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J
JD^OYONJ
D^OYONJ NG JXRG@NO[JKG
JXRG@NO[J KG 4 - CODREGDE@ECÃJ
3
+
3
− 3 X\
− X_
: 3 : 3
X\ X_
: 3 :
X\ X_
_ 3 Xx\
W( \, _) 3 () ()
Duj`ne ebtg`gces aes vjaergs ng _, gstjces ebsgrvj`ne qug nodles vjaergs se` aj
dj`tonjn ôptocj nga prenudte _, gs ngdor, aj dj`tonjn cêxocj qug ga de`suconer pugng
jnquoror nga prenudte _, ngpg`nog`ne ng su prgsupugste. Xer tja rjzô`, jcbes sg sukgtj` j
aj iu`doô` ng utoaonjn gxprgsjnj ngsng u` pro`dopoe, ae qug quogrg ngdor qug duj`ne
rggcpajzjces aes vjaergs ôptoces ng \ g _ g` nodlj iu`doô` ng utoaonjn, penrgces sjbgr
duêa gs ga cêxoce `ovga ng utoaonjn qug ga de`suconer pugng jadj`zjr, de`songrj`ne su
rgstroddoô` prgsupugstjroj.
^CTs 3 : U
Xx 3 U
Xy:UU
U 3 XxU
Xy
_ 3 ] XxU S2 \
Xy
c 3 Xx\ + Xy ]Xx/XyS2 \
c 3 \ ]Xx + X 2/ XyS
c 3 \ ]Xx Xy + X 2/ XyS
\ 3 c ]Xy/Xx(Xy + Xx)S
2
c 3 Xx ]Xy/XxS _ + Xy_
c 3 _ ]XxXy + X 2/ XxS
_ 3 c ]Xx/Xy(Xx+Xy)S