1.

GENERAL LABORATORY RULES

Cleanliness and order form the basis of all kinds of laboratory studies. The working
benches, instruments, and apparatus should not be dirty, there is a great possibility that many
experimental errors will be made through contamination when working with uncleaned
instruments, and apparatus on a dirty bench.
Before starting a general chemistry laboratory experiment, it is necessary to apply the
following rules to ensure the laboratory layout during and at the end of the experiment, to gain
the most accurate information and habits from the experiments.

1. Every student should be at the experiment location during laboratory hours and
should not leave the laboratory except for the handling of substances and materials.
It is beneficial to have an accompaniment in case performing the experiments
requires to be kept under constant control and/or hazardous and dangerous.
2. The laboratory is a critical place to work. Therefore, no work other than the given
experiment should be dealt with. One should definitely not play a practical joke in
laboratories. Smoking, eating, placing food and beverages into the instruments or
glassware used in the laboratory, and storage of foods in the laboratory are not
allowed. Likewise, chemicals should not be placed in a container where food is eaten
and drinks are drunk.
3. In order to protect your eyes and your body from chemical substances, and to
maintain discipline and order in the laboratory, it is mandatory to wear protective
glasses and gowns when entering the laboratory. It is not allowed to remove personal
protective clothing before the experiment lasts. Collecting long hair with a bonnet
or hairclip is useful for protecting against dangers. Open wounds, cuts, and chaps
need to be sure covered with a bandage before starting work, and wearing gloves is
necessary.
4. In order to calculate the experiment yield, a tube or a small, empty, clean, and dry
should first be tare, and then the resulting substance should be placed into the
container and weighed again. The amount of the resulting substance should be
calculated by subtracting the container's weight from the total. Lastly, all these data
 2

should be labeled on the tube or bottle. The labels should include the following
information;

a- Group number
b- Experiment number and name of
substance
c- Total weight
d- Tare of container
e- Amount of substance
f- Yield (%)
This container needs to be delivered to the research assistant.

5- During the experiments, it is expected to apply each student’s laboratory techniques including
but not limited to filtration, evaporation, and boiling as behoove a chemist. Despite all the
warnings, a student who does not comply with the rules and discipline is considered as not
fulfilling the duties by the laboratory responsible.
6- Before starting an experiment in the laboratory, guides and directions made about the
experiment by the laboratory responsible should be listened to carefully.
7- Experiments should be started in accordance with the recommendations of the laboratory
assistant, deviations and extraordinary events that may occur in the experiment should be
informed and solutions should be figured out together. During performing of the experiment,
all attention should be given to the work, and distracting behaviors of other applicants in the
laboratory should be avoided.
8- During the experiment, observations and data should be recorded in a regular and clear way in
the laboratory notebook.
9- Each item should always have a specific place on the laboratory benches, and the items should
always be placed where they belong after each use. Special care should be taken to ensure that
the tools and glass materials to be used in the experiment are clean, broken and cracked tools
should not be used. Cleanliness of the working area and materials should be ensured after
completion of each experiment. First of all, attention should be paid to cleaning the bottles and
leaving the lids closed after each use.
 3

12- A report for the previous experiment should be delivered to the laboratory assistant
before the new experiment.

13- After the laboratory work is completed, hands should washed thoroughly with soap and
water, considering the possibility of contamination with chemicals. Do not smoke after the
laboratory without washing your hands with soapy water. Remember, smoking increases the
level of toxicity of chlorinated substances such as carbon tetrachloride or chloroform.
14- Chemical substances and solutions should not be tasted or smelled due to their toxicity
unless otherwise stated. When sniffing, one should not hold the face directly against the
substance. Toxic and harmful gas tests should be performed on the fume hood.

15- If you want to dilute the concentrated acids, you should definitely add the acid to the
water by mixing it slowly and carefully. If you do otherwise, that is, if you add water to the
acid, some of the water you pour will boil due to the great heat that occurs, and as a result of
this, it may splash onto your hands or face suddenly.
16- Before conducting chemical experiments, one needs to know about the properties of the
substances to be used. Otherwise, you may endanger the life of yourself or those around you.
In addition, the label of each reagent must be checked before use.
17- Reagents and materials should be left in their places clean.
18- When solid chemicals are taken from their bottles, they should be taken with a clean
spatula, plastic spoon, or clean paper and transferred to the beaker or glassware. Touching the
chemicals with bare hands is not allowed.
19- When taking liquid substances, beakers or test tubes should be used. When taking
liquids, the bottle should be emptied by tilting the bottle so that the label of the bottle remains
on top. Otherwise, the liquid leaking from the brim of the bottle during emptying may wet the
label. The last drop remaining in the brim of the bottle should be taken into the bottle by gently
touching the bottle cap. When taking liquid from the bottle, it should place the bottle cap upside
down on the benches and thus protect the substance in the bottle from contamination. If the
liquid in the bottle is a small glass container or small tube, then the tube is held between the
thumb, index, and middle finger of the left hand, while the bottle's lid should be held between
the little finger of the left hand and the thumb. In this way, the liquid in the bottle is emptied
into the test tube, and the liquid drop remaining in the neck of the bottle is taken into the bottle
by applying the lid so that the substance in the bottle is not contaminated. If there is a gas outlet
when emptying a liquid into the reaction vessel, this gas can easily contaminate the substance
in the bottle.. In such cases, the liquid (reagent) used should not be transferred directly from the
 4

bottle to the test tube, but should first be placed in another clean tube, then subsequent addition
to the reaction should be carried out.
20- Glass pipes should be lubricated with Vaseline when passing them to rubber corks.

21- Measuring containers and volumetric flasks should never be heated.

22- Previously used reagents should not be put back in stock bottles. Materials such as
spatulas and glass baguettes should be cleaned and dried after use with various reagents. The
glass material used to take one of the liquids should not be used for another liquid without being
cleaned and dried.
23- No application is allowed for unlabeled bottles without knowing what they are.
24- In addition to the necessary precautions, eye protection should not be neglected when
working with substances warned of explosives. For this, transparent visors can be used instead
of glasses or glasses.
25- Special care should be taken when working with H2S04, HCI, HN03, and aqua regia
(HN03+HC1 mixture 1:3). In any case, if it comes into contact with hands or any other part of
the body, it should be washed off with plenty of water. When an acid or base is spilled anywhere,
prior to being washed with plenty of water, it should be neutralized. At this time, protective
gloves should be worn. When dangerous and corrosive other chemicals are spilled, adsorbing
granules should be poured first to ensure the adsorption of these liquids. These granules should
be stored in plastic bags and treated as special garbage.
26- When working with concentrated acid or base, it should be poured into the sink after
extremely diluting it at the end of the study. Because pipes are usually made of lead-mixed
substances, they can react with lead and break down the pipe.

27- Disposal of paper, sharp glasses, and similar substances should be made into the garbage
basket, solid chemicals and solutions should not be poured into the garbage basket. Solutions
that are told to be poured by the laboratory assistant and solid chemicals should be collected in
special collection containers classified by their type.

28- The flame only should be turned on when it is to be used, at other times it should either
be extinguished or dimmed and left in the sooty pilot flame.
29- Flammable solutions (organic substances such as alcohol, and ether) should never be
evaporated on a bare-standing flame or in close proximity to the flame. Such solutions should
best be evaporated in a beaker and over a boiling-temperature water bath with the beaker. Water
at boiling temperature can evaporate most solvents.
 5

30- In case of a laboratory accident, the situation should be reported to the laboratory
assistant immediately by acting calm and the necessary precautions should be taken.

31- When working with dangerous substances, small amounts of substances should be
preferred as a beginning.
32- If heating a liquid substance is required in a reaction tube, this liquid should fill no more
than a third of the tube. The tube should be constantly shaken to prevent splashing that will
occur with overheating when heating liquid substances. The mouth part of the tube should not
be directed to the person conducting the experiment or to someone else.
33- If there is a liquid splash during heating or reaction, these operations should also be
performed in the fume hood and the observation should be made outside the fume hood.
34- When the fumehood and evaporator (rotary evaporator) are used correctly, the person in
the laboratory is protected from dangerous gas emissions. The window of the fume hood should
be closed and the air velocity in the inlet slot of the hood should be 10.5 m/s. The window of
the fume hood should be closed. Otherwise, harmful substances may leak out. Since the air
expelled from the fumehood contains harmful gases, it is necessary to subject this air to
chemical washing before it is released into the atmosphere.
35- When using a rotary evaporator, good condensation is achieved if the vacuum made by
the water bath temperature is adjusted in accordance with the solvent. Thus, very few solvents
or harmful vapors mix into the water current that provides the vacuum. The solvent collected
in the balloon is reused by distillation or deposited for disposal.
36- The lids of glass bottles may not open in some cases. Do not force the bottle caps to
open. Bottle caps that are difficult to open can usually be loosened by lightly tapping the neck
of the bottle with a piece of wood. Sometimes, it is necessary to loosen the lids that do not open
by leaving them in hot water for a long time. Again, if it is not opened, if the substance inside
is not flammable, the cap is loosened by heating the neck of the bottle very carefully with a
match or lighter flame or thin bek flame. In any case, the use of force should be avoided,
otherwise, it may be the cause of cuts on the hands that take a long time to treat.
37- Never pour mercury residues (in the form of compounds) into the sink. Since mercury
is very toxic, when it is spilled on the benches or on the floor, immediately open the windows
first. Because mercury constantly evaporates in pure form and if it enters the body through the
respiratory tract, it leads to many diseases in the future.
38- Mercury might be collected in the form of HgS by pouring sulfur powder on it. In this
case, mercury cannot be recovered, but this is the most useful and reliable method. As another
 6

method, mercury may be detoxified by pouring zinc powder on and reacting with HN03
(concentrated). If all of these can not be applied, they can collected by pouring wood dust on
them and can be separated by filtering through a filtration paper placed funnel,
39- The experimental devices must be installed properly and correctly. Conducting chemical
experiments with a well-established mechanism, and studying the properties of chemical
substances gives the researcher more pleasure and satisfaction.
40- Unless otherwise stated, it should always be studied with a small amount of substances
and this should be made a habit. If it is worked with small quantities, time is saved in filtration,
crystallization, and evaporation.
41- If acid or another corrosive chemical substance is spilled anywhere, wash it off
immediately with water.
42- Pay attention to the label before taking a substance from a container. We do not use
unlabeled substances.
43- Unless otherwise stated, never put the materials or chemicals back into the container
you received.
45- Solid materials, matches and papers should not be thrown into the laboratory.
46- When laboratory work has been completed, the laboratory should not be left until the
laboratory is ready for the use of further students.
47- Do not rush unnecessarily, do not run, do not read while walking.
48- Never climb on benches, etc.; use stairs when necessary. Do not reach out more than
necessary while working on tables or cabinets.
48- Personal protective equipment (mask, glasses, gloves V) should be worn while working
with harmful, toxic, irritating chemicals.b.) just to ensure safety.
49- It can be dangerous to work with jewelry and ornaments such as rings, necklaces, and
bracelets in the laboratory. These should be taken off before starting work. Sharp objects should
not be carried in the pockets of aprons and trousers.
50- Chemical substances and materials should not be placed in personal working areas.
51- Do not block the way of fire extinguishing equipment and fire exit doors.
52- Do not close the front of the electrical buttons or insulators.

53- Make sure that the walking areas are empty and clean.

54- It should be ensured that all file and under-counter cabinet doors are kept closed.
 7

55- Make sure that the electric motors are ventilated. (Appliances with an electric motor,
such as a refrigerator, must be properly ventilated.)
56- It should be ensured that the gas pipes are intact and placed in such a way that they do
not overheat. Also, it should be ensured that unused gas valves are completely closed. The area
where the experiments are conducted should never be left while flammable gases are being
used.
57- Solvents exceeding 50 liters in amount should be stored in metal cabinets containing
containers where debris will accumulate and in specially prepared or rearranged rooms in
accordance with this purpose. It is forbidden to store solvents exceeding 50 liters in any
laboratory. Flammable solvents should be kept away from ignition sources.
58- Electrical appliances should not be touched with wet hands or on a wet floor. When
water is spilled on a power tool, the powerline should be disconnected and necessary cleaning
should be ensured. It should be checked and ensured before using it again. High-voltage
appliances such as ovens with multiple sockets should not be used. The wiring should be
checked frequently to prevent tangling or knotting.
59- Electrical installation works related to the main network or where dangerous voltages
are involved must be carried out by an authorized electrical technician. Do not open the
electrical switch boxes and do not interfere. The electrician should be informed
60- Always have the appropriate size heater, mantle, clip, support, handle, etc.s. install the
glass systems safely.
61- Cracked glassware should not be used
62- Do not use excessive force when the glass drawers are jammed.
63- When connecting hoses to the glass pipe during the distillation process, you can use
vaseline or water for easy connection.
64- The reactions should be set up behind an appropriate safety screen if possible. If it is not
possible, at least protection for others should be provided. Always unload large desiccators
behind the safety screen or in their special boxes.

65- While extracting the volatile solvents in the separation funnel, the funnel should be
turned over occasionally and the valve should be opened.

66- The absence of any flammable solvent in the environment before burning the bek flame
should be ensured.

67- Do not push burning bunzen flames under the shelves.

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68- In experiments where pipettes should be used, chemicals should never pulled out by
mouth, the pipette should be used with puar.

A safe substance may become dangerous when it interact with another chemicals.
 9

2. INTRODUCTION TO LABORATORY MATERIALS

10
 11

Virgo Gas washing bottle Crucible Boiling Bottle

Three-way pipette Cuvette Magnetic bar

pump remover Analytical Funnel

Dropping Bottle Erlenmeyer Flask Round-buttom Flask Round-buttom Socket Flask

Soxlet Electrical pipette pump Clamp Glass Pipette

Plastic funnel Capsule tongs Calibrated picnometer

with thermometer Cork Drilling Set
12
 13

3. LABELS AND SPECIFICATIONS OF CHEMICAL BOTTLES

In accordance with the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization's "Regulation

on Classification, Labeling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures” I As of June 2015
in our country only; In parallel with the provisions of the European Parliament and
Council of Europe Regulation No. 1272/2008 on Classification, Labeling and Packaging
of Substances and Mixtures published in the Official Paper of the European Union dated
31/12/2008, by the United Nations, hazardous chemicals in the same way the Global
Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS Globaliy
Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals ), a system developed
for classification and labeling, will be used.
Considering that there may be labeled substances before 2015 and after 2015 in our
laboratories, examples of both types of labels and pictograms to be used have been given.
DANGEROUS GOODS SYMBOLS VALID UNTIL 2015
 14

OLD TYPE LABEL EXAMPLE (Before 2015)

INFORMATIONS ON OLD TYPE LABELS

1. Labels are arranged based on a general standard. Here, explanation of a chemical

produced in the SIGMA-ALDRICH company made
2. The name of the chemical substance in Latin and some other languages : Acetone
3. Amount: 2.5 Dangerous good symbols

Highly Flammable Irritant

 15

4. Risk and Safety Number

“R 11-36-66-67 and S 9-16-26” below these numbers, the meanings of English and the
precautions that should be taken when using them are explained.
5. Boiling Point (BP), Melting Point (MP) or Flammable Point (FP=(Based on
material type)
6. Purity Level of Substance : Assay (CC) min 99 %
7. Chemical Formula of the substance : (Moleculer Formula) C3H60
8. Molecular weight of the substance : (Moleculer Weight) M-58,08 g/MoI
9. Density of the substance : Density(D20/4)
10. If the unit is not written for solid and liquid substances, it expresses g/ml or
g/cm 3. The density can also be expressed as 1 L : 0.790 kg in some bottles.

11. CAS No : 67-64-1 (Chemical Abstract Service) The code number that
introduces this substance in the scientific literature is

12. EC No : 200-662-2 The official number of this item in the European Union

4. CURRENT LABEL EXAMPLES (After 2015)

A Substance Name
B Substance
Number
C Ambalage Size

Unless it is described as pre-weighed material, the packaging will normally

contain the minimum specified amount or usually slightly more. For some products,
 16

the actual quantity at the time of packaging is also shown. The user always has to
measure the amount needed from the container

D Product-specific information and naming

E LOT numbering
Transaction order number
G Language Code, Warning Word, Hazard Statement, necessary precautionary
statements

If the GHS pictogram is already diamond-looking, there is no GHS symbol, but no hazard
symbol is added to the product
I anonymous product identifiers
Storage temperature
K The barcode number and Lot number containing the
data pattern

L Valid Safety Information Form:

The safety data sheet applies to this product.

M M Product rejection and brand information, if applicable

N Contact information
O Origin of Country
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DENEY 1
1. SEPARATION OF MIXTURES

Substance is generally divided into two groups as "pure” and “impure ”.

a. Pure Substances:
Substances that have the same kind of atom or molecule in their structure.
Pure substances are studied in two subgroups as "element” and "compound”.
b. Impure Substances (Mixtures):
Mixture is a collection of substances formed by bringing together more than one
substance in such a way that its chemical properties do not change in spesific ratio.
Mixtures are divided into two as homogeneous and heterogeneous. Homogeneous
mixtures are also called solutions. Heterogeneous mixtures are; suspension, emulsion, colloid,
aerosol.

Homogenous Mixtures
A homogeneous mixture is a gaseous, liquid or solid mixture that has the same
proportions of its components throughout a given sample. Homogeneous mixtures are also
called solutions.
Salt-water, sugar-water, alcoholic water, tap water and the examples of a homogeneous
mixture.

Heterogenous Mixtures
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is not uniform
throughout the mixture. Her tarafında farklı özellik gösteren tek bir madde gibi gözükmeyen
karışımlardır. Examples of heterogeneous mixtures of mineral sprouts, rock fragments, wood
fragments, a plant leaf, fog, buttermilk, a mixture of oil and water, a piece of concrete, soil
extracted from underground can be given. Although milk looks homogeneous by naked eye, it
is observed to be heterogeneous when examined under a microscope (due to fat droplets).
Heterogeneity can be detected by the effect of tyndall light, as well as by a microscope.
Heterogeneous mixture is divided into two as emulsion and suspension.
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible
(unmixable or unblendable) those are dispersed together.Water-olive oil mixture, water—
 18

gasoline mixture, etc. Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of a fluid that contains solid
particles sufficiently large for sedimentation. Mixture of water-sand, of water-chalk powder etc.

1.1. SEPARATION OF MIXTURES INTO THEIR COMPONENTS

We all mix up many substances by making various mistakes and accidents in our current life.
If we need to give a simple example of these, it may come to mind that black pepper and salt
or sugar are mixed. We think about how to perform the separation of mixtures, such as spilling
bulk needles to the ground as a result of an impact.
1 . FILTRATION: is applied to the suspensions and the filter paper is used
2. SEPARATION FUNNEL: is applied to emulsions and separation funnel is used
3. EVAPORATION- CRYSTALLIZATION: It is applied to homogeneous mixtures
formed by a solid dissolved in a liquid. The difference in physical state is taken advantage of.
4. CRYSTALLIZATION: It is applied to solid-liquid solutions in which there is more than
one solid dissolved in a liquid. In this process, it is used to change the solubility of substances
with temperature.
5. DISTILLATION: The phenomenon of evaporating a liquid first and then condensing it
is called distillation. A distillation bridge is used for this process. Differences of the boiling
points of liquids are taken advantage of.
6. SOLUBILITY: This is a method used to separate a mixture of two solids whose
solubilities differ from each other in a solvent. A liquid is used in which one of the substances
dissolves very well and the other does not dissolve, and then when filtered, the insoluble
substance remains in the filter paper.
7. ELECTRIFICATION: Some substances whose size is too small are attracted by some
materials electrified by friction.
8. MAGNETIZATION: If a magnet is immersed in mixtures containing metals in it, it
attracts these metals and separates them from the environment.
 19

1.1 SEPARATING THE SAND AND SALT MIXTURE

1.1.1. CHEMICALS, GLASSWARE AND EQUIPMENTS

Beaker-250 mL, Filter paper, Funnel, Evaporation container, Tripod, bunzen burner, Amiant,
Glass Rod, Water and Sand mixture (about 20% is salt).

1.1.2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

l. Slowly mix about 5 g of the mixture with 50 ml of water in a 250 ml beaker

2. Filter the mixture into the erlenmayer and empty the filtrate into an evaporation container.
Slowly heat the salt solution until splashes begin. Caution: Do not get too close to the
container.
3. Close the bunzen burner and leave the moist salt to dry.

Figure 1. Filtering and Evaporation Processes

1.1.3. Question

l. Why are salt, sand and water mixed in the first place?
2. What happens when this mixture is filtered in the second step?
3. Why is the salt solution heated in the third step
 20

1.2 SEPARATION OF SOLID-SOLID MIXTURES BY THE

DENSITY DIFFERENCE

1.2.1. CHEMICALS, GLASSWARE AND EQUIPMENTS

Beaker, Iron Powder, Wood Shavings, Water, Sand, Filter paper, Spatula, Glass Rod, Erlen,
Forceps

1.2.2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Put 50 mL of water into a 100 ml beaker.

2. Mix iron powders, sand and wood chips by pouring them on a sheet of paper.
3. Pour the resulting mixture into a beaker filled with water and mix with a glass
rod.
4. Wait for a while. It will be observed which of the substances that make up the
mixture, substance has greater density than that of water will collapse the bottom, and the one
with a smaller density floats on the water.
5. With a glass rod in your hand or with the help of a spatula, collect all the wood
chips floating on the surface of the water with a spatula and put them on another container or
watch glass.
6. Install a filtration device to recover the remaining mixture of iron powder and
sand. As a result of the filtration process, the sand-iron powder mixture collected on the strainer
paper is taken onto the watch glass with the help of a clamp and dried.
7. After the drying process, the iron in the mixture is removed by pulling with the
help of a magnet, and only sand remains behind.
8. Thus, the wood chips, iron powder and sand that make up the mixture are
separated from each other. With this experiment, it has been learned that substances can be
separated from each other by their magnetic properties at the same time.
 21

1.3 SEPARATION BY SOLUBILITY DIFFERENCE

1.3.1. CHEMICALS, GLASSWARE AND EQUIPMENTS

Napthalene or iodine, sugar, water, filter paper, forceps, clamps, funnel, glass ros, erlenmeyer,
beaker, spatula,

1.3.2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Equal amounts of naphthalene and sugar are taken and placed in a beaker and water is added
to it. Sugar dissolves in water, while naphthalene remains insoluble. The naphthalene is
separated from the mixture by filtration method. Sugar is recovered by evaporating water from
the remaining solution.

1.3.3. 1.7.3 QUESTIONS

1. Although naphthalene is insoluble in water, sugar is dissolved. WHY?

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1.4 SEPARATION BY CRYSTALLIZATION

Crystallization is a method used to separate the components in solid mixtures from each
other and purify these components. The basic principle of the crystallization method is that
although some solids dissolve very well in certain solvents when hot, they show very low
solubility when cooled. The following order should be observed during the crystallization
process..
* Dissolves the impure substance in a suitable solvent, at a temperature near the boiling point
or at the boiling point,
'The undissolved matter and impurities are separated by filtration from the hot solution.
The hot filtrate is allowed to cool and crystallization is ensured. The pure crystals formed are
separated from the solvent by filtration.

1.4.1. CHEMICALS, GLASSWARE AND EQUIPMENTS

Non-iodized salt (rock salt), Erlenmeyer, Beaker, Filter paper, Funnel, Glass Rod, Clamp,
Watch glass, Spatula, Magnetic mixer with heater/heater, Forceps

1.4.2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. weigh out 10 g of rock salt and put it in the erlene and put 50 ml of pure water
on it. Throw a few boiling stones into the erlene to prevent splashing during the heating process.
2. Place the erlen on the heater so that it does not tip over (fastening it with a spore
if necessary) and heat it to the boiling point. At this time, mix the solution in the erlen frequently
with the help of a glass rod (or with a magnetic mixer)..
3. While heating the solution in the erlenmeyer, prepare the filtration device.
Before starting the filtration process, wash all the materials you will use in the filtration with
hot water (since our solvent is water).
4. Filter the solution in the erlenmeyer while it is hot and allow it to cool in the
collection container.
5. If crystallization does not occur during the cooling process, add some vaccine
crystals.
6. When crystallization is complete, prepare the filtration system again. To
calculate the efficiency of the experiment, weigh the filter paper and record its weight. Repeat
the washing process until there is not a single crystal left in the container containing the crystals
during the filtration process. (The washing process should be done with the filtrate accumulated
at the bottom).
 23

7. After the filtration process is completed, take the filter paper on the watch glass
with the help of a clamp and dry it..
8. . After the filter paper and the NaCl crystals have completely dried, weigh them.
Subtract the gram amount of filter paper from the gram amount determined here and calculate
the percentage yield of pure NaCl.

1.4.3. QUESTIONS

1. What should be paid attention to in order to have a good and complete

crystallization?
2. What is a vaccine crystal, what is it used for and how does it work?
3. What is the reason of hot filtration process during the experiment??
4. What percentage of your starting material were you able to recover by
crystallization process?