THEORY OF INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Activity Probability

John Edinson Alvarez Ramirez

Compensar University Foundation

February 2021
Bogota
 Review workshop
1. A binary communication channel transmits one of two possible symbols “1” or “0.”
Due to noise in the channel, a “0” can be received as a “1” and vice versa. The
probability that a particular symbol (“1” or “0”) will be sent is:

P [0] = P [1] = 0.5

The error probabilities are known:

p: = P [0|1] = P [“0” is received when a “1” was sent] q: = P [1|0] = P

[“1” is received when a “0” was sent]

Probability = Favorable cases / Possible cases

The result is multiplied by 100 to express it as a percentage.

to Find the probability of receiving a “0”.

) Since we have two possibilities, the equation will be given in the number of

favorable cases over the total number of possible cases, so it will be like this:
P [0] = 1 = 0.5 = 50%

b) Find the probability of receiving a “1”.

Since we have two possibilities, the equation will be given in the number of
favorable cases over the total number of possible cases, so it will be like this:
P [1] = 1 = 0.5 = 50%

If a “0” is received, what is the probability that a “0” was sent?

c)
To know what the probability is we must have all the possibilities, because by
sending a 0 we are counting that a given possibility has already been taken that
It is in 1/2, so to be sure we must have the other possibility which will be
receiving the same number or receiving a one (1).
The equation is the following:
_ 1 11
P=1X1=1

The probability is 0.25 or 25%

d) If a “1” is received, what is the probability that a “1” was sent?

To know what the probability is, we must have all the possibilities, because by
 sending a 1 we are counting that a given possibility has already been taken, which
is 1/2, so to be sure we must have the other possibility, which will be receiving a
0 or a 1.
The equation is the following:

The probability is 0.25 or 25%

e) Calculate the probability P e that an error is made in the transmission.

2. A student's score on the Information Theory exam is an integer, evenly distributed

between 0 and 10. What is the probability that a student gets a grade greater than or
equal to 9? What is the probability that it “cracks”? Note: The exam is lost when the
grade is less than 6.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

<6 >= 9

There are 11 grades since the grades range from 0 to 10, the possible cases are 11 and
the favorable cases are 1; so, we have:
1
= 0,09 = 9%
11
The probability that a student gets a grade greater than 9 is:
P
[~ 9] =2x1=2=0.04=4%
The probability that the student will crack is the following:
6
P[<6]=1= 0.5454 = 54.54%
The probability that the student will fail the exam is 54.54%

3. Cell phones make handoffs from one cell to another as they move through space.
During a call a phone can make zero handoffs ( H 0 ), one handoff ( H 1 ) or more than
one handoff ( H 2 ). Plus every call is long

( L ) if it lasts more than three minutes, or brief ( B ) if it lasts less. The following table
describes the probabilities of the different types of calls.

Review workshop........................................................................................................................2

The probability is equal to 0.16 or 16%.

a) What is the probability that a call will be short?
 The probability that a call will be short is:
P = 1 = 0.5 = 50%
b) What is the probability that a call is long or that it has at least two handoffs ?
1
X 1 = 1 = 0.16
Review workshop........................................................................................................................2

The probability is equal to 0.66 or 66%.