06

ksfhdacH;aj kS;sh
Law of Agency

.súiqï kS;h
s g wkqj mqoa.,hka úúOdldrfha .súiqï j,g we;=,;a jk nj fmfka' kuq;a kQ;k
jHdmdßl f,dalfha ;sfnkakd jQ ixlS¾KNdjh iy ld¾h nyq,;ajh fya;=fjka mqoa.,fhl=g" ;ud
úiskau ish¿u .Kqfokq j,g mqoa.,slju t<öug we;s bvlv iSud lrhs' tneúka ;ud úiska
t<ôh hq;= .Kqfokq j,g t<öu i|yd ;ud fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍug ;j;a mqoa.,fhl= m;a lsÍu
j;auka jHdmdßl fCIa;f
% ha nyq,j ±lsh yels ;;a;ajhls' fufia fjk;a mqoa.,fhl= fjkqfjka
.súiqï j,g t<fUk ;eke;a;d ksfhdað;hd (Agent) f,i ye¢kafjk w;r ksfhdað;hd hï
ld¾hhla bgq lrkq ,nkafka ld fjkqfjkao tlS ;eke;a;d m%Odkshd (Principal) jYfhka
ye¢kafõ' fufia m%Odkshd iy ksfhdað;hd w;r we;s iïnkaO;djh ksfhdacH;ajh (Agency)
f,i ye¢kafõ' tfiau ksfhdacH;ajhg wod, jkakd jQ kS;h
s ksfhdacH;aj kS;sh f,io ye¢kafõ'

ksfhdacH;aj we;s jkakd jQ wdldrh - Creation of Agency

m%Odkshd iy ksfhdað;hd w;r we;s jkakdjQ iïnkaO;djh ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh f,i

ye¢kafõ' fuh m%Odk jYfhka fowdldrhls' tkï"

i. m%ldYs; tlÕ;ajhla u; we;s jk ksfhdacH;ajh (Agency by Express)

ii. jHdx. tlÕ;ajhla u; we;s jk ksfhdacH;ajh (Agency by Implication )

m%ldYs; tlÕ;ajh u; we;s jk ksfhdacH;ajh

ksfhdacH;aj" m%ldYs; tlÕ;ajhla uÕska ìys úh yel' fuys§ m%Odkshd úiska ksfhdað;hdj" ,sÅ;j
fyda lg jpkfhka m;a lrkq ,efí'
Wod( A ish ksji re'100"000 lg úlsKSu Wfoid lghq;= lsÍug ksfhdað;fhl= f,i B j m;a
lrhs' fuys§ A iy B w;r we;s jQ jdÑl tlÕ;ajhla u; B j ksfhdað;fhl= f,i m;a fldg
we;'

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jHx. tlÕ;ajhla u; we;s jk ksfhdacH;ajh

ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh jHdx.fhkao tlÕ;ajhla f,io we;s úh yelsh' tkï" md¾Yajhkaf.a

yeisÍu ;=,ska md¾Yajhka w;r .Kqfokq isÿ jk wdldrh fyda hï isoaêhg wod, ;;a;ajh fya;=
fldg f.k jHdx.fhka ksfhdacH;ajh ìysfõ'

jHx. tlÕ;ajh u; ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh wdldr lSmhlg we;sfõ' tajd kï"

i. m%;snkaOkh u; ksfhdacH;ajh (Agency by Estoppel)

ii. wjYH;djh u; we;s jk ksfhdacH;ajh (Agency by Necessity)
iii. wmrdkque;sh u; we;s jk ksfhdacH;ajh (Agency by Ratification)
iv. újdyl iïnkaO;djh u; we;sjk ksfhdacH;ajh (A gong by Marrage)

m%;snkaOkh u; we;s jk ksfhdacH;ajh

ñka woyia jkafka hula i;H hehs úYajdi lsÍug hul= úiska ;j;a mqoa.,fhl=j fmd<Ujd we;s
úg" miqj th wi;H hhs m%ldY lsÍu ;ykï fõ' th m%;snkaOkh f,i ye¢kafõ' tkï hï
;eke;af;l== ish yeisÍfuka fyda jdÑlj"is;du;du hful= ;ukaf.a ksfhdað;hd neõ ;j;a
flfkl=g yefÕk mßÈ lghq;= l<fyd;a" th tfia fkdfõ hehs mejiSug ke;s kï tu
;eke;a;d ;udf.a ksfhdað;hd fkdfõ hehs mejiSug Tyqg fkdyel'

wjYH;djfha ksfhdacH;ajh

we;eï úfYaI wjia:d j,§ hï flfkl= fjkqfjka ksfhdað;fhl= f,i lghq;= lsÍug ;j;a
mqoa.,fhl=g isÿúh yel'fuys§ wjYH;djh fl;rï yÈiso h;a wod, mqoa.,hdf.ka tlS ld¾h
lsÍu i|yd wjir .ekSug fmr ta ms<sn|j ±kqï§ug wfkla mqoa.,hdg fkdyels fõ' tjeks úg
wod, ld¾h bgq l, ;eke;a;d" tu ld¾h isÿ lsÍu iïnkaOfhka wjYH;djfha ksfhdað;hd njg
m;afõ' túg tu ld¾h bIaG lsÍu iïnkaOfhka m%Odkshd j. lsj hq;=h' kuq;a j,x.=
wjYH;djfha ksfhdacH;ajh ia:dms; lsÍu Wfoid iïmQ¾K l, hq;= fldkafoais lsym
s hla ;sfí'
tajd kï"

i. m%Odkshd fjkqfjka hula bgq lsÍu i|yd we;a; jYfhkau yÈis wjia:djla mek ke.sh
hq;=h'
ii. ksfhdacs;hd úiska hï l%shdjla l< hq;af;a m%Odkshdf.a hym; msKsi ñi yqfola ;u
hym; msKsi fkdúh hq;=h'

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wmrdKque;sh u; we;s jk ksfhdacH;ajh

wmrdkque;sh hkafkka woyia lrkqfha w;S;fha§ lrkq ,enQ l%shdjla Wfoid wkque;sh §uhs'
we;eï úg hï mqoa.,fhl=" ;j;a mqoa.,fhl= fjkqfjka hï l%shdjla Tyqf.a wkq±kqu fyda wjirh
fkdue;s isÿ l, yelsh' tu l%shdj i|yd miq wjia:djl§ wod, ;eke;a;d úiska ;ud fjkqfjka
isÿ lrk ,o ls%hdj i|yd wkque;sh ^ms<s.ekSu$Ndr .ekSu& fohs kï tjeks úgl tu wmrdkque;sh
^miqj ÿka leue;a;& ;=,ska j,x.= ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djhla f.dv kef.a' fuh Ex-post facto
agency (Agency arising after the event) f,i ye¢kafõ'

j,x.= wmrdkque;sh Wfoid wod, fldkafoais (Conditions for a Valid Ratification)

ksfhdað;fhl= úiska m%Odkshdf.a wkq±kqfuka f;drj lrk ,o l%shdjla i|yd miqj wkque;sh
§ug kï my; fldkafoais imqrd,sh hq;=h' tajd kï"

i. ksfhdað;hd úiska m%Odkshd fjkqfjka lghq;= fldg ;sìh hq;=h'kuq;a hï ;eke;af;l="

hï l%shdjla lrkqfha ish kñkau kï" thska yefÕkafka Tyq lghq;= lrkqfha ;ud
fjkqfjka ñi fjk;a mqoa.,fhl= fjkqfjka fkdjk njhs' ta wkqj m%Odksfhl=g miqj
wkque;sh Èh yelafla ish kñkau lrk ,o l%shd iïnkaOfhka muKs'
ii. ksfhdacs;hd .súiqug t<fTk wjia:dj jk úg we;a; jYfhkau m%Odksfhla isáh hq;=h'
tfia fkdfõ kï wod< ld¾hh iïnkaOfhka m%Odkshd j.lsj hq;=h'
iii. .súiqu we;s lr .;a wjia:dj jk úg m%Odkshdg .súiqï j,f t<öfï yelshdj ;sìh
hq;=h'
iv. wod, .Kqfokqj ms<sn|j jeo.;a jkakdjQ ish¿ f;dr;=re ms<sn|j m%Odkshd ±kqj;aj isáh
hq;=h'm%Odkshd ksfhdað;hd t<Uqkq .súiqug wod, jeo.;a f;dr;=re ms<sn|j fkd±kqj;aj
isáfha kï túg wod, wkque;sh m%;sM, rys; úh yel'
Wod( A ;ud fjkqfjka OdkH ñ,§ .ekSug Bg wjir ÿks' kuq;a B, A fj; imhkq
,enqfõ ;udg wh;a OdkH f;d.hls'tajd i|yd B úiska fj<|mf,a mj;sk ñ,g
jvd jeä ñ,lao wh lrk ,È' A wod, .Kqfokq i|yd wkque;sh ÿkak;a th
m%;sm, rys; úh' ukao .Kqfokqj ms<sn|j jeo.;a f;dr;=re A fkd±k isá fyhsks'

v. wmrdkque;sh Èh hq;af;a iïmQ¾K .Kqfokqju i|yd ñi fldgila i|yd fkdfõ'

vi. hï .súiqula Wfoid idOdrK ld,iSudjla ;=,§ wmrdkque;sh Èh hq;=h'
vii. wkque;sh ,nd fok l%shdj j,x.= iy kS;Hdkql+, úh hq;=h'

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újdyl ia;%Skaf.a ksfhdacH;ajh (Agency of married women)

újdyl ia;%shla ieñhdf.a ksfhdað; jYfhka ie,fla' fï iïnkaOfhka Y%S ,xldfõ wod, jkafka
frdau ,kafoais kS;shhs' ta wkqj" iajdñmqreIhd iy Nd¾Hdj tla ksjil jdih lrk úg Nd¾hdjg"
iajdñmqreIhd fjkqfjka iy Tyqf.a kñka ksjig wjYH oE ñ,§ .; yel' tkï" wdydr" we÷ï"
orejkaf.a wOHdmksl wjYH;d wdÈh i|yd NdKav Kh moku u; ñ,§ .; yels njg mQ¾j
ks.ukhla ;sfí' kuq;a th my; i|yka lreKq Tmamq lsÍfuka ì| fy<sh yel'

i. ;udf.a kñka ;u ìß|g Khg NdKav fkdfok f,i jHdmdßlhkag m%ldYs;j

iajdñmqreIhd okajd ;sfí kï
ii. ksjig wjYH øjH ;ud úiska m%udKj;a f,i imhd we;s neõ fyda ta i|yd m%udKj;a
uqo,la weh fj; ,nd § we;s úg
iii. ish kñka Khg NdKav .ekSu m%ldYs;j ìß|g ;ykï lr we;s nj
iv. wod, ñ,§ .;a oE w;HdjYH tajd fkdjk nj

ksfhdað;hl=f.a hq;=lï (Duties of an agent)

i. m%Odkshd úiska fokq ,nk Wmfoia ms,sme§fï hq;l

= u

ksfhdað;hd" iEu úgu ish m%Odkshd úiska fok ,o Wmfoia j,g wkqj lghq;= l< hq;h
= s'
hï wjia:djl§" m%Odkshd úiska ksfhdað;hd fj; Wmfoia § fkdue;s kï túg wod,
jHdmdrfha isß;a (Customs of trade) wkq.ukh lrñka ieuúgu ish m%Odkshdf.a hym;
msKsi lghq;= l< hq;=h' kuq;a ish m%Odkshdf.a Wmfoia mßos hï ksfhdacs;hl= lghq;=
fkdl<fyd;a isÿjkakd jQ w,dN iïnkaOfhka ksfhdacs;hd m%Odkshdg j.lsj hq;h
= '

ii. ksismßÈ .sKï

q ;eîfï hq;=lu

m%Odkshd fjkqfjka ;ud úiska t<fUkakdjq .Kqfokq j,g wod, ksjerÈ yd meyeÈ,s jd¾;d
ksfhdað;hd úiska mj;ajdf.k hd hq;= w;r wjYH jq úg tajd m%Odkshd fj; bÈßm;a l<
hq;=h'

iii. ioaNdjfhka lghq;= lsßfï hq;=lu

m%Odkshd fjkqfjka ksfhdað;hd .Kqfokq j,g t<öfï§ Wmßu ioaNdjfhka tkï b;du;a
wjxl f,i lghq;= l< hq;=h' fï hgf;a ksfhdað;hd ;u mqoa.,sl .Kqfokq" m%Odkshdf.a

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 .Kqfokq iu. tlsfkl .efgk wdldrhg lghq;= fkdl< hq;=h' tfiau hï .Kqfokqjla
ms,snoj ;ud okakd f;dr;=re b;du;a ksjerÈ wdldrfhka m%Odkshd fj; ±kaúh hq;=h'

iv. ryia ,dN lsisjla ,nd fkd.ekSfï hq;=lu

ryia ,dN hkq ksfhdað;hd ;u lghq;= bgq lsrsu fjkqfjka m%Odkshd úiska f.úug fmdfrdkaÿ
jq fldñia uqo, f.ùug wu;rj wod, .Kqfokqj ;==,ska m%Odkshdf.a wkq ±kqulska f;drj
ksfhdað;hd ,nd .kakd ,dNhhs' fujeks whq;= ,dN ksfhdað;fhl= úiska ,nd .; fyd;a tajd
kej; ;ud fj; ,nd .ekSug m%Odksfhl=g ks;sfhka wjir ;sfí'

v. m%Odkshdf.a f;dr;=re f;jk md¾Yj fj; wkdjrKh fkdlsßfï hq;=lu

ksfhdað;fhl= úiska ;ud m%Odkshd fjkqfjka t<fUk .Kqfokq j,g wod, f;dr;=re ms,snoj
fy,s fkdl< hq;=h' fï hgf;a tu f;dr;=re ndysr md¾Yjhka fj; fy<s fkdl, hq;= w;r
tajd mdõÉÑ fldg ryia ,dN fkdbmhsh hq;=h'

vi. m%Odkshd ñh .sh úg fyda nqxj;aNdjhg m;ajq úg m%Odkshdf.a hym; msKsi lgh;= lsÍfï
hq;=lu

m%Odkshd ñh hdu fyda nqkaj;a ùu fya;= fldg f.k ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh wjidkhg
m;afõ' kuq;a bka wk;=rej ish ysgmq m%Odkshdf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsßu msKsi
ksfhdað;hd lghq;= l< hq;=

vii. ksfhdað;hd i;= ld¾h fjk;a wfhl= fj; fkdmejßu

ksfhdacH;ajh hgf;a m%Odkshd úiska" ld¾h rdYshla bgq lsßu ioyd ksfhdað;hl= m;a lrkq
,efí' kuq;a ;ud fj; m%Odkshd úiska mejrE ld¾h fjk;a md¾Yjhla fj; mejÍug
ksfhdað;fhl=g whs;shla fkdue;' fuu Í;sh ±lafjk m%lg ,;ska isoaOdka;h "Delegatus
non potest delegare" (a delegate cannot further delegate) kñka ye|skafõ' kuq;a fuu Í;sh
iïnkaOfhka jH;sf¾Å; wjia:d lsysmhlao mj;shs'

viii. m%fõYï iy.; f,i iy olaI f,i lghq;= lsrsfï hq;=lu

ksfhdað;hl= iEuúgu" ish Wmßu olaI;djh fhdod" lemùfuka iy m%fõYï iy.;j"

m%Odkshd úiska ;ud fj; mejrE ld¾h bgq l< hq;=h' fuysÈ zzm%fõiïiy.;NdjhZZ hkak
.Kqfokq j, iajNdjh yd wjia:dkql+, lreKq wkqj ;SrKh fõ' hï m%Odksfhl==g"

5
 ksfhdað;hdf.a fkdie,ls,a," wolaI;djh jeks fya;=jla ksid mdvq úÈug isÿjqjfyd;a" túg
tlS mdvqj ioyd ksfhdað;hd j.lsj hq;=h'

ksfhdað;hl= i;= whs;sjdislï (Rights of an agent)

i. ;ud fj; m%Odkshdf.ka ,eìh hq;= uqo,a ,efnk f;la m%Odkshdf.a uqo,a rojd ;nd .ekSu

tkï" ksfhdað;hd" m%Odkshdf.a ld¾h Wfoid ;u uqo,ska lrk ,o úhoï fyda m%Odkshdf.ka
;udg ,eìh hq;= fldñia uqo,a fyda fjk;a f.ùï ,efnk f;la m%Odkshd i;= tfy;a ;ud
fj; we;s uqo,a ;jÿrg;a rojd ;nd .ekSu' kuq;a fufia rojd ;nd .; yelafla m%Odkshd
iu. we;s ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djhg wod, jkakdjq uqo,a muKs'

ii. bgq lrk ,o ld¾h fjkqfjka f.ùula$ uqo,la ,nd .ekSfï whs;sjdislu

ksfhdacs;hd ;ud fjkqfjka bgqlrk fiajh ioyd hï f.ùula lsßug m%Odkshd fmdfrdkaÿ
jqjfyd;a Tyq úiska th f.úh hq;=h' tfia lrkq ,nk f.ùï ms,snoj tl.;ajhla fkdue;s
úg idOdrK f.ùula ,nd .ekSug ksfhdað;hl=g whs;sh ;sfí'

iii. ,shu l%shd;aul lsßfï n,h

m%Odkshdg whs;s NdKav j, N=la;sh ;ju;a ksfhdað;hd fj; mj;shs kï" m%Odkshdf.ka ;ud
fj; ,eìh hq;= NdKav j, ñ, ,efnk f;la tajd rojd ;nd .ekSug ksfhdað;fhl=g whs;sh
;sfí'

iv. m%;smq¾Kh úug we;s whs;sjdislu

ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh mj;ajdf.k hdu fya;=fjka ksfhdað;hdg ±Íug isÿjq ydks" w,dN"
úhoï" m%Odkshdf.a kej; ,nd .ekSug ksfhdað;fhl=g whs;sjdislï ;sfí' kuq;a ksfhdað;hd
wod, ld¾hka isÿ fldg ;sìh hq;af;a m%Odkshdf.a Wmfoia ms,smÈñka ioaNdjfhks'

v. jkaÈ ,nd .eksug we;s whs;sh

tkï" ish m%Odkshdf.a fkdie,ls,su;aNdjh fyda wmÍlaIdldß úu fya;= fldg f.k

ksfhdað;hdg hï mdvqjla isÿjqjfyd;a ta ioyd m%Odkshdf.ka jkaÈ ,nd .ekSug ksfhdað;hdg
whs;sh ;sfí'

vi. ksfhdað;Ndjh m%;slafIam lsßfï whs;sh

vii. ksS;súfrdaê lghq;= lsßu m%;slafIm lsßfï whs;sh

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ksfhdað;fhl= ish n,h fjk;a flfkl=g mejßu $ n,h wNsfhdackh lssrsu
(Delegation of authority by an agent)

m%Odkshd úiska ksfhdað;hl= fj; mjrK ,o ld¾hNdrh Tyq úiskau bgq l< hq;= w;r tu j.lSï
fjk;a md¾Yjhla fj; mejÍug ks;sfhka ksfhdað;hdg n,hla fkdue;' ukao m%Odkshl=
ksfhdað;fhl= fj; hï ld¾hla bgq lsßu ioyd Ndr fokqfha Tyqf.a olaI;djh lemùu iy
wjxlNdjh flfrys Wmßu úYajdifhks' "delegatus non potest delegare" f,i yeÈkafõ' kuq;a
jHdmdßl f,dalh kùlrKh ùu;a iu. fuu isoaOdka;h iïnkaOfhka jH;sf¾L lsysmhla
ìysúh'

tkï m%Odkshdf.a ld¾h Ndrh bgq lsßu Wfoid ksfhdað;hd úiska ;j;a ksfhdað;fhl= m;al,
yels wjia:d fudkjdo hkakhs' ta wkqj my; wjia:d j,§ ksfhdað;fhl=g ish n,h
wNsksfhdackh l< yel'

i. m%Odkshd mjrk ,o ld¾h bgqlsÍu i|yd ;j;a ksfhdað;fhl=g mejßu w;HjYH jk úg'
Wod - A fj; NdKav f;d.hla fjkafoaisfha úlsKsu i|yd B Ndr foa' kuq;a fjkafoais
meje;aùu i|yd m<mqreoaola fyda wjirhla A g fkdue;' tjeks úfgl tlS ld¾h bgq
lsÍu i|yd úfYaI ksmqk;djhla we;s iy n,m;%hla we;s fjkafoaislrefjl= fj; tlS
ld¾h Ndr§ug A g isÿfõ'
ii. wNsksfhdack lsÍu fj<odfï isß;la jYfhka isÿlrk úg' Wod - ksjil ie,eiaula we§u
i|yd .Dyks¾udK Ys,amsfhl=g Ndrÿka úg" th i|yd ñkskafodarejka"jdia;= Ys,amSka"
weia;fïka;=lrejkag hï hï ld¾h bgq lsÍug mejÍu'
iii. m%Odkshd m%ldYs;ju ta i|yd wjir ,nd we;s úg
iv. n,h wNsksfhdackh lrkq ,enqfõ hï ld¾hla lsßugo" th b;du;a idudkH lghq;a;la
jk úg iy ta i|yd úfYaI ksmqk;djhla wjYH fkdjk úg'
v. ksfhdacs;hd n,h fjk;a ;eke;af;l=g wNsksfhdackh lrkq ,nk nj m%Odkshd ±k isàu
iy ta iïnkaOfhka m%Odkshd úreoaO fkdùu'

ksfhdacs;fhl=f.a n,h (Agent's Authority)

ksfhdacs;fhl= i;= n,h hkafkka woyia jkafka m%Odkshd iy f;jk md¾Yjhla w;r kS;suh
iïnkaO;djhla we;s lsÍu Wfoid ksfhdað;hd i;= yelshdj fyj;a n,hhs' tkï ksfhdað;fhl=
úiska t<fUk .ssúiqulska m%Odkshd iy wfkla mCIh ne§ug hg;a jkafka m%Odkshd úiska
ksfhdcs;hdg ÿka n,h hgf;a wo+d, ld¾h isÿ fldg we;súg§h' fuh m%Odk jYfhka
fowdldrhls'

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 i. i;H fyda kshu n,h (Actual or real authority)
ii. is;d.; yels n,h$oDYHudk n,h (Ostensible or apparent authority)

i;H fyda kshu n,h

tkï m%Odkshd úiska f;jk md¾Yjh iuÕ .súiqï j,g t<öu msksi ksfhdacs;hd fj; m%odkh
fldg we;s n,hhs' fuh wdldr folls' tkï

a. m%ldYs; n,h (Expres Authority)

b. jHx. n,h (Implied Authority)

m%ldYs; n,h

tkï m%Odkshd úiska m%ldYs;ju hï hï ld¾h bgq lsÍu msksi ksfhdcs; fj; m%odkh
fldg we;s n,hhs'fuh ,sÅ;j fyda lg jpkfhka fyda ksfhdað;hd fj; ,ndÈh yel'
tkï m%Odkshd úiska m%ldYs;ju ksfhdacs;hd fj; hï hï ld¾hka ;uka fjkqfjka
bgqlsÍug Ndr § ;sfí kï túg ksfhdacs;hd lrkq ,nk tu ld¾h iïnkaOfhka m%Odkshd
j.lSfuka nef|a' wefgda¾ks n,m;%h u.ska ksfhdacs;fhl= m;a lsßu fuhg lÈu ksoiqkls'

jHdx. n,h

m%Odkshd fjkqfjka f;jk md¾Yjhka iuÕ .súiqï j,g t<öu i|yd ksfhdað;fhl=
fj; jHdx.fhka m%Odkshl= úiska ,nd § we;s n,h fukñka yeÈkafõ' fuysÈ ksfhdað;hd
fj; n,h m%ldYs;j ,nd § fkdue;'kuq;a ksfhdað;hd fj; n,h ,nd ÿka neõ
m%Odkshdf.a yeisÍfuka meyeÈ,s fõ' tjeks úgl§ tfia jHdx. n,h fhdod .ksñka
ksfhdac;hd úiska t<UqKq .súiqï iïnkaOfhka m%Odkshd j.lSfuka nef|a'

Wod - uykqjr úiQ wu,ag wkqrdOmqrfha idmamqjla ;snQ w;r th mj;ajdf.k hkq ,enqfõ
ìu,a úisks'wu,a b|ysg tys .sh w;r ìu,a idmamqj i|yd NdKav f;d. fjf<kafol=f.ka
wu,af.a kñka NdKav ñ,§ .kakd ,È' ìu,a tajd i|yd wu,af.a nexl= .sKqfuka uqo,a
/f.k f.jk ,o w;r ta ms<sn|j wu,a fyd|ska okS' fï hgf;a ìu,ag NdKav ;u kñka
ñ,oS .ekSu i|yd n,h wu,a jHx.fhka ,nd oS we;'

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is;d.; yels$oDYHudk n,h

tkï" i;H jYfhka hï ksfhdað;fhl=g m%Odkshd úiska ,nd § we;s njg wfkla md¾Yjhkag
fmfkkakdjQ n,h oDYHudk jk$is;d.; yels n,hhs' tkï hñ ksfhdacs;fhl=g hï n,hla
we;ehs idOdrK f,i hful=g úYajdi l< yels ;;ajhla" m%Odksfhl= úiska ks¾udKh lsÍuhs'
fujeks wjia:djl§ ksfhdacs;hd isÿ lrk ld¾hhka iïnkaOfhka m%Odkshd fjkqfjka lghq;=
lsÍug n,hla ksfhdað;hdg ke;ehs m%ldY lsÍug m%Odkshdg fkdyel' fndfyda úg fuu is;d.;
yels n,h hï mqoa.,fhl=f.a ;;ajh" ;k;=r jeks fya;+ka lrk fldg f.k wka whg oDYHudk
fõ'

Wod - hï wdh;khl l<ukdldr wOHCIlg Tyqf.a úIh m:h hg;g jefgkakdjQ ´kEu ld¾hla
lsÍug n,h we;ehs úYajdi lrñka wfkla wh lghq;= lrkq ,efí'

Watteau v. Fenwick (1893) - jgq t' f*kaúla

A, B g wh;a fydag,fha l<ukdlre jYfhka lghq;= lrk ,o w;r is./Ü Kh moku

u; A úiska ñ,§ .ekSu B ;ykï fldg ;snqks' fï w;r A fydag,hg wjYH is./Ü
f;d.hla C f.ka Khg .kakd ,§' C l<ukdlre f,i is./Ü Khg ñ,§ .ekSug A g
whs;shla we;ehs i;aNdjfhka úYajdi lrk ,§' kuq;a wod< uqo,a f.ùug A wfmdfydi;a
úh' túg C wod, uqo,a ,nd .ekSu msKsi B g tfrysj kvq mejÍh' B úiska wod, uqo,a
C fj; f.úh hq;= njg ;Skaÿj ÿka wêlrKh ;jÿrg;a mejiqfõ fydag,hlg is./Ü
wjYH fohla nj;a tneúka tys l<ukdlreg tajd ñ,§ .ekSug whs;shla we;ehs úYajdi
lrñka lghq;= lsßug ndysr md¾Yjhkag yels nj;a tneúka wod, .Kqfokqj ioyd
m%Odkshd j.lsj hq;= nj;ah'

ksfhdað;fhl=f.a j.lSu (Obligation of an agent)

ksfhdað;fhl=f.a ld¾hh jkafka m%Odkshd iy f;jk md¾Yj w;r .súiqula we;s lsßuhs' fuysÈ
idudkHfhka .súiqu iïnkaOfhka ksfhdað; mqoa.,slj j. lshkq fkd,efí' kuq;a we;eï
wjia:dj,§ ksfhdað; mqoa.,slj j.lSï j,g ,lafõ' tkï"

i. ksfhdað;hd .súiqug t<Uqfka ;ud m%Odksfhl= fjkqfjka lghq;= lrk nj fy<s

fkdlrñka kï tjeks úgl ksfhdað;hd j.lSfuka nefoa ' tkï ksfhdað;hd m%Odkshd
fjkqfjka .súiqug t<Uqfka ish kñkau kï tjeks úgl Tyq mqoa.,slju f;jk md¾Yjh
fj; j. lshkq ,efí' kuq;a ;ud m%Odksfhl= fjkqfjka lghq;= lrk neõ ksfhdað;hd

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 fy,s l,úgÈ fyda ta neõ f;jk md¾Yjh ±k isáfha kï túg ksfhdað; mqoa.,slj j.
lshkq fkd,efí'
ii. m%Odkshdg .súiqï Ylakq;djh fkdue;s kï we;eï wjia:d j,§ ksfhdað; m%Odkshl=
fjkqfjka .súiqï j,g t<Uqk;a m%Odkshdg .súiqï j,g t<öfï yelshdj fkdue;s úh
yel' tjeks wjia:dj,§ ksfhdað;hd .súiqu iïnkaOfhka mqoa.,slj j. lshhs'
iii. .súiqug t<fUk wjia:d jk úg m%Odksfhl= fkdisá úg we;eï wjia:dj,§"
ksfhdað;fhl= m%Odkshd fjkqfjka .súiqï j,g t<Uqk;a" ;ju;a m%Odkshd ìysù fkdisáh
yelsh'tjeks úgl ksfhdað;hd mqoa.,slj j. lsj hq;=h'
iv. fj<odfï mj;sk isß;la fyda jHjydrhlg wkqj ksfhdað; j.lsj hq;= úg we;eï
jHdmdrhkays mj;sk isß;la f,i m%Odkshd fjkqfjka t<UqKq .súiqfï j.lSfuka
ksfhdað; mqoa.,slj nefoa'
v. ksfhdað; n,;, blaujd lghq;= fldg ;sfí kï we;eï wjia:dj,§ ish m%Odkshd úiska
;ud fj; mjrk ,o n,;, blaujd ksfhdað; lghq;= fldg we;s úg§ f;jk md¾Yjhg
fyda m%Odkshdg isÿ jkakdjq mdvq iïnkaOfhka ksfhdað; mqoa.,slj j.lsj hq;=h'

ksfhdacH;ajh wjidkhg m;aùu (Termination of Agency)

ksfhdacH;ajh wjidkhg m;a ùu hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha m%Odkshd iy ksfhdað;hd w;r mej;s
ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh ksudjg m;a ùuhs' fuh m%Odk jYfhka wdldr 02 lg isÿfjhs'

i. .súiqug iïnkaO md¾Yjhkaf.a hï l%shdjla fya;= fldgf.k (Termination of agency

byt act of the parties)
ii. kS;sh l%shd;aul ùu fya;= fldg f.k (Termination of agency by operation of law

md¾Yjhkaf.a hï l%h
s djla fya;= fldgf.k ksfhdacH;ajh wjika ùu

ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh md¾Yjhkaaf.a ^m%Odkshd fyda ksfdhað;hd& hï l%shdjla fya;= fldg

f.k my; wjia:d j,§ wjika fõ' tkï"

a. m%Odkshd iy ksfhdað;hd w;r we;s tlÕ;ajh u; tkï m%Odkshd iy ksfhdað;hd w;r

we;s wfkHkH tlÕ;ajh u; wod, ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh wjidkhg m;afõ'
m%Odkshdg iy ksfhdað;hdg issh wfkHkH leue;a; u; ksfhdacH;aj iunkaO;djh we;s
l< yels fiau th wjidkhg m;a lsßuo md¾Yjhkag ish leue;a; u; isÿl< yelsh'

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 b. ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh m%Odkshd úiska wj,x.= lsßu

m%Odkshdg ish ksfhdað;hdf.a n,h wfydais l, yelsh' kuq;a m%Odksfhl=g" ksfhdað;hl=

fj; ;ud m%odkh lrk ,o n,h wfydais l, yelafla" ksfhdað;hd tu n,h l%shd;aul
lsßug fmr § h' m%Odkshd úiska ksfhdað;hdf.a n,h wj,x.= lsßu my; fldkafoais j,g
hg;aj isÿ l< hq;=h' tajdkï"

 ksfhdað;hd úiska ;ud fj; m%Odkshd úiska m%odkh l, n,h hï ;dla ÿrg l%shd;aul
fldg ;sfí kï tjeks úgl m%Odkshdg wj,x.= l, yelafla ksfhdað;hd úis ka
l%shd;aul fkdl, m%udKh muKs'
 ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh we;s lf,a hï ksYaÑ; ld, iSudj i|yd kï tlS ld,
iSudj wjika ùug fmr m%Odkshdg ksfhdacH;ajh iïnkaOh wj,x.= l, yelsh' kuq;a
tfia l, yelafla m%udKj;a fya;=jla ;sfí kï muKs' kuq;a m%Odkshd ksYaÑ; ld,
isudjg fmr ksfhdacH;aj .súiqu wj,x.= lrk ,oafoa lsisÿ idOdrK fya;=jlska
f;drj kï" tjeks úgl m%Odkshd úiska ksfhdað;hd fj; jkaÈ f.úh hq;h
= '
 ksfhdað;fhl= m;a lf,a ld¾h lsym
s hla hï ld,mßfÉohla ;=, isÿlsßug kï"
ksfhdacH;aj .súiqu ;ud wj,x.= lrk njg m%Odkshd úiska ksfhdað;hd fj; idOdrK
±kqï §ula l< hq;=h' tfia fkdl<fyd;a iy ksfhdað;hdg hï wdldrhl mdvqjla
isÿjqj fyd;a th m%Odkshd úiska oeßh hq;=h'

c. ksfhdað;hd úiska ksfhdacH;ajh m%;slafIam lsßu

ksfhdað;hdgo m%Odkshdg fuka ksfhdacH;ajh ´kEu wjia:djl§ m%;slafIam l, yelsh'

fuu whs;sh ksfhdað;fhla fj; ,efnkqfha" ish leue;af;ka f;drj ksfhdað;fhl=
jYfhka lghq;= lsßug hful=g n, lsßu kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk fyhsks' fuu
ksfhdacH;ajh m%;slafIam lsßu m%ldYs;j fyda jHx.fhka isÿ l< yelsh'

kS;sh l%shd;aul ùfuka ksfhdacH;ajh wjidkhg m;aùu

my; wjia:dj,§ ksfhdacH;ajh iïnkaO;djh kS;sh l%shd;aul ùfuka wjika fõ'

a. ksfhdað;fhl= m;a lrkq ,enqfõ hï ld¾hhla bgq lsßugo tlS ld¾h bIaG lsßfuka" hï
ksYaÑ; .Kqfokqjla bgq lsßug hï ksfhdað;fhl= m;a l,fyd;a tlS ld¾h bIaG l,
iekska ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh bfíu wjidkhg m;afõ'

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b. m%Odkshd fyda ksfhdað;hd urKhg fyda Wu;=Ndjhg m;aùu'

m%Odkshd fyda ksfhdað;hd urKhg m;aùu fya;=fldg f.k ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh

bfíu wjidkhg m;afõ' we;eï wjia:dj,§ m%Odkshd ixia:dms; iud.ula fyda yjq,a
jHdmdrhla úh yelsh' tjeks wjia:djl§ iud.u jid ±óu fyda yjq,a jHdmdrh úiqrejd
yeÍu fya;=fjka ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh wjidkhg m;afõ'

c. m%Odkshd nqkaj;a ùu

nqkaj;a mqoa.,fhl= hkqfjka yeÈkafjkafka ish j;alï m%udKh blaujd Kh f.ùug

we;s mqoa.,fhl= f,i wêlrKh úsiska m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o ;eke;af;ls' hï m%Odkshl=
nqkaj;a jqfjl= f,i wêlrKh ;srKh l<fyd;a ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh wjidkhg
m;afõ' ukao nqkaj;a ;eke;af;l=g .súiqïj,g t<öfï yelshdj .súiqï kS;shg wkqj
fkdue;s fyhsks' kuq;a ksfhdað;hd nqkaj;a ùu fya;= fldg f.k ksfhdacH;aj
inkaO;djh wjidkhg m;a fkdfõ'

d. ld, iSudj wjika ùfuka

tkï ksfhdacH;aj .súiqu iEÿfõ lsishï ld,iSudjla ioyd kï tu ld,iSudj

wjidkfha§ ksfhdacH;ajh wjidkhg m;afõ' fuysÈ wod, ld¾h isÿfldg wjikao keoao
hkak jeo.;a jkafka ke;'

e. úIh jia;=j úkdYhg m;a ùfuka ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh we;s lsßug fya;=jq úIh
jia;=j úkdYúu ksido ksfhdacH;ajh wjidkhg m;afõ'

f. yÈisfha we;s jq isÿùula ksid" ksfhdacH;ajh iïnkaO;djh ks;ú

s frdaê úu'

we;eï wjia:djl" ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh we;s l< wjia:dfõ§ th ks;Hdkql+, jqj;a

miqj we;sjqkq hï isoaêhla fya;= fldgf.k ksfhdacH;aj iïnkaO;djh ks;súfrdaë úh
yel' túg th jHß: úu u; wjidkhg m;afõ'

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