09 Chapter 4

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 INTRODUCTION
This fourth chapter analyses the primary data collected from the 543
women entrepreneurs from Northern Tamil Nadu in fulfilment of the objectives
the thesis has set for itself. The analysis has been carried out objective-wise.
This is followed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-test of variables
mean rank difference with the demographic profile of the women entrepreneurs.
Multiple regression analysis is used to identify the influence of COVID-
19 pandemic on challenges faced during COVID-19 pandemic. Path analysis is
used to identify the influence of COVID-19 pandemic on intent to quit with
respect to challenges faced during COVID-19 pandemic.
Additionally, descriptive statistics is used to study the demographic
profile and business profile women entrepreneurs of the study. As already
explained, the respondents of the study are the 543 women entrepreneurs.
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Table 4.1: Demographic profile of the women entrepreneurs
Demographic
S.No. Category Frequency Percent
Profile
18 to 25 Years 60 11.0
26 to 35 Years 104 19.2
1 Age 36 to 45 Years 124 22.8
Above 45 Years 255 47.0
Total 543 100.0
Rural 74 13.6
2 Location Urban 469 86.4
Total 543 100.0
Unmarried 54 9.9
Marital
3 Married 489 90.1
Status
Total 543 100.0
Up to School 37 6.8
Technical Education 57 10.5
Educational Undergraduate 125 23.0
4
Qualification Postgraduate 183 33.7
Professional 141 26.0
Total 543 100.0
Nuclear Family 228 42.0
Family
5 Joint Family 315 58.0
Type
Total 543 100.0
Up to 3 Members 206 37.9
6 Dependents Above 3 Members 337 62.1
Total 543 100.0
Source: primary data
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The table 4.1 demonstrates the demographic profile of the women
entrepreneurs in Northern Tamil Nadu. Among the 543 women entrepreneurs, 11
percent of the women entrepreneurs were 18 to 25 years, 19.2 percent of the
women entrepreneurs were 26 to 35 years, 22.8 percent of the women
entrepreneurs were 36 to 45 years and remaining 47 percent of the women
entrepreneurs were above 45 years. Regarding location of the women
entrepreneurs, 13.6 percent of the entrepreneurs were from rural and 86.4
percent of the women entrepreneurs were from Urban. With respect to marital
status of the women entrepreneurs, a majority of the entrepreneurs were married
90.1 percent and 9.9 percent was unmarried women entrepreneurs.
With respect to educational qualification of the women entrepreneurs, 6.8
percent have acquired up to school education, 10.5 percent of the women
entrepreneurs were in technical education, 23 percent of the women
entrepreneurs were in undergraduate level, 33.7 percent of the women
entrepreneurs were found to be with postgraduate education and 26 percent of
the women entrepreneurs were found to be with professional education.
Regarding family type of women entrepreneurs, the majority of entrepreneurs
come from joint families, 58 percent and 42 percent of entrepreneurs are from
nuclear families. In terms of the dependents of women entrepreneurs, the
majority of women entrepreneurs have above 3 members, 62.1 percent, and 37.9
per cent of women entrepreneurs have up to 3 members.
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Table 4.2: Business Profile of the Women entrepreneurs
Business
Profile
Up to 5L 141 26.0
6L to 10L 130 23.9
Startup
1 11L to 15L 162 29.8
Capital
Above 15L 110 20.3
Total 543 100.0
Up to 5L 173 31.9
6L to 10L 152 28.0
Current
2 11L to 15L 108 19.9
Worth
Above 15L 110 20.3
Total 543 100.0
First Generation 347 63.9
3 Generation Second Generation 196 36.1
Total 543 100.0
Retail trading 68 12.5
Beautician 99 18.2
Readymade 112 20.6
4 Business
Restaurant 124 22.8
Other Business 140 25.8
Total 543 100.0
Own 359 66.1
Firm
5 Partnership firm 184 33.9
Type
Total 543 100.0
83
Cont. of table 4.2
Business
Profile
Up to 5 Years 109 20.1
6 to 10 Years 172 31.7
6 Experience 11 to 15 Years 121 22.3
Total 543 100.0
Up to 20000 108 19.9
20001 to 40000 277 51.0
7 Income 40001 to 60000 126 23.2
Above 60000 32 5.9
Total 543 100.0
The table 4.2 demonstrates the business profile of women entrepreneurs
in Northern Tamil Nadu. In terms of start-up capital, 23.9 percent of women
entrepreneurs have invested up to Rs. 5L for their business, 30 percent of women
entrepreneurs have invested between Rs. 6L to 10L, 29.8 percent of women
entrepreneurs have invested Rs. 11L to 15L for their business, and 20.3 percent
of women entrepreneurs have invested above Rs. Above 15L for their business.
According to the current worth of their business, 31.9 percent of women
entrepreneurs have a current value of up to 5L and 28 percent of women
entrepreneurs have a current value of 6L to 10L. In addition, 19.9 percent of
women entrepreneurs have a current value of 11L to 15L, and the remaining
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20.3 percent of women entrepreneurs report that the current value of their
business is above 15L.
In terms of generation of women entrepreneurs, 63.9 percent of women
entrepreneurs are 1st generation and 36.1 percent of women entrepreneurs are 2nd
generation entrepreneurs. In terms of business type, 12.5 percent of women
entrepreneurs belong to retail trading, 18.2 percent of women entrepreneurs
belong to beautician businesses, 20.6 percent of women entrepreneurs belong to
Readymade shops, 22.8 percent of women entrepreneurs belong to Restaurant
business, and 25.8 percent of women entrepreneurs belong to other types of
businesses. With regard to type of firm, 66.1 percent of women entrepreneurs
were involved in own firm and 33.9 percent of the women entrepreneurs were
partnership firm.
Among the 543 women entrepreneurs, 20.1 percent of the women
entrepreneurs have up to 5 years of experience, 31.7 percent of the women
entrepreneurs have 6 to 10 years of experience, 22.3 percent of the women
entrepreneurs have 11 to 15 years of experience and remaining 26 percent of the
women entrepreneurs have above 15 years of experience. In terms of income,
19.9 percent of entrepreneurs earn up to Rs. 20000, 51 percent of women
entrepreneurs earn Rs. 20001 to 40000, and 23.2 percent of women
entrepreneurs earn between Rs. 40001 to 60000. The remaining women
entrepreneurs (5.9%) earn above 60000.
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Table 4.3: Women entrepreneurs’ opinion towards impact of COVID-19
Pandemic with respect to age
COVID-19 Mean Overall H- p-

Age N
Pandemic Rank Mean/S.D. Value Value
18 to 25 Years 60 244.67
26 to 35 Years 104 286.79
M=3.3734
Lockdown 36 to 45 Years 124 227.64 18.076 0.001
SD=0.66680
Total 543
18 to 25 Years 60 365.72
26 to 35 Years 104 239.46
Social M=3.3439
36 to 45 Years 124 291.64 31.881 0.001
Distance SD=0.71112
Total 543
18 to 25 Years 60 200.80
26 to 35 Years 104 274.78
Closure of M=3.4512
36 to 45 Years 124 291.99 14.979 0.002
Marketplace SD=0.65613
Total 543
18 to 25 Years 60 276.60
26 to 35 Years 104 244.29
Closure of M=3.5152
36 to 45 Years 124 301.14 7.858 0.049
Business SD=0.63520
Total 543
18 to 25 Years 60 202.43
26 to 35 Years 104 223.80
Worker M=3.4484
36 to 45 Years 124 266.21 38.069 0.001
Absenteeism SD=0.67361
Total 543
18 to 25 Years 60 202.86
Overall 26 to 35 Years 104 268.95
M=3.4264
COVID-19 36 to 45 Years 124 282.33 37.124 0.001
SD=0.45743
Pandemic Above 45 Years 255 311.67
Total 543
86
Table 4.3 shows the women entrepreneurs’ opinion towards impact of
COVID-19 pandemic with respect to age. This table brings out five COVID-19
pandemic impacts namely, lockdown, social distance, closure of marketplace,
closure of business, and worker absenteeism. The age of respondents oscillate
between 18 years of age and above 45 years of age. In relation to the various
responses of the 543 women entrepreneurs are grouped under four age groups
and their corresponding mean rank and its corresponding H- value and its related
p-value. The first age group is 18 to 25 years of age with minimum respondents
of 60 women entrepreneurs and the next is the age group 26 to 35 years which
capsules 104 women entrepreneurs and 36 to 45 years of age group capsules 124
women entrepreneurs and finally above 45 years of age group capsules 255
women entrepreneurs and this age group forms the major women entrepreneurs
group. In this study, Kruskal-Wallis test is being adopted to get the H- ratio and
its corresponding p-value to identify the significant differences of the women
entrepreneurs’ perception of COVID-19 pandemic impact by the four different
age groups.
Lockdown is listed below as the first impact felt by women entrepreneurs
due to the COVID-19 pandemic impact. The overall mean value is 3.3734 and
the total standard deviation is 0.66680, with the highest mean rank being 293.97
for those above 45 years of age. The results show that firms of women
entrepreneurs have felt the impact of lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The corresponding H-value is 18.076 with the p-value of 0.001, which suggests
87
that there is a significant difference in the perception towards the lockdown of
COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by the women entrepreneurs.
Social distance is listed below as the first impact felt by women
entrepreneurs due to the COVID-19 pandemic impact. The overall mean value is
3.3439 and the total standard deviation is 0.71112, with the highest mean rank
being 365.72 for those 18 to 25 years of age. The results show that firms of
women entrepreneurs have felt the impact of social distance during the COVID-
19 pandemic. The corresponding H-value is 31.881 with the p-value of 0.001,
which suggests that there is a significant difference in the perception towards the
social distance of COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by the women
entrepreneurs.
Closure of marketplace is listed below as the first impact felt by women
women entrepreneurs have felt the impact of closure of marketplace during the
COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding H-value is 14.979 with the p-value of
0.002, which suggests that there is a significant difference in the perception
towards the closure of marketplace of COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by
the women entrepreneurs.
Closure of business is listed below as the first impact felt by women
88
women entrepreneurs have felt the impact of closure of business during the
towards the closure of business of COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by the
women entrepreneurs.
Worker absenteeism is listed below as the first impact felt by women
being 310.84 for those above 45 years of age. The results show that firms of
women entrepreneurs have felt the impact of worker absenteeism during the
towards the worker absenteeism of COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by
Overall COVID-19 pandemic is listed below as felt by women
entrepreneurs. The overall mean value is 3.4264 and the total standard deviation
is 0.45743, with the highest mean rank being 311.67 for those above 45 years of
age. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs are generally affected
by the COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding H-value is 37.124 with the p-
value of 0.001, which suggests that there is a significant difference in the
89
perception towards the overall COVID-19 pandemic perceived by the women
entrepreneurs.
It can be identified that closure of business shows the highest impact
during the COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Patricia
Carracedo, Rosa Puertas & Luisa Marti (2020) discovered that impact of the
COVID-19 pandemic on business. The result also indicated the maximum
differentiation felt by the women entrepreneurs in perceiving the COVID-19
pandemic impact such as lockdown, social distance, closure of marketplace,
closure of business, and worker absenteeism. The results show that firms of
women entrepreneurs are generally affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Himanshu, Ritika, Nikhat Mushir & Ratan Suryavanshi (2020) found that
investors are beginning to redistribute their portfolios to cope with the financial
crisis caused by COVID-19. It is found that the above 45 years old women
entrepreneurs are more affected during the COVID-19 pandemic followed by
other age groups of women entrepreneurs. Abdul Monnaf & Marufa Rahman
(2020) identified that the socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on
90
Pandemic with respect to education
COVID-19 Mean H- p-
Education N
Pandemic Rank Value Value
Up to School 37 308.20
Undergraduate 125 197.84
Lockdown 47.794 0.001
Postgraduate 183 284.63
Total 543
Social Undergraduate 125 246.46
21.569 0.001
Distance Postgraduate 183 311.31
Total 543
Closure of Undergraduate 125 277.19
60.365 0.001
Marketplace Postgraduate 183 217.82
Total 543
Closure of Undergraduate 125 247.73
82.601 0.001
Business Postgraduate 183 242.98
Total 543
Worker Undergraduate 125 251.92
47.146 0.001
Absenteeism Postgraduate 183 261.61
Total 543
Overall
COVID-19 50.627 0.001
Pandemic
Total 543
91
COVID-19 pandemic with respect to education. This table brings out five
COVID-19 pandemic impacts namely, lockdown, social distance, closure of
marketplace, closure of business, and worker absenteeism. The education of
respondents oscillates between up to School to professional of education. In
relation to the various responses of the 543 women entrepreneurs are grouped
under five education groups and their corresponding mean rank and its
corresponding H- value and its related p-value. The first education group is up to
school of education with minimum respondents of 37 women entrepreneurs and
the next is the education group technical education which capsules 57 women
entrepreneurs and undergraduate of education group capsules 125 women
entrepreneurs and professional of education group capsules 141 women
entrepreneurs and finally postgraduate of education group capsules 183 women
entrepreneurs and this education group forms the major women entrepreneurs
group. In this study, Kruskal-Wallis test is being adopted to get the H- ratio and
its corresponding p-value to identify the significant differences of the women
entrepreneurs’ perception of COVID-19 pandemic impact by the five different
education groups.
for those professional of education. The results show that firms of women
92
being 311.31 for those postgraduate of education. The results show that firms of
entrepreneurs.
being 345.25 for those professional of education. The results show that firms of
93
being 359.72 for those up to School of education. The results show that firms of
being 331.84 for those up to School of education. The results show that firms of
is 0.45743, with the highest mean rank being 340.56 for those professional of
education. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs are generally
94
affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding H-value is 50.627 with
the p-value of 0.001, which suggests that there is a significant difference in the
entrepreneurs.
during the COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Faisal Mustafa, et
al. (2021) identified that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental,
physical, and economic well-being of women entrepreneurs. The result also
indicated the maximum differentiation felt by the women entrepreneurs in
perceiving the COVID-19 pandemic impact such as lockdown, social distance,
closure of marketplace, closure of business, and worker absenteeism.
Shebazbano Khan, et al. (2020) identified that qualification has significant
impact on specific investment avenues. The results show that firms of women
entrepreneurs are generally affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. It is found that
the professional education of women entrepreneurs are more affected during the
COVID-19 pandemic followed by other education groups of women
entrepreneurs. Farhan Ahmed, et al. (2021) discovered that COVID-19 has a
negative impact on oil prices and stock market performance.
95
Pandemic with respect to experience
COVID-19 Mean H- p-
Experience N
Up to 5 Years 109 313.29
6 to 10 Years 172 322.05
Lockdown 11 to 15 Years 121 248.48 59.483 0.001
Total 543
Up to 5 Years 109 208.55
6 to 10 Years 172 367.09
Social
11 to 15 Years 121 295.14 129.148 0.001
Distance
Total 543
Up to 5 Years 109 376.43
6 to 10 Years 172 290.53
Closure of
11 to 15 Years 121 219.11 84.898 0.001
Marketplace
Total 543
Up to 5 Years 109 295.55
6 to 10 Years 172 311.63
Closure of
11 to 15 Years 121 233.32 27.593 0.001
Business
Total 543
Up to 5 Years 109 287.70
6 to 10 Years 172 312.84
Worker
11 to 15 Years 121 265.68 31.802 0.001
Absenteeism
Total 543
Up to 5 Years 109 306.25
Overall 6 to 10 Years 172 345.43
COVID-19 11 to 15 Years 121 248.55 98.803 0.001
Pandemic Above 15 Years 141 176.07
Total 543
96
COVID-19 pandemic with respect to experience. This table brings out five
marketplace, closure of business, and worker absenteeism. The experience of
respondents oscillates between up to 5 years of experience to above 15 years of
experience. In relation to the various responses of the 543 women entrepreneurs
are grouped under four experience groups and their corresponding mean rank
and its corresponding H- value and its related p-value. The first experience
group is up to 5 years of experience with minimum respondents of 109 women
entrepreneurs and the next is the experience group 11 to 15 years which capsules
121 women entrepreneurs and above 15 years of experience group capsules 141
women entrepreneurs and finally 6 to 10 years of experience group capsules 172
women entrepreneurs and this experience group forms the major women
entrepreneurs group. In this study, Kruskal-Wallis test is being adopted to get the
H- ratio and its corresponding p-value to identify the significant differences of
the women entrepreneurs’ perception of COVID-19 pandemic impact by the four
different experience groups.
for those 6 to 10 years of experience. The results show that firms of women
97
being 295.14 for those 11 to 15 years of experience. The results show that firms
of women entrepreneurs have felt the impact of social distance during the
towards the social distance of COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by the
being 376.43 for those up to 5 years of experience. The results show that firms
of women entrepreneurs have felt the impact of closure of marketplace during
the COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding H-value is 84.898 with the p-value
of 0.001, which suggests that there is a significant difference in the perception
98
of women entrepreneurs have felt the impact of closure of business during the
of women entrepreneurs have felt the impact of worker absenteeism during the
is 0.45743, with the highest mean rank being 345.43 for those 6 to 10 years of
experience. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs are generally
99
entrepreneurs.
during the COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Farhan Ahmed,
et al. (2021) discovered that COVID-19 has a negative impact on oil prices and
stock market performance. The result also indicated the maximum differentiation
felt by the women entrepreneurs in perceiving the COVID-19 pandemic impact
such as lockdown, social distance, closure of marketplace, closure of business,
and worker absenteeism. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs are
generally affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Abdul Monnaf & Marufa
Rahman (2020) identified that the socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19
pandemic on women entrepreneurs. It is found that the 6 to 10 years of
experience of women entrepreneurs are more affected during the COVID-19
pandemic followed by other experience groups of women entrepreneurs. Patricia
COVID-19 pandemic on business.
100
Pandemic with respect to income
COVID-19 Mean H- p-
Income N
Up to 20000 108 197.32
20001 to 40000 277 316.49
Lockdown 40001 to 60000 126 278.65 9.230 0.021
Above 60000 32 292.38
Total 543
Up to 20000 108 261.92
20001 to 40000 277 269.36
Social
40001 to 60000 126 276.92 2.526 0.471
Distance
Above 60000 32 309.55
Total 543
Up to 20000 108 338.95
20001 to 40000 277 267.28
Closure of
40001 to 60000 126 291.35 17.163 0.001
Marketplace
Above 60000 32 211.69
Total 543
Up to 20000 108 216.34
20001 to 40000 277 276.16
Closure of
40001 to 60000 126 306.69 20.577 0.001
Business
Above 60000 32 287.30
Total 543
Up to 20000 108 251.56
20001 to 40000 277 285.24
Worker
40001 to 60000 126 256.29 5.509 0.138
Absenteeism
Above 60000 32 288.23
Total 543
Up to 20000 108 233.68
Overall 20001 to 40000 277 278.31
COVID-19 40001 to 60000 126 284.75 8.550 0.036
Pandemic Above 60000 32 296.52
Total 543
101
COVID-19 pandemic with respect to income. This table brings out five COVID-
19 pandemic impacts namely, lockdown, social distance, closure of marketplace,
closure of business, and worker absenteeism. The income of respondents
oscillates from up to 20000 of income to above 60000of income. In relation to
the various responses of the 543 women entrepreneurs are grouped under four
income groups and their corresponding mean rank and its corresponding H-
value and its related p-value. The first income group is above 60000 of income
with minimum respondents of 32 women entrepreneurs and the next is the
income group up to 20000 which capsules 108 women entrepreneurs and 40001
to 60000 of income group capsules 126 women entrepreneurs and finally 20001
to 40000 of income group capsules 277 women entrepreneurs and this income
group forms the major women entrepreneurs group. In this study, Kruskal-Wallis
test is being adopted to get the H- ratio and its corresponding p-value to identify
the significant differences of the women entrepreneurs’ perception of COVID-19
pandemic impact by the four different income groups.
for those 20001 to 40000 of income. The results show that firms of women
102
being 309.55 for those above 60000 of income. The results show that firms of
which suggests that there is no significant difference in the perception towards
the social distance of COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by the women
entrepreneurs.
being 338.95 for those up to 20000 of income. The results show that firms of
103
being 306.69 for those 40001 to 60000 of income. The results show that firms of
being 288.23 for those above 60000 of income. The results show that firms of
0.138, which suggests that there is no significant difference in the perception
is 0.45743, with the highest mean rank being 296.52 for those above 60000 of
income. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs are generally
104
entrepreneurs.
during the COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Shebazbano
Khan, et al. (2020) identified that income has significant impact on specific
investment avenues. The result also indicated the maximum differentiation felt
by the women entrepreneurs in perceiving the COVID-19 pandemic impact such
as lockdown, closure of marketplace, and closure of business except social
distance and worker absenteeism. The results show that firms of women
entrepreneurs are generally affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Patricia
COVID-19 pandemic on business. It is found that the above 60000 of income of
women entrepreneurs are more affected during the COVID-19 pandemic
followed by other income groups of women entrepreneurs. Babu and Giridhar
(2021) discovered that there is a significant difference towards pre lockdown and
post unlock period with respect to monthly income.
105
Pandemic with respect to business
COVID-19 Mean H- p-
Business N
Beautician 99 224.34
Readymade 112 240.51
Lockdown 26.664 0.001
Restaurant 124 319.37
Total 543
Social Readymade 112 206.40
57.964 0.001
Distance Restaurant 124 346.48
Total 543
Closure of Readymade 112 219.87
31.983 0.001
Marketplace Restaurant 124 293.79
Total 543
Closure of Readymade 112 234.21
30.567 0.001
Business Restaurant 124 298.03
Total 543
Worker Readymade 112 246.17
8.940 0.063
Absenteeism Restaurant 124 299.16
Total 543
Overall
COVID-19 30.108 0.001
Pandemic
Total 543
106
COVID-19 pandemic with respect to their business. This table brings out five
marketplace, closure of business, and worker absenteeism. The business of
respondents oscillates from retail trading to other types of business. In relation to
the various responses of the 543 women entrepreneurs are grouped under five
business groups and their corresponding mean rank and its corresponding H-
value and its related p-value. The first business group is retail trading business
business group beautician business which capsules 99 women entrepreneurs and
readymade business group capsules 112 women entrepreneurs and restaurant
business group capsules 124 women entrepreneurs and finally other types of
business group capsules 140 women entrepreneurs and this business group forms
the major women entrepreneurs group. In this study, Kruskal-Wallis test is being
adopted to get the H- ratio and its corresponding p-value to identify the
significant differences of the women entrepreneurs’ perception of COVID-19
pandemic impact by the five different business groups.
for that restaurant business. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs
have felt the impact of lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. The
107
corresponding H-value is 26.664 with the p-value of 0.001, which suggests that
there is a significant difference in the perception towards the lockdown of
being 346.48 for that restaurant business. The results show that firms of women
entrepreneurs have felt the impact of social distance during the COVID-19
pandemic. The corresponding H-value is 57.964 with the p-value of 0.001,
entrepreneurs.
being 328.09 for that retail trading business. The results show that firms of
108
being 329.85 for that beautician business. The results show that firms of women
entrepreneurs have felt the impact of closure of business during the COVID-19
closure of business of COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by the women
entrepreneurs.
being 299.16 for that restaurant business. The results show that firms of women
entrepreneurs have felt the impact of worker absenteeism during the COVID-19
pandemic. The corresponding H-value is 8.940 with the p-value of 0.063, which
suggests that there is no significant difference in the perception towards the
worker absenteeism of COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by the women
entrepreneurs.
is 0.45743, with the highest mean rank being 321.81 for that restaurant business.
The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs are generally affected by the
109
towards the overall COVID-19 pandemic perceived by the women
entrepreneurs.
pandemic impact such as lockdown, social distance, closure of marketplace, and
closure of business except worker absenteeism. The results show that firms of
women entrepreneurs are generally affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Farhan
Ahmed, et al. (2021) discovered that COVID-19 has a negative impact on oil
prices and stock market performance. It is found that the restaurant business of
women entrepreneurs are more affected during the COVID-19 pandemic
followed by other business groups of women entrepreneurs. Abdul Monnaf &
Marufa Rahman (2020) identified that the socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19
pandemic on women entrepreneurs.
110
Pandemic with respect to marital status
COVID-19 Marital Mean U- p-

N
Pandemic Status Rank Value Value
Unmarried 54 139.26
Lockdown Married 489 286.66 6035.0 0.001
Total 543
Unmarried 54 235.73
Social
Married 489 276.01 11244.5 0.071
Distance
Total 543
Unmarried 54 219.47
Closure of
Married 489 277.80 10366.5 0.009
Marketplace
Total 543
Unmarried 54 338.49
Closure of
Married 489 264.66 9612.5 0.001
Business
Total 543
Unmarried 54 271.18
Worker
Married 489 272.09 13158.5 0.967
Absenteeism
Total 543
Overall Unmarried 54 217.44
COVID-19 Married 489 278.02 10257.0 0.007
Pandemic Total 543

111
COVID-19 pandemic with respect to their marital status. This table brings out
five COVID-19 pandemic impacts namely, lockdown, social distance, closure of
marketplace, closure of business, and worker absenteeism. The marital status of
respondents oscillates between married and unmarried. In relation to the various
responses of the 543 women entrepreneurs are grouped under two marital status
groups and their corresponding mean rank and its corresponding U- value and its
related p-value. The first marital status group is unmarried with minimum
respondents of 54 women entrepreneurs and the next is the marital status group
married which capsules 489 women entrepreneurs and this marital status group
forms the major women entrepreneurs group. In this study, Mann-Whitney U-
test is being adopted to get the U- ratio and its corresponding p-value to identify
the significant differences of the women entrepreneurs’ perception of COVID-19
pandemic impact by the two different marital status groups.
for that married than unmarried (139.26) women entrepreneurs. The results show
that firms of women entrepreneurs have felt the impact of lockdown during the
COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding U-value is 6035.0 with the p-value of
112
towards the lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by the women
entrepreneurs.
being 276.01 for that married than unmarried (235.73) women entrepreneurs.
The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs have felt the impact of
social distance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding U-value is
11244.5 with the p-value of 0.071, which suggests that there is no significant
difference in the perception towards the social distance of COVID-19 pandemic
impact perceived by the women entrepreneurs.
closure of marketplace during the COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding U-
value is 10366.5 with the p-value of 0.009, which suggests that there is a
significant difference in the perception towards the closure of marketplace of
113
being 338.49 for that unmarried than married (264.66) women entrepreneurs.
closure of business during the COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding U-value
is 9612.5 with the p-value of 0.001, which suggests that there is a significant
difference in the perception towards the closure of business of COVID-19
pandemic impact perceived by the women entrepreneurs.
worker absenteeism during the COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding U-
value is 13158.5 with the p-value of 0.967, which suggests that there is no
significant difference in the perception towards the worker absenteeism of
is 0.45743, with the highest mean rank being 278.02 for that married than
unmarried (217.44) women entrepreneurs. The results show that firms of women
entrepreneurs are generally affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The
corresponding U-value is 10257.0 with the p-value of 0.007, which suggests that
114
there is a significant difference in the perception towards the overall COVID-19
pandemic perceived by the women entrepreneurs.
during the COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Faisal Mustafa, et
al. (2021) identified that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental,
physical, and economic well-being of women entrepreneurs. The result also
indicated the maximum differentiation felt by the women entrepreneurs in
perceiving the COVID-19 pandemic impact such as lockdown, closure of
marketplace, and closure of business except social distance and worker
absenteeism. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs are generally
affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Abdul Monnaf & Marufa Rahman (2020)
identified that the socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on women
entrepreneurs. It is found that the married women entrepreneurs are more
affected during the COVID-19 pandemic than unmarried women entrepreneurs.
Patricia Carracedo, Rosa Puertas & Luisa Marti (2020) discovered that impact of
the COVID-19 pandemic on business.
115
Pandemic with respect to generation
COVID-19 Mean U- p-
Generation N
1 Generation 347 315.29
Lockdown II Generation 196 195.35 18983.5 0.001
Total 543

Social
II Generation 196 241.51 28029.0 0.001
Distance
Total 543
1Generation 347 288.38

Closure of
II Generation 196 243.00 28322.5 0.009
Marketplace
Total 543

Closure of
II Generation 196 177.19 15424.0 0.001
Business
Total 543

Worker
II Generation 196 212.38 22319.5 0.001
Absenteeism
Total 543
Overall 1 Generation 347 319.23
COVID-19 II Generation 196 188.38 17616.0 0.001

Pandemic Total 543
116
COVID-19 pandemic with respect to their generation. This table brings out five
marketplace, closure of business, and worker absenteeism. The generation of
respondents oscillates between 1st Generation and IInd Generation. In relation to
the various responses of the 543 women entrepreneurs are grouped under two
generation groups and their corresponding mean rank and its corresponding U-
value and its related p-value. The first generation group is IInd Generation with
minimum respondents of 196 women entrepreneurs and the next is the
generation group 1st Generation which capsules 347 women entrepreneurs and
this generation group forms the major women entrepreneurs group. In this study,
Mann-Whitney U-test is being adopted to get the U- ratio and its corresponding
p-value to identify the significant differences of the women entrepreneurs’
perception of COVID-19 pandemic impact by the two different generation
groups.
for that 1st Generation than IInd Generation (195.35) women entrepreneurs. The
results show that firms of women entrepreneurs have felt the impact of lockdown
during the COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding U-value is 18983.5 with the
p-value of 0.001, which suggests that there is a significant difference in the
117
perception towards the lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by
being 289.22 for that 1st Generation than IInd Generation (241.51) women
entrepreneurs. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs have felt the
impact of social distance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding U-
significant difference in the perception towards the social distance of COVID-19
pandemic impact perceived by the women entrepreneurs.
impact of closure of marketplace during the COVID-19 pandemic. The
there is a significant difference in the perception towards the closure of
marketplace of COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by the women
entrepreneurs.
118
impact of closure of business during the COVID-19 pandemic. The
there is a significant difference in the perception towards the closure of business
of COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by the women entrepreneurs.
impact of worker absenteeism during the COVID-19 pandemic. The
there is significant difference in the perception towards the worker absenteeism
of COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by the women entrepreneurs.
is 0.45743, with the highest mean rank being 319.23 for that 1st Generation than
IInd Generation (188.38) women entrepreneurs. The results show that firms of
119
women entrepreneurs are generally affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The
there is a significant difference in the perception towards the overall COVID-19
pandemic perceived by the women entrepreneurs.
pandemic impact such as lockdown, social distance, closure of marketplace,
closure of business, and worker absenteeism. The results show that firms of
women entrepreneurs are generally affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Shebazbano Khan, et al. (2020) identified that COVID-19 pandemic have
significant impact on specific investment avenues. It is found that the 1st
Generation women entrepreneurs are more affected during the COVID-19
pandemic than IInd Generation women entrepreneurs. Abdul Monnaf & Marufa
pandemic on women entrepreneurs.
120
Discussion
The result indicated the maximum differentiation felt by the women
entrepreneurs in perceiving the COVID-19 pandemic impact such as lockdown,
closure of marketplace, and closure of business except social distance and
worker absenteeism. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs are
generally affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Abdul Monnaf & Marufa
pandemic on women entrepreneurs. Patricia Carracedo, Rosa Puertas & Luisa
Marti (2020) discovered that impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on business. It
can be identified that closure of business shows the highest impact during the
COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Patricia Carracedo, Rosa
Puertas & Luisa Marti (2020) discovered that impact of the COVID-19
pandemic on business. The result also indicated the maximum differentiation felt
by the women entrepreneurs in perceiving the COVID-19 pandemic impact such
as lockdown, social distance, closure of marketplace, closure of business, and
worker absenteeism. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs are
generally affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Shebazbano Khan, et al. (2020)
identified that COVID-19 pandemic have significant impact on specific
investment avenues. Abdul Monnaf & Marufa Rahman (2020) identified that the
socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on women entrepreneurs.
121
Table 4.10: Women entrepreneurs faced challenges during COVID-19
Pandemic with respect to age
Mean Overall H- p-
Challenges Age N
Rank Mean/S.D. Value Value
18 to 25 Years 60 229.36
26 to 35 Years 104 281.81
Financial M=3.4057
36 to 45 Years 124 303.05 10.716 0.013
Challenges SD=0.40699
Total 543
18 to 25 Years 60 193.91
26 to 35 Years 104 282.22
Marketing M=3.3235
36 to 45 Years 124 201.97 64.962 0.001
Total 543
18 to 25 Years 60 221.23
26 to 35 Years 104 234.76
HR M=3.4762
36 to 45 Years 124 271.03 20.326 0.001
Total 543
18 to 25 Years 60 222.91
26 to 35 Years 104 249.33
Production M=3.4166
36 to 45 Years 124 242.19 26.006 0.001
Total 543
18 to 25 Years 60 192.97
26 to 35 Years 104 288.46
Infrastructure M=3.3660
36 to 45 Years 124 300.90 21.239 0.001
Total 543
18 to 25 Years 60 196.41
26 to 35 Years 104 293.74
Management M=3.3637
36 to 45 Years 124 229.43 35.031 0.001
Total 543
122
Con. Of table 4.10
Mean Overall H- p-
Challenges Age N
Rank Mean/S.D. Value Value
18 to 25 Years 60 217.11
26 to 35 Years 104 236.63
R&D M=3.2905
36 to 45 Years 124 240.54 37.360 0.001
Total 543
18 to 25 Years 60 194.47
26 to 35 Years 104 286.12
Personal M=3.3554
36 to 45 Years 124 248.18 24.978 0.001
Total 543
18 to 25 Years 60 256.23
26 to 35 Years 104 272.40
Family M=3.3849
36 to 45 Years 124 297.66 4.844 0.184
Total 543
18 to 25 Years 60 256.13
26 to 35 Years 104 257.22
Operational M=3.3020
36 to 45 Years 124 245.58 10.516 0.015
Total 543
18 to 25 Years 60 218.12
26 to 35 Years 104 317.24
Technical M=3.3247
36 to 45 Years 124 240.66 22.125 0.001
Total 543
18 to 25 Years 60 209.28
26 to 35 Years 104 265.96
Overall M=3.3645
36 to 45 Years 124 230.53 32.885 0.001
Total 543
123
Table 4.10 shows the eleven challenges faced by the women
entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 pandemic period in Northern Tamil Nadu.
This table brings out eleven challenges namely, financial challenges, marketing
challenges, HR challenges, production challenges, infrastructure challenges,
management challenges, R & D challenges, personal challenges, family
challenges, operational challenges, and technical challenges. The age of
respondents oscillate between 18 years of age and above 45 years of age. In
under four age groups and their corresponding mean rank and its corresponding
H- value and its related p-value. The first age group is 18 to 25 years of age with
minimum respondents of 60 women entrepreneurs and the next is the age group
26 to 35 years which capsules 104 women entrepreneurs and 36 to 45 years of
age group capsules 124 women entrepreneurs and finally above 45 years of age
group capsules 255 women entrepreneurs and this age group forms the major
women entrepreneurs group. In this study, Kruskal-Wallis test is being adopted
to get the H- ratio and its corresponding p-value to identify the significant
differences of the women entrepreneurs’ perception of challenges during
COVID-19 pandemic felt by the four different age groups.
Financial challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during the COVID-
19 pandemic listed below an analysis. The overall mean value is 3.4057 and the
total standard deviation is 0.40699, with the highest mean rank for those aged 36
to 45 years being 303.05. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs
124
have felt the financial challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The
there is a significant difference in the women entrepreneurs’ perception towards
the financial challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
Marketing challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during the COVID-
total standard deviation is 0.59734, with the highest mean rank for those aged
above 45 years being 320.26. The results show that firms of women
entrepreneurs have felt the marketing challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
that there is a significant difference in the women entrepreneurs’ perception
towards the marketing challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
HR challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during the COVID-19
pandemic listed below an analysis. The overall mean value is 3.4762 and the
entrepreneurs have felt the HR challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The
the HR challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
Production challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during the COVID-
125
entrepreneurs have felt the production challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
towards the production challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
Infrastructure challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during the
COVID-19 pandemic listed below an analysis. The overall mean value is 3.3660
and the total standard deviation is 0.53939, with the highest mean rank for those
aged 36 to 45 years being 300.90. The results show that firms of women
entrepreneurs have felt the infrastructure challenges during COVID-19
which suggests that there is a significant difference in the women entrepreneurs’
perception towards the infrastructure challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
Management challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during the
aged above 45 years being 301.62. The results show that firms of women
entrepreneurs have felt the management challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
towards the management challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
126
R & D challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during the COVID-19
entrepreneurs have felt the R & D challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The
the R & D challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
Personal challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during the COVID-19
entrepreneurs have felt the personal challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
towards the personal challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
Family challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during the COVID-19
have felt the family challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding
H-value is 4.844 with the p-value of 0.184, which suggests that there is no
127
significant difference in the women entrepreneurs’ perception towards the family
challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
Operational challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during the
aged above 45 years being 294.61. The results show that firms of women
entrepreneurs have felt the operational challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
that there is no significant difference in the women entrepreneurs’ perception
towards the operational challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
Technical challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during the COVID-
have felt the technical challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The
there is no significant difference in the women entrepreneurs’ perception
towards the technical challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
Overall challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during the COVID-19
128
entrepreneurs have felt the overall challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The
corresponding H-value is 32.885with the p-value of 0.001, which suggests that
towards the overall challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
It has been identified that HR challenges have a greater impact during
COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Bhavani (2017) stated that
the business challenge faced by the women entrepreneurs. The result also
indicated the differentiation felt by the women entrepreneurs in perceiving the
challenges during COVID-19 pandemic such as financial challenges, marketing
management challenges, R & D challenges, personal challenges, operational
challenges, and technical challenges except family challenges. Charulakshmi &
Thaiyalnayaki (2019) discovered that there is significant difference between
Problem of Women Entrepreneurs and demographic profile of age. The results
show that firms of women entrepreneurs faced more challenges during the
COVID-19 pandemic. Tahir Iqbal & Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal (2020)
identified that socio-cultural insignificantly moderates the effect of perception of
women entrepreneurs, but financial challenges affect significantly and
positively. It is found that the above 45 years old women entrepreneurs are more
challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by other age groups
of women entrepreneurs.
129
Pandemic with respect to education
Mean H- p-
Challenges Education N
Rank Value Value
Financial Undergraduate 125 297.36
34.294 0.001
Challenges Postgraduate 183 264.48
Total 543
Marketing Undergraduate 125 315.48
41.112 0.001
Total 543
HR Challenges 39.308 0.001
Total 543
Production Undergraduate 125 280.91
74.314 0.001
Total 543
Infrastructure Undergraduate 125 249.16
18.422 0.001
Total 543
Management Undergraduate 125 266.88
8.690 0.069
Total 543
130
Cont. of table 4.11
Mean H- p-
Challenges Education N
Rank Value Value
R&D Undergraduate 125 309.64
39.111 0.001
Total 543
Personal Undergraduate 125 313.73
41.572 0.001
Total 543
Family Undergraduate 125 239.41
83.781 0.001
Total 543
Operational Undergraduate 125 254.82
54.517 0.001
Total 543
Technical Undergraduate 125 264.41
5.363 0.252
Total 543
Overall Undergraduate 125 271.88
48.029 0.001
Total 543
131
management challenges, R and D challenges, personal challenges and family
challenges. The education of respondents oscillates between up to school to
professional of education. In relation to the various responses of the 543 women
entrepreneurs are grouped under five education groups and their corresponding
mean rank and its corresponding H- value and its related p-value. The first
education group is up to school of education with minimum respondents of 37
women entrepreneurs and the next is the education group technical education
which capsules 57 women entrepreneurs and undergraduate of education group
capsules 125 women entrepreneurs and professional of education group capsules
141 women entrepreneurs and finally postgraduate of education group capsules
183 women entrepreneurs and this education group forms the major women
the women entrepreneurs’ perception of challenges during COVID-19 pandemic
felt by the four different education groups.
total standard deviation is 0.40699, with the highest mean rank for that
132
professional education being 295.92. The results show that firms of women
entrepreneurs have felt the financial challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
towards the financial challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
undergraduate education being 315.48. The results show that firms of women
total standard deviation is 0.58670, with the highest mean rank for those
education of professional being 333.76. The results show that firms of women
133
134
education of undergraduate being 309.64. The results show that firms of women
education of undergraduate being 313.73. The results show that firms of women
total standard deviation is 0.67069, with the highest mean rank for that education
of professional years being 363.05. The results show that firms of women
135
entrepreneurs have felt the family challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The
the family challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
education of technical being 289.76. The results show that firms of women
entrepreneurs have felt the technical challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
136
COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Rajni Shaw & Singh (2021)
identified that the financial problems is the major constraints women
entrepreneur were facing in start-up and to continue their business. The result
also indicated the differentiation felt by the women entrepreneurs in perceiving
the challenges during COVID-19 pandemic such as financial challenges,
marketing challenges, HR challenges, production challenges, infrastructure
challenges, R and D challenges, personal challenges and family challenges
except management challenges and technical challenges. Charulakshmi &
Problem of Women Entrepreneurs and demographic profile of education
qualification. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs faced more
challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Bhavani (2017) stated that the
business challenge faced by the women entrepreneurs. It is found that the
professional education of women entrepreneurs are more challenges faced
137
during the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by other education groups of women
entrepreneurs.

Pandemic with respect to experience
Mean H- p-
Challenges Experience N
Rank Value Value
Up to 5 Years 109 262.89
6 to 10 Years 172 280.06
Financial
11 to 15 Years 121 329.48 33.148 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
Up to 5 Years 109 366.98
6 to 10 Years 172 270.21
Marketing
11 to 15 Years 121 308.85 108.619 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
Up to 5 Years 109 328.02
6 to 10 Years 172 308.81
HR Challenges 11 to 15 Years 121 238.45 49.826 0.001
Total 543
Up to 5 Years 109 367.42
6 to 10 Years 172 271.06
Production
11 to 15 Years 121 249.82 60.544 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
Up to 5 Years 109 375.75
6 to 10 Years 172 292.27
Infrastructure
11 to 15 Years 121 273.76 118.881 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
Up to 5 Years 109 251.09
6 to 10 Years 172 288.27
Management
11 to 15 Years 121 304.34 14.968 0.002
Challenges
Total 543
138
Cont. of Table 4.12
Mean H- p-
Challenges Experience N
Rank Value Value
Up to 5 Years 109 320.20
6 to 10 Years 172 253.47
R&D
11 to 15 Years 121 332.26 57.171 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
Up to 5 Years 109 286.85
6 to 10 Years 172 265.61
Personal
11 to 15 Years 121 307.67 14.616 0.002
Challenges
Total 543
Up to 5 Years 109 299.90
6 to 10 Years 172 255.87
Family
11 to 15 Years 121 227.86 22.699 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
Up to 5 Years 109 252.68
6 to 10 Years 172 225.32
Operational
11 to 15 Years 121 331.15 37.223 0.015
Challenges
Total 543
Up to 5 Years 109 366.40
6 to 10 Years 172 237.10
Technical
11 to 15 Years 121 336.16 112.722 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
Up to 5 Years 109 347.74
6 to 10 Years 172 256.34
Overall
11 to 15 Years 121 317.31 72.357 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
139
challenges, operational challenges, and technical challenges. The experience of
respondents oscillates between up to 5 years of experience to above 15 years of
experience. In relation to the various responses of the 543 women entrepreneurs
are grouped under four experience groups and their corresponding mean rank
and its corresponding H- value and its related p-value. The first experience
group is up to 5 years of experience with minimum respondents of 109 women
entrepreneurs and the next is the experience group 11 to 15 years which capsules
121 women entrepreneurs and above 15 years of experience group capsules 141
women entrepreneurs and finally 6 to 10 years of experience group capsules 172
women entrepreneurs and this experience group forms the major women
the women entrepreneurs’ perception of challenges during COVID-19 pandemic
felt by the four different experience groups.
140
experienced 11 to 15 years being 329.48. The results show that firms of women
experienced up to 45 years being 366.98. The results show that firms of women
141
142
experienced above 15 years being 307.99. The results show that firms of women
143
144
challenges, family challenges, and technical challenges. Peng Zou & Di Huo and
Meng Li (2020) discovered that firms in Guangdong Province have faced great
challenges in the COVID-19 pandemic. The results show that firms of women
entrepreneurs faced more challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Luh Putu
Eka Yani, et al. (2019) discovered that the most important barriers of structure,
economy-finance-business, individual family, and socio-culture. It is found that
the up to 5 years of experience women entrepreneurs are more challenges faced
during the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by other experience groups of women
entrepreneurs.
145
Pandemic with respect to Income
Mean H- p-
Challenges Income N
Rank Value Value
Up to 20000 108 239.68
20001 to 40000 277 270.82
Financial
40001 to 60000 126 301.89 9.322 0.025
Challenges
Above 60000 32 273.56
Total 543
Up to 20000 108 248.64
20001 to 40000 277 278.51
Marketing
40001 to 60000 126 272.94 3.375 0.337
Challenges
Above 60000 32 290.75
Total 543
Up to 20000 108 260.95
20001 to 40000 277 277.61
HR Challenges 40001 to 60000 126 266.49 1.203 0.752
Above 60000 32 282.42
Total 543
Up to 20000 108 227.74
20001 to 40000 277 278.85
Production
40001 to 60000 126 295.96 12.360 0.006
Challenges
Above 60000 32 267.75
Total 543
Up to 20000 108 235.18
20001 to 40000 277 271.54
Infrastructure
40001 to 60000 126 301.62 10.931 0.012
Challenges
Above 60000 32 283.61
Total 543
Up to 20000 108 276.40
20001 to 40000 277 248.42
Management
40001 to 60000 126 312.56 16.313 0.001
Challenges
Above 60000 32 301.59
Total 543
Up to 20000 108 258.34
20001 to 40000 277 280.02
R&D
40001 to 60000 126 258.11 3.904 0.272
Challenges
Above 60000 32 303.36
Total 543
146
Cont. of table 4.13
Mean H- p-
Challenges Income N
Rank Value Value
Up to 20000 108 303.49
20001 to 40000 277 246.07
Personal
40001 to 60000 126 296.40 15.995 0.001
Challenges
Above 60000 32 294.08
Total 543
Up to 20000 108 213.12
20001 to 40000 277 276.67
Family
40001 to 60000 126 313.73 24.894 0.001
Challenges
Above 60000 32 266.00
Total 543
Up to 20000 108 203.07
20001 to 40000 277 274.89
Operational
40001 to 60000 126 324.00 35.350 0.001
Challenges
Above 60000 32 274.86
Total 543
Up to 20000 108 250.40
20001 to 40000 277 280.29
Technical
40001 to 60000 126 276.95 3.464 0.325
Challenges
Above 60000 32 253.69
Total 543
Up to 20000 108 222.84
20001 to 40000 277 273.25
Overall
40001 to 60000 126 307.31 17.337 0.001
Challenges
Above 60000 32 288.02
Total 543
challenges, operational challenges, and technical challenges. The income of
respondents oscillates from up to 20000 of income to above 60000of income. In
147
under four income groups and their corresponding mean rank and its
corresponding H- value and its related p-value. The first income group is above
60000 of income with minimum respondents of 32 women entrepreneurs and the
next is the income group up to 20000 which capsules 108 women entrepreneurs
and 40001 to 60000 of income group capsules 126 women entrepreneurs and
finally 20001 to 40000 of income group capsules 277 women entrepreneurs and
this income group forms the major women entrepreneurs group. In this study,
Kruskal-Wallis test is being adopted to get the H- ratio and its corresponding p-
value to identify the significant differences of the women entrepreneurs’
perception of challenges during COVID-19 pandemic felt by the four different
income groups.
total standard deviation is 0.40699, with the highest mean rank for that income
40001 to 60000 being 301.89. The results show that firms of women
148
above 50000 being 290.75. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs
have felt the marketing challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The
have felt the HR challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding H-
value is 1.203 with the p-value of 0.752, which suggests that there is no
significant difference in the women entrepreneurs’ perception towards the HR
149
and the total standard deviation is 0.53939, with the highest mean rank for that
income 40001 to 60000 being 301.62. The results show that firms of women
have felt the R & D challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding
H-value is 3.904 with the p-value of 0.272, which suggests that there is a
150
significant difference in the women entrepreneurs’ perception towards the R &
D challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
up to 20000 being 303.49. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs
have felt the personal challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The
the personal challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
151
152
challenges, and family challenges except technical challenges. The results show
that firms of women entrepreneurs faced more challenges during the COVID-19
pandemic. Simon Nsengimana, et al. (2017) discovered that women
entrepreneurs in Kigali faced more challenges such as lack of information
technology skills, lack of start-up capital, high shop rentals, high interest rate
and high transport, lack of collateral to obtain a loan and high taxes. It is found
that the 40001 to 60000 of income women entrepreneurs are more challenges
faced during the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by other income groups of
women entrepreneurs. Bahadur Ali Soomro, Sadia Anwar & Aftab Hussain
Rajar (2019) discovered that the factors such as lack of access to technology and
finance, lack of management experience, lack of access to networking
opportunities, un-access to land, lack of gaining acceptance, inadequate access to
training, and lack of Government support, are the major challenges faced by
women entrepreneurs in Pakistan in order to run their small business or her own
venture easy and smoothly.
153
Pandemic with respect to type of business
Mean H- p-
Challenges Business N
Rank Value Value
Financial Readymade 112 324.01
99.405 0.001
Challenges Restaurant 124 365.52
Total 543
Marketing Readymade 112 281.75
16.331 0.003
Total 543
HR Challenges 28.801 0.001
Total 543
Production Readymade 112 235.70
21.345 0.001
Total 543
Infrastructure Readymade 112 229.80
41.892 0.001
Total 543
Management Readymade 112 376.94 159.27
0.001
Challenges Restaurant 124 338.81 9
Total 543
154
Cont. of table 4.14
Mean H- p-
Challenges Business N
Rank Value Value
R&D Readymade 112 263.61
24.146 0.001
Total 543
Personal Readymade 112 387.32
135.370 0.001
Total 543
Family Readymade 112 244.52
20.956 0.001
Total 543
Operational Readymade 112 337.82
46.648 0.001
Total 543
Technical Readymade 112 281.00
16.157 0.003
Total 543
Overall Readymade 112 300.92
36.353 0.001
Total 543
155
challenges, operational challenges, and technical challenges. The business of
respondents oscillates from retail trading to other types of business. In relation to
the various responses of the 543 women entrepreneurs are grouped under five
business groups and their corresponding mean rank and its corresponding H-
value and its related p-value. The first business group is retail trading business
business group beautician business which capsules 99 women entrepreneurs and
readymade business group capsules 112 women entrepreneurs and restaurant
business group capsules 124 women entrepreneurs and finally other types of
business group capsules 140 women entrepreneurs and this business group forms
the major women entrepreneurs group. In this study, Kruskal-Wallis test is being
adopted to get the H- ratio and its corresponding p-value to identify the
significant differences of the women entrepreneurs’ perception of challenges
during COVID-19 pandemic felt by the four different business groups.
total standard deviation is 0.40699, with the highest mean rank for that business
156
of restaurant being 365.52. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs
of retail trading being 333.94. The results show that firms of women
157
business of retail trading being 311.39. The results show that firms of women
business of readymade being 376.94. The results show that firms of women
158
of readymade being 387.32. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs
the personal challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
of beautician being 328.55. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs
159
business of readymade being 337.82. The results show that firms of women
160
of restaurant being 325.90. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs
have felt the overall challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding
significant difference in the women entrepreneurs’ perception towards the
overall challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Luh Putu Eka Yani, et al.
(2019) discovered that the most important barriers of structure, economy-
finance-business, individual family, and socio-culture. The result also indicated
the differentiation felt by the women entrepreneurs in perceiving the challenges
during COVID-19 pandemic such as financial challenges, marketing challenges,
HR challenges, production challenges, infrastructure challenges, management
challenges, R & D challenges, personal challenges, operational challenges,
family challenges, and technical challenges. The results show that firms of
women entrepreneurs faced more challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Charulakshmi & Thaiyalnayaki (2019) discovered that there is significant
difference between Problem of Women Entrepreneurs and demographic profile.
Rajni Shaw & Singh (2021) identified that the financial problems is the major
constraints women entrepreneur were facing in start-up and to continue their
business. It is found that the restaurant business of women entrepreneurs are
more challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by other
161
business groups of women entrepreneurs. Sanjeev Kumar & Neha Singh (2021)
discovered that the very small-scale/low-budget women entrepreneurs faced
common as well as gender-based challenges such as finance, social capital,
market, family support and awareness. Peng Zou & Di Huo and Meng Li (2020)
discovered that firms in Guangdong Province have faced great challenges in the
COVID-19 pandemic. Their firm operation and production activities have been
limited. They were facing significant risks. Bahadur Ali Soomro, Sadia Anwar &
Aftab Hussain Rajar (2019) discovered that the factors such as lack of access to
technology and finance, lack of management experience, lack of access to
networking opportunities, un-access to land, lack of gaining acceptance,
inadequate access to training, and lack of Government support, are the major
challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Pakistan in order to run their small
business or her own venture easy and smoothly.
162
Pandemic with respect to marital status
Marital Mean U- p-
Challenges N
Status Rank Value Value
Married 54 317.95
Financial
Unmarried 489 266.93 10721.5 0.022
Challenges
Total 543
Unmarried 54 181.30
Marketing
Married 489 282.02 8305.0 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
Unmarried 54 274.41
HR Challenges Married 489 271.73 13073.0 0.120
Total 543
Unmarried 54 263.98
Production
Married 489 272.89 12770.0 0.689
Challenges
Total 543
Unmarried 54 183.18
Infrastructure
Married 489 281.81 8406.5 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
Unmarried 54 308.04
Management
Married 489 268.02 11257.0 0.072
Challenges
Total 543
Unmarried 54 155.09
R&D
Married 489 284.91 6890.0 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
Unmarried 54 261.00
Personal
Married 489 273.21 12609.0 0.582
Challenges
Total 543
Unmarried 54 353.53
Family
Married 489 263.00 8800.5 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
Unmarried 54 329.99
Operational
Married 489 257.80 10051.5 0.039
Challenges
Total 543
Unmarried 54 172.88
Technical
Married 489 282.95 7850.5 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
Unmarried 54 223.60
Overall
Married 489 295.14 8669.5 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
163
challenges, operational challenges, and technical challenges. The marital status
of respondents oscillates between married and unmarried. In relation to the
various responses of the 543 women entrepreneurs are grouped under two
marital status groups and their corresponding mean rank and its corresponding
U- value and its related p-value. The first marital status group is unmarried with
minimum respondents of 54 women entrepreneurs and the next is the marital
status group married which capsules 489 women entrepreneurs and this marital
status group forms the major women entrepreneurs group. In this study, Mann-
Whitney U-test is being adopted to get the U- ratio and its corresponding p-value
to identify the significant differences of the women entrepreneurs’ perception of
challenges during COVID-19 pandemic felt by the four different marital status
groups.
total standard deviation is 0.40699, with the highest mean rank for that married
women entrepreneurs being 317.95 than unmarried (266.93). The results show
that firms of women entrepreneurs have felt the financial challenges during
164
0.022, which suggests that there is a significant difference in the women
entrepreneurs’ perception towards the financial challenges during COVID-19
pandemic.
unmarried women entrepreneurs being 282.02 than married (181.30). The results
show that firms of women entrepreneurs have felt the marketing challenges
during COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding U-value is 8305.0 with the p-
value of 0.001, which suggests that there is a significant difference in the women
entrepreneurs’ perception towards the marketing challenges during COVID-19
pandemic.
show that firms of women entrepreneurs have felt the HR challenges during
0.120, which suggests that there is no significant difference in the women
entrepreneurs’ perception towards the HR challenges during COVID-19
pandemic.
165
that firms of women entrepreneurs have felt the production challenges during
entrepreneurs’ perception towards the production challenges during COVID-19
pandemic.
married women entrepreneurs being 281.81 than unmarried (183.18). The results
show that firms of women entrepreneurs have felt the infrastructure challenges
entrepreneurs’ perception towards the infrastructure challenges during COVID-
19 pandemic.
166
show that firms of women entrepreneurs have felt the management challenges
value of 0.072, which suggests that there is no significant difference in the
women entrepreneurs’ perception towards the management challenges during
COVID-19 pandemic.
that firms of women entrepreneurs have felt the R & D challenges during
entrepreneurs’ perception towards the R & D challenges during COVID-19
pandemic.
that firms of women entrepreneurs have felt the personal challenges during
167
entrepreneurs’ perception towards the personal challenges during COVID-19
pandemic.
show that firms of women entrepreneurs have felt the family challenges during
entrepreneurs’ perception towards the family challenges during COVID-19
pandemic.
show that firms of women entrepreneurs have felt the operational challenges
entrepreneurs’ perception towards the operational challenges during COVID-19
pandemic.
168
that firms of women entrepreneurs have felt the technical challenges during
entrepreneurs’ perception towards the technical challenges during COVID-19
pandemic.
that firms of women entrepreneurs have felt the overall challenges during
entrepreneurs’ perception towards the overall challenges during COVID-19
pandemic.
entrepreneur were facing in start-up and to continue their business. The result
also indicated the differentiation felt by the women entrepreneurs in perceiving
the challenges during COVID-19 pandemic such as financial challenges,
169
marketing challenges, infrastructure challenges, R & D challenges, operational
challenges, and family challenges, technical challenges except HR challenges,
production challenges, management challenges, and personal challenges.
Charulakshmi & Thaiyalnayaki (2019) discovered that there is significant
difference between Problem of Women Entrepreneurs and demographic profile.
Bahadur Ali Soomro, Sadia Anwar & Aftab Hussain Rajar (2019) discovered
that the factors such as lack of access to technology and finance, lack of
management experience, lack of access to networking opportunities, un-access
to land, lack of gaining acceptance, inadequate access to training, and lack of
Government support, are the major challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in
Pakistan in order to run their small business or her own venture easy and
smoothly. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs faced more
challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Anju and Elizabeth Paul
Chakkachamparabil (2018) discovered that most of the women entrepreneurs are
facing the problems such as health, financial, production, marketing, work place
facility problems. It is found that the married women entrepreneurs are more
challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic than unmarried women
entrepreneurs. Tahir Iqbal & Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal (2020) identified
that socio-cultural insignificantly moderates the effect of perception of women
entrepreneurs, but financial challenges affect significantly and positively.
170
Pandemic with respect to generation
Mean U- p-
Challenges Generation N
Rank Value Value
Financial
II Generation 196 250.08 29709.5 0.014
Challenges
Total 543
Marketing
II Generation 196 245.12 28737.0 0.003
Challenges
Total 543
HR Challenges II Generation 196 211.27 22102.5 0.001
Total 543
Production
II Generation 196 216.72 23171.0 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
Infrastructure
II Generation 196 257.82 31226.5 0.108
Challenges
Total 543
Management
II Generation 196 265.27 32687.5 0.447
Challenges
Total 543
R & D Challenges II Generation 196 258.28 31317.0 0.121
Total 543
Personal
II Generation 196 287.53 30962.5 0.079
Challenges
Total 543
Family
II Generation 196 192.77 18477.5 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
Operational
II Generation 196 291.38 30207.0 0.029
Challenges
Total 543
Technical
II Generation 196 273.00 33810.5 0.910
Challenges
Total 543
Overall
II Generation 196 231.17 26004.0 0.001
Challenges
Total 543
171
challenges, operational challenges, and technical challenges. The generation of
respondents oscillates between 1st Generation and IInd Generation. In relation to
the various responses of the 543 women entrepreneurs are grouped under two
generation groups and their corresponding mean rank and its corresponding U-
value and its related p-value. The first generation group is IInd Generation with
minimum respondents of 196 women entrepreneurs and the next is the
generation group 1st Generation which capsules 347 women entrepreneurs and
this generation group forms the major women entrepreneurs group. In this study,
Mann-Whitney U-test is being adopted to get the U- ratio and its corresponding
p-value to identify the significant differences of the women entrepreneurs’
perception of challenges during COVID-19 pandemic felt by the four different
generation groups.
total standard deviation is 0.40699, with the highest mean rank for that 1st
generation of women entrepreneurs being 284.38 than IInd generation of women
entrepreneurs (250.08). The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs
172
have felt the marketing challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The
the marketing challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
have felt the HR challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding U-
significant difference in the women entrepreneurs’ perception towards the HR
173
have felt the production challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The
the production challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
1st generation of women entrepreneurs being 280.01 than IInd generation of
women entrepreneurs (257.82). The results show that firms of women
pandemic. The corresponding U-value is 31226.5 with the p-value of 0.108,
which suggests that there is no significant difference in the women
entrepreneurs’ perception towards the infrastructure challenges during COVID-
19 pandemic.
174
1st generation of women entrepreneurs being 275.80 than IInd generation of
The corresponding U-value is 32687.5 with the p-value of 0.447, which suggests
have felt the R & D challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding
U-value is 31317.0 with the p-value of 0.121, which suggests that there is no
significant difference in the women entrepreneurs’ perception towards the R &
D challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
total standard deviation is 0.55989, with the highest mean rank for that IInd
generation of women entrepreneurs being 263.23 than Ist generation of women
175
U-value is 18477.5 with the p-value of 0.001, which suggests that there is a
IInd generation of women entrepreneurs being 291.38 than Ist generation of
The corresponding U-value is 30207.0 with the p-value of 0.029, which suggests
176
total standard deviation is 0.66569, with the highest mean rank for that IInd
generation of women entrepreneurs being 273.00 than Ist generation of women
have felt the technical challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The
have felt the overall challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding
U-value is 26004.0 with the p-value of 0.001, which suggests that there is a
significant difference in the women entrepreneurs’ perception towards the
overall challenges during COVID-19 pandemic.
the business challenge faced by the women entrepreneurs. Luh Putu Eka Yani, et
al. (2019) discovered that the most important barriers of structure, economy-
finance-business, individual family, and socio-culture. The result also indicated
the differentiation felt by the women entrepreneurs in perceiving the challenges
177
HR challenges, production challenges, family challenges, and operational
challenges except infrastructure challenges, management challenges, R & D
challenges, personal challenges, and technical challenges. Charulakshmi &
Problem of Women Entrepreneurs and demographic profile. The results show
that firms of women entrepreneurs faced more challenges during the COVID-19
pandemic. Amal Mohammed Sheikh Damanhouri (2017) found that the basic
issues faced by the women entrepreneurs such as training and development,
practices, activities, and the characteristic of approaches in dealing with their
ventures. It is found that the 1st generations of women entrepreneurs are more
challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic than IInd generation of women
entrepreneurs. Rajni Shaw & Singh (2021) identified that the financial problems
is the major constraints women entrepreneur were facing in start-up and to
continue their business.
DISCUSSION
entrepreneur were facing in start-up and to continue their business. Bhavani
(2017) stated that the business challenge faced by the women entrepreneurs. The
result also indicated the differentiation felt by the women entrepreneurs in
178
perceiving the challenges during COVID-19 pandemic such as financial
challenges, marketing challenges, HR challenges, production challenges,
infrastructure challenges, management challenges, R & D challenges, personal
challenges, operational challenges, and technical challenges except family
challenges. Charulakshmi & Thaiyalnayaki (2019) discovered that there is
significant difference between Problem of Women Entrepreneurs and
demographic profile. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs faced
more challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tahir Iqbal & Imam
Abdulrahman Bin Faisal (2020) identified that socio-cultural insignificantly
moderates the effect of perception of women entrepreneurs, but financial
challenges affect significantly and positively. Peng Zou & Di Huo and Meng Li
(2020) discovered that firms in Guangdong Province have faced great challenges
in the COVID-19 pandemic. The results show that firms of women entrepreneurs
faced more challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Luh Putu Eka Yani, et
al. (2019) discovered that the most important barriers of structure, economy-
finance-business, individual family, and socio-culture. Rajni Shaw & Singh
(2021) identified that the financial problems is the major constraints women
entrepreneur were facing in start-up and to continue their business.
179
Table 4.17: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on financial challenges faced by
women entrepreneurs
Dependent Independent R R2 Adjusted F P
Variable Variable Value Value R2 Value Value Value
Financial Lockdown,
challenges Social Distance,
faced by Closure of
women Marketplace,
0.582 0.338 0.332 54.874 0.001
entrepreneurs Closure of
duringCOVI Business, and
D-19 Worker
pandemic Absenteeism
The table 4.17 reveals the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on financial
challenges faced by women entrepreneurs. Hence, multiple regression analysis
was applied to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on financial
challenges faced by women entrepreneurs. Here, factors of COVID-19 pandemic
and worker absenteeism as influencers and financial challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic was considered as dependent
variable. Samples were collected from 543 women entrepreneurs in Northern
Tamil Nadu.
H0: There is no impact of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown, social
distance, closure of marketplace, closure of business, and worker
absenteeism on financial challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in
Northern Tamil Nadu.
180
COVID-19 pandemic is the ratio coefficient of resolution (R2) of the
financial challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic
variance that can be explained by the factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as
lockdown, social distance, closure of marketplace, closure of business, and
worker absenteeism. The R2 value is 0.338 that factors of COVID-19 pandemic
and worker absenteeism explain 33.8% of the variability of financial challenges
faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic. The ANOVA table
shows that factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown, social distance,
closure of marketplace, closure of business, and worker absenteeism statistically
significantly predict the financial challenges faced by women entrepreneurs
during COVID-19 pandemic. The F value is 54.874 and the p-value is 0.001.
The F and p values reveal that the regression model is a fit. The un-standardized
co-efficient shows the power of relationship is articulated by the subsequent
equation.
Financial Challenges = 2.137 + Lockdown (0.030) + Social Distance
(0.048) + Closure of Marketplace (0.005) + Closure of Business (0.419) +
Worker Absenteeism (0.072).
The individual predictors exposed that factors of COVID-19 pandemic
such as social distance, closure of business, and worker absenteeism obtained
standardized co-efficient beta values were 0.084, 0.654, and 0.119. The p values
are significant at one percent level.
181
Coefficients
Un-standardized Standardized
S.No. Impact of t p
COVID-19 Coefficients Coefficients
Value Value
pandemic B S.E. Beta
Constant 2.137 0.109 19.634 0.000
1 Lockdown 0.030 0.026 0.049 1.123 0.262
Social
2 0.048 0.023 0.084 2.135 0.033
Distance
Closure of
3 0.005 0.026 0.009 0.204 0.839
Marketplace
Closure of
4 0.419 0.032 0.654 12.962 0.001
Business
Worker
5 0.072 0.031 0.119 2.338 0.020
Absenteeism
The significant results show the factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as
social distance, closure of business, and worker absenteeism positively impact
financial challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic
among women entrepreneurs. But, the calculated p-values of lockdown and
closure of marketplace of COVID-19 pandemic are greater than five percent
level. Hence, lockdown and closure of marketplace do not impact financial
challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic among
It is discovered that factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as social
distance, closure of business, and worker absenteeism positively impact financial
women entrepreneurs. Patricia Carracedo, Rosa Puertas & Luisa Marti (2020)
182
discovered that impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on business. Farhan Ahmed,
stock market performance. But, lockdown and closure of marketplace do not
impact financial challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Himanshu, Ritika, Nikhat Mushir &
Ratan Suryavanshi (2020) found that investors are beginning to redistribute their
portfolios to cope with the financial crisis caused by COVID-19.
Table 4.18: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on marketing challenges faced

by women entrepreneurs
Marketing Lockdown,
faced by Closure of
women Marketplace,
0.636 0.405 0.399 73.028 0.001
D-19 Worker
The table 4.18 reveals the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on marketing
was applied to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on marketing
and worker absenteeism as influencers and marketing challenges faced by
183
women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic was considered as dependent
Tamil Nadu.
absenteeism on marketing challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in
marketing challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
pandemic variance that can be explained by the factors of COVID-19 pandemic
and worker absenteeism. The R2 value is 0.405 that factors of COVID-19
pandemic such as lockdown, social distance, closure of marketplace, closure of
business, and worker absenteeism explain 40.5% of the variability of marketing
challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic. The
ANOVA table shows that factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown,
social distance, closure of marketplace, closure of business, and worker
absenteeism statistically significantly predict the marketing challenges faced by
women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic. The F value is 73.028 and
the p-value is 0.001. The F and p values reveal that the regression model is a fit.
The un-standardized co-efficient shows the power of relationship is articulated
by the subsequent equation.
184
Coefficients
S.No. Impact of t p
Value Value
Constant 1.553 0.151 10.255 0.001
1 Lockdown 0.383 0.037 0.427 10.405 0.001
Social
2 0.257 0.032 0.306 8.164 0.001
Distance
Closure of
3 0.391 0.036 0.430 10.774 0.001
Marketplace
Closure of
4 0.087 0.045 0.093 1.936 0.053
Business
Worker
5 0.086 0.043 0.097 2.010 0.045
Absenteeism
Marketing Challenges = 1.553 + Lockdown (0.383) + Social Distance
such as lockdown, social distance, closure of marketplace, and worker
absenteeism obtained standardized co-efficient beta values were 0.427, 0.306,
0.430, and 0.097. The p values are significant at one percent level. The
significant results show the factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown,
social distance, closure of marketplace and worker absenteeism positively
impact marketing challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
pandemic among women entrepreneurs. But, the calculated p-value of closure of
business of COVID-19 pandemic is greater than five percent level. Hence,
185
closure of business do not impact marketing challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs.
It is discovered that factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown,
social distance, closure of marketplace and worker absenteeism positively
impact marketing challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Himanshu, Ritika, Nikhat Mushir &
Ratan Suryavanshi (2020) found that investors are beginning to redistribute their
portfolios to cope with the financial crisis caused by COVID-19. But, closure of
business do not impact marketing challenges faced by women entrepreneurs
during COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Farhan Ahmed, et al.
(2021) discovered that COVID-19 has a negative impact on oil prices and stock
market performance. Bathula Srinivasu, Shilpa Bhatia & Ankita Gupta (2022)
discovered that impact of COVID-19 lockdown on women owned firms.
Table 4.19: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on HR challenges faced by

women entrepreneurs
Dependent Independent R R2 Adjusted F p
HR Lockdown,
faced by Closure of
women Marketplace,
0.985 0.969 0.969 3393.643 0.001
D-19 Worker
The table 4.19 reveals the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on HR
186
was applied to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on HR challenges
faced by women entrepreneurs. Here, factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as
worker absenteeism as influencers and HR challenges faced by women
Tamil Nadu.
absenteeism on HR challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Northern
Tamil Nadu.
COVID-19 pandemic is the ratio coefficient of resolution (R2) of the HR
challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic variance
that can be explained by the factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown,
absenteeism. The R2 value is 0.969 that factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as
worker absenteeism explain 96.9% of the variability of HR challenges faced by
women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic. The ANOVA table shows
that factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown, social distance, closure
of marketplace, closure of business, and worker absenteeism statistically
significantly predict the HR challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during
187
COVID-19 pandemic. The F value is 3393.643 and the p-value is 0.001. The F
and p values reveal that the regression model is a fit. The un-standardized co-
efficient shows the power of relationship is articulated by the subsequent
equation.
Coefficients
Impact of Un-standardized Standardized

S.No. t p
Value Value
Constant 0.025 0.034 0.738 0.461
1 Lockdown 0.035 0.008 0.039 4.228 0.001
Social
2 Distance 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.790 0.430
Closure of
3 Marketplace 0.304 0.008 0.340 37.592 0.001
Closure of
4 Business 0.120 0.010 0.130 11.952 0.001
Worker
5 Absenteeism 0.617 0.010 0.708 64.924 0.001
HR Challenges = 0.025 + Lockdown (0.035) + Social Distance (0.006) +
Closure of Marketplace (0.304) + Closure of Business (0.120) + Worker
Absenteeism (0.617).
such as lockdown, closure of marketplace, closure of business, and worker
0.130, and 0.708. The p values are significant at one percent level. The
188
significant results show the factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown,
closure of marketplace, closure of business and worker absenteeism positively
impact HR challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
pandemic among women entrepreneurs. But, the calculated p-value of social
distance of COVID-19 pandemic is greater than five percent level. Hence, social
distance does not impact HR challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during
COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs.
impact HR challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Farhan Ahmed, et al. (2021) discovered
that COVID-19 has a negative impact on oil prices and stock market
performance. Bathula Srinivasu, Shilpa Bhatia & Ankita Gupta (2022)
discovered that impact of COVID-19 lockdown on women owned firms. But,
social distance does not impact HR challenges faced by women entrepreneurs
during COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Patricia Carracedo,
Rosa Puertas & Luisa Marti (2020) discovered that impact of the COVID-19
pandemic on business.
189
Table 4.20: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on production challenges faced
Production Lockdown,
faced by Closure of
women Marketplace,
0.839 0.703 0.700 254.506 0.001
D-19 Worker
The table 4.20 reveals the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on production
was applied to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on production
and worker absenteeism as influencers and production challenges faced by
Tamil Nadu.
absenteeism on production challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in
190
production challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
business, and worker absenteeism explain 70.3% of the variability of production
absenteeism statistically significantly predict the production challenges faced by
Production Challenges = 0.851 + Lockdown (0.177) + Social Distance
and worker absenteeism obtained standardized co-efficient beta values were
0.234, 0.201, 0.406, 0.335, and 0.168. The p values are significant at one percent
191
level. The significant results show the factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as
worker absenteeism positively impact production challenges faced by women
Coefficients

S.No. t p
Value Value
Constant 0.851 0.090 9.432 0.001
1 Lockdown 0.177 0.022 0.234 8.068 0.001
Social
2 Distance 0.142 0.019 0.201 7.580 0.001
Closure of
3 Marketplace 0.312 0.022 0.406 14.421 0.001
Closure of
4 Business 0.266 0.027 0.335 9.928 0.001
Worker
5 Absenteeism 0.125 0.025 0.168 4.936 0.001
impact production challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Patricia Carracedo, Rosa Puertas &
Luisa Marti (2020) discovered that impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on
business.
192
Table 4.21: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on infrastructure challenges
faced by women entrepreneurs
Infrastructu Lockdown,
re Social Distance,
challenges
Closure of
faced by
Marketplace,
women 0.784 0.614 0.610 170.901 0.001
D-19 Worker
The table 4.21 reveals the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on
infrastructure challenges faced by women entrepreneurs. Hence, multiple
regression analysis was applied to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 pandemic
on infrastructure challenges faced by women entrepreneurs. Here, factors of
COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown, social distance, closure of marketplace,
closure of business, and worker absenteeism as influencers and infrastructure
challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic was
considered as dependent variable. Samples were collected from 543 women
entrepreneurs in Northern Tamil Nadu.
absenteeism on infrastructure challenges faced by women entrepreneurs
in Northern Tamil Nadu.
193
infrastructure challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
business, and worker absenteeism explain 61.4% of the variability of
infrastructure challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
pandemic. The ANOVA table shows that factors of COVID-19 pandemic such
worker absenteeism statistically significantly predict the infrastructure
challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic. The F
value is 170.901 and the p-value is 0.001. The F and p values reveal that the
regression model is a fit. The un-standardized co-efficient shows the power of
relationship is articulated by the subsequent equation.
Infrastructure Challenges = 0.605 + Lockdown (0.119) + Social Distance
such as lockdown, closure of marketplace, and worker absenteeism obtained
standardized co-efficient beta values were 0.147, 0.614, and 0.111. The p values
are significant at one percent level. The significant results show the factors of
194
COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown, closure of marketplace, and worker
absenteeism positively impact infrastructure challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. But,
the calculated p-values of social distance and closure of business of COVID-19
pandemic are greater than five percent level. Hence, social distance and closure
of business do not impact infrastructure challenges faced by women
Coefficients
S.No. Impact of t p
Value Value
Constant 0.605 0.110 5.495 0.001
1 Lockdown 0.119 0.027 0.147 4.455 0.001
Social
2 0.026 0.023 0.034 1.119 0.263
Distance
Closure of
3 0.504 0.026 0.614 19.110 0.001
Marketplace
Closure of
4 0.064 0.033 0.075 1.958 0.051
Business
Worker
5 0.089 0.031 0.111 2.872 0.004
Absenteeism
closure of marketplace, and worker absenteeism positively impact infrastructure
discovered that impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on business. But, social
195
distance and closure of business do not impact infrastructure challenges faced by
women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs.
Farhan Ahmed, et al. (2021) discovered that COVID-19 has a negative impact
on oil prices and stock market performance. Bathula Srinivasu, Shilpa Bhatia &
Ankita Gupta (2022) discovered that impact of COVID-19 lockdown on women
owned firms.
Table 4.22: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on management challenges

faced by women entrepreneurs
Managemen Lockdown,
t challenges Social Distance,
faced by Closure of
women Marketplace,
0.474 0.225 0.218 31.188 0.001
D-19 Worker
The table 4.22 reveals the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on
management challenges faced by women entrepreneurs. Hence, multiple
regression analysis was applied to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 pandemic
on management challenges faced by women entrepreneurs. Here, factors of
COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown, social distance, closure of marketplace,
closure of business, and worker absenteeism as influencers and management
challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic was
196
considered as dependent variable. Samples were collected from 543 women
entrepreneurs in Northern Tamil Nadu.
absenteeism on management challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in
management challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
business, and worker absenteeism explain 22.5% of the variability of
management challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
pandemic. The ANOVA table shows that factors of COVID-19 pandemic such
worker absenteeism statistically significantly predict the management challenges
faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic. The F value is
31.188 and the p-value is 0.001. The F and p values reveal that the regression
model is a fit. The un-standardized co-efficient shows the power of relationship
is articulated by the subsequent equation.
197
Coefficients
S.No. Impact of t p
Value Value
Constant 2.762 0.163 16.913 0.001
1 Lockdown 0.130 0.040 0.153 3.268 0.001
Social
2 0.104 0.034 0.131 3.057 0.002
Distance
Closure of
3 0.271 0.039 0.315 6.921 0.001
Marketplace
Closure of
4 0.504 0.049 0.567 10.382 0.001
Business
Worker
5 0.094 0.046 0.112 2.041 0.042
Absenteeism
Management Challenges = 2.762 + Lockdown (0.130) + Social Distance
worker absenteeism positively impact management challenges faced by women
198
closure of marketplace, and worker absenteeism positively impact management
women entrepreneurs. Farhan Ahmed, et al. (2021) discovered that COVID-19
has a negative impact on oil prices and stock market performance. Bathula
Srinivasu, Shilpa Bhatia & Ankita Gupta (2022) discovered that impact of
COVID-19 lockdown on women owned firms. Patricia Carracedo, Rosa Puertas
& Luisa Marti (2020) discovered that impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on
business.
Table 4.23: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on R & D challenges faced by

women entrepreneurs
R&D Lockdown,
faced by Closure of
women Marketplace,
0.613 0.376 0.370 64.721 0.001
D-19 Worker
The table 4.23 reveals the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on R & D
was applied to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on R & D
199
and worker absenteeism as influencers and R & D challenges faced by women
Tamil Nadu.
absenteeism on R & D challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in
COVID-19 pandemic is the ratio coefficient of resolution (R2) of the R &
D challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic
and worker absenteeism explain 37.6% of the variability of R & D challenges
significantly predict the R & D challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during
COVID-19 pandemic. The F value is 64.721 and the p-value is 0.001. The F and
p values reveal that the regression model is a fit. The un-standardized co-
200
equation.
Coefficients

S.No. t p
Value Value
Constant 1.962 0.150 13.093 0.001
1 Lockdown 0.172 0.036 0.199 4.725 0.001
Social
2 0.129 0.031 0.159 4.151 0.001
Distance
Closure of
3 0.172 0.036 0.196 4.791 0.001
Marketplace
Closure of
4 0.349 0.045 0.384 7.849 0.001
Business
Worker
5 0.526 0.042 0.614 12.479 0.001
Absenteeism
R & D Challenges = 1.962+ Lockdown (0.172) + Social Distance (0.129)
+ Closure of Marketplace (0.172) + Closure of Business (0.349) + Worker
201
worker absenteeism positively impact R & D challenges faced by women
closure of marketplace, and worker absenteeism positively impact R & D
discovered that impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on business. Farhan Ahmed,
stock market performance. Bathula Srinivasu, Shilpa Bhatia & Ankita Gupta
(2022) discovered that impact of COVID-19 lockdown on women owned firms.
Table 4.24: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on personal challenges faced by

women entrepreneurs
Personal Lockdown,
faced by Closure of
women Marketplace,
0.378 0.143 0.135 17.887 0.001
D-19 Worker
The table 4.24 reveals the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on personal
was applied to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on personal
202
and worker absenteeism as influencers and personal challenges faced by women
Tamil Nadu.
absenteeism on personal challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in
personal challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic
and worker absenteeism explain 14.3% of the variability of personal challenges
significantly predict the personal challenges faced by women entrepreneurs
203
equation.
Coefficients
S.No. Impact of t p
Value Value
Constant 2.753 0.170 16.158 0.000
1 Lockdown 0.013 0.041 0.015 0.308 0.758
Social
2 0.131 0.035 0.167 3.704 0.001
Distance
Closure of
3 0.252 0.041 0.295 6.167 0.001
Marketplace
Closure of
4 0.178 0.051 0.202 3.518 0.001
Business
Worker
5 0.119 0.048 0.143 2.483 0.013
Absenteeism
Personal Challenges = 1.962+ Lockdown (0.172) + Social Distance
such as social distance, closure of marketplace, closure of business, and worker
0.196, 0.384, and 0.614. The p values are significant at one percent level. The
significant results show the factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as social
distance, closure of marketplace, closure of business, and worker absenteeism
204
positively impact personal challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during
COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. But, the calculated p-value
of lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic is greater than five percent level. Hence,
lockdown do not impact personal challenges faced by women entrepreneurs
during COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs.
It is discovered that factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as social
distance, closure of marketplace, closure of business, and worker absenteeism
positively impact personal challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during
COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Farhan Ahmed, et al. (2021)
discovered that COVID-19 has a negative impact on oil prices and stock market
lockdown do not impact personal challenges faced by women entrepreneurs
during COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Patricia Carracedo,
Rosa Puertas & Luisa Marti (2020) discovered that impact of the COVID-19
205
Table 4.25: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on family challenges faced by
women entrepreneurs
Family Lockdown,
faced by Closure of
women Marketplace,
0.878 0.771 0.768 360.705 0.001
D-19 Worker
The table 4.25 reveals the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on family
was applied to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on family
and worker absenteeism as influencers and family challenges faced by women
Tamil Nadu.
absenteeism on family challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in
206
family challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic
and worker absenteeism explain 77.1% of the variability of family challenges
significantly predict the family challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during
COVID-19 pandemic. The F value is 360.705 and the p-value is 0.001. The F
and p values reveal that the regression model is a fit. The un-standardized co-
equation.
Family Challenges = 1.256 + Lockdown (0.219) + Social Distance
such as lockdown, social distance, closure of business, and worker absenteeism
obtained standardized co-efficient beta values were 00.217, 0.230, 0.709, and
0.616. The p values are significant at one percent level. The significant results
207
show the factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown, social distance,
closure of business and worker absenteeism positively impact family challenges
faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic among women
entrepreneurs. But, the calculated p-value of closure of marketplace of COVID-
19 pandemic is greater than five percent level. Hence, closure of marketplace do
not impact family challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
pandemic among women entrepreneurs.
Coefficients
S.No. Impact of t p
Value Value
Constant 1.256 0.106 11.893 0.001
1 Lockdown 0.219 0.026 0.217 8.527 0.001
Social
2 0.217 0.022 0.230 9.884 0.001
Distance
Closure of
3 0.033 0.025 0.032 1.308 0.191
Marketplace
Closure of
4 0.471 0.031 0.709 37.350 0.001
Business
Worker
5 0.613 0.030 0.616 20.628 0.001
Absenteeism
social distance, closure of business, and worker absenteeism positively impact
family challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic
among women entrepreneurs. Patricia Carracedo, Rosa Puertas & Luisa Marti
(2020) discovered that impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on business. But,
208
closure of marketplace do not impact family challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Farhan
Ahmed, et al. (2021) discovered that COVID-19 has a negative impact on oil
prices and stock market performance. Bathula Srinivasu, Shilpa Bhatia &
owned firms.
Table 4.26: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on operational challenges faced

Operational Lockdown,
faced by Closure of
women Marketplace,
0.211 0.045 0.036 5.019 0.001
D-19 Worker
The table 4.26 reveals the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on operational
was applied to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on operational
and worker absenteeism as influencers and operational challenges faced by
209
Tamil Nadu.
absenteeism on operational challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in
operational challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
business, and worker absenteeism explain 4.5% of the variability of operational
absenteeism statistically significantly predict the operational challenges faced by
women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic. The F value is 5.019 and the
p-value is 0.001. The F and p values reveal that the regression model is a fit.
210
Coefficients
S.No. Impact of t p
Value Value
Constant 3.811 0.271 14.040 0.001
1 Lockdown 0.113 0.066 0.089 1.715 0.087
Social
2 0.266 0.056 0.224 4.703 0.001
Distance
Closure of
3 0.003 0.065 0.002 0.049 0.961
Marketplace
Closure of
4 0.136 0.081 0.102 1.684 0.093
Business
Worker
5 0.136 0.076 0.108 1.778 0.076
Absenteeism
Operational Challenges = 3.811 + Lockdown (0.113) + Social Distance
The individual predictors exposed that social distance of COVID-19
pandemic obtained standardized co-efficient beta value was 0.224. The p values
are significant at one percent level. The significant results show the social
distance of COVID-19 pandemic positively impact operational challenges faced
by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic among women
entrepreneurs. But, the calculated p-values of lockdown, closure of marketplace,
closure of business, and worker absenteeism of COVID-19 pandemic are greater
than five percent level. Hence, lockdown, closure of marketplace, closure of
211
business, and worker absenteeism do not impact operational challenges faced by
It is discovered that social distance of COVID-19 pandemic positively
impact operational challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Farhan Ahmed, et al. (2021) discovered
that COVID-19 has a negative impact on oil prices and stock market
lockdown, closure of marketplace, closure of business, and worker absenteeism
do not impact operational challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during
COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs. Patricia Carracedo, Rosa
Table 4.27: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on technical challenges faced by

women entrepreneurs
Technical Lockdown,
faced by Closure of
women Marketplace,
0.472 0.223 0.216 30.868 0.001
D-19 Worker
212
The table 4.27 reveals the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on technical
was applied to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on technical
and worker absenteeism as influencers and technical challenges faced by women
Tamil Nadu.
absenteeism on technical challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in
technical challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic
and worker absenteeism explain 22.3% of the variability of technical challenges
213
significantly predict the technical challenges faced by women entrepreneurs
equation.
Coefficients
S.No. Impact of t p
Value Value
Constant 2.130 0.193 11.044 0.001
1 Lockdown 0.516 0.047 0.517 11.017 0.001
Social
2 0.219 0.040 0.234 5.469 0.001
Distance
Closure of
3 0.107 0.046 0.105 2.310 0.021
Marketplace
Closure of
4 0.011 0.057 0.011 0.193 0.847
Business
Worker
5 0.064 0.054 0.064 1.170 0.242
Absenteeism
Technical Challenges = 2.130 + Lockdown (0.516) + Social Distance
such as lockdown and social distance obtained standardized co-efficient beta
values were 0.517 and 0.234. The p values are significant at one percent level.
214
The significant results show the factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as
lockdown and social distance positively impact technical challenges faced by
But, the calculated p-values of factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as closure
of marketplace, closure of business and worker absenteeism are greater than five
percent level. Hence, closure of marketplace, closure of business and worker
absenteeism do not impact technical challenges faced by women entrepreneurs
during COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs.
It is discovered that factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown
and social distance positively impact technical challenges faced by women
the COVID-19 pandemic on business. But, closure of marketplace, closure of
business and worker absenteeism do not impact technical challenges faced by
Farhan Ahmed, et al. (2021) discovered that COVID-19 has a negative impact
on oil prices and stock market performance. Bathula Srinivasu, Shilpa Bhatia &
owned firms.
215
Table 4.28: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs
Lockdown,
Challenges Social Distance,
faced by
Closure of
women
Marketplace,
entrepreneurs 0.769 0.591 0.587 155.125 0.001
duringCOVI Closure of
D-19 Business, and
pandemic Worker
Absenteeism
The table 4.28 reveals the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on challenges
faced by women entrepreneurs. Hence, multiple regression analysis was applied
to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs. Here, factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown, social
distance, closure of marketplace, closure of business, and worker absenteeism as
influencers and challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
pandemic was considered as dependent variable. Samples were collected from
543 women entrepreneurs in Northern Tamil Nadu.
absenteeism on challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Northern
Tamil Nadu.
216
challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic variance
that can be explained by the factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown,
absenteeism. The R2 value is 0.591 that factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as
worker absenteeism explain 59.1% of the variability of challenges faced by
women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic.
Coefficients

t p
S.No. COVID-19 Coefficients Coefficients
Value Value
Constant 1.800 0.074 24.334 0.001
1 Lockdown 0.159 0.018 0.302 8.863 0.001
Social
2 0.126 0.015 0.255 8.194 0.001
Distance
Closure of
3 0.163 0.018 0.305 9.213 0.001
Marketplace
Closure of
4 0.221 0.022 0.399 10.067 0.001
Business
Worker
5 0.032 0.021 0.060 1.515 0.130
Absenteeism
The ANOVA table shows that factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as
worker absenteeism statistically significantly predict the challenges faced by
217
Challenges = 1.800 + Lockdown (0.159) + Social Distance (0.126) +
such as lockdown, social distance, closure of marketplace and closure of
business obtained standardized co-efficient beta values were 0.302, 0.255, 0.305,
and 0.399. The p values are significant at one percent level. The significant
results show the factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown, social
distance, closure of marketplace and closure of business positively impact
women entrepreneurs. But, the calculated p-values of worker absenteeism of
COVID-19 pandemic are greater than five percent level. Hence, worker
absenteeism do not impact challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during
COVID-19 pandemic among women entrepreneurs.
social distance, closure of marketplace and closure of business positively impact
discovered that impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on business. But, worker
218
DISCUSSION
It is discovered that factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown
and social distance positively impact technical challenges faced by women
the COVID-19 pandemic on business. But, closure of marketplace, closure of
business and worker absenteeism do not impact technical challenges faced by
It is discovered that factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown, social
distance, closure of marketplace and closure of business positively impact
discovered that impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on business. But, worker
219
Table 4.29: Impact of challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during

COVID-19 pandemic on intention to quit among by women entrepreneurs
Financial
Challenges,
Marketing
Challenges,
HR Challenges,
Production
Challenges,
Infrastructure
Challenges,
Management
Intention to Challenges,
0.690 0.476 0.465 43.871 0.001
Quit Research and
Development
Challenges,
Personal
Challenges,
Family
Challenges,
Operational
Challenges, and
Technical
Challenges
The table 4.29 reveals the impact of challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic on intention to quit. Hence, multiple
regression analysis was applied to ascertain the impact of challenges faced by
220
women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic on intention to quit. Here,
factors of challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
pandemic such as financial challenges, marketing challenges, HR challenges,
production challenges, infrastructure challenges, management challenges,
research and development challenges, personal challenges, family challenges,
operational challenges, and technical challenges as influencers and intention to
quit among women entrepreneurs was considered as dependent variable.
Samples were collected from 543 women entrepreneurs in Northern Tamil Nadu.
H0: There is no impact of challenges faced by women entrepreneurs
during COVID-19 pandemic such as financial challenges, marketing
challenges, HR challenges, production challenges, infrastructure
challenges, management challenges, research and development
challenges, personal challenges, family challenges, operational
challenges, and technical challenges on intention to quit in Northern
Tamil Nadu.
Challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic is
the ratio coefficient of resolution (R2) of the intention to quit variance that can be
explained by the factors of challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during
COVID-19 pandemic such as financial challenges, marketing challenges, HR
challenges, production challenges, infrastructure challenges, management
challenges, research and development challenges, personal challenges, family
challenges, operational challenges, and technical challenges. The R2 value is
221
0.476 that factors of challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-
19 pandemic such as financial challenges, marketing challenges, HR challenges,
production challenges, infrastructure challenges, management challenges,
research and development challenges, personal challenges, family challenges,
operational challenges, and technical challenges explain 47.6% of the variability
of intention to quit. The ANOVA table shows that factors of challenges faced by
women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic such as financial challenges,
challenges, management challenges, research and development challenges,
personal challenges, family challenges, operational challenges, and technical
challenges explain 47.6% of the variability of intention to quit statistically
significantly predict the intention to quit. The F value is 43.871 and the p-value
is 0.001. The F and p values reveal that the regression model is a fit. The un-
standardized co-efficient shows the power of relationship is articulated by the
subsequent equation.
Intention to quit = 1.249 + financial challenges (0.166) + marketing
challenges (0.381) + HR challenges (0.568) + production challenges (0.916) +
infrastructure challenges (0.145) + management challenges (0.189) + research
and development challenges (0.147) + personal challenges (0.227) + family
challenges (0.142) + operational challenges (0.180) + and technical challenges
(0.167).
222
Coefficients
S.No. t p
Challenges Coefficients Coefficients
Value Value
B S.E. Beta
Constant 1.249 0.159 7.866 0.001
Financial
1 0.166 0.077 0.140 2.161 0.031
Challenges
Marketing
2 0.381 0.059 0.472 6.409 0.001
Challenges
HR
3 0.568 0.058 0.691 9.761 0.001
Challenges
Production
4 0.916 0.092 0.957 9.927 0.001
Challenges
Infrastructure
5 0.145 0.064 0.163 2.281 0.023
Challenges
Management
6 0.189 0.049 0.221 3.888 0.001
Challenges
Research And
7 Development 0.147 0.045 0.176 3.249 0.001
Challenges
Personal
8 0.227 0.059 0.263 3.829 0.001
Challenges
Family
9 0.142 0.037 0.197 3.851 0.001
Challenges
Operational
10 0.180 0.028 0.314 6.321 0.001
Challenges
Technical
11 0.167 0.044 0.231 3.785 0.001
Challenges
The individual predictors exposed that challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic such as financial challenges,
223
challenges obtained standardized co-efficient beta values were 0.140, 0.472,
0.691, 0.957, 0.163, 0.221, 0.176, 0.263, 0.197, 0.314, and 0.231. The p values
are significant at one percent level. The significant results show the factors of
challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic such as
financial challenges, marketing challenges, HR challenges, production
challenges, infrastructure challenges, management challenges, research and
development challenges, personal challenges, family challenges, operational
challenges, and technical challenges positively impact intention to quit.
It is discovered that factors of challenges faced by women entrepreneurs
HR challenges, production challenges, infrastructure challenges, management
challenges, research and development challenges, personal challenges, family
challenges, operational challenges, and technical challenges positively impact
intention to quit. Hao Hou1, et al. (2019) discovered that frequency of mask
replacement, daily working hours, refuse volunteer to frontline, depression,
patient–physician relation unchanged, and lower social support were
significantly associated with the risk of turnover intention. Khalid Al-Mansour
(2021) analysis discovered that there is influence of COVID-19 related stress on
turnover intention.
224
Table 4.30: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on intention to quit among by
women entrepreneurs
Lockdown,
Social Distance,
Closure of
Intention to Marketplace,
0.561 0.315 0.309 49.397 0.001
Quit Closure of
Business, and
Worker
Absenteeism
The table 4.30 reveals the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on intention to
quit among women entrepreneurs. Hence, multiple regression analysis was
applied to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on intention to quit
among women entrepreneurs. Here, factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as
worker absenteeism as influencers and intention to quit among women
entrepreneurs was considered as dependent variable. Samples were collected
from 543 women entrepreneurs in Northern Tamil Nadu.
absenteeism on intention to quit among women entrepreneurs in Northern
Tamil Nadu.
225
intention to quit among women entrepreneurs variance that can be explained by
the factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown, social distance, closure of
marketplace, closure of business, and worker absenteeism. The R2 value is 0.315
that factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as lockdown, social distance, closure
of marketplace, closure of business, and worker absenteeism explain 31.5% of
the variability of intention to quit among women entrepreneurs.
Coefficients
S.No. Impact of t p
Value Value
Constant 2.237 0.131 17.033 0.001
1 Lockdown 0.346 0.032 0.478 10.848 0.001
Social
2 0.173 0.027 0.255 6.347 0.001
Distance
Closure of
3 0.123 0.031 0.167 3.905 0.001
Marketplace
Closure of
4 0.325 0.039 0.428 8.340 0.001
Business
Worker
5 0.292 0.037 0.407 7.893 0.001
Absenteeism
The ANOVA table shows that factors of COVID-19 pandemic such as
worker absenteeism statistically significantly predict the intention to quit among
women entrepreneurs. The F value is 49.397 and the p-value is 0.001. The F and
p values reveal that the regression model is a fit. The un-standardized co-
226
equation.
Intention to quit = 2.237 + Lockdown (0.346) + Social Distance (0.173) +
worker absenteeism positively impact intention to quit among women
entrepreneurs.
absenteeism positively impact intention to quit among women entrepreneurs.
Khalid Al-Mansour (2021) analysis discovered that there is influence of
COVID-19 related stress on turnover intention.
Discussion
absenteeism positively impact intention to quit among women entrepreneurs.
227
COVID-19 related stress on turnover intention.
It is also discovered that factors of challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic such as financial challenges,
challenges positively impact intention to quit. Hao Hou1, et al. (2019)
discovered that frequency of mask replacement, daily working hours, refuse
volunteer to frontline, depression, patient–physician relation unchanged, and
lower social support were significantly associated with the risk of turnover
intention. Khalid Al-Mansour (2021) analysis discovered that there is influence
of COVID-19 related stress on turnover intention.
228
Path Analysis
Figure 4.1: Path Analysis of challenges faced by women entrepreneurs

during COVID-19 pandemic
Path analysis was done using AMOS 20.0 version is presented in Figure
4.1. The path analysis is used to assess the influence of impact of COVID-19
Pandemic on intention to quit with respect to challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic. As suggested by path analysis, the
regression weights with higher modification indices were joined.
The model fit results shown in Table 4.31.1. The table shows the chi-
square value is 1.375. Hence, the chi-square value is found minimum and good.
This score has been suggested by Velaudham and Baskar (2015) and Deepak, et
al. (2019). In this model, the research has obtained GFI, AGFI, CFI and NFI
against the recommended value of above 0.90. The result is reliable for the
model fit suggested by Kantiah Alias Deepak and Velaudham (2019) and
Saminathan, et al. (2019). RMR is 0.002 and RMSEA is 0.026 and is below the
229
recommended value of 0.08. This score has been suggested by Deepak R.
Kanthiah Alias, et al. (2019), Victor Charles and Velaudham (2020), and
Premapriya, et al. (2016). The researcher has relied on all indices to reach a
judgment overall fit of the model. The result is reliable for the model fit
suggested by Velaudham and Baskar (2016) and Indra, Balaji and Velaudham
(2020).
Table-4.31.1: Model Fit Indication
Observed Recommended Values

Indicators
Values Premapriya, et al. (2016)
Chi-Square 1.375 ---
p 0.241 > 0.050
GFI 0.980
AGFI 0.999
>0.090
CFI 0.999
NFI 0.999
RMR 0.002
<0.080
RMSEA 0.026
Source: Primary data
HA: lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic has significant impact on challenges
faced by women entrepreneurs.
It is hypothesized that lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic has significant
impact on challenges faced by women entrepreneurs. The calculated β value is
validated by critical ratio. The regression coefficient (β) is 0.302, which shows
positive relationship between lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic and challenges
faced by women entrepreneurs. It shows that the one unit increase of lockdown
230
of COVID-19 pandemic leads to increase of 0.302 levels on challenges faced by
women entrepreneurs. Bathula Srinivasu, Shilpa Bhatia & Ankita Gupta (2022)
discovered that impact of COVID-19 lockdown on women owned firms. The
critical ratio value is statistically significant at one percent level. Hence, the (HA)
is accepted. The result shows, lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic has positive
direct effect on challenges faced by women entrepreneurs.
Table-4.31.2: Regression Weights
P
DV IV Estimate S.E. C.R. Beta
Value
Challenges <--- Lockdown 0.159 0.018 8.904 0.302 0.001
Challenges <--- Social Distance 0.126 0.015 8.232 0.255 0.001
Closure of
Challenges <--- 0.163 0.018 9.255 0.305 0.001
Marketplace
Closure of
Challenges <--- 0.221 0.022 10.114 0.399 0.001
Business
Worker
Challenges <--- 0.032 0.021 1.522 0.060 0.128
Absenteeism
Intention to Worker
<--- 0.306 0.035 8.690 0.428 0.001
Quit Absenteeism
Intention to Closure of
<--- 0.218 0.040 5.449 0.287 0.001
Quit Business
Intention to
<--- Lockdown 0.260 0.032 8.013 0.359 0.001
Quit
Intention to
<--- Social Distance 0.100 0.027 3.729 0.147 0.001
Quit
Intention to
<--- Challenges 0.553 0.068 8.145 0.403 0.001
Quit
Source: Primary data
HA: Social distance of COVID-19 pandemic has significant impact on
challenges faced by women entrepreneurs.
It is hypothesized that social distance of COVID-19 pandemic has
significant impact on challenges faced by women entrepreneurs. The calculated
231
β value is validated by critical ratio. The regression coefficient (β) is 0.255,
which shows positive relationship between social distance of COVID-19
pandemic and challenges faced by women entrepreneurs. It shows that the one
unit increase of social distance of COVID-19 pandemic leads to increase of
0.255 levels on challenges faced by women entrepreneurs. The critical ratio
value is statistically significant at one percent level. Hence, the (HA) is accepted.
the COVID-19 pandemic on business. The result shows, social distance of
COVID-19 pandemic has positive direct effect on challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs.
HA: Closure of marketplace of COVID-19 pandemic has significant impact on
It is hypothesized that closure of marketplace of COVID-19 pandemic has
which shows positive relationship between closure of marketplace of COVID-19
unit increase of closure of marketplace of COVID-19 pandemic leads to increase
of 0.305 levels on challenges faced by women entrepreneurs. The critical ratio
the COVID-19 pandemic on business. The result shows, closure of marketplace
232
of COVID-19 pandemic has positive direct effect on challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs.
HA: Closure of business of COVID-19 pandemic has significant impact on
It is hypothesized that closure of business of COVID-19 pandemic has
which shows positive relationship between closure of business of COVID-19
unit increase of closure of business of COVID-19 pandemic leads to increase of
the COVID-19 pandemic on business. The result shows, closure of business of
COVID-19 pandemic has positive direct effect on challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs.
HA: Worker absenteeism of COVID-19 pandemic has significant impact on
It is hypothesized that worker absenteeism of COVID-19 pandemic has
which shows not relationship between worker absenteeism of COVID-19
233
unit increase of worker absenteeism of COVID-19 pandemic leads to increase of
value is statistically not significant. Hence, the (HA) is not accepted. Patricia
COVID-19 pandemic on business. The result shows, worker absenteeism of
COVID-19 pandemic has not effect on challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs.
Table-4.31.3: Mediation Effects
DV Effect CoB CoMP SD WA LD C

DE 0.399 0.305 0.255 0.060 0.302 0.000
C IDE 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
TE 0.399 0.305 0.255 0.060 0.302 0.000
DE 0.287 0.000 0.147 0.428 0.359 0.403
IQ IDE 0.161 0.123 0.103 0.024 0.121 0.000
TE 0.447 0.123 0.250 0.452 0.480 0.403
HA: Worker absenteeism of COVID-19 pandemic has significant impact on
intention to quit.
It is hypothesized that worker absenteeism of COVID-19 pandemic has
significant impact on intention to quit. The calculated β value is validated by
critical ratio. The regression coefficient (β) is 0.428, (Direct Effect = 0.428 +
Indirect Effect = 0.024 and Total Effect = 0.452) which shows positive
relationship between worker absenteeism of COVID-19 pandemic and intention
234
to quit. It shows that the one unit increase of worker absenteeism of COVID-19
pandemic leads to increase of 0.428 levels on intention to quit. The critical ratio
the COVID-19 pandemic on business. The result shows, worker absenteeism of
COVID-19 pandemic has positive direct effect on intention to quit.
HA: Closure of business of COVID-19 pandemic has significant impact on
intention to quit.
It is hypothesized that closure of business of COVID-19 pandemic has
relationship between closures of business of COVID-19 pandemic and intention
to quit. It shows that the one unit increase of closure of business of COVID-19
the COVID-19 pandemic on business. The result shows, closure of business of
COVID-19 pandemic has positive direct effect on intention to quit.
HA: Lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic has significant impact on intention to
quit.
235
It is hypothesized that lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic has significant
impact on intention to quit. The calculated β value is validated by critical ratio.
The regression coefficient (β) is 0.359, (Direct Effect = 0.359 + Indirect Effect =
0.121 and Total Effect = 0.480) which shows positive relationship between
lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic and intention to quit. It shows that the one
unit increase of lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic leads to increase of 0.359
levels on intention to quit. The critical ratio value is statistically significant at
one percent level. Hence, the (HA) is accepted. The result shows, lockdown of
COVID-19 pandemic has positive direct effect on intention to quit. Bathula
Srinivasu, Shilpa Bhatia & Ankita Gupta (2022) discovered that impact of
COVID-19 lockdown on women owned firms. Khalid Al-Mansour (2021)
analysis discovered that there is influence of COVID-19 related stress on
turnover intention.
HA: Social distance of COVID-19 pandemic has significant impact on intention
to quit.
It is hypothesized that social distance of COVID-19 pandemic has
relationship between social distance of COVID-19 pandemic and intention to
quit. It shows that the one unit increase of social distance of COVID-19
236
COVID-19 related stress on turnover intention. The result shows, social
distance of COVID-19 pandemic has positive direct effect on intention to quit.
HA: Challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic
have significant impact on intention to quit.
It is hypothesized that challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during
COVID-19 pandemic has significant impact on intention to quit. The calculated
(Direct Effect = 0.403 + Indirect Effect = 0.000 and Total Effect = 0.403) which
shows positive relationship between challenges faced by women entrepreneurs
during COVID-19 pandemic and intention to quit. It shows that the one unit
increase of challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19
Umamaheswari & Vasumathi (2022) discovered that turnover intention was
influenced by challenges during COVID-19 impact. The result shows,
challenges faced by women entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic have
positive direct effect on intention to quit.
237
DISCUSSION
The result shows, worker absenteeism of COVID-19 pandemic has not
effect on challenges faced by women entrepreneurs. Patricia Carracedo, Rosa
pandemic on business. The result shows, lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic has
positive direct effect on intention to quit. Bathula Srinivasu, Shilpa Bhatia &
owned firms. Khalid Al-Mansour (2021) analysis discovered that there is
influence of COVID-19 related stress on turnover intention. Khalid Al-Mansour
(2021) analysis discovered that there is influence of COVID-19 related stress on
turnover intention. The result shows, social distance of COVID-19 pandemic
has positive direct effect on intention to quit.
The result shows, lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic has positive direct
effect on challenges faced by women entrepreneurs. Bathula Srinivasu, Shilpa
Bhatia & Ankita Gupta (2022) discovered that impact of COVID-19 lockdown
on women owned firms. The result shows, challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic have positive direct effect on
intention to quit. Umamaheswari & Vasumathi (2022) discovered that turnover
intention was influenced by challenges during COVID-19 impact.
238
4.2 CHAPTER SUMMARY
Well, the analysis brings to the fore where the women entrepreneurs
categories differ rather markedly in their views vis-à-vis the several queries
raised by the researcher. Interestingly, in respect of some queries the categories
seem to think more or less along the same line. The next chapter, namely
Chapter-5, furnishes a summarised version of the findings of the study. It is
preceded by a brief statement of the problem, the purpose of the study and the
methodology used in the investigation. This is followed by the
recommendations of the researcher. The chapter concludes with suggestions for
further research. The next chapter, namely Chapter-5, gives the summary of
findings, suggestions and conclusion.
239

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CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

women entrepreneurs from Northern Tamil Nadu in fulfilment of the objectives

This is followed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-test of variables

Multiple regression analysis is used to identify the influence of COVID-

19 pandemic on challenges faced during COVID-19 pandemic. Path analysis is

used to identify the influence of COVID-19 pandemic on intent to quit with

respect to challenges faced during COVID-19 pandemic.

Additionally, descriptive statistics is used to study the demographic

profile and business profile women entrepreneurs of the study. As already

entrepreneurs in Northern Tamil Nadu. Among the 543 women entrepreneurs, 11

percent of the women entrepreneurs were 18 to 25 years, 19.2 percent of the

women entrepreneurs were 26 to 35 years, 22.8 percent of the women

entrepreneurs were 36 to 45 years and remaining 47 percent of the women

entrepreneurs were above 45 years. Regarding location of the women

status of the women entrepreneurs, a majority of the entrepreneurs were married

90.1 percent and 9.9 percent was unmarried women entrepreneurs.

With respect to educational qualification of the women entrepreneurs, 6.8

percent have acquired up to school education, 10.5 percent of the women

entrepreneurs were in technical education, 23 percent of the women

entrepreneurs were in undergraduate level, 33.7 percent of the women

entrepreneurs were found to be with postgraduate education and 26 percent of

the women entrepreneurs were found to be with professional education.

Regarding family type of women entrepreneurs, the majority of entrepreneurs

nuclear families. In terms of the dependents of women entrepreneurs, the

per cent of women entrepreneurs have up to 3 members.

The table 4.2 demonstrates the business profile of women entrepreneurs

in Northern Tamil Nadu. In terms of start-up capital, 23.9 percent of women

entrepreneurs have invested up to Rs. 5L for their business, 30 percent of women

entrepreneurs have invested between Rs. 6L to 10L, 29.8 percent of women

According to the current worth of their business, 31.9 percent of women

entrepreneurs have a current value of up to 5L and 28 percent of women

entrepreneurs have a current value of 6L to 10L. In addition, 19.9 percent of

business is above 15L.

In terms of generation of women entrepreneurs, 63.9 percent of women

generation entrepreneurs. In terms of business type, 12.5 percent of women

entrepreneurs belong to retail trading, 18.2 percent of women entrepreneurs

belong to beautician businesses, 20.6 percent of women entrepreneurs belong to

Readymade shops, 22.8 percent of women entrepreneurs belong to Restaurant

business, and 25.8 percent of women entrepreneurs belong to other types of

businesses. With regard to type of firm, 66.1 percent of women entrepreneurs

Among the 543 women entrepreneurs, 20.1 percent of the women

entrepreneurs have up to 5 years of experience, 31.7 percent of the women

entrepreneurs have 6 to 10 years of experience, 22.3 percent of the women

entrepreneurs have 11 to 15 years of experience and remaining 26 percent of the

women entrepreneurs have above 15 years of experience. In terms of income,

19.9 percent of entrepreneurs earn up to Rs. 20000, 51 percent of women

entrepreneurs earn Rs. 20001 to 40000, and 23.2 percent of women

entrepreneurs earn between Rs. 40001 to 60000. The remaining women

entrepreneurs (5.9%) earn above 60000.

COVID-19 Mean Overall H- p-

pandemic impacts namely, lockdown, social distance, closure of marketplace,

closure of business, and worker absenteeism. The age of respondents oscillate

its corresponding p-value to identify the significant differences of the women

entrepreneurs’ perception of COVID-19 pandemic impact by the four different

Lockdown is listed below as the first impact felt by women entrepreneurs

COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by the women entrepreneurs.

Social distance is listed below as the first impact felt by women

19 pandemic. The corresponding H-value is 31.881 with the p-value of 0.001,

social distance of COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by the women

Closure of marketplace is listed below as the first impact felt by women

COVID-19 pandemic. The corresponding H-value is 14.979 with the p-value of

0.002, which suggests that there is a significant difference in the perception

towards the closure of marketplace of COVID-19 pandemic impact perceived by