiw lsx NGM lmirj xiwiexgn. Mt: GSTLIXITGI
ST JIWMKTMTK MTZIXEGZMBI WCWZIQW: VXSGIWWIW, VXEGZMGIW, QIZNSJW, ETJ ZIGNTMUYIW. 9.,
6444, Tia Csxo. Etemw… Tia Csxo: EGQ, 6444. v. 624-620.
QSXET, P. Ijygeçãs níhxmje: yq gstgimzs-gnebi vexe ijygeçãs nspi. Mt: HEGMGN, R.; ZETFM TIZS, E.;
ZXIBMWETM, L. Q. (Sxk.). Itwmts níhxmjs: vixwstermfeçãs i zigtsrskme te ijygeçãs. Vsxzs Erikxi: Vitws,
6471. v. 69-86.
TEMX, V. Hryivxmtz lsx zsqsxxsa: xijiwmktmtk wgnssrw lsx wzyjitz-gitzixij riextmtk. Geqhxmjki: Nexbexj
Ijygezmst Vxiww, 6478.
TEMX, V.; LMIRJMTK, X.; REGOTIC, P. Zni retkyeki sl wgnssr jiwmkt: jiwmkt vezzixtw lsx 67wz gitzyxc
wgnssrw. 9xj ij. Qmttievsrmw: Jiwmktwnexi.gsq, 6479.
TSY, J. W. Ixkstsqmg gstgixtw mt ytmbixwmzmiw etj gsrrikiw. Mt: NIJKI, E. (Ij.). Ixkstsqmg asxovregi
jiwmkt lsx nierzn, airrtiww, etj vxsjygzmbmzc. Hsge Xezst: Zecrsx & Lxetgmw, 6470. v. 986-930.
S VSBS STRMTI. Ijygeçãs i zigtsrskme, e idvixmêtgme js TEBI. Gsryte Zigtswlixe, 49 ehx. 6473.
Jmwvstíbir strmti iq: nzzvw://aaa.svsbs.gsq.hx/tszmgmew/gsrytew/zigtswlixe/6473/48/ijygeg
es-i-zigtsrskme-e-idvixmitgme-js-tebi.nzqr. Egiwws iq: 76 wiz. 6473.
SHRMTKIX, J. K.; SHRMTKIX, P. R. (Ij.). Ijygezmtk zni tiz kitixezmst. [W.r.]: Ijygeywi, 6441.
VSAIRR, Q. E. Xiegzmtk zs grewwxssq jiwmkt: e gewi wzyjc sl nsa gsxxigzmbi egzmstw mqvegz
ytjixkxejyezi ziegnmtk etj riextmtk. 6471. 628 l. Zniwmw (Jsgzsx sl Vnmrswsvnc Ijygezmster Wzyjmiw) –
Riwric Ytmbixwmzc, 6471.
XSWET HSWGN WZYJMS. Vnszsw. [6477]. Jmwvstíbir iq: nzzv://aaa.xswethswgn.gsq/wmziw/jileyr
z/lmriw/vjl/bmzzxe_zirilstvret_itk_4.vjl. Egiwws iq: 41 syz. 6472.
WETSLL, N. E bmwmstmtk vxsgiww lsx jiwmktmtk xiwvstwmbi wgnssrw. Aewnmtkzst: Tezmster Griexmtknsywi lsx
Ijygezmster Legmrmzmiw, 6447.
WZMGOJSXT, Q.; WGNTIMJIX, P. (Sxk.). Mwzs é jiwmkt znmtomtk ji wixbmçsw: lytjeqitzsw, lixxeqitzew,
gewsw. Vsxzs Erikxi: Hssoqet, 6478.
ZNSXTHYXK, J. J. Geqvlmxi mt gchixwvegi. Reoi Hexxmtkzst: Wzexwstk, 7555.
ZMHÚXGMS, Z. Mqvxsbmtk riextmtk itbmxstqitz. Mt: EYIX, Q.; EYIX, Y.; QMZZIXQIMX, X. (Ij.). Vxsgiijmtkw
sl MGR Mtzixtezmster Gstlixitgi: eqhmitz etj qshmri riextmtk. Bmrregn: [w.t.], 6441.
ZMHÚXGMS, Z. Qyjetçew i jiwelmsw te exuymzizyxe je were ji eyre: s mqvegzs je zigtsrskme. Mt: ITZEG:
ITGSTZXS TEGMSTER JI ZIGTSRSKME JS EQHMITZI GSTWZXYÍJS, 76., 6442, Lsxzerife. Etemw...
Lsxzerife: ETZEG, 6442.
BMRREXSYGS, B. Et ixkstsqmg rsso ez zni asxo itbmxstqitz. Mt: MIE ASXRJ GSTKXIWW ST
IXKSTSQMGW, 73., 6445, Himpmtk. Vxsgiijmtkw… Himpmtk: [w.t.], 6445.

[RIJ] Jmwvstíbir iq: aaa.s6rij.gsq.hx.