generating, testing, and

PR REVIEWER validating
TOPICS TO REVIEW: ★ Natural sciences
★ WK 1 Nature of Inquiry and ★ Testing theory and hypotheses
Research ★ Variables and measures
★ WK 2 Qualitative Research
Features RESEARCH ETHICS
★ WK 3 Identifying Inquiry FIVE PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH
★ Minimize risk of harm
NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH ★ Obtain informed consent
INQUIRY RESEARCH ★ Protect privacy
★ Avoid deceptive practices
Inquiry is the process Research is the systematic and
★ Provide debriefing
of finding answers to formal investigation and study
questions of materials and sources to
establish facts and reach new QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
conclusions
★ Understanding of human
Easier to carry out More systematic and formal systems, generally descriptive
than research
studies
studies
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Main aim is to solve Main aim may involve PHENOMENOLOGY
problems, resolve gathering new information
doubts, or augment
★ Phenomenon + logos (study)
or testing a theory
knowledge ★ Study of lived experience/s
★ Ex. the meaning of food for
Ex. How many AA Ex. How effective are AA’s
students have left marketing strategies in obese men, women’s access to
for other schools? improving enrollment numbers higher education in afghanistan
for SY 2023-2024
ETHNOGRAPHY
★ Ethno (people/culture) +
QUALITATIVE graphein (to record as in
★ Systematic process of inquiry writing)
that center on meanings ★ Describe cultural characteristics
★ Social sciences or cultural scene of a group of
★ Exploring ideas, formulating people
theory or hypothesis ★ Ex. masculinities and diet in the
★ Descriptive studies philippines, the learning
★ Concepts and indicators practices of grade 6 students in
QUANTITATIVE an urban township school in the
★ Systematic process of western cape: a sociological
investigation by means of perspective.
CASE STUDY
★ In-depth study of a particular
situation or an intensive analysis
of an individual unit
★ Address research questions and
issues
★ Ex. diabetes management in a
foreign land, jollibee: fast-food,
the Filipino way
GROUNDED THEORY
★ Describe or explain particular
situations
★ Accurately perceive and present
another person’s world
★ Answers the questions how/why
★ Generate a grounded theory,
explaining a phenomenon
★ Ex. weight management among
women: making a commitment
to healthy eating
CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
★ Natural setting
★ Highly detailed and rich
descriptions of human
behaviors and opinions
★ Research questions evolve as
the study does
★ Researchers are bound by the
values and world-views of the
subjects
★ Findings are not necessarily
generalized
★ Interpretations are time-bound
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
ADVANTAGES
★ Less expensive (than quant.
research)
★ Helps in understanding in-depth
motivations and feelings of
respondents
★ Can improve efficiency and
effectiveness of quantitative
research
DISADVANTAGES
★ Participants are not
representative of the population
that is of interest to the
researcher
★ Prone to selection bias and
reactivity
RESEARCH PROBLEM
★ Prerequisite for any study, step
of the highest importance
★ May facilitate questions such as
➔ What data are to be
collected?
➔ What characteristics of
data are relevant and
need to be studied?
➔ What relations are to be
explored?
➔ What techniques are to
be used for the purpose?
PURPOSE
★ Introduce reader to importance
of topic
★ Places problem into context that
defines the parameter of what is
to be investigated
 ★ Provides framework for reporting
the results
★ indicates what is necessary to
conduct the study
★ Explain how the findings will
present this information
3 STEPS TO WRITING A RESEARCH
PROBLEM
1. Write down your problem or the
current state (who does it affect,
where is it a problem, etc.)
2. Focus on the desired or future
state
3. Combine into a single
statement
➔ Focused on only one
problem
➔ 1 or 2 sentences long
➔ Does not suggest a
solution
RESEARCH (PROBLEM) STATEMENT
★ Statement about an area of
concern, condition to be
improved, troubling question in
scholarly literature
★ Points to the need for
meaningful understanding and
deliberate investigation.
RESEARCH TITLE
In building a good research title, it
must include the following elements:
★ Aim
★ Subject matter
★ Setting or locale
★ Respondents
★ period
REVIEWING RELATED LITERATURE
WHERE TO LOOK FOR STUDY
REFERENCES
★ Use online scholarly databases
★ Newspapers and magazines
★ Library (compilation of IPs)
★ Print and digital encyclopedia
★ Avoid wikipedia
CHARACTERISTICS OF A RELIABLE
SOURCE
★ Research must be objective (no
bias)
★ Research must be up-to-date
(2000 and up, theories &
definitions are excluded)
★ Authors and experts in related
field
★ Research must have a clear
purpose
NARROWING DOWN A RESEARCH
★ What is current and what is now
★ Recommendations of research
who have conducted similar
studies
★ What has already been studied
★ New ways of gathering data
GOOD RRL CHARACTERISTICS
★ Explains a body of knowledge in
relation to the researcher’s topic
★ Produces a good integration
and synthesis of different
research findings
★ Identifies unstudied areas
★ Gives direction to the current
research
Your lit review should also be a story
with a start, middle, and end. It is a
synthesis that weaves ideas or finds
differences.

APA CITATION 7TH EDITION

★ Documentation of sources used
by the American Psychological
Association (APA)
★ 7th edition was released last
october 1, 2019

JOURNAL ARTICLE
★ Author, A. A. & Author, B. B.
(Year). Title of article. Name of
periodical, volume(issue),#-#.
doi link
EDITED BOOK
★ Author, A. A. & Author, B. B.
(copyright year). Title of book
chap. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor
(Eds.), title of book,(ed., pp. #-
#). Publisher. DOI or URL