Crim. Thesis 1st Draft

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
The Extent of Utilization of the Criminology Laboratory and its

Impact to their Level of Satisfaction
A Thesis Proposal
Presented to the
Faculty of Criminal Justice Education
International School of Asia and the Pacific
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
By:
Dayag, Ryan Eldrin
Taguinod, Kyle Kendrix
1
CHAPTER I
The Problem and its Background
INTRODUCTION
A common issue facing many criminology students and science

faculties across universities around the world is the need to
improve student satisfaction with teaching laboratories. From the
earliest days of education, instructional laboratories have been
an essential part of undergraduate and graduate programs. Indeed
prior to the emphasis on forensic science, it could be said that
most instruction took place in the laboratory.
Student satisfaction has grown in importance because of the

competitive education environment and government-driven reforms.
In the Philippines, a new government site allowing students to
rank student satisfaction with universities, and disciplines
within them, has added to that competition for domestic and
international students. Student satisfaction in the learning
process can be seen from the quality of education services
provided by Higher Education institutions (Palese & Usai, 2018).
In order to teach technical skills, laboratories are

crucial. Every year, surveys on student satisfaction are
administered in all pertinent labs, and the results are used to
inform ongoing development. The changes made affected the overall
level of satisfaction, laboratory records, the educational
process, computer resources, technical tools, and lab settings.
Between 2007 and 2013, there was a 32% rise in student
satisfaction with the lab. According to the findings
(Afthanorhan, Awang, Rashid, Foziah, & Ghazali, 2019), laboratory
records' activity and clarity as well as the standard of the
2
equipment utilized had the greatest effects on students'

satisfaction. Academic institutions must keep raising patron
satisfaction levels in university libraries.
The college laboratory is one of the supporting resources

for the educational process. As a result, the laboratory's
services must be continually updated to satisfy the demands of
students who utilize them and to aid in the learning of
chemistry, which comprises Basics of Chemistry, Inorganic
Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Biochemistry. The Criminology
Laboratory is a crucial facility for forensic science,
investigational purposes, education, research, and community
activities. Given the four purposes, it is obvious that a
laboratory is essential for a university, especially one with
colleges of exact science. Supporting the execution of higher
education functions, such as instruction, research, and community
services, is crucial.
The viability of the educational system depends on the

measurement of student happiness. The results of the assessment
of students' levels of satisfaction may be used to enhance the
educational system. The lab work service, research, and community
services, all of which are primary activities and functions of
any university laboratory, can be used to gauge the service
quality at the facility. The three primary services give a clear
indication of the laboratory's attitude and effectiveness. They
end up serving as the key gauges of student happiness. The
laboratory is deemed to have good performance when they meet
expectations.
The Criminology Laboratories' main goal is to create

solutions to research problems involving both energetic and other
materials. To give safety information, the synthesis of new
3
energetic compounds, their testing, and their performance

products are analyzed (Walsh, 2011). The common issues in
chemistry and physics labs are that planning and implementation
take a lot of time, there is not enough time to use the lab, it
can be challenging to monitor students' performance during
activities in crowded classes, and there is a lack of lab
equipment or inadequate lab conditions, which prevents teachers
from performing even the most basic lab activities (McLeod,
2011).
Den Blink (2009) claims that criminology labs are set up in

a lecture-style classroom with rows of computers and the
necessary instruments to assist teaching and learning. The main
issues with computer labs are that the computers are outdated or
old, don't have enough RAM or loaded programs that are current,
and are locked down so that you can't install anything.
Additionally, especially in overcrowded classrooms, the quantity
of computers available to students (Helaine, 2014).
This paper outlines and examines how researchers’

centralized management approach, together with quantification of
student satisfaction, can lead to substantial improvement in
student satisfaction with teaching laboratories. The study also
investigated the relationship between experiments and facilities
to determine the factors that influence student satisfaction in
the laboratory. This research is valuable to anybody developing
laboratory-based courses or managing such an environment.
The results of the study will inform the ISAP administration

regarding the thoughts of the students concerning the laboratory
facilities, and hopefully to provide solutions or realization
which the university may consider in its drive to sustain quality
education. In that way we can contribute in helping the following
4
batches of students with regards to the usage of the laboratory

facilities.
Conceptual Framework
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE
Impact on the Level of

Questionnaires and Satisfaction of students
Interviews regarding the utilization
of Laboratories
Figure 1. Research Paradigm
Figure 1 presents the conceptual framework of the study. It

consists of two variables, Questionnaires and Interviews as an
independent variable and its impact on the level of satisfaction
as dependent variable.
In Figure 1, Questionnaires as an independent variable
pertain to an instructional strategy or intervention that will be
used as an instructional method in mastering the target
competencies.
On the other hand, another variable, their level of
satisfaction, is the students’ compliance to utilizing laboratory
facilities as a parameter of the research intervention.
Theoretical Framework
Over the past few years, a number of new technological and
pedagogical approaches have emerged in classroom learning
5
strategies, ranging from the flipped classroom (Hamdan et al.,

2013; Hung et al., 2019; Sergis et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018),
to experiential learning (Bontchev et al., 2018; Finch et al.,
2015). All of these approaches have shown the potential for
integrating technology into the learning process in a wide range
of disciplines (Briz-Ponce et al., 2017; Malaquias et al., 2018).
In this sense, the use of new technologies in teaching
complements traditional methodologies to facilitate the student
teaching-learning process. Of all these technologies, the virtual
laboratory has become one of the most widely used tools in
different fields of education, from biology and chemistry to
physics (Achuthan et al., 2018; Brinson, 2017; Dyrberg et al.,
2017; Hodges et al., 2018; Hsu, 2020; Nolen & Koretsky, 2018;
Špernjak & Šorgo, 2018; Wang et al., 2015; Winkelmann et al.,
2020).
This study anchored on the idea of level of satisfaction of

students on the utilization of that reflect the micro perspective
include social learning or Sociocultural Theory, Subcultural
Theory and Resource Theory. Social learning theory, one of the
most popular explanatory frameworks for the utilization of
facilities, suggests that individuals learn how to behave through
both the experience of and exposure.
The use of Criminology Laboratory is vital to forensic

science (Lima et.al. 2019) however its aim to catch interest
among criminology students remain unclear. Several studies have
shown that the virtual laboratory is just as effective a learning
tool as a traditional hands-on laboratory when it comes to
enhancing student understanding and knowledge, irrespective of
discipline (Brinson, 2015; Lindsay & Good, 2005; Sun et al.,
2008).
6
Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study will identify the Extent of
Utilization of the Criminology Laboratory; It's impact to their
Level of Satisfaction.
Specifically, it will answer the following questions:
1. What is the Level of Satisfaction of Criminology students in
using the laboratory facilities in terms of:
a) Availability
b) Adequacy
c) Efficiency
d) Laboratory Space
e) Technological/Device Upgrade
2. What is the level of performance of educators in laboratory
practice/subjects in terms of:
a) Mastery
b) Student-Teacher Rapport
c) Teaching Methodology
d) Assessment of Students
e) Laboratory Management
3. The implications being encountered by the criminology
students of ISAP when utilizing the laboratory.
4. Propose plans to improve the level of service offered by
ISAP laboratory facilities.
Hypothesis
7
There is no significant difference of utilizing criminology laboratory to the academic

performance of criminology students.
There is significant difference of utilizing criminology laboratory to the academic
performance of criminology students.
Significance of the Study
The results of this study will assist researchers in
determining and understanding The Extent of Utilization of the
Criminology Laboratory and its Impact to their Level of
Satisfaction. It is hoped that the following will benefit from
the research's findings:
Teachers. The study's conclusions and recommendations will
be useful to faculty and staff which may allow them to embrace a
new paradigm through proper utilization of laboratory tools and
facilities. Particularly for those who have are linked to
criminology course, they would be able to monitor and evaluate
the students' profiles, behaviors, and academic performances.
Parents. Parents will be more confident that their
son/daughter will be more engaged in classroom discussions as a
new paradigm is proposed; they will have access to information on
their children's profiles and academic interests, and they will
be able to work with the instructors to enhance and maximize the
effectiveness of their parental guidance.
Students. The students will be better equipped to gauge how
their academic interest especially to laboratory experiments and
conduct will be affected and how to cope with them because they
will be more aware and engaged in learning as enrichment
laboratory activities are incorporated toward the learning
process.
Researchers. The results of this study will serve as a
baseline for additional research and studies on the utilization
of criminology laboratories and how it impacts student's
8
perceptions and level of satisfaction. The researcher's course

requirements will be accomplished with the aid of this research.
This will also assist them in comprehending the significance of
understanding the impact of this study on society as a whole.
School Administrators. They will be provided with viable
information as to the student’s attitude and motivation as well
as adaptation to laboratory activities as basis in addressing
current dilemmas experienced in such delivery mode.
Curriculum planners in the district will be able to review
the aspects on which they can provide training and seminar for
teachers in order for them to maximize their function as to this
emergent teaching modality.
Scope and Delimitation

One of the main limitations of the study will be access to
official documents. Some of the data required to make a more
comprehensive analysis of the problem and relevant issues and
details may not accessible since some current police and military
operational accomplishments and reports are being withheld for
security and other reasons. Another is constraints in distance
and time which might prevent the author from doing all-inclusive
research on the topic at hand. The author, however, believes that
despite these limitations meaningful research is still
attainable. Contacts will be established. Also, with the help of
friends and colleagues within this respected institution, the
conduct of the survey will be made possible. Further, the authors
believe that the study is important and useful not only for the
school but also for educational institutions who have laboratory
subjects, specifically for criminology students.
Objectives of the Study
9
This study aimed to know the level of satisfaction of ISAP

Criminology students in using laboratory facilities.
Specifically, the study sought to identify the laboratory
facilities frequently used in International School of Asian and
the Pacific; determine the level of satisfaction of ISAP students
in using laboratory facilities; Level of Performance of Teachers
in Laboratory Subjects; Determine the problems encountered by
students with regards to service provided by laboratory
facilities and to propose plans to improve the level of service
offered by ISAP laboratory facilities.
Definition of Terms
In this research, the key definitions were written to

expound the meanings of the terminologies and phrases mentioned
and to serve as a frame of reference as well as a coherent
interpretation of the research.
Criminology Laboratory or crime laboratory, also called forensic

laboratory, facility where analyses are performed on evidence
generated by crimes or, sometimes, civil infractions. It is a
scientific laboratory, using primarily forensic science for the
purpose of examining evidence
Curriculum is broadly defined as the totality of student

experiences that occur in the educational process. The term often
refers specifically to a planned sequence of instruction, or to a
view of the student's experiences in terms of the educator's or
school's instructional goals.
Dependent Variable is what changes as a result of the independent

variable manipulation in experiments. It's what you're interested
in measuring, and it “depends” on your independent variable. In
10
statistics, dependent variables are also called: Response

variables (they respond to a change in another variable)
Independent Variable is the variable you manipulate, control, or

vary in an experimental study to explore its effects. It's called
“independent” because it's not influenced by any other variables
in the study.
Laboratory is a room or building equipped for scientific

experiments, research, or teaching, or for the manufacture of
drugs or chemicals.
Level of Satisfaction is the perceived level of pleasure and

contentment derived from individual performance. Satisfaction,
in addition to values and competence, is the motivating force for
occupational behavior. Meaning is the importance or significance
an individual identifies within an occupation.
Methodology is a system of methods used in a particular area of

study or activity.
Utilization is the action of making practical and effective use

of something.
11
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE
This chapter presents the related literature and studies,

foreign and local which provided the researcher with the needed
information and direction for the completion of the study. There
is a comprehensive number of research studies on the concept of
the Extent of Utilization of the Criminology Laboratory; It's
impact to their Level of Satisfaction. These researches
concentrate on the impact on both social and educational elements
of the usage of this in schools. In the subsequent chapter, we
will present relevant studies and literature for our
investigation.
The purpose of the following evaluation of the literature is

to emphasize the key ideas in the existing educational system and
the utilization of laboratory facilities and equipment that is
being reviewed, as well as how these ideas connect to the
stresses associated with the school that students in this group
perceive. The goal is to develop a comprehensive understanding of
the distinctive qualities of the population, which is
12
disproportionately reflected at learning further laboratory

initiatives.
The potential immediate and long-term impacts on academic

interest specifically in laboratory activities are discussed in
the section that follows. The evaluation comes to a close with an
overview of the questionnaire that was used in the research,
particularly the previously created scale meant to gauge how
students felt about the aforementioned variables of the study s
in the teaching and learning process.
Impact of the Utilization of Laboratory Facilities in Western

Countries
The European Higher Education Area (EHEA) has conceptually

reformulated the Higher Education curriculum, adapting it to new
models of student-centred learning (European Commission, 2004,
2009). In this way, this new educational model orients
educational programmes and methodologies towards autonomous
student learning, in accordance with constructivist principles,
promoting the use of teaching and learning strategies and tools
beyond learning based merely on the accumulation of knowledge
(Geraldo et al., 2010; Iglesias Xamaní, 2013).
Over the past few years, a number of new technological and

pedagogical approaches have emerged in classroom learning
strategies, ranging from the flipped classroom (Hamdan et al.,
2013; Hung et al., 2019; Sergis et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018),
to experiential learning (Bontchev et al., 2018; Finch et al.,
2015). All of these approaches have shown the potential for
integrating technology into the learning process in a wide range
of disciplines (Briz-Ponce et al., 2017; Malaquias et al., 2018).
In this sense, the use of new technologies in teaching
13
complements traditional methodologies to facilitate the student

teaching-learning process. Of all these technologies, the virtual
laboratory has become one of the most widely used tools in
different fields of education, from biology and chemistry to
physics (Achuthan et al., 2018; Brinson, 2017; Dyrberg et al.,
2017; Hodges et al., 2018; Hsu, 2020; Nolen & Koretsky, 2018;
Špernjak & Šorgo, 2018; Wang et al., 2015; Winkelmann et al.,
2020).
Several studies have shown that the virtual laboratory is

just as effective a learning tool as a traditional hands-on
laboratory when it comes to enhancing student understanding and
knowledge, irrespective of discipline (Brinson, 2015; Lindsay &
Good, 2005; Sun et al., 2008).
Impact of Utilization of Laboratories on Teaching Methodology

(The Pros and Cons)
Laboratories have several advantages: experiments can be

set-up quickly; they are fully accessible to students, who can
repeat experiments as many times as necessary in order to acquire
scientific concepts (Heradio et al., 2016; Hmelo et al., 2000;
Renken & Nunez, 2013; Zacharia et al., 2008); they enable the
exploration of unobservable phenomena (such as electric current
or thermodynamic variables) (Chiu et al., 2015; De Jong et al.,
2013); they simplify the information obtained in experiments
through simulated models, allowing students to acquire concepts
more easily (Pyatt & Sims, 2012; Trundle & Bell, 2010; West &
Veenstra, 2012); they are safer since they avoid the use of
dangerous products or instruments (Heradio et al., 2016; Špernjak
& Šorgo, 2018); and finally, they are an economical alternative
14
in these times of economic crisis (Brinson, 2015; Magin &

Kanapathipillai, 2000).
However, they also have disadvantages, including the

following: they do not take experimental errors into account; due
to the limitations of the simulated model, experiments are
constrained to the simulated parameters and within conditions
forced by the simulation itself (Cesari et al., 2006; Kocijancic
& O’Sullivan, 2004; Špernjak & Šorgo, 2018); students do not
acquire practical laboratory skills and do not have access to
tactile information that drives the acquisition of conceptual
knowledge based on cognitive theories (Abdulwahed & Nagy, 2011;
Barsalou, 2007; Zacharia et al., 2012); they socialise or
collaborate little during virtual experiments (Law et al., 2019;
Špernjak & Šorgo, 2009); and virtual labs can lead to a
trivializing or irresponsible attitude because students are not
required to deal with real experimental environments (Potkonjak
et al., 2016).
The development of a virtual laboratory for learning

requires understanding of three domains (Koehler & Mishra, 2009):
technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge. “Learning by doing”
approach derived from the constructivist pedagogy was usually
implemented in virtual laboratory environments (Dimitropoulos et
al., 2008; Huang et al., 2010; Shih & Yang, 2008; Virvou &
Katsionis, 2008). A VL exercise was then a scripted set of
experiment procedures intended to be used for teaching purposes
and performed by the learner herself. Students have better
possibilities to practice real life situations in the virtual
laboratory.
15
Utilization of Research Laboratories
Nevertheless, traditional or hands-on laboratories allow

students to develop their practical skills in scientific
instrumentation, and learn the complexity of science by managing
the uncertainties inherent in experiments, through individual or
collaborative work (Erdosne Toth et al., 2009; Hofstein &
Lunetta, 2003; Špernjak & Šorgo, 2009). For students, the use of
instruments and experimental work are more interesting and
motivating than the traditional face-to-face classes they
passively attend. However, laboratory practical activities must
be encompassed within a pedagogical structure in order to enhance
critical thinking and reflection in students (Abrahams & Reiss,
2012; Kluge, 2014). Of all the types of laboratories, research
laboratories as teaching spaces have received less attention in
literature, and any published studies are, at best, incomplete or
insufficiently detailed (Feisel & Rosa, 2005; Prins et al.,
2009). Research laboratories are facilities for conducting
research or investigations into science equipped with advanced
instruments and techniques. Well-defined objectives for teaching-
learning activities are useful for assessing the adequacy of
laboratory activities. The objectives included in the design of
laboratory activities can be classified into three main groups:
(1) objectives related to cognition (instrumentation, models,
experiment, data analysis and design); (2) objectives involving
psychomotor skills (instrument handling and sensory
consciousness); and (3) objectives relating to affective domain
(motivation, creativity, communication, teamwork and laboratory
ethics) (Feisel & Rosa, 2005).
Several studies have focused on using a combination of

hands-on and virtual laboratories (Herodotou et al., 2018; Hodges
16
et al., 2018; Jaakkola & Nurmi, 2008; Kapici et al., 2019;

Olympiou & Zacharia, 2012). However, the discussion is still open
in the literature on how to combine the two types of
laboratories, some studies being in favour of performing the
activity in hands-on laboratory first and then virtual
laboratory, and other studies being just the opposite. On the
other hand, several studies concluded that there was no
unequivocal evidence that one combination of laboratory
environments was better than the other (Chini et al., 2012;
Sullivan et al., 2017). In all these studies, none of hands-on
laboratory was a research laboratory, so its use as a teaching
space could increase students’ interest.
Motivations in the Criminology Laboratory
Motivation is an essential cognitive element for successful

learning activities. Special attention must be drawn to the
important role played by the affective dimensions of learning,
such as attitude, interest and self-efficacy (Pintrich & De
Groot, 2003). Motivation and learning are very closely connected,
i.e. the more interested a student is in a topic, the more
inclined he or she will be to learn about that topic (Hidi &
Harackiewicz, 2000; Rotgans & Schmidt, 2014; Weibel et al.,
2012). Interest may be related to psychological state caused by
external factors, or to a situation in which students show a
positive and persistent attitude towards a topic. Attitude
towards studying criminology include anxiety towards science,
self-esteem in science, motivation towards science, enjoyment of
science, or fear of failure in science (Osborne et al., 2003).
17
Criminology Laboratories
There was a time when laboratories were “so central to a

criminology degree that no one could even consider teaching a
criminology course without an accompanying laboratory”. New
technologies such as simulations, remote laboratories, and
educational opportunities such as massive open online courses
(MOOCs) are introducing new ways of teaching engineering in
higher education. Even with new forms of teaching, the laboratory
will play an important role in engineering education well into
the future.
Teaching laboratories are acknowledged as a unique learning

environment, enabling scientific discovery and inquiry-based
learning. Laboratories foster a range of skills including
communication, knowledge, teamwork, ethics, and encouraging
information acquisition and are used to support learning in
lectures by enhancing student understanding of theoretical
concepts. The importance of laboratories was highlighted in a
study that surveyed all the 34 universities in Australia that
provide a criminology degree. The study found that 100% of
executive staff believed that the laboratory was integral to
engineering education, and that 62% of academics believe that the
laboratory is the most important component of their courses.
The importance of laboratories has resulted in much research

on how best to conduct them. Most of the research focused on
teaching laboratories consists of studies into individual
approaches/areas. For example, Stanisavljevic et al. undertook a
study to investigate the effect a new simulation package had on
students. Howard and Boone investigated what influenced students
to enjoy science laboratories by comparing student satisfaction
of an old and newly designed experiment. Lewis determined how
18
video introductions could be used to increase student

satisfaction in the laboratory. Boxall and Tait investigated how
inquiry-based learning affected student satisfaction in a
laboratory environment. Gallardo et al. investigated how learner
satisfaction could be used to design an electronic laboratory
course. These studies have provided an insight into specific
areas of interest that students find satisfying within the
laboratory environment.
A significant amount of literature is available for

investigating a broad range of university facilities such as
general computing, the library, accommodation, furniture,
parking, lecture theatres, and recreation facilities. This
research is important as it has been found that students learn
better in their favorite environment. Broad investigations into
laboratories tend to be a one-off event to determine what drives
satisfaction of their students at a particular point in time. As
an example, Gonsai et al. undertook a single investigation to
determine student satisfaction in the computer science
laboratories of a particular university. The study provided
evidence of measures required to improve student satisfaction at
that university. No management process or follow-up activity was
mentioned as to how the issues would be rectified.
Laboratory Management
The management of laboratories in many institutions and

companies is carried out by a Laboratory Manager. Laboratory
management “is the integration and coordination of organizational
resources (people, equipment, procedures, supplies) to provide
quality laboratory services as efficiently and effectively as
19
possible”. There have been a number of studies looking at

laboratory management and how it can be used to manage quality,
safety, and resources effectively. For successful management,
someone must be made accountable and ensure people are aware of
their areas of responsibility. Accountability is needed because
“exceeding student's expectations does not happen by mistake; it
must be deliberately managed”. Among common ways to manage
engineering teaching laboratories are: 1) subject coordinators
playing the central role in managing the laboratory; 2)
management being spread across one or more technical groups; and
3) a centralized laboratory manager overseeing all laboratories.
Research suggests that a centralized laboratory manager is one of
the most effective ways to manage the laboratory environment. No
study took a holistic approach to measuring and monitoring
student satisfaction with the teaching laboratory experiments and
facilities across all courses.
Student Satisfaction to Laboratory Facilities
Competition between universities to attract quality students

has intensified as institutions try to grow domestically and
internationally. This competitive environment has resulted in
students having a greater variety of institutions to select from.
Consequently, the student is seen as the primary customer of a
university, resulting in targeted programs aimed at selling an
exceptional learning experience. Governments are increasingly
implementing policies and tools to ensure the quality of higher
education and stimulate competition. A prime example of this is
an Australian government Web site that allows students to compare
student satisfaction and performance data between universities
and individual disciplines. For example, the Web site allows
20
students to compare electrical engineering schools across all

universities within Australia. This freely available data lets
domestic and international students shop around for what they
interpret as the institution providing the best quality. As a
consequence, universities are striving to increase student
satisfaction in order to remain competitive.
This competitive environment, as well as pushing the student

satisfaction bar increasingly higher, is resulting in a number of
positive benefits for both the student and the institution.
According to Elliott and Shin, improved student satisfaction
increases motivation, lowers attrition rates, improves recruiting
efforts, and helps with fundraising.
For the university, student satisfaction is linked to an

institution's image. Universities with high levels of student
satisfaction promote this attribute to attract students. This
link was supported by research conducted by Plank and Chiagouris,
whose study found that the perceived quality provided by an
institution is an important driver for recruiting students. A
report by James et al. that investigated factors influencing
tertiary applications in Australia supported this finding. The
rise in popularity of social networking and product review Web
sites allows for perceptions of quality at a university to change
very quickly. Therefore, programs that increase student
satisfaction are very important.
Increasing the level of student satisfaction can benefit

student learning. The link between learning and student
satisfaction was investigated by Lim et al., who found that when
the students were more satisfied, their achievement increased. A
similar study conducted by Mason et al., comparing two different
methods of classroom delivery in an engineering course, found
21
that, on average, students had better grades when working with

the learning style they enjoyed the most. In addition, Hirschfeld
reported that a positive outlook, influenced by a positive
learning experience, is required for greater achievement. It is
important to note that improvements that increase student
satisfaction do not necessarily translate into better grades. A
study by Lewis found that when student satisfaction increases,
students can perceive that their learning is better, but this is
no guarantee of improved assessment marks. Therefore, a major
focus for universities seeking to improve student satisfaction is
to also improve the learning experience.
Synthesis
In conclusion, the literature and studies mentioned above

are all relevant to the study of utilization of CRiminology
Laboratories. It improved the researcher's comprehension of the
topic, which provided both the challenge and the inspiration to
carry out the current investigation. Barbudo (2003), Fradela
(2010), and Mabida (2011) all focused on the difficulties the
Philippine National Police (PNP) faced, but this study
concentrated on the experiences of criminology students during
laboratory activities including the tasks they undertook and the
issues they experienced. Therefore, even though the subsequent
studies are different from the current study, they have an impact
on our comprehension of it.
22
CHAPTER III
Research Methodology
This chapter presents the research design, the respondents,

sample and sampling procedure, the instrument used, data
gathering procedure, and the statistical tool.
Research Design
- This study used the descriptive method of research.
Descriptive research is conclusive in nature, as opposed to
exploratory. This research gathers quantifiable information
that can be used for statistical inference on your target
audience through data analysis. It takes the form of closed-
ended questions, which limits its ability to provide unique
23
insights. However, used properly it can help an organization

better define and measure the significance of something
about a group of respondents and the population they
represent (Penwarden, 2014). The researchers used the
descriptive method to know the level of satisfaction of
Criminology Students in using the laboratory facilities
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
- One of the main limitations of the study will be access to

official documents. Some of the data required to make a more
comprehensive analysis of the problem and relevant issues
and details may not accessible since some current police and
military operational accomplishments and reports are being
withheld for security and other reasons. Another is
constraints in distance and time which might prevent the
author from doing all-inclusive research on the topic at
hand. The author, however, believes that despite these
limitations meaningful research is still attainable.
Contacts will be established. Also, with the help of friends
and colleagues within this respected institution, the
conduct of the survey will be made possible. Further, the
authors believe that the study is important and useful not
only for the school but also for educational institutions
who have laboratory subjects, specifically for criminology
students.
Respondents of the Study

- The respondents of the study were 50 Criminology students of
International School of Asia and the Pacific. In order to
determine the respondents accurately, the researchers used a
24
stratified random sampling where samples are taken

proportionally with the total number of populations of
second- and third-year students in Bachelor of Science in
Criminology. Distribution of the questionnaire is
proportionally allocated to all sections of the respondents
Data Gathering Tool
- The data needed in this study were gathered through the

questionnaires made by the researchers. List of survey
questions asked to respondents is designated to extract
specific information. The content of the questionnaire was
composed through the related studies and the result of the
pre- interview conducted to assess the most common problems
encountered by students of ISAP that are applicable in our
research and this was validated by the research adviser and
the statistician. The purpose of Part I is to know the
laboratory facilities utilized by ISAP students. Part II is
the level of performance of educators in laboratory practice
as perceived by the students. Part III aims to acquire
information about the level of satisfaction of ISAP students
in using laboratory facilities. Part IV intends to identify
the problems encountered by students with regards to
services provided in the laboratory. The researchers
consulted and obtained the approval of the research adviser
regarding the preparation and contents of the questionnaires
prior to use.
Data Gathering Procedure
- After the approval of the questionnaires, they will be
distributed personally to the respondents, 25 for the second
year and 25 for the third year. The content of the
25
questionnaire was explained first to the respondents before

answering. Accomplished questionnaires were collected;
answers on the questionnaire were tallied and interpreted.
Statistical Tool
- The researcher will utilize a 4-point Likert Scale. The data
gathered presented in tabular form to interpret the results
and descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution
and weighted mean were used. Frequency distribution and
weighted mean were utilized to evaluate the level of
satisfaction of ISAP students in using laboratory
facilities. The given scale will be used to interpret the
result of the data gathered: 3.50-4.00- Highly Satisfied,
2.50 – 3.49- Satisfied, 1.50 – 2.49- Less Satisfied, 1.00-
1.49- Not Satisfied
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28

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INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

The Extent of Utilization of the Criminology Laboratory and its

Dayag, Ryan Eldrin

Taguinod, Kyle Kendrix

The Problem and its Background

A common issue facing many criminology students and science

Student satisfaction has grown in importance because of the

In order to teach technical skills, laboratories are

equipment utilized had the greatest effects on students'

The college laboratory is one of the supporting resources

The viability of the educational system depends on the

The Criminology Laboratories' main goal is to create

energetic compounds, their testing, and their performance

Den Blink (2009) claims that criminology labs are set up in

This paper outlines and examines how researchers’

The results of the study will inform the ISAP administration

batches of students with regards to the usage of the laboratory

Impact on the Level of

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

Figure 1 presents the conceptual framework of the study. It

strategies, ranging from the flipped classroom (Hamdan et al.,

This study anchored on the idea of level of satisfaction of

The use of Criminology Laboratory is vital to forensic

Statement of the Problem

There is no significant difference of utilizing criminology laboratory to the academic

perceptions and level of satisfaction. The researcher's course

Scope and Delimitation

Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to know the level of satisfaction of ISAP

In this research, the key definitions were written to

Criminology Laboratory or crime laboratory, also called forensic

Curriculum is broadly defined as the totality of student

Dependent Variable is what changes as a result of the independent

statistics, dependent variables are also called: Response

Independent Variable is the variable you manipulate, control, or

Laboratory is a room or building equipped for scientific

Level of Satisfaction is the perceived level of pleasure and

Methodology is a system of methods used in a particular area of

Utilization is the action of making practical and effective use

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related literature and studies,

The purpose of the following evaluation of the literature is

disproportionately reflected at learning further laboratory

The potential immediate and long-term impacts on academic

Impact of the Utilization of Laboratory Facilities in Western

The European Higher Education Area (EHEA) has conceptually

Over the past few years, a number of new technological and

complements traditional methodologies to facilitate the student

Several studies have shown that the virtual laboratory is

Impact of Utilization of Laboratories on Teaching Methodology

Laboratories have several advantages: experiments can be

in these times of economic crisis (Brinson, 2015; Magin &

However, they also have disadvantages, including the

The development of a virtual laboratory for learning

Utilization of Research Laboratories

Nevertheless, traditional or hands-on laboratories allow

Several studies have focused on using a combination of

et al., 2018; Jaakkola & Nurmi, 2008; Kapici et al., 2019;

Motivations in the Criminology Laboratory

Motivation is an essential cognitive element for successful

There was a time when laboratories were “so central to a

Teaching laboratories are acknowledged as a unique learning

The importance of laboratories has resulted in much research

video introductions could be used to increase student