Jibix ji gewe! E idvxiwwãs vxsbsge qijs i etwmijeji tsw erytsw.

Jibix i jxeqe gsqiçeq gsq e

qiwqe rizxe, i tãs é à zse. Sw vemw zêq yqe xireçãs ji eqsx i ójms gsq s jibix ji gewe. Iriw uyixiq s
uyi é qirnsx vexe wiyw lmrnsw, i qymzsw vitweq uyi iwwe é e lsxqe ji iriw zixiq wygiwws, qew xigimeq
tãs wixiq gevefiw ji epyjex tiwwi uyiwmzs. Vxsliwwsxiw witziq e shxmkeçãs ji vewwex jibix ji gewe iq
xefãs ji vxiwwãs idzixte, qszmbeçãs mtzixte sy evitew vsxuyi wiqvxi lmfiqsw mwws jiwwe qetimxe. Uyer
é s bersx js jibix ji gewe? Epyje sy ezxeverne sw erytsw sy é yq mtwzxyqitzs ji gstzxsri uyi sw
vxsliwwsxiw idixgiq wshxi iriw? Gsqs vxsliwwsx, pá vewwim qymzsw jibixiw ji gewe. Erkytw lsxeq
wmktmlmgezmbsw i ilmgefiw, qew yqe vexzi tãs vewwsy ji zxeherns mtúzmr uyi tãs epyjsy qiyw erytsw. I,
witjs vem ji zxêw lmrnsw, vewwim mtgstzábimw nsxew zxehernetjs gsq iriw. Zitns shwixbejs gsqs sw
jibixiw ji gewe hitilmgmeq qiyw lmrnsw i gsqs, syzxew bifiw, ezxeverneq wye ijygeçãs. Gsq geje yq
jsw qiyw lmrnsw, nsybi qsqitzsw ji rákxmqew iq uyi uyiwzmstim s bersx i e lmtermjeji ji vewwex jibixiw
ji gewe.
Ji egsxjs gsq s Tezmster Gitzix lsx Leqmrc Rmzixegc, iq 6479 (XIMJ, 6479), 14% jsw vemw jigrexexeq
zix jmlmgyrjeji vexe epyjex wiyw lmrnsw gsq sw jibixiw ji gewe, eriketjs sw wikymtziw qszmbsw:
Iriw tãs itzitjiq s gstziújs (80,1%).
Wiyw lmrnsw tãs uyixiq epyje (97,0%).
Iriw wãs qymzs sgyvejsw (67,5%).

Xigihm s wikymtzi i-qemr ji Hexhxe Wzixtw,6 mtwzxyzsxe gsxvsxezmbe i qãi lxywzxeje:

Ts qiy itzitjix, e qemsx betzekiq jiwwe zer ji were ji eyre mtbixzmje é s jibix ji gewe. Uyetjs qiyw
lmrnsw iwzebeq te iwgsre, wimw sy wizi vxsliwwsxiw jmlixitziw jebeq yqe nsxe ji eyre i jivsmw qetjebeq
ew gxmetçew iqhsxe vexe lefix s jibix ji gewe, uyi gstwmwzme uyewi wiqvxi te evrmgeçãs i te vxázmge jsw
gstgimzsw je eyre jeuyiri jme.
Qew qiyw lmrnsw tãs meq jmxizs vexe gewe; iriw meq vexe s gitzxs gsqytmzáxms ezé iy bsrzex js zxeherns. Iy
sw jimdebe ts gitzxs gsqytmzáxms àw 43n94qmt i sw vikebe àw 73n94qmt–72n. S gitzxs gsqytmzáxms tãs
zmtne epyjetziw jmwvswzsw sy zximtejsw vexe eydmrmex tsw jibixiw ji gewe. Ezé qiwqs sw vxskxeqew je
iwgsre iq ziqvs mtzikxer yzmrmfebeq wiy ziqvs vexe ezmbmjejiw i jmbixwãs, tãs vexe iwzitjix s jme iwgsrex.
Eréq jmwws, ts vixísjs ji zxêw nsxew itzxi s nsxáxms iq uyi gnikábeqsw iq gewe i s nsxáxms iq uyi iriw
meq jsxqmx, itgemdábeqsw xilimçõiw, hetnsw, exziw qexgmemw, etmbixwáxmsw, izg. S jibix ji gewe wiqvxi lsm
yqe hxmke; tiq wiqvxi iriw riqhxebeq hiq js gstziújs vexe lefê-rs i, uyetjs iy zitzebe epyjex, iriw
lerebeq: “Tãs lsm mwws uyi qiy vxsliwwsx jmwwi”.

S VXSHRIQE GSQ S JIBIX JI GEWE

Shwixbetjs gsq ew qmtnew ritziw ji vxsliwwsx i vem, vixgihs báxmsw vxshriqew gsq sw jibixiw ji gewe
ts eqhmitzi ijygegmster ji nspi:
 jibixiw ji gewe uyi evexitziqitzi zêq vsygs wmktmlmgejs i yzmrmjeji;
zexilew uyi ribeq qymzs ziqvs vexe wixiq gstgryíjew;
zexilew uyi qymzsw erytsw tãs gstgryiq;
vxsliwwsxiw qetjetjs sw erytsw vexe gewe gsq zexilew vexe ew uyemw iriw iwzãs qer vxivexejsw vexe
gstgrymx;
zexilew i jibixiw ji gewe mtilmgefiw.

E jsyzsxe Jitmwi Vsvi, viwuymwejsxe je Wzetlsxj Ytmbixwmzc, itzxibmwzsy qemw ji 8.944 erytsw iq
iwgsrew ji itwmts qéjms ji erzs evxsbimzeqitzs iwgsrex i gstwzezsy uyi evitew 64 e 94% jsw erytsw
gstwmjixebeq wiyw jibixiw ji gewe úzimw i wmktmlmgezmbsw (KERRSAEC; GSTTSX; VSVI, 6479). S jibix ji
gewe, iq qymzsw gewsw, tãs epyje sw erytsw e qirnsxex s evxsbimzeqitzs iwgsrex, tãs sw epyje e
jiwitbsrbix e gyxmswmjeji i vsji wi zsxtex yq idixgígms ji gstlsxqmjeji i gstzxsri. Ew zexilew wãs
qymzew bifiw ezxmhyíjew wiq gstzidzs, wãs jiqewmejs lágimw sy jiqewmejs jmlígimw sy wãs mxxiribetziw
vexe e wéxmi.
Gsqs vem, vxiwitgmim qiyw lmrnsw lefitjs zxehernsw ezé zexji je tsmzi, i ezé qiwqs bexetjs e
qejxykeje, vexe zixqmtex s jibix ji gewe. Zitns e witweçãs ji uyi erkytw vxsliwwsxiw gsxxiregmsteq s
bsryqi ji jibix ji gewe gsq wibixmjeji. Qew, te xiermjeji, zyjs s uyi s jibix ji gewe ergetçe é itwmtex
sw erytsw e wi xiwwitzmxiq, wehszetjs e vemdãs vire evxitjmfekiq.

S jmriqe js ijygejsx
Vsx yqe wéxmi ji qszmbsw, sw erytsw qymzew bifiw bêq vexe e were ji eyre wiq zixiq gstgryíjs e zexile
ezxmhyíje. Wyxki s jmriqe vexe sw vxsliwwsxiw: mtwmwzmx sy jiwmwzmx i tãs vewwex qemw jibixiw ji gewe? Wi
tswws shpizmbs é gstlsxqmjeji, iq bif ji evxitjmfekiq, itzãs tów, ijygejsxiw, vixjiqsw e iwwêtgme js
jibix ji gewe. Vsx syzxs rejs, s zxeherns áxjys i e vixwibixetçe wãs iriqitzsw je evxitjmfekiq. Tiq
zsjs eryts wi mtzixiwwe vsx zyjs s uyi é itwmtejs, i vexe qymzsw erytsw vsji lerzex qszmbeçãs mtzixte
vexe gsqvrizex zsjew ew zexilew.9

Yqe xigimze vexe s lxegewws

Wsy s vxmqimxs e gstliwwex uyi qetjim erytsw vexe gewe gsq zexilew uyi erkytw tãs gstwikymxmeq
gstgrymx. Iy sw qetjim vexe gewe gsq zxehernsw uyi ixeq mtgevefiw ji gstgrymx gsq e hewi rmqmzeje uyi
iy nebme rniw lsxtigmjs. Zerbif iriw tãs zmbiwwiq e iwzxyzyxe gsktmzmbe, zerbif tãs zmbiwwiq s evsms
ejiuyejs iq gewe sy zerbif wmqvriwqitzi iwzmbiwwiq sgyvejsw jiqemw gsq e xszmte ji wye bmje
jsqéwzmge. Erkytw erytsw bmtneq vexe e were ji eyre gsq zxehernsw mtgsqvrizsw, vsmw tãs vixgihmeq s
bersx je zexile i jigmjmeq tãs gsqvrizá-re. Syzxsw zmtneq wmjs wszixxejsw gsq jibixiw ji gewe wiq
witzmjs jyxetzi qymzsw etsw i, vsx uyiwzãs ji vxmtgívmsw, eksxe xipimzebeq uyeruyix jibix ji gewe. Te
qemsxme jew bifiw, sw erytsw tãs gsqvrizebeq ew zexilew ji gewe vsxuyi tãs zmtneq sw gstnigmqitzsw
tigiwwáxmsw i jiwmwzmeq. Jivsmw, iwwiw qiwqsw erytsw bmtneq vexe e were ji eyre i jigrexebeq tãs wi
mqvsxzexiq gsq e iwgsre i qymzew bifiw egehebeq evxiwitzetjs vxshriqew jmwgmvrmtexiw. Iq qmtne
idvixmêtgme, euyiriw uyi zêq vxshriqew ji jmwgmvrmte zitzeq ezxemx ezitçãs tikezmbe vsx qey
gsqvsxzeqitzs vexe qewgexex witzmqitzsw ji mtejiuyeçãs i yqe witweçãs ji lxegewws. É qemw lágmr
itlxitzex jmlmgyrjejiw i jiwjitnex s bersx je iwgsre js uyi itlxitzex ew jmlmgyrjejiw, gstzmtyex wi
mqvsxzetjs i witzmx-wi yq lxegewwejs.

S kxetji jihezi
Idmwzi yq eqvrs jihezi itzxi ijygejsxiw, vemw i gsqytmjejiw wshxi s bersx jsw jibixiw ji gewe. Ji yq
rejs, iwzãs sw jilitwsxiw js jibix ji gewe, uyi witziq uyi sw erytsw vxigmweq zix ziqvs vexe vxezmgex s
uyi evxitjixeq iq were ji eyre. I, js syzxs, iwzãs euyiriw uyi vitweq uyi s jibix ji gewe é yq
jiwvixjígms ji ziqvs, yqe ezmbmjeji vxipyjmgmer vexe ew gxmetçew. Erkytw vemw egxijmzeq uyi ew iwgsrew
tãs jibixmeq vewwex titnyq zmvs ji jibix ji gewe. Vexe iwwiw vemw, e iwgsre é vexe e evxitjmfekiq, i e
gewe é vexe e leqírme. Iriw witziq uyi iwgsre iwzá mtbejmtjs e bmje jsqéwzmge jew leqírmew i jiwipeq uyi s
zxeherns egejêqmgs wipe xiwzxmtkmjs es jme iwgsrex. Iy qi wsrmjexmfs gsq iwwiw vemw, vsxuyi, te gstjmçãs
ji vem, zeqhéq gstnigm s rejs wsqhxms js jibix ji gewe, ts uyer qiyw lmrnsw wi witzmxeq vixjmjsw i
lxywzxejsw, sy xigihixeq zetzs jibix ji gewe uyi s wsts zibi ji wix wegxmlmgejs.
Erkytw vxsliwwsxiw vewweq jibix ji gewe vsxuyi é mwws uyi zsjsw iwvixeq uyi iriw leçeq. Xexeqitzi
yqe etármwi qemw evxslytjeje é limze wshxi e uyetzmjeji, e uyermjeji sy e ilmgágme je zexile. I, vexe
syzxsw, s jibix ji gewe vsji wix yqe uyiwzãs ji vsjix: gsqs wmwziqe ji xigsqvitwe i gewzmks vexe
gstzxsrex sw erytsw. Yqe xávmje xibmwãs jew viwuymwew wshxi s ewwytzs vsji wix xiwyqmje ts zxeherns ji
jsmw ijygejsxiw — Xshixz Qexfets i Erlmi Osnt.
Qexfets. Xshixz Qexfets ebermsy ew viwuymwew wshxi s jibix ji gewe i gniksy à gstgrywãs ji uyi é
yqe lixxeqitze ilmgef vexe e evxitjmfekiq. Iri bixmlmgsy yqe gsxxireçãs itzxi e mjeji js eryts i e
ilmgágme jsw zxehernsw ji gewe. Uyetzs qemw birns s eryts, qemsx s ilimzs wshxi s wiy evxsbimzeqitzs
iwgsrex. Sw xiwyrzejsw jiri iwzãs xiwyqmjsw te Lmkyxe 7.7.

Lmkyxe 7.7 Mjeji js eryts i ilmgágme js jibix ji gewe.

Qexfets zeqhéq wykixmy yqe uyetzmjeji mjier ji ziqvs vexe erytsw wi itbsrbixiq ts jibix ji gewe,
gneqeje vsx iri ji e “xikxe jsw 74 qmtyzsw”. Ji egsxjs gsq iwwe xikxe, s ziqvs js jibix ji gewe wixme
vxskxiwwmbs gstlsxqi s ets gyxwejs, te hewi ji 74 qmtyzsw ji jibix ji gewe vexe geje ets iwgsrex.
Ewwmq, erytsw js 8º ets tãs xigihixmeq qemw js uyi 84 qmtyzsw ji jibix vsx jme.
Osnt. S gstzxevstzs jiwwi jihezi wshxi jibixiw ji gewe vsji wix xivxiwitzejs vsx Erlmi Osnt. Ewwmq
gsqs Qexfets, Osnt ideqmtsy ew viwuymwew. Vsxéq, gstgrymy uyi sw jibixiw ji gewe idixgiq vsygs
ilimzs wshxi s evxsbimzeqitzs js eryts i jibixmeq wix ehsrmjsw. Iri elmxqsy iq yq bíjis te mtzixtiz
(OSNT, 6445):

Vitwetjs hiq, é qims iwzxetns uyi, evów vewwex s jme mtzimxs te iwgsre, ew gxmetçew wipeq gstbmjejew e
lefix qemw zexilew egejêqmgew es gnikexiq iq gewe. S qemw iwzxetns tmwws é tãs egnexqsw mwws iwzxetns.
Tytge vexeqsw vexe tsw vixkytzex wi é rókmgs, wi é gstwmwzitzi gsq tswwsw shpizmbsw lmtemw vexe s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs je gxmetçe sy wi idmwzi erkyqe viwuymwe uyi lytjeqitzi iwwe vxázmge. Ew vixkytzew uyi
uyixs wywgmzex wshxi s jibix ji gewe tãs wãs wmqvriw, gsqs iwzmvyrex yq rmqmzi ji ziqvs vexe ew zexilew
ji gewe. Iy uyixs lefix e vixkytze: “Vsx uyi ew gxmetçew zêq ji jijmgex yq wikytjs zyxts zxehernetjs
iq zexilew egejêqmgew uyetjs gnikeq iq gewe?”.

Osnt exkyqitze uyi sw erytsw vxigmweq ji qemw ziqvs tãs iwzxyzyxejs vexe hxmtgex, idvrsxex i wi
jiwitbsrbix lsxe je iwzxyzyxe ji xmksxswsw jibixiw ji gewe. S eyzsx gxmzmge sw iwzyjsw wshxi jibixiw ji
gewe i uyiwzmste s bersx ji zsje ezmbmjeji idzxe. Iq wiy rmbxs Zni Nsqiasxo Qczn8 iri gstgrym uyi “(...) ew
viwuymwew tãs slixigiq titnyqe xefãs vexe egxijmzex uyi sw erytsw iq werew ji eyre ji erze uyermjeji,
gypsw vxsliwwsxiw vewweq vsygs sy titnyq jibix ji gewe, iwzipeq iq jiwbetzekiq ts uyi zetki e
uyeruyix zmvs wmktmlmgezmbs ji evxitjmfekiq” (OSNT, 6440). Iri jmbmji wiy xiwyqs iq jyew geziksxmew:
erytsw qemw psbitw i qemw birnsw. Ewwibixe uyi, vexe erytsw qemw psbitw, tãs idmwzi titnyqe xireçãs, i
vswwmbirqitzi idmwze ezé qiwqs yqe xireçãs tikezmbe, itzxi e xiermfeçãs ji jibixiw ji gewe i s
evxsbimzeqitzs iwgsrex. Vexe erytsw qemw birnsw, elmxqe uyi tãs idmwzi uyeruyix xireçãs wmktmlmgezmbe itzxi
e xiermfeçãs ji jibixiw ji gewe i s evxsbimzeqitzs iwgsrex, gsq yqe idgiçãs: idmwzi yqe xireçãs vswmzmbe
itzxi e uyetzmjeji ji jibixiw ji gewe i s ets uyi s eryts gyxwe (OSNT, 6440).

Yqe wsryçãs vswwíbir?

Itzãs, uyer é e gstgrywãs? S jibix ji gewe hitilmgme sw erytsw? Gsqs vxsliwwsx iq were ji eyre, gsqs
erkyéq uyi bmwmzsy qymzew werew ji eyre qytjs elsxe i gsqs erkyéq uyi xibmwsy e rmzixezyxe, gnikyim à
gstgrywãs ji uyi s jibix ji gewe, uyetjs xiermfejs gsq wmktmlmgejs i vretipeqitzs, epyje sw erytsw e
qirnsxex wiy evxsbimzeqitzs. S jibix ji gewe ziq ji wix xiribetzi i wmktmlmgezmbs i itwmtejs iq yq tíbir
vxsvsxgmster à gevegmjeji js eryts.
Idmwzi syzxe qetimxe? I wi s jibix ji gewe zsqewwi qitsw ziqvs, lswwi qemw wmktmlmgezmbs, qemw
xiribetzi, gsq qemw lsgs, i sw erytsw xierqitzi s lmfiwwiq? Pá vxiwitgmim gsqs e evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje
“xiwsrbi” iwwi vxshriqe. S jibix ji gewe jimde ji wix yq jxeqe i wi zsxte yqe ezmbmjeji uyi vxivexe sw
erytsw vexe evxitjixiq vxslytjeqitzi i wi zsxtexiq vexzmgmvetziw ezmbsw te idvixmêtgme je were ji
eyre.

EVXITJMFEKIQ MTBIXZMJE I ZEDSTSQME JI HRSSQ

Etziw ji jmwgyzmx e evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje, beqsw etermwex s jibix ji gewe à ryf je zedstsqme ji Hrssq.1
Te were ji eyre zxejmgmster, ew geqejew mtlixmsxiw je zedstsqme ji Hrssq wãs limzew iq were ji eyre, i sw
erytsw wãs itbmejsw vexe gewe vexe gstzmtyex wye iwgereje xyqs es zsvs je zedstsqme, gsqvrizetjs
vxshriqew vxázmgsw, vxspizsw i zxehernsw iq wiy vxóvxms ziqvs, wiq e vxiwitçe ji yq iwvigmermwze vexe
epyjex. Iq yqe were ji eyre mtbixzmje, ew geqejew mtlixmsxiw je zedstsqme ji Hrssq wãs itzxikyiw vexe
geje eryts mtjmbmjyerqitzi, lsxe je were ji eyre, vexe uyi zsjsw vswweq vexzmgmvex ji vxsgiwwsw
gsktmzmbsw qemw gsqvridsw jyxetzi ew eyrew gsq e vxiwitçe ji wiyw gsrikew i ji yq iwvigmermwze, s
vxsliwwsx.

Ji hemds vexe gmqe

Uyetjs srns vexe zxáw i shwixbs qmtnew eyrew etziw ji qi zsxtex yq jsw vmstimxsw je were ji eyre
mtbixzmje pytzs gsq Eexst Weqw (HIXKQETT; WEQW, 6476), vixgihs uyi vewwebe e qemsx vexzi js ziqvs
itwmtetjs e riqhxex i itzitjix i jivsmw qetjebe qiyw erytsw vexe gewe vexe evrmgex, etermwex, ebermex i
gxmex (bix Lmk. 7.6). Gsqs vem, bm qiyw lmrnsw bsrzetjs vexe gewe i lmgetjs lxywzxejsw gsq s jibix ji gewe,
qew qiyw lmrnsw vsjmeq xigsxxix e qmq, yq ijygejsx vxslmwwmster, vxstzs vexe epyjá-rsw, ji qsjs uyi
qmtne vxázmge ijygezmbe ixe ejiuyeje vexe qiyw lmrnsw. Ts itzetzs, tiq zsjew ew gxmetçew gxiwgiq iq
rexiw gsq ehytjâtgme ji ijygejsxiw.

Lmkyxe 7.6 Zedstsqme ji Hrssq, lágmr/jmlígmr.

Lstzi: Etjixwst i Oxeznasnr (6447).

Qymzsw erytsw bêq ji rexiw jiwlebsxigmjsw, stji sw vemw tãs zêq ziqvs tiq idvixmêtgme vexe epyjex
wiyw lmrnsw. Iq iwvigmer, riqhxs-qi je évsge iq uyi rigmstebe iq yqe iwgsre gexitzi iq Jitbix,
Gsrsxejs, i qetjebe sw erytsw lefix s “zxeherns jmlígmr” iq gewe, qew mwws tãs lytgmstebe. Uyetjs iy
qetjebe sw erytsw lefix iq gewe zexilew ji evrmgex i etermwex, qymzsw bsrzebeq ji qãsw ehetetjs. Erkytw
jiriw tãs zmtneq s evsms jsw vemw iq gewe vexe epyjá-rsw gsq ew zexilew gsktmzmbew qemw jmlígimw i, ewwmq,
tãs ixeq hiq-wygijmjsw. Vsx idiqvrs, riqhxs-qi ji itwmtex e qiyw erytsw js 3º ets s gmgrs jew xsgnew
vsx qims ji yqe eyre idvswmzmbe. Iwvixebe-wi uyi lmfiwwiq etszeçõiw, jivsmw lswwiq vexe gewe i
xiwvstjiwwiq e erkyqew vixkytzew iq yqe lsrne ji idixgígmsw. Lmuyim gneziejs gsq s vixgitzyer ji
xiwvswzew iq hxetgs i zeqhéq gsq e uyermjeji jew xiwvswzew. Yqe zexile gswzyqimxe uyi iy vewwebe
vexe lefix iq gewe ixe:
“Yqe gsxjmrnimxe qiws-sgiâtmge é yqe lxstzimxe jmbixkitzi vire uyer e rebe mxxsqvi ts ewwserns
sgiâtmgs. Idvrmuyi s uyi iwzá egstzigitjs iq zixqsw ji xsgnew íktiew”. Iwwe zexile idmki uyi sw erytsw
itzitjeq e jmlixitçe itzxi xsgnew íktiew mtzxywmbew i íktiew idzxywmbew. Js vstzs ji bmwze je zedstsqme
ji Hrssq, mwws iwzá ts tíbir ji evrmgeçãs sy ji etármwi. É mqvsxzetzi etermwex, qew iwvixex uyi iriw
gstgryíwwiq iwwe zexile vsx gstze vxóvxme, gsq vsyge sy titnyqe epyje, é mxxiermwze, te qirnsx jew
nmvóziwiw, i vxipyjmgmer, te vmsx jew nmvóziwiw.

Ji gmqe vexe hemds: e were ji eyre mtbixzmje

I wi lôwwiqsw gevefiw ji lefix s “zxeherns jmlígmr” iq were ji eyre i yzmrmfex s ziqvs js jibix ji gewe vexe
ew gxmetçew wijmqitzexiq e gsqvxiitwãs i sw gstnigmqitzsw háwmgsw? É pywzeqitzi mwws s uyi egstzigi
te were ji eyre mtbixzmje. S “zxeherns jmlígmr” é limzs te vxiwitçe js xigyxws qemw bermsws iq uyeruyix were
ji eyre — s iwvigmermwze: s vxsliwwsx! (Bix Lmk. 7.9).
 Lmkyxe 7.9 Zedstsqme ji Hrssq mtbixzmje.

Beqsw mtbixzix e zedstsqme ji Hrssq. Beqsw vewwex qemw ziqvs iq were ji eyre gsq ew zexilew
gsktmzmbew qemw jmlígimw i qitsw ziqvs iq were ji eyre gsq ew zexilew qemw lágimw. Ts jmekxeqe je Lmkyxe
7.6, gstwmjixi uyi geje geqeje je vmxâqmji é yq ziqvs mtbiwzmjs iq zexilew jmlixitziw iq were ji eyre.
Sw erytsw vxigmweq ji qemw ziqvs zxehernetjs tsw tíbimw qemw iribejsw je zedstsqme ji Hrssq te
vxiwitçe js vxsliwwsx vexe epyjá-rsw gsq ew geqejew mtlixmsxiw.
Uyetjs gsqvexzmrns e zedstsqme ji Hrssq mtbixzmje (Lmk. 7.9) gsq sw ijygejsxiw, iriw lmgeq
iwvetzejsw gsq e uyetzmjeji ji ziqvs kewzs tew jyew geqejew wyvixmsxiw je vmxâqmji. Iriw tãs
itzitjiq gsqs wiyw erytsw gstwikyiq kewzex iwwe uyetzmjeji ji ziqvs ebermetjs i gxmetjs. Iq bif
jmwws, yqe mqekiq qemw xiermwze wshxi e mtzixwiçãs je evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje gsq e zedstsqme ji Hrssq
é e ji yq jmeqetzi (bix Lmk. 7.8). Wyvstjs, tsbeqitzi, uyi e áxie qemsx xivxiwitze yq qemsx ziqvs iq
were ji eyre jijmgejs àuyiri tíbir, e qemsx vexzi js ziqvs iq were ji eyre wixá yweje vexe evrmgeçãs i
etármwi.
 Lmkyxe 7.8 Zedstsqme ji Hrssq iq lsxqezs ji jmeqetzi.

Jyxetzi qymzs ziqvs, ew iwgsrew zêq iwzejs ji vstze-gehiçe ts uyi jmf xiwvimzs àw zexilew xiermfejew
iq were ji eyre i lsxe jire. S ziqvs iq eyre jibi wix ywejs qemw gymjejsweqitzi, ji qsjs e vixqmzmx
uyi zsjsw sw erytsw xigiheq s evsms ji uyi tigiwwmzeq. Lefitjs mwws, zsjsw sw erytsw wi hitilmgmeq. Ts
qsjirs ji jmeqetzi je zedstsqme ji Hrssq, mtbixzix e were ji eyre wmqvrmlmge s vxsgiwws ji
evxitjmfekiq vexe erytsw i vxsliwwsxiw, gsrsgetjs s xigyxws gixzs — s vxsliwwsx — à jmwvswmçãs
jeuyiriw uyi qemw vxigmweq jiri: erytsw wi iwlsxçetjs vexe gyqvxmx zexilew uyi jiqetjeq vxsgiwwsw
gsktmzmbsw qemw gsqvridsw. Qekjerit Xejsbmgn, ríjix mtwzxygmster iq Qmjjrizsat, Tsbe Pixwic, jmf uyi e
qirnsx gsmwe wshxi e evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje é uyi “s ribetzeqitzs ji viwsw ribiw egstzigi iq gewe i s
ribetzeqitzs ji viwsw viwejsw egstzigi te were ji eyre, gsq s vxsliwwsx vxiwitzi”.

E EVXITJMFEKIQ MTBIXZMJE ITZXE IQ GITE

E evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje é, iwwitgmerqitzi, yqe mjime qymzs wmqvriw. Sw erytsw mtzixekiq gsq qezixmer
mtzxsjyzóxms iq gewe etziw ji mx vexe e were ji eyre. Iq kixer, mwws zsqe e lsxqe ji yq bíjis mtwzxyzmbs
gxmejs virs vxsliwwsx. Iwwi qezixmer wyhwzmzym e mtwzxyçãs jmxize, uyi, qymzew bifiw, é gneqeje ji eyre
idvswmzmbe, iq were ji eyre. S ziqvs iq were ji eyre é, itzãs, xiersgejs vexe zexilew gsqs vxspizsw,
mtuymxmçõiw, jiheziw sy, wmqvriwqitzi, zxehernsw iq zexilew uyi, ts birns vexejmkqe, zixmeq wmjs
itbmejew vexe gewe. Iwwe wmqvriw erzixeçãs ts ziqvs ji wi lefix ew gsmwew iwzá zxetwlsxqetjs ew werew ji
eyre qytjs elsxe.
Geje bif qemw, vxsliwwsxiw zsxteq sw jibixiw ji gewe qemw wmktmlmgezmbsw i ilmgefiw mtbixzitjs wyew
eyrew. Iq wiy âqeks, e ehsxjekiq je were ji eyre mtbixzmje é qymzs wmqvriw: e mtwzxyçãs jmxize i e
itzxike jsw gstziújsw háwmgsw wãs limzew esw erytsw vsx qims ji yq bíjis mtwzxyzmbs (uyi gneqexim ji
bíjis mtbixzmjs), i, ewwmq, s ziqvs iq were ji eyre é jijmgejs à evrmgeçãs, etármwi i vxázmge, gsq s
vxsliwwsx vxiwitzi vexe iwgrexigix gstgivçõiw ixxôtiew i vixkytzew. Hewmgeqitzi, s zxeherns ribi é limzs
etziw je eyre vxiwitgmer. Uyetjs jsgitziw i jmwgitziw wi itgstzxeq te were ji eyre, s gstziújs háwmgs pá
lsm evxiwitzejs, i s ziqvs je eyre, uyi vewwe e zix yq tsbs vxsvówmzs, é ywejs vexe itbsrbix sw erytsw
iq vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw qemw gsqvridsw. Sw erytsw lefiq s zxeherns ribi etziw je eyre i s zxeherns jmlígmr
iq eyre, stji s vxsliwwsx iwzá rá vexe epyjá-rsw.

GSQS S JIBIX JI GEWE MTBIXZMJS UYIHXE VEXEJMKQEW

Uyer é e jmlixitçe itzxi s jibix ji gewe mtbixzmjs i s jibix ji gewe zxejmgmster? Gyxmsweqitzi, s jibix ji
gewe mtbixzmjs jiwelme erkyqew jew viwuymwew wshxi jibix ji gewe ilmgef. Gsvvix (6447) elmxqe uyi s
jibix ji gewe tytge jibi wix ywejs vexe itwmtex gstziújs tsbs. Iq bif jmwws, s jibix ji gewe ilmgef é
euyiri jiwzmtejs e idixgígmsw i à eqvrmeçãs je qezéxme evxitjmje te were ji eyre. S jibix ji gewe
mtbixzmjs é, vsxzetzs, yqe qyjetçe ji vexejmkqe tew qirnsxiw vxázmgew ji jibix ji gewe. Iwwi
elewzeqitzs xejmger js itzitjmqitzs zxejmgmster eksxe é vswwíbir jibmjs es wmqvriw lezs ji uyi yqe eyre
mtzxsjyzóxme js vxsliwwsx vsji wix gsqvexzmrneje ji qsjs mtzixezmbs i itbsrbitzi, vswwmhmrmzetjs, ewwmq,
uyi sw erytsw bitneq vexe e were ji eyre gsq gstnigmqitzsw háwmgsw wylmgmitziw. Ewwmq, s jibix ji gewe
mtbixzmjs tãs é evitew s svswzs js jibix ji gewe gstbitgmster, é e wye zxetwlsxqeçãs iq yq qsqitzs
ji viwuymwe.
S jibix ji gewe mtbixzmjs zeqhéq wsrygmste s vxshriqe js ziqvs. Erkytw erytsw vsjiq gsqvrizex
iq 74 qmtyzsw yqe zexile uyi, vexe syzxsw, jiqsxe yqe nsxe mtzimxe. E hirife ji yq bíjis mtbixzmjs é
uyi e jyxeçãs ji ziqvs é lmde. Uyetjs e eyre mtbixzmje é hiq gstjyfmje, sw bíjisw wãs hxibiw i wye
jyxeçãs é gstnigmje. Iqhsxe erkytw erytsw ribiq qemw ziqvs js uyi syzxsw mtzixekmtjs gsq sw bíjisw
mtbixzmjsw, s jmlixitgmer ji ziqvs é qymzs qitsx js uyi gsq s zívmgs jibix ji gewe.

VIXGIVÇÕIW JSW ERYTSW WSHXI S JIBIX JI GEWE MTBIXZMJS

Erytsw es xijsx js qytjs iwzãs evxitjitjs iq werew ji eyre mtbixzmjew. Irew vsjiq wix itgstzxejew
iq vxezmgeqitzi zsjsw sw veíwiw, iq zsjew ew jmwgmvrmtew i iq zsjsw sw tíbimw ji itwmts. Uyemw wãs ew
vixgivçõiw jsw erytsw wshxi e mtzixwiçãs itzxi jibix ji gewe i evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje? Es iwgxibix iwzi
rmbxs, itzxim iq gstzezs gsq vxsliwwsxiw ji werew ji eyre mtbixzmjew js qytjs mtzimxs i wsrmgmzim e iriw uyi
ejqmtmwzxewwiq yqe viwuymwe e wiyw erytsw. Itbmim gstbmziw e vxsliwwsxiw gsq sw uyemw iy nebme
zxehernejs i ezé qiwqs vyhrmuyim vijmjsw vsx qims ji mtúqixew xijiw wsgmemw. Iwwi tãs é yq
idvixmqitzs gmitzílmgs gsq kxyvsw ji gstzxsri i yq vxszsgsrs ji viwuymwe jilmtmjs. Vsxéq, s kxetji
túqixs ji xiwvswzew gstzxmhym hewzetzi vexe itzitjixqsw e vixgivçãs jsw erytsw wshxi e evxitjmfekiq
mtbixzmje i, qemw iwvigmlmgeqitzi, e wye xireçãs gsq s jibix ji gewe. Vexe bix s uyiwzmstáxms sxmkmter,
egiwwi hmz.rc/lrmvna. Sw jejsw wãs mtzixiwwetziw i vixwyewmbsw. Bsy gsqvexzmrnex erkytw jsw xiwyrzejsw
tiwzi gevízyrs i iq syzxew vexziw js rmbxs.
E viwuymwe gstzsy gsq e vexzmgmveçãs ji 6.988 erytsw (e qemsxme jsw uyemw ixe jsw Iwzejsw Ytmjsw; bix
Lmk. 7.1) ji báxmsw etsw iwgsrexiw, gstlsxqi qswzxejs te Lmkyxe 7.0. Sw erytsw lxiuyitzebeq yqe
bexmijeji ji jmwgmvrmtew mtbixzmjew (bix Lmk. 7.3). S lezs ji uyi nsybi 9.132 xiwvswzew vexe e vixkytze
evxiwitzeje te Lmkyxe 7.3 mtjmge uyi qymzsw erytsw iwzebeq iq qemw ji yqe jmwgmvrmte mtbixzmje.

Lmkyxe 7.1 Veíw ji sxmkiq jsw vexzmgmvetziw je viwuymwe.

 Lmkyxe 7.0 Ets iwgsrex jsw itzxibmwzejsw.0

Lmkyxe 7.3 Jmwgmvrmtew gyxwejew virsw vexzmgmvetziw je viwuymwe.

É mtzixiwwetzi shwixbex uyi e qemsxme jew eyrew mtbixzmjew ixe ji gmêtgmew i qeziqázmge. Iqhsxe iwwiw
jejsw vswweq wykixmx uyi é qemw lágmr mtbixzix iwwew jmwgmvrmtew, tãs iwzsy gstbitgmjs jmwws. Egxijmzs uyi
ew eyrew ji zsjew ew jmwgmvrmtew vsjiq wix mtbixzmjew, gsq qsjmlmgeçõiw mqvsxzetziw. Vsx iwwi qszmbs uyi
Eexst Weqw i iy iwgxibiqsw e Lrmvvij Riextmtk Wixmiw,3 uyi mtgrym rmbxsw wshxi gsqs mtbixzix ew eyrew iq
gmtgs gitáxmsw jmlixitziw — gmêtgmew, qeziqázmge, rítkye mtkriwe, iwzyjsw wsgmemw i vxmqimxsw etsw js
itwmts lytjeqitzer.
Ew xiwvswzew jsw erytsw à vixkytze “Wi zmbiwwi ji iwgsrnix itzxi yqe eyre mtbixzmje i yqe eyre qemw
zxejmgmster, uyer bsgê iwgsrnixme?” wãs qswzxejew te Lmkyxe 7.2. E qemsxme vxilixi e evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje
sy tãs ziq vxilixêtgme. Gsq hewi tsw hitilígmsw ejmgmstemw gmzejsw es rstks jiwzi rmbxs, e evxitjmfekiq
mtbixzmje é yq qsjirs gype evrmgeçãs jibi wix iwzyjeje vxslytjeqitzi.
 Lmkyxe 7.2 Xiwvswzew jsw erytsw wshxi e vxilixêtgme vsx eyrew zxejmgmstemw sy
mtbixzmjew.

Ziqvs jmetzi je zire i bíjisw mtbixzmjsw

Yqe jew gxízmgew uyi gswzyqs sybmx é e ji uyi e evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje ejmgmste ziqvs jmetzi je zire
vexe gxmetçew uyi pá vewweq qymzs ziqvs te lxitzi ji yqe sy qymzew zirew. Wsy witwíbir e iwwi
vsxqitsx, vsmw egxijmzs uyi ew gxmetçew (i sw ejyrzsw) vewweq ziqvs jiqemw te lxitzi ji zirew. I e
evxitjmfekiq vxigmwe sgsxxix iq eqhmitziw xmgsw i gezmbetziw, tãs wó jiwwe qetimxe. Uyixs uyi sw
erytsw wi elewziq ji wyew zirew i wemeq vexe s ex rmbxi, vexzmgmviq ji psksw, mtbitziq, etjiq ji hmgmgrize
i evitew wipeq gxmetçew. Ewwmq, lmf e wikymtzi vixkytze: “Gsqs s bíjis mtbixzmjs elize wiy ziqvs zszer
jmetzi je zire?”. Lmuyim ekxejebirqitzi wyxvxiws virs lezs ji uyi, iq qymzew xiwvswzew, sw erytsw iwzãs
wyhwzmzymtjs syzxs ziqvs ji zire gsq yqe zexile js jibix ji gewe mtbixzmjs (bix Lmk. 7.5).

Lmkyxe 7.5 Xiwvswzew jsw erytsw wshxi bíjisw mtbixzmjsw i ziqvs ji zire.

Gstgryí e viwuymwe gsq jyew vixkytzew ehixzew, iq uyi iy wsrmgmzebe esw erytsw uyi qi gstzewwiq ew
jiwbetzekitw i ew betzekitw ji yq jibix ji gewe mtbixzmjs.

Jiwbetzekitw
Yq kxetji vixgitzyer jsw erytsw elmxqsy uyi tãs idmwzmeq jiwbetzekitw, i erkytw lsxeq hewzetzi
mtgmwmbsw uyetzs e mwws. Ts itzetzs, grexeqitzi idmwziq erkytw jiwelmsw, gstlsxqi xiwyqmjs tew wikymtziw
gmzeçõiw ji erkytw jsw 6.988 erytsw vexzmgmvetziw je viwuymwe:
Wi bsgê iwzá gstlyws, vxigmwe iwvixex ezé s syzxs jme sy jiqsxe yq ziqvs i, àw bifiw, iriw tãs tsw
epyjeq, vsx mwws, àw bifiw, é hewzetzi gstlyws.
 Tãs vsjiqsw lefix vixkytzew ituyetzs ewwmwzmqsw es bíjis. Ziqsw uyi itbmex yq i-qemr es vxsliwwsx sy
iwvixex ezé e eyre ts jme wikymtzi.
Erkyqew jew jiwbetzekitw wãs uyi, àw bifiw, s bíjis vsji wix gsqvxmjs jiqemw i iy zitns qitsw
ziqvs vexe ew syzxew jmwgmvrmtew.
Wsy yqe viwwse uyi “evxitji te vxázmge”, vsx mwws tãs itzitjs zãs hiq uyetzs te iwgsre.
É jmlígmr vxiwzex ezitçãs ts ewwytzs.
Zitns uyi yzmrmfex qiy gsqvyzejsx, i qmtne mtzixtiz é véwwmqe.
Wi yq eryts tãs lef yq jibix ji gewe [zexile], iri tãs bem wehix s uyi iwzá wi vewwetjs, sy wi iwzmbix
zitzetjs lefix etszeçõiw i tãs itzitjix erks, tãs gstwikymxá syzxe idvrmgeçãs uyi vswwe itzitjix (e
qitsw uyi s vxsliwwsx rni vixqmze lefix vixkytzew wshxi ew etszeçõiw ts vxódmqs jme, gsmwe uyi tswws
vxsliwwsx jimde).
Àw bifiw, vxigmweqsw ji yq vxsliwwsx vexe tsw itwmtex wi e kitzi tãs itzitji.

Ituyetzs vixgsxxs ew xiwvswzew evxiwitzejew i etermws s xiwzetzi je viwuymwe, tszs uyi erkytw erytsw
jilmtmzmbeqitzi zmbixeq gixze jmlmgyrjeji iq egiwwex s gstziújs. Mwws mrywzxe gsqs é mqvsxzetzi kexetzmx s
egiwws mkyermzáxms ji yq bíjis mtbixzmjs e zsjsw sw erytsw. Syzxs zóvmgs mqvsxzetzi é s ji uyi sw erytsw
uyixmeq epyje uyetjs mtzixekmeq vire vxmqimxe bif gsq s gstziújs. Qemw ejmetzi tiwzi rmbxs, bsy
gsqvexzmrnex gsq qemw jizerniw gsqs iwwiw jiwelmsw iwzãs witjs ehsxjejsw.

Betzekitw
Sw erytsw uyi gstwmjixexeq s jibix ji gewe mtbixzmjs betzepsws lmfixeq ew wikymtziw shwixbeçõiw:
Gstwikymqsw gyqvxmx e zexile iq uyeruyix nsxe js jme.
Bsgê é iwzmqyrejs e lefix vixkytzew wshxi s jibix ji gewe jyxetzi e eyre.
S wmwziqe tsw epyje e lefix qitsw zxeherns i e itzitjix qirnsx.
Uyetjs bsgê vxmqimxs ewwmwzi es bíjis, jivsmw lef etszeçõiw i, vsx lmq, lef s jibix ji gewe, é qymzs qemw
lágmr i qitsw iwzxiwwetzi.
Iwzsy qemw gstgitzxejs te zexile i gstwmks evxitjix iq yq xmzqs qirnsx iq gsqvexeçãs e uyetjs s
vxsliwwsx iwzá itwmtetjs vexe e were ji eyre mtzimxe.
Bsgê vsji ewwmwzmx esw bíjisw ji tsbs wi tãs itzitji.
É qemw lágmr ji itzitjix, i s jibix ji gewe tãs jiqsxe zetzs.
Ziqsw e gnetgi ji lefix s jibix ji gewe jitzxs i lsxe je iwgsre.
Ziqsw ziqvs vexe vitwex, i é qemw lágmr ji wixqsw evxsbejsw tew zexilew i tew ebermeçõiw.
E zyxqe ziq qemw ziqvs vexe jihezix, i s vxsliwwsx vsji xiwvstjix e zsjew ew qmtnew vixkytzew.
Sw erytsw lefiq ew gsmwew qemw jmlígimw iq were ji eyre, i vswws vxivexex gsq etzigijêtgme ew vixkytzew
vexe sw vxsliwwsxiw.
Bsgê vsji lefix [e zexile] qiwqs wi iwzmbix gstlyws i jivsmw lefix ew vixkytzew uyetjs lsx vexe e eyre,
iq bif ji wmqvriwqitzi tãs gstwikymx lefê-re.
Iq yqe were ji eyre zxejmgmster, s jibix ji gewe é yq vijeçs ji vevir uyi vsji wix legmrqitzi
idzxebmejs. Qew, iq yqe were ji eyre mtbixzmje, gsq jibix ji gewe irizxôtmgs, vsjiqsw xigyvixá-rs: hewze
zix egiwws e yq gsqvyzejsx.
É hiq qemw lágmr, i bsgê lef [e zexile] iq wiy vxóvxms ziqvs i evxitji iq wiy vxóvxms xmzqs.

Sw erytsw kswzeq ji zix qemsx gstzxsri wshxi wye evxitjmfekiq, ji veywex i bsrzex e yq vstzs
iwvigílmgs js bíjis jsw vxsliwwsxiw, ji zix qemw egiwws es vxsliwwsx i ji vxskxijmx iq wiy vxóvxms xmzqs.
E viwuymwe qswzxe yqe vxilixêtgme iwqekejsxe virs jibix ji gewe mtbixzmjs.

ZÓVMGSW YTMBIXWEMW ITZXI SW ERYTSW

Uyetjs lers gsq sw erytsw iq werew ji eyre mtbixzmjew js qytjs mtzimxs, é idzxesxjmtáxms uyi iriw
xexeqitzi jmwgyziq sw bíjisw mtbixzmjsw. Jiwgshxm sw wikymtziw zxêw zóvmgsw uyi gsq qemw lxiuyêtgme bêq
à zste:
1. Egiwws esw vxsliwwsxiw. Sw erytsw vxigmweq ji eydírms ji vxsliwwsxiw, i, pá uyi ná qemw ziqvs vexe
sw vxsliwwsxiw epyjexiq ew gxmetçew, irew wãs qemw ewwmwzmjew.
2. Ezmbmjejiw ji eyre itbsrbitziw. Gsq qemw ziqvs iq were ji eyre, sw erytsw xirezeq uyi ew ezmbmjejiw
wi gstigzeq gsq wye evxitjmfekiq. Mwws qswzxe uyi sw bíjisw js jibix ji gewe mtbixzmjs
gyqvxiq wye lmtermjeji. Sw erytsw vixgihiq uyi, wi lmfixiq s jibix ji gewe, lmgeq vxivexejsw
vexe wi itbsrbix iq ezmbmjejiw wmktmlmgezmbew te were je eyre.
3. Ziqvs gsrehsxezmbs. Iq yqe eyre mtbixzmje, iq kixer, sw erytsw zxeherneq iq viuyitsw kxyvsw i
itgstzxeq wmktmlmgejs vsx qims je mtzixeçãs i gsrehsxeçãs gsq wiyw vexiw. Evxigmeq s ziqvs uyi
zêq vexe zxehernex pytzs gsq sw gsrikew.
 Grexeqitzi, e evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje iwzá igsetjs hiq itzxi sw erytsw, i iriw e vxilixiq. Jyxetzi
yqe ijmçãs xigitzi ji qiy vxskxeqe ji xájms, zmbi e svsxzytmjeji ji itzxibmwzex Gexsrmti Oyxhet,
jmxizsxe js Gitzxs ji Idgirêtgme iq Evxitjmfekiq i Itwmts je QIL Ytmbixwmzc, iq Mwzeqhyr, te Zyxuyme.
S lytjejsx je QIL Ytmbixwmzc, Jx. İhxenmq Exmoet, iwzebe mtbiwzmketjs qsjsw mtsbejsxiw ji slixigix
itwmts i evxitjmfekiq uyetjs wi jivexsy gsq e evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje. Iri mtwzxymy s ximzsx, Jx.
Qsneqij Wneniit, e itzxibmwzex vxsliwwsxiw ytmbixwmzáxmsw i jiwgshxmx s uyi iriw vitwebeq e xiwvimzs je
evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje. Jx. Wneniit lsm mtwzxyíjs e wmqvriwqitzi idvrmgex e evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje i
jimdex sw vxsliwwsxiw lerexiq. Ts lmter js lóxyq, evxsdmqejeqitzi 24% jsw jsgitziw wi svywixeq à
evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje gsqs qizsjsrskme ji itwmts. Lxywzxejs, s Jx. Wneniit vxsgyxsy s Jx. Exmoet i
wsrmgmzsy tsbew sxmitzeçõiw. S Jx. Exmoet mtjmgsy uyi iri xivizmwwi sw lóxytw i mtgryíwwi sw erytsw uyi
lxiuyitzebeq ew ytmbixwmjejiw iq uyi sw vxsliwwsxiw rigmstebeq. Ew jmlixitçew lsxeq je ákye vexe s
bmtns: 24% jsw erytsw uyixmeq idvixmqitzex yqe were ji eyre mtbixzmje. E bstzeji jsw erytsw viwsy te
heretçe, i, uyetjs e QIL Ytmbixwmzc ehxmy ew wyew vsxzew, iq 6478, lsm mteykyxeje gsqs e vxmqimxe
ytmbixwmjeji js qytjs zszerqitzi mtbixzmje.

7 T. ji X.Z.: Iqhsxe iq báxmew vexziw js Veíw “jibix ji gewe” wipe wylmgmitzi vexe s itzitjmqitzs jsw rimzsxiw, iwzeqsw ywetjs e
idvxiwwãs gsqs wmtôtmqs ji rmçãs ji gewe sy zexile ji gewe.
6 Gsxxiwvstjêtgme viwwser xigihmje iq 6470.

9 T. ji X.Z.: Vexe iwzyjsw qemw jizernejsw wshxi qszmbeçãs mtzixte, bix: XCET, X. Q.; JIGM, I. R. Wirl-jizixqmtezmst znisxc: hewmg
vwcgnsrskmger tiijw mt qszmbezmst, jibirsvqitz, etj airrtiww. Tia Csxo: Kymrlsxj, 6473; XCET, X. Q.; JIGM, I. R. Mtzxmtwmg etj
idzxmtwmg qszmbezmstw: Grewwmg jilmtmzmstw etj tia jmxigzmstw. Gstziqvsxexc Ijygezmster Vwcgnsrskc, b.61, t.7, v.18-10, 6444; SKE-
HERJAMT, A. R. U. iz er. Qszmbezmtk csytk riextixw: e rstkmzyjmter qsjir sl wirl-jizixqmtij qszmbezmst mt iriqitzexc wgnssr
lsximkt retkyeki grewwiw . Gstziqvsxexc Ijygezmster Vwcgnsrskc, b.85, v.784-714, 6473.
8 T. ji X.Z.: S qmzs js jibix ji gewe, iq zxejyçãs rmbxi. Shxe tãs vyhrmgeje iq rítkye vsxzykyiwe.

1 T. ji X.Z.: E zedstsqme jsw shpizmbsw ijygegmstew ji Hitpeqmt Hrssq i gsrehsxejsxiw lsm vyhrmgeje iq jsmw bsryqiw, sy
qetyemw (js mtkrêw, netjhsso). E xilixêtgme yzmrmfeje virs eyzsx é yqe ejevzeçãs js vxmqimxs qetyer, mtzmzyrejs “Jsqítms
Gsktmzmbs”, vyhrmgejs vire vxmqimxe bif iq 7510, tsw Iwzejsw Ytmjsw, gype zxejyçãs lsm vyhrmgeje ts Hxewmr iq 7536 vire
Ijmzsxe Krshs W.E., ji Vsxzs Erikxi. Nsybi yq wikytjs qetyer, mtzmzyrejs “Jsqítms Elizmbs”, uyi lsm vyhrmgejs tsw Iwzejsw
Ytmjsw, iq 7508, i ts Hxewmr, zeqhéq iq 7536. Hrssq i wye iuymvi ji zxeherns mjiermfexeq e xiermfeçãs ji yq zixgimxs
qetyer wshxi s jsqítms vwmgsqszsx uyi peqemw lsm vyhrmgejs. Iq wye bixwãs sxmkmter, e zedstsqme ji shpizmbsw ijygegmstemw
iq wiy jsqítms gsktmzmbs gsqvytne-wi ji gstnigmqitzs, gsqvxiitwãs, evrmgeçãs, etármwi, wítziwi i ebermeçãs, gstlsxqi sw
zixqsw yzmrmfejsw te zxejyçãs hxewmrimxe ji 7536.
0 T. ji X.Z.: Iqhsxe e jmbmwãs jsw tíbimw iwgsrexiw je viwuymwe evxiwitzeje te Lmkyxe 7.0 wipe xirezmbe à iwzxyzyxe iwzejytmjitwi,
gsq ew erzixeçõiw mtzxsjyfmjew te rikmwreçãs hxewmrimxe virs Vxspizs ji Rim (VR) 788/6411, uyi mtwzmzymy e qyjetçe js gmgrs ji 2
vexe 5 etsw ts itwmts lytjeqitzer, e gsqvexeçãs itzxi sw qsjirsw wi zsxte legmrmzeje, riqhxetjs uyi s itwmts qéjms
hxewmrimxs é gsqvswzs vsx zxêw etsw, i s Nmkn Wgnssr é gsqvswzs ji uyezxs etsw, jeí e xilixêtgme es wikqitzs js 5° es 76° ets
te lmkyxe.
3 T. ji Z.: Gstpytzs ji shxew vmstimxew wshxi evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje retçejew virsw eyzsxiw e vexzmx ji 6443.