A.

STRUCTURE OF A REPORT
1. Introduction: paraphrase the question
2. Overview:
● General trend: experience /witness/ see an upward trend or a downward
tendency
● Highest or lowest data
Ex: P&C were the materials that were recycled the most over the given period.
➔ The rate of P&C that were recycled was by far the highest
➔ The highest rate of recycling belonged to P&C
3. Body paragraph: information could be grouped into 2 paragraphs based on
similarities (A+B) and differences (C+D)
● A … Similarity/ A similar trend could be seen in B …
● C … By contrast/ A significantly/ slightly different trend could be observed in B
\
4. Linking phrases to introduce categories
● In term of/ with regards to/ as for + N, clause
Ex: As for the proportion of plastic, it began/ started low at ...in
B. USEFUL STRUCTURES
1. Simple structures
a. S + V + ADV
Ex: The rate of glass containers declined considerably by 10% to 40% in 1990.
b. There be a/an + ADJ + N in S
Ex: There was a considerable decline of 10% in 1990 in the percentage of glass
containers to 40%.
c. S + V + (witness/ experience/ see) + a/an + ADJ + N
Ex: The percentage of glass containers witnessed a considerable decline to 40% in
1990.
2. Complex structures
a. Clause 1 before Clause 2/ Ving
Ex: The rate of P&C fluctuated significantly before reaching a peak of 80% in 1994.
b. Clause 2 after Clause 1
Ex: The proportion of P&G reached a peak of 80% in 1994 after fluctuating
significantly.
c. Clause, with N + Ving
Ex: The proportion of P&C fluctuated significantly during the period with the general
trend being upward.
d. Clause, followed by a/an + ADJ + N
Ex: The rate of glass containers fell substantially to 40%, followed by a remarkable
rise to 50% in 1994.
VOCABULARY

● stand at/ remain the same at

● peak at/ reach a peak/ reach the highest point of
● hit a low/ hit the lowest point of
● Next/ Subsequently/ Afterwards
MAP
PROCESS
• First(ly) – Then – Next -....- Final(ly)
- At the first stage of the paper-recycling process, recycled paper is collected.
- Then, some water is added and the mixture is left for an hour.
- Finally, the new paper is left to dry in a warm place for at least 24 hours.

• After/Before
- Some water is added and the mixture is soaked for an hour. After that, the
mixture is
beaten for about 45 seconds until a pulp is formed.
- After being soaked for an hour, the mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds
until a
pulp is formed.
- Before being beaten for about 45 seconds to form a pulp, the mixture is left
for an
hour.
- The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds and a pulp is formed afterwards.
Note : afterwards (adv) stand at the end of the sentences = ‘after that’.

• Following/Followed by:
- The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds and a pulp is formed afterwards.
- At the following stage, the pulp is poured into a shallow tray and some water
is also added. It
is then mixed by hand.
- At the following stage, the pulp is poured into a shallow tray and some water
is also
added. This is followed by a hand-mixing process.
Note : ‘followed by’ + N

• Once:
- The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds and a pulp is formed afterwards.
Once it is ready, the pulp is poured into a shallow tray.
• Subsequent/Subsequently:
- The mixture is soaked for an hour. Subsequently, the mixture is beaten for
about 45
seconds until a pulp is formed.
- The mixture is soaked for an hour and is subsequently beaten for about 45
seconds
until a pulp is formed.
- At the subsequent stage of the process, the mixture is soaked for an hour.

• ‘Having + Verb participle’:

- Having mixed the pulp by hand, he uses a rolling pin to fasten the pulp.
(active)
- Having been poured into a shallow tray with some water, the pulp is then
mixed by hand (passive)

• During:
- During its entire life cycle, salmon have lived in both freshwater and saltwater.

• Thereby:
- The rolling pin is used to fasten the pulp, thereby forcing out any excessive
water.

• While/at the same time:

- While the mixture of sand and soda is being heated, some other chemicals
are added to create various colors.
- The mixture of sand and soda is heated. At the same time, some other
chemicals are added to create various colors.
- Sand and soda are mixed and heated at the same time.
STRUCTURES
C. STRUCTURE FOR AN ESSAY
I. Argumentative/ Opinion essay
a. Agree or disagree
● One-sided essay
● Introduction:
1st Concerning the issue of (topic), people hold different views
2nd An army of individuals reckon that (limit)...(one statement)
Whilst an army of people persist the idea that (statement 1) the others are of
the opinion (statement 2)
3rd From my perspective, I strongly agree/disagree/partly agree with this statement
for many convincing reasons
From my perspective, I am inclined to the former/ latter group for many
convincing reasons
● Body:
1. In this first place, in the light of the fact that -> reason 1 -> explain/example.
Therefore, conclusion sentences.
2. In the second place, there is no denying that -> reason 2 -> explain/example.
Obviously. conclusion sentences.
3. Last but not least, it is acknowledged that -> reason 3 -> explain/example. It is
obvious that, conclusion sentences ( reason 3 can be opponent )
● Conclusion:
In conclusion, for what has been mentioned above, I fully support the view
that …/ I disagree with the view that …

● Balanced opinion essay ( agree/disagree both statements )

● Introduction:
1st Concerning the issue of (topic)
2nd Whilst I agree that (opinion), I would argue that (opinion)
 ● Body:
1. On the one hand, there are several explanations why -> topic sentence
(agreement). One of them is that -> reason 1 -> explain. Another reason can
be -> reason 2 -> explain. Therefore, conclusion sentences.
2. On the other hand, in the light of the fact that -> topic sentence
(disagreement). First and foremost, reason 1 -> explain. In addition, reason 2
-> explain. It is obvious that, conclusion sentences.
● Conclusion:
In summary, for the reasons mentioned above, I can affirm that …
In summary, for the reasons mentioned above, I can conclude that … Thus, I
highly recommend that …

b, Is this a positive or negative development ?

● One-sided essay
● Introduction:
1st Paraphrase the background information given the topic.
2nd State whether it is completely positive or negative development or this trend
could have both positive and negative consequences in equal measures.
● Body
1. On the one hand, the benefits that … can not be denied. First and foremost,
positive 1 -> explain. Another one can be, positive 2 -> explain. Therefore,
conclusion sentence.
2. On the other hand, its adverse impacts should not be ignored. First of all,
negative 1 -> explain. In addition, negative 2 -> explain. It is obvious that,
conclusion sentence.
● Conclusion
In summary, for what has been mentioned above, I can conclude that … have
both beneficial and detrimental effects on …

II. Discussion essay

a. One statement
- Discuss the advantages and disadvantages ? ( no opinion )
- What are the benefits and drawbacks ? ( no opinion )
- Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages ?
b. Two statements
- Discuss both views ? ( no opinion )
- Discuss both views and give your onion ?
● Introduction:
Type 1:
1st Concerning the issue of … people hold different views.
2nd Whilst an army of individuals reckon that …, I strongly believe that …
Whilst I accept that …, I believe that …
Type 2:
1st It is true that … ( paraphrase the question )
2nd Although this … brings both …, I strongly believe that …
Type 3:
1st Concerning the issue of ( topic ) people hold different views
2nd An army of individuals reckon that …
Whilst an army of individuals reckon that… The others are of the opinion …
3rd This essay will elaborate on these two schools of thoughts with some facts being
closely examined.
This essay will elaborate on the advantages and disadvantages of …
The fact indicates that this issue results in both positive and negative aspects
which require reasonable concerns.
From my perspective, the benefits that … brings are far more than the
drawbacks.
● Body
1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages ?
What are the benefits and drawbacks ?
On the one hand, the advantages of … are undeniable. One of them is that ->
advantage 1 -> explain/example. Another advantage can be -> advantage 2 ->
explain/example. Therefore, conclusion sentence.
On the other hand, the drawbacks of … can not be ignored. First and foremost,
drawback 1 -> explain/example. In addition, drawback 2 -> explain/example. It is
obvious that, conclusion sentence.

2. Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages ?

On the one hand, there is no denying that … owns plenty of benefits. One of them
is that … benefit 1 -> explain/example. Another benefit can be -> benefit 2 ->
example/ explain.
On the other hand, I would believe that its dark side may eclipse the bright side.
First and foremost, disadvantage 1 -> explain/example. In addition, disadvantage 2 ->
explain/example.

3. Discuss both views

On the one hand, there are several explanations why -> topic sentence. One of them
is that reason 1 -> explain/example. Another reason can be -> reason 2 ->
explain/example.
On the other hand, in light of the fact that -> topic sentence. First and foremost,
reason 1 -> explain. In addition, reason 2 -> explain/example.

4. Discuss both views and give opinion

On the one hand, it is undeniable that -> topic sentence. One of them is that reason
1 > explain/example. Another reason can be -> reason 2 -> explain/example.
On the other hand, I strongly believe that -> topic sentence. First and foremost,
reason 1 -> explain. In addition, reason 2 -> explain/example.
III. Cause, effect and solution
● Introduction:
1st People are expressing their concern about …
2nd In fact, this is one of the most severe problems drawing plenty of attention from
not only individuals but also authorities in many countries.
3rd This essay will elaborate on several main causes/ some serious effects/ suggest
several solutions
● Body:
In fact, this problem/matter/trend/phenomenon may result from a variety of
factors. One of them is that reason 1 > explain/example. Another cause can be ->
reason 2 -> explain/example.
It is undeniable that this problem/matter/trend/phenomenon results in various
effects/ consequences. First and foremost, effect 1 -> explain. In addition, effect 2 ->
explain/example.
So as to handle this problem, plenty of measures must be carried out. First of all/ As
for the government, solution 1 -> explain/example. Additionally/ In terms of the
individuals, solution 2 -> explain/example.
● Conclusion
In summary, for what has been mentioned above, it can be affirmed that …
Thus, I highly recommend that …