Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers

Vol. 27, No. 4 (2018) 1850057 (20 pages)

.c World Scienti¯c Publishing Company
#
DOI: 10.1142/S0218126618500573

Secure Communication with Chaos and Electronic Circuit

Design Using Passivity-Based Synchronization¤

Uğur Erkin Kocamaz†

Department of Computer Technologies,
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Vocational School of Karacabey,

Uluda

g University, 16700 Karacabey, Bursa, Turkey
Institute of Natural Sciences,
Sakarya University, 54187 Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey
†
ugurkocamaz@gmail.com

Serdar Çiçek
Department of Electronic & Automation,
Vocational School of Hac Bekta»s Veli,
Nev»sehir Hac Bekta»s Veli University,
50800 Hacbekta»s, Nev»sehir, Turkey
serdarcicek@nevsehir.edu.tr

Ylmaz Uyaroğlu
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University,
54187 Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey
uyaroglu@sakarya.edu.tr

Received 13 January 2017

Accepted 01 July 2017
Published 10 August 2017

This work deals with the passive control-based chaos synchronization with circuit design for
secure communication. First, the numerical simulation and electronic circuit design of a simple
¯ve-term chaotic system are performed. The numerical simulation and electronic circuit design
outputs have con¯rmed each other. Then, the passive control method is applied for synchro-
nizing two identical ¯ve-term chaotic systems using only one state control signal. After the
synchronization study, design and analysis for secure communication by chaotic masking
method are conducted in Matlab–Simulink platform. Finally, an electronic circuit design is
performed for the designed communication system. In the designed communication system with
Matlab–Simulink platform and electronic circuit design, information signal which is sent from
the transmitter unit is successfully retrieved at the receiver unit. As a result, the electronic

*This paper was recommended by Regional Editor Emre Salman.

† Corresponding author.

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circuit design has shown that a single state passivity-based synchronization signal can be
e®ectively used for secure data communication applications for the real environment.

Keywords: Secure communication; passive control; chaos synchronization; ¯ve-term chaotic

system; single state controller.

1. Introduction
Events in nature exhibit nonlinear behaviors. Chaos is a speci¯c outcome of non-
linear systems, it shows the behavior of the real-world events. Chaos was ¯rst ob-
served in an electronic oscillator circuit by Balthazar Van der Pol in 1920s.1,2 Then,
Lorenz (1963) presented the mathematical model of the atmospheric convection in
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which the output of the model under some parameter values shows chaotic behavior.3
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After the discovery of the existence of chaos, many chaotic oscillator circuits and
chaotic systems displaying di®erent dynamical behaviors have been introduced in the
literature.4–16 With the development of the chaotic systems, chaos has been widely
used in various ¯elds of science such as biological systems, chemical reactions,
medicine, ecology, ¯nance, information technologies, engineering etc.17–22 One of
these ¯elds is secure communication with chaos.10,13,15,23–32
Because of features such as sensitive dependence on initial conditions, non-peri-
odicity and the hardness of estimation, chaotic systems are generally preferred in
secure communication applications. Many di®erent chaotic oscillators and chaotic
systems have been introduced for use in communication applications.10,13,15 The
majority of these chaotic systems have usually been examined as numerical analysis
and the least of them have electronic circuit design. The electronic circuit design is
needed for use in real applications.
Synchronization is an important part of secure communication with chaos. Var-
ious methods such as Pecora–Carroll,33,34 adaptive control,35 sliding mode control,36
backstepping design,37 active control,38 passive control,39–46 and so on have been
proposed for the synchronization of chaotic systems. Synchronization can be
achieved with only one state control signal by the passive control method. For
electronic circuit and communication applications, this is an advantage. Therefore,
the passive synchronization method is preferred in this work. Passivity-based syn-
chronization has been applied for chaotic uni¯ed,39 Rikitake,40 Vilnius,41 ¯nance,42
and hyperchaotic Lorenz,43 Chen,44 Lü,45 Lorenz–Sten°o46 systems successfully. All
of the studies about synchronization and communication have been usually given
only in numerical simulation except the electronic circuit design. But, the electronic
circuit design is needed for usage in real applications.
In this work, synchronization by passive control and secure communication ap-
plication with electronic circuit design of a ¯ve-term chaotic system are imple-
mented. According to the literature review, the passivity-based synchronization
signals have been recently proposed for secure communication only with hyperch-
aotic Lorenz system,32 however, that paper does not focus on any chaotic circuit

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 Secure Communication with Chaos and Electronic Circuit Design

system and any electronic secure communication circuit design. The rest of this
paper is organized as follows: In Sec. 2, the mathematical equations of a ¯ve-term
chaotic system is given and its analog electronic circuit design is implemented. In
Sec. 3, the passive synchronization of two identical ¯ve-term chaotic systems that
have di®erent initial conditions is applied theoretically. In Sec. 4, numerical simu-
lation and electronic circuit design are performed for chaotic masking communica-
tion by using the ¯ve-term chaotic system and a passive control signal. Section 5
contains the conclusions.

2. Numerical Simulation and Electronic Circuit Design

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In this section, numerical simulation and analog electronic circuit design of a ¯ve-
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term chaotic system is realized.

2.1. Simulation of ¯ve-term chaotic system

In 2009, Munmuangsaen and Srisuchinwong introduced a simple three-dimensional
¯ve-term chaotic attractor.8 It is expressed as a set of three ¯rst-order, autonomous,
ordinary di®erential equations as follows:
:
x ¼ aðy
xÞ ;
:
y ¼
xz ; ð1Þ
:
z ¼
b þ xy ;

where x, y, z are the state variables, and a, b are the system parameters.8 When a ¼ 5
and b ¼ 90 with the initial conditions x0 ¼ 5, y0 ¼ 10 and z0 ¼ 5, its Lyapunov
exponents are L1 ¼ 1:4913, L2 ¼ 0:0026, L3 ¼
6:4939, and Lyapunov dimension is
DL ¼ 2:2301.8 System (1) contains at least one positive Lyapunov exponent, so it is
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
chaotic. The equilibrium points of system (1) are E1 ð b; b; 0Þ and E2 ð
b;
b;
0Þ: If a chaotic system has initial conditions as its equilibrium points, it stabilizes
from t ¼ 0. Also, stabilization can occur around the equilibria. Therefore, di®erent
initial conditions from equilibrium points have to be considered. The x, y, z time
series and the phase portraits of chaotic system (1) obtained from the numerical
simulation in Matlab–Simulink platform are demonstrated in Figs. 1 and 2,
respectively.

2.2. Electronic circuit design of ¯ve-term chaotic system

In this section, the electronic circuit design of ¯ve-term chaotic system (1) is realized
for usage in real applications. It can be seen from Figs. 1 and 2 that signal x values
are in the interval of (
40, 40) and signals y and z values are in the interval of (
100,
100). In order to avoid saturation of electronic components, the amplitude values of
system (1) can be reduced by a linear scaling of the state variables or by using

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(a) (b)
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(c)

Fig. 1. Five-term chaotic system (1) in time series for signals (a) x, (b) y, (c) z.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 2. Five-term chaotic system (1) in phase plots (a) x–y, (b) x–z, (c) y–z, (d) phase plane x–y–z.

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 Secure Communication with Chaos and Electronic Circuit Design

amplitude controllers.47–50 In this study, a linear scaling is considered as follows:

:
x ¼ að2y
xÞ ;
:
y ¼
5xz ; ð2Þ
:
z ¼
b=10 þ 5xy :
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Fig. 3. The electronic circuit schematic of the ¯ve-term chaotic oscillator.

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The electronic circuit is designed in Orcad–PSPICE platform. It is shown in Fig. 3.

The circuit equations are given in Eq. (3). TL081 opamps, AD633 analog multipliers,
capacitors and resistors are used in the electronic circuit design. It is supplied with 
12 V symmetric DC power supply.
: 1 1
x¼ y
x;
R4 C 1 R3 C1
: 1
y¼
xz ; ð3Þ
R5 C 2
: 1
z ¼
9 þ xy :
R9 C 3
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The x, y, z time series and the phase portraits outputs of the electronic circuit of
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¯ve-term chaotic oscillator are shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively. The scaled
chaotic system (2) outputs (Fig. 2) and the numerical analysis results (Fig. 1) showed
the same chaotic characteristics. Also, Fig. 4 shows the frequency spectra of the x, y
and z signals of the electronic circuit. So, this electronic circuit design can be used as
a chaotic oscillator for real applications.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 4. Electronic circuit time series for signals (a) x, (c) y, (e) z and frequency spectrum for signals (b) x,
(d) y, (f) z of the ¯ve-term chaotic oscillator.

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 Secure Communication with Chaos and Electronic Circuit Design

(e) (f)
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Fig. 4. (Continued )
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(a) (b)

(c)

Fig. 5. Electronic circuit phase portraits of the ¯ve-term chaotic oscillator in phase plots (a) x–y, (b) x–z,
(c) y–z.

3. Synchronization with Passive Control Method

In this section, the passive control is applied in order to synchronize the ¯ve-term
chaotic systems. For this purpose, two identical ¯ve-term chaotic systems are taken
which have di®erent initial conditions. The drive system which is denoted by the

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subscript 1 controls the response system which is denoted by the subscript 2. They
are respectively given as:
:
x1 ¼ að2y1
x1 Þ ;
:
y1 ¼
5x1 z1 ; ð4Þ
:
z 1 ¼
b=10 þ 5x1 y1 ;
and
:
x2 ¼ að2y2
x2 Þ þ u ;
:
y2 ¼
5x2 z2 ; ð5Þ
:
z 2 ¼
b=10 þ 5x2 y2 ;
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where u in the response system is the passive controller to be designed. In order to

obtain the control function for the synchronization, ¯rst, the response system is
subtracted from the drive system. Therefore, the state errors are de¯ned as e1 ¼ x2 –
x1 , e2 ¼ y2 – y1 , and e3 ¼ z2 – z1 . It leads to
:
e1 ¼ að2e2
e1 Þ þ u ;
:
e2 ¼
5x2 z2 þ 5x1 z1 ; ð6Þ
:
e3 ¼ 5x2 y2
5x1 y1 :
System (6) is named as the error system. Some terms of system (6) can be denoted as

5x2 z2 þ 5x1 z1 ¼
5x2 e3
5z1 e1 ;
ð7Þ
5x2 y2
5x1 y1 ¼ 5x2 e2 þ 5y1 e1 :
Then, the error system can be rewritten as
:
e1 ¼ að2e2
e1 Þ þ u ;
:
e2 ¼
5x2 e3
5z1 e1 ; ð8Þ
:
e3 ¼ 5x2 e2 þ 5y1 e1 :
Now, the purpose is to guarantee the error system (8) asymptotically stable at the
zero error point. By supposing the state variables e1 is the output of the system and
assuming Y ¼ e1 , Z1 ¼ e2 , Z2 ¼ e3 , and Z ¼ [Z1 Z2 ], the error system (8) can be
denoted by normal form:
:
Z 1 ¼
5x2 Z2
5z1 Y ;
:
Z 2 ¼ 5x2 Z1 þ 5y1 Y ; ð9Þ
:
Y ¼ að2Z1
Y Þ þ u :
The passive control theory has the following generalized form39–46:
:
Z ¼ f0 ðZÞ þ pðZ; Y ÞY ;
: ð10Þ
Y ¼ bðZ; Y Þ þ aðZ; Y Þu ;

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 Secure Communication with Chaos and Electronic Circuit Design

and according to system (9),

" : #    
: Z1
5x2 Z2
5z1
Z ¼ : ¼ þ Y;
Z2 5x2 Z1 5y1
|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl} |fflfflfflfflffl{zfflfflfflfflffl}
f0 ðZÞ pðZ; Y Þ ð11Þ
:
Y ¼ að2Z1
Y Þ þ |{z} 1 u:
|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl}
bðZ; Y Þ aðZ; Y Þ

A storage function is chosen as

1
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V ðZ; Y Þ ¼ W ðZÞ þ Y 2 ; ð12Þ

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2
where
1 2
W ðZÞ ¼ ðZ þ Z 22 Þ ; ð13Þ
2 1
is the Lyapunov function of f0 ðZÞ with W ð0Þ ¼ 0. The zero dynamics of system (11)
describe the internal dynamics which are consistent with the external constraint
:
Y ¼ 0, i.e., Z ¼ f0 ðZÞ. It implies
d @W ðZÞ : :
V ðZ; Y Þ ¼ ZþYY
dt @Z
@W ðZÞ @W ðZÞ
¼ f0 ðZÞ þ pðZ; Y ÞY þ bðZ; Y ÞY þ aðZ; Y ÞYu : ð14Þ
@Z @Z
The error system can be obtained with a minimum phase
d
W ðZÞf0 ðZÞ  0 : ð15Þ
dt
Then, Eq. (14) becomes
d @W ðZÞ
V ðZ; Y Þ  pðZ; Y ÞY þ bðZ; Y ÞY þ aðZ; Y ÞYu : ð16Þ
dt @Z
According to f0 ðZÞ, the derivative of W ðZÞ with respect to time yields
: d @W ðZÞ
W ðZÞ ¼ W ðZÞ ¼ f ðZÞ
dt " @Z # 0

5x2 Z2
¼ ½ Z1 Z 2  ¼
5x2 Z1 Z2 þ 5x2 Z1 Z2 ¼ 0 : ð17Þ
5x2 Z1
:
W ðZÞ  0 is the Lyapunov function of f0 ðZÞ and W ðZÞ  0, therefore the zero
dynamics of system (14) is asymptotically stable and the controlled dynamical
system is a minimum phase system.40,44

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According to the passive control theory, the control function u is obtained as39–46:
  T 

1 @W ðZÞ
u ¼ aðZ; Y Þ
bðZ; Y Þ
pðZ; Y Þ

Y þ v ; ð18Þ
@Z

where
is a positive real constant and v is an external input signal. v ¼ 0 for the zero
equilibrium point and synchronization.
According to Eq. (18), the passive control function becomes
u ¼
að2Z1
Y Þ þ 5z1 Z1
5y1 Z2

Y þ v : ð19Þ
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(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 6. Synchronization in time series with the passive controller is activated at t ¼ 10 s for signals (a) x,
(b) y, (c) z.

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 Secure Communication with Chaos and Electronic Circuit Design

Taking back the conversions Y ¼ e1 , Z1 ¼ e2 and Z2 ¼ e3 , the controller u is

expressed by
u ¼
að2e2
e1 Þ þ 5z1 e2
5y1 e3

e1 þ v : ð20Þ
Hence, the response ¯ve-term chaotic system (5) is completed with the passive
control function in Eq. (20).
Now, numerical simulations are assigned for validating the theoretical analysis.
Passivity-based synchronization of the ¯ve-term chaotic system has been applied in
Matlab–Simulink platform. The initial conditions of drive and response chaotic
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(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 7. Synchronization in time series with the passive controller is activated at t ¼ 15 s for signals (a) x,
(b) y, (c) z.

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(a) (b)

Fig. 8. Synchronization errors in time series with the passive controller is activated at (a) t ¼ 10 s,
(b) t ¼ 15 s.
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systems are taken as (1, 1, 0.5) and (0.1, 0.05, 0.05), respectively. The passive control
parameters are considered as
¼ 5 and v ¼ 0. The simulation results for the state
variables of the drive and response ¯ve-term chaotic systems when the passive
controller is activated at t ¼ 10 s and t ¼ 15 s are shown in Figs. 6 and 7, respectively.
In addition, the synchronization errors in time series are given in Fig. 8. When
Figs. 6–8 are analyzed, it can be seen that the synchronization is successfully
achieved by means of a single state passive control signal.

4. Secure Communication System Design with Chaos

In this section, numerical simulation and design of an analog electronic circuit for
chaotic secure communication using ¯ve-term chaotic oscillator is realized.

4.1. Simulation of secure communication system with chaos

Chaotic masking method has been o®ered by Cuomo and Oppenheim.23 In this
work, that method is used for chaotic communication system design with the ¯ve-
term chaotic oscillator. In chaotic masking (Fig. 9), the information or message
signal mðtÞ is added to the driving chaotic signal cðtÞ in a transmitter unit. Mod-
ulated signal sðtÞ which is obtained from the transmitter unit is sent to a receiver
unit. At the receiver unit, the same chaotic signal  cðtÞ is obtained using the noisy
modulated signal rðtÞ by chaotic synchronization. After this process, the signal rðtÞ
is subtracted from the chaotic signal  cðtÞ which is obtained by the chaotic syn-
chronization. Thus, the information signal mðtÞ sent from the transmitter unit is
attained. The energy level of information signal must be 20–30 db much lower than
the chaotic signal, therefore the chaotic signal would be added for the chaotic
masking communication.23,31,51
Chaotic secure communication system by chaotic masking method using the
¯ve-term chaotic oscillator with a passive synchronization signal is designed in
Matlab–Simulink platform. The block diagram of the communication system is
illustrated in Fig. 10. At the transmitter unit, information signal mðtÞ is added to

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Fig. 9. The block diagram of chaotic masking communication method.51

a chaotic signal cðtÞ which is produced by ¯ve-term chaotic oscillator system.

Modulated signal sðtÞ is sent to receiver over Additive White Gaussian Noise
(AWGN) channel model. At the receiver unit, the chaotic signal  cðtÞ is recon-
structed with the passivity-based synchronization. The noisy modulated signal rðtÞ is
subtracted from the chaotic signal  cðtÞ. So, a noisy information signal remains.
Then, the information signal sent from transmitter unit is obtained from the noisy
information signal throughout a threshold detector unit.
The communication system (Fig. 10) has been analyzed under 0–10 db Eb =N0
(energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio) at AWGN channel model.
Random digital signals (\þ1" and \
1") are sent as information signal. The Bit
Error Rate (BER) performance analysis of the communication system is given in
Fig. 11. The transmitted information signal and the retrieved information signal for
10 db Eb =N0 are also demonstrated in Fig. 12. These ¯gures have shown that the
proposed system has good BER performance and the transmitted information signals
are retrieved successfully.

Fig. 10. Matlab–Simulink block diagram of the designed secure communication system.

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Fig. 11. The BER performance of the designed secure communication system.

4.2. Electronic circuit of the designed secure communication

system with chaos
In this section, the constructed chaotic secure communication system (Fig. 10) is
realized with an electronic circuit design for using in real applications. As shown in
Figs. 13 and 14, the transmitter and receiver units of the electronic communication
circuit are built in Orcad–PSPICE platform, respectively. In the electronic circuit
design, TL081 opamps, AD633 analog multipliers, capacitors, and resistors are used.

Fig. 12. The signals of designed secure communication system (a) transmitted information signal,
(b) retrieved information signal.

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 Secure Communication with Chaos and Electronic Circuit Design

Fig. 13. The electronic circuit schematic of the transmitter unit of the communication system.
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Fig. 14. The electronic circuit schematic of the receiver unit of the communication system.

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Fig. 15. The implementation of the designed communication system on the board.

The electronic circuits are supplied with 12 V symmetric DC power supply. The
tolerances of the components used in the drive and response system to achieve the
synchronization were  2% on the multiplier,  1% on the values of the resistance
and  5% on the value of the capacitors.
The information signal and the chaotic signal from the ¯ve-term chaotic oscillator
are added in the transmitter unit. The modulated signal achieved by the transmitter

Fig. 16. The transmitted and retrieved signals of implemented electronic circuits of the communication
system.

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 Secure Communication with Chaos and Electronic Circuit Design

unit is sent to the receiver unit. At the receiver unit, the same chaotic signal is
obtained by using the ¯ve-term chaotic system and the passive control signal in
Eq. (20). Then, the modulated signal which comes from the transmitter unit is
subtracted from the single state chaotic signal obtained by the passive synchroni-
zation. Thus, the information signal sent from the transmitter unit is attained.
The implementation of the designed communication system on the board is given
in Fig. 15. Analog Discovery PC-based oscilloscope device is used for information
signal generator and measurements. The transmitted and retrieved information
signals are given in Fig. 16 (Volt=div ¼ 5 V, Time=div ¼ 100 us). The maximum
limits of the information signal are 5 V amplitude and 150 KHz frequency for suc-
cessful communication. Figure 16 shows that the information signals are retrieved
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successfully.
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5. Conclusion
In this work, the chaotic electronic circuit design with passivity-based synchroni-
zation is proposed for secure communication applications. Firstly, the numerical
analysis and electronic circuit design of a simple ¯ve-term chaotic system are ful¯lled.
The numerical simulation (Figs. 1 and 2) and the electronic circuit design outputs
(Figs. 4 and 5) have validated each other. So, the electronic circuit can be used for
several real engineering applications such as encryption, true random generators,
communication etc. Then, the passive control technique is applied to synchronize the
¯ve-term chaotic systems for secure communication design. Successful synchroni-
zation results are obtained with a single state passive control signal (Figs. 6–8).
Afterwards, the numerical and analog electronic circuit design using the ¯ve-term
chaotic oscillator are implemented by the chaotic masking method (Figs. 10, 13–15).
In the developed secure communication system, the information signal sent from the
transmitter unit is successfully retrieved at the receiver unit (Figs. 12 and 16). As a
result, a simple electronic circuit design has been presented which is used for secure
data communication applications for the real environment.

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