American Corrections 10th Edition Clear

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CHAPTER 10
Incarceration

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Long term inmates are recognized as those who suffer from:
a. physical stress
b. emotional stress
c. medical problems
d. disciplinary actions

ANS: B REF: 264 OBJ: 4, 5

2. 93 percent of the adult prison population is:

a. African American.
b. Latino.
c. Male.
d. White.

ANS: C REF: 247 OBJ: 5

3. America’s oldest prison was built in 1798. This prison was located in what city in New Jersey:
a. Dalton
b. Trenton
c. Wilmington
d. Wilbur

ANS: B REF: 253 OBJ: 1

4. The prison design most often used for female and juvenile inmates is:
a. Radial design

162
 Chapter 10: Incarceration

b. telephone pole design

c. campus style
d. courtyard style

ANS: C REF: 254 OBJ: 3

5. The __________ model was dominant in the 1960s and early 1970s.
a. retribution
b. incapacitation
c. rehabilitation
d. reintegration

ANS: C REF: 247 OBJ: 2

6. In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, prisoners demanded their constitutional rights as:
a. inmates.
b. citizens.
c. human beings.
d. people.

ANS: B REF: 248 OBJ: 1, 2, 4

7. At present, the focus of corrections has shifted to:

a. crime control.
b. rehabilitation.
c. treatment.
d. restitution.

ANS: A REF: 248 OBJ: 2

8. Most prisons employ a __________ model.

a. rehabilitative
b. reintegration
c. retributive
d. custodial

ANS: D REF: 248 OBJ: 2, 3

9. Some Prisons are operated under the direction of:

a. the federal government.
b. sheriff’s
c. police departments.
d. local government

ANS: A REF: 246 OBJ: 3

10. The Federal Bureau of Prisons was created within:

a. the Department of the Interior.
b. the Department of Justice.
c. the National Institute of Justice.

163
 Test Bank

d. the Department of Homeland Security.

ANS: B REF: 249 OBJ: 3

11. As state’s deal with severe budgetary problems the future of private prisons is:
a. secure.
b. positive.
c. assured.
d. uncertain.

ANS: D REF: 262 OBJ: 2, 3

12. Today’s prison construction is greatly influenced by:

a. drug use.
b. scare tactics.
c. cost.
d. politics.

ANS: C REF: 253 OBJ: 2

13. The cost of maintaining a(n) __________ inmate is much higher than costs associated with other
incarcerated populations.
a. elderly
b. younger
c. female
d. male

ANS: A REF: 260 OBJ: 5

14. The rate of confirmed AIDS cases in state and federal prisons is __________ in the total U.S.
population.
a. three times lower than
b. the same as
c. 2.5 times higher
d. on a par with

ANS: C REF: 261 OBJ: 4, 5

15. Rates of HIV infection are higher in __________ prisoners.

a. female
b. male
c. juvenile
d. homosexual

ANS: A REF: 261 OBJ: 5, 4

16. Mass closings of public hospitals for the mentally ill began in the:
a. 1950s.
b. 1960s.
c. 1970s.
d. 1980s.

164
 Chapter 10: Incarceration

ANS: B REF: 248 OBJ: 1

17. According to sociologists, the “big house” image of the American prison has:
a. ceased to show a limited understanding of the contemporary prison.
b. provided us with a deeper understanding of the modern prison.
c. spawned a great deal of humanitarian reform in the eyes of the public.
d. created interest in the operations of the modern prison among the general public.

ANS: A REF: 247 OBJ: 1, 2

18. Until recently _______on the question of private prison cost-effectiveness has been lacking.
a. research
b. misunderstandings
c. conflicts
d. disagreements

ANS: A REF: 258 OBJ: 1, 2

19. A majority of all state prisoners throughout the country are housed in __________ prisons.
a. maximum security
b. medium security
c. minimum security
d. super max

ANS: B REF: 255 OBJ: 3, 5

20. With the correctional focus shifting to crime control, some believe that offenders have had it too
soft, resulting in:
a. the institution of strict regimes in prisons.
b. the removal of educational and recreational amenities from prisons.
c. an increase in the number of people in prison.
d. all of these.

ANS: D REF: 248 OBJ: 2

21. Historically, the __________ has been an innovator in the field of corrections.
a. State of Texas Department of Corrections
b. State of Illinois Department of Corrections
c. Federal Bureau of Investigation
d. Federal Bureau of Prisons

ANS: D REF: 249 OBJ: 1

22. Responsibility of housing federal pretrial detainees belongs to:

a. the FBI.
b. the Secret Service.
c. the Marshal’s Service.
d. none of these.

ANS: C REF: 251 OBJ: 3

165
 Test Bank

23. According to the author, the general rule of architecture, including prisons, is that form follows:
a. freedom.
b. function.
c. style.
d. all of these.

ANS: B REF: 252 OBJ: 2

24. Prisons designed to hold the “toughest of the tough” are called:
a. maximum security prisons.
b. solitary confinement.
c. custodial confinement.
d. super-max prisons.

ANS: D REF: 255 OBJ: 2, 3

25. Private enterprise has __________ played a role in American corrections.
a. never
b. always
c. sometimes
d. only recently

ANS: B REF: 256 OBJ: 1

TRUE/FALSE
1. The 1960’s and 70’s reflected the dominance of the rehabilitative model toward inmates.

ANS: T REF: 247 OBJ: 1

2. The civil rights movement had no affect on prisoners.

ANS: F REF: 248 OBJ: 1

3. The amount of prisoners currently incarcerated has declined over the past decade.

ANS: F REF: 245 OBJ: 5

4. Many states have removed educational and recreations amenities from their institutions.

ANS: T REF: 248 OBJ: 2, 3

5. The reintegration model is linked to the structures and goals of community corrections.

ANS: T REF: 248 OBJ: 2

6. According to the author, mental illness is prevalent in prison.

ANS: T REF: 263 OBJ: 4, 5

166
Another document from Scribd.com that is
random and unrelated content:
 “When a flock alights at this season on a field, the individuals
disperse, run about with great activity, and pick up their food. Sometimes
one finds them so tame that he can approach within fifteen yards, and I
have often walked round a flock several times in order to force them
together before shooting. In windy weather they often rest by lying flat
on the ground, and I have reason to think that at night this is their general
practice. In the Hebrides I have often gone to shoot them at night by
moonlight, when they seemed as actively engaged as by day, which was
also the case with the Snipes; but I seldom succeeded in my object, it
being extremely difficult to estimate distances at night. The numbers that
at this season frequent the sandy pastures and shores of the Outer
Hebrides is astonishing.

“The Golden Plover, although occasionally addicted to wading,

evidently prefers dry ground, in which respect it differs essentially in
habits from the Totani and Limosæ. It frequently probes the moist sands,
and in summer the dry cow dung on the moors and upland pastures is
seen perforated by its bill. It affords delicious eating, and in my opinion
is scarcely inferior in this respect to the Woodcock.”

C , Linn. Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 254.—Lath. Ind. Ornith. vol. ii. p. 740.—
Ch. Bonaparte, Synopsis of Birds of the United States, p. 297.

G P ,C , Wils. Amer. Ornith. vol. vii. p. 71. pl. 59. fig. 5.,
Winter.—Nuttall, Manual, vol. ii. p. 16.

Adult Male in Spring. Plate CCC. Fig. 1.

Bill shorter than the head, straight, subcylindrical. Upper mandible

with the dorsal line straight and slightly sloping for two-thirds of its
length, then bulging a little and curving to the tip, which is rather acute,
the sides flat and sloping at the base, convex towards the end, where the
edges are sharp and inclinate. Nasal groove extended along two-thirds of
the mandible, filled with a bare membrane; nostrils basal, linear, in the
lower part of the membrane, open and pervious. Lower mandible with
the angle long, narrow, but rounded, the sides at the base sloping
outwards and flat, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the
edges sharp and involute towards the narrow tip.

Head of moderate size, oblong, rather compressed, the forehead

rounded. Eyes large. Neck rather short. Body ovate, rather full. Wings
long. Feet rather long, slender; tibia bare for a considerable space; tarsus
rather compressed, covered all round with reticulated hexagonal scales;
toes slender; the hind toe wanting; third or middle toe longest, fourth
considerably longer than the second, all scutellate above and marginate,
the outer connected with the middle toe by a membrane as far as the
second joint; claws small, compressed, slightly arched, slender but
obtuse at the end, the inner edge of the middle claw dilated.

Plumage soft, blended, slightly glossed, the feathers rounded. Wings

long and pointed; primary quills tapering, the first longest, the second a
little shorter, the rest rapidly graduated; outer secondaries short, broad,
obliquely rounded, inner tapering and elongated. Tail rather short,
rounded, of twelve rounded feathers.

Bill black. Iris brown. Feet bluish-grey. The upper part of the head,
the fore part of the back, and the scapulars are beautifully variegated
with brownish-black and bright yellow, the latter in spots along the edges
of the feathers. The hind part of the back greyish-brown, variegated with
yellow of a duller tint; the tail brown, barred with white. The wings are
hair-brown, the smaller coverts spotted with yellowish-white, the
primary coverts and secondaries tipped with white. The inner
secondaries like the scapulars. Part of the forehead, the loral space, a
band over the eye, and the throat, are greyish-white; the sides of the neck
and body variegated with brown, dull white and yellowish. The breast
and a broad band down the fore-neck, are brownish-black, the latter
margined on each side with white. Axillar feathers, and lower tail-
coverts white.

Length to end of tail 10 1/2 inches, to end of wings 10 1/4, to end of

claws 11 1/2; extent of wings 22 3/8; wing from flexure 7; tail 3 2/12; bill
along the back 11/12, along the edge of lower mandible 1 2/12; bare part of
tibia 8/12; tarsus 1 7/12; middle toe 1 1/12, its claw 4/12. Weight 5 1/2 oz.

Adult in winter. Plate CCC. Fig. 2.

The black on the lower parts is peculiar to the breeding season; and
after the autumnal moult, they become of a light greyish colour, spotted
and streaked with deep grey. In other respects the plumage is similar to
that described above.

Length to end of tail 10 3/4, to end of claws 11 7/8; extent of wings

22 5/8. Weight 4 1/2 oz.

Light coloured variety. Plate CCC. Fig. 3.

Bill and feet greyish-blue. Iris deep brown. Upper part of head and
back mottled with black and pale yellow; wing-coverts greyish, with
white and dusky spots, as are the sides of the head and the throat; a broad
band of white over the eye; fore part of neck pale grey, fading into pale
cream colour and white; the breast and fore-neck with large spots of
black.

This individual was killed in the breeding season.

 REMARKS ON THE FORM OF THE TOES OF BIRDS.
Although naturalists have laboured, more especially since the time
of the great L , who gave an impulse to the study of natural
history unparalleled in that of any other science, to make us acquainted
with animals of every class; and although much has been done by them
in ornithology in particular, it requires little knowledge to be enabled to
say with truth that a great deal more remains to be done. To take an
apparently trivial example, let us look to the tips of the toes of birds, and
we shall no doubt find much that is curious, and much that has been
entirely overlooked. The examination of those parts was suggested to me
by the following occurrence.

On the 21st of March 1816, while I was residing at Henderson in

Kentucky, great flocks of Golden Plovers happening to be passing from
their winter toward their summer haunts, I procured a good number of
them. While engaged in drawing a fine specimen, I observed something
beneath the claws, which induced me to look more particularly to that
part of the toes, when I found there what might be called a second but
smaller claw, equally horny with the part properly so called. I examined
several others, and, finding them all alike in this respect, I mentioned the
circumstance to a friend, who agreed with me in thinking it very curious.
Since that period I have generally, on procuring a bird of any kind,
looked to its toes, and I have found many species, both of the genus
Charadrius and of other Grallæ, similarly supplied with double claws.

Although I use this term, however, let it not be supposed that I

consider the parts in question as really subsidiary or secondary claws; for
as they are not furnished with a central bone, or process either from the
last phalanx or that next to it, they cannot be truly considered as such,
however much they may sometimes resemble them.
 But, in order to explain to you what I mean, let us take a general
view of the subject. If we examine the foot of any common land bird, a
domestic fowl for example, we observe that the extremity of its toes
under the nail are rounded, and covered with quincuncial papillæ,
generally flattened. The extreme degree of this rounded form is seen in
the Eagles and Hawks, of which the end of the toe projects beneath the
claw, having the appearance of a large round knob or rather pad. It is not,
however, my intention at present to describe the structure of this part in
the land birds. I may however remark, that in them, as well as in the
others, the examination of the parts in question will materially aid in
limiting the number of merely nominal species, by disclosing an identity
of form, as well as in separating species that have been confounded, by
shewing a diversity, as I have had occasion to observe, in several species
of both kinds.

In the aquatic tribes numerous remarkable modifications are

observed. Beginning with those which have the extremity of the toe
largest and most rounded, we find that the Geese, Ducks, and Gulls,
supply good examples. Thus in Larus marinus, the protuberance beneath
the claw is rounded, and covered with small rounded and flattened
papillæ, of which there is a semicircular terminal series of a larger size,
as is represented by fig. 1.

FIG. 1.
 FIG. 2.

FIG. 3.

The Pelicans and Gannets are similar in this respect to the Gulls, as
are the Cormorants, which, however, have the terminal pad projecting
and more pointed. In the Guillemots, also, it is rounded, with small
distinct rounded scales. In the Frigate Bird, in which the webs are short,
and do not modify the pads, the terminal scales are similar to those of the
Gulls. In the genus Lestris, they are smaller, and obscured by the webs,
their papillæ smaller and more pointed. In the Terns, they are similar to
those of the Gulls, but narrower, and with the papillæ large. In Phaeton
æthereus, the webs appear to obliterate the terminal papillæ, which are
very small. In all these, the extremities of the toes are more or less
rounded, and terminated just beneath the claw by a semicircular series of
scales larger than those immediately behind.

In the Auks, however, there is a large scale or plate, on the inner side
of the middle toe, and then a series of narrow scales. In Mormon
glacialis, of which the end of the middle toe is represented by fig. 2,
there is a single much recurved narrow horny plate, behind which is a
narrow series of oblong scales. In the genus Puffinus, there is also a
single short rounded terminal scale or plate.

The Colymbi or Divers have the end of the toe very narrow and flat,
with a single small rounded terminal plate, and numerous small scales
behind it. These birds have the claws depressed, a form which shews its
extreme development in the Grebes. Of the extremity of the middle toe
of one of these, Podiceps cristatus, fig. 3. is a representation. Here the
claw is almost quite flat, and the end of the toe beneath it is not elevated
or rounded as in almost all the other genera, but perfectly depressed, and
having its outline concave, but still, as usual, with a series of large
scales.

If we now look to the Grallæ, we shall find similar modifications.

Fig. 4 represents the lower surface, and the lateral aspect of the extremity
of the middle toe of Ardea rufescens, which agrees, in a general point of
view, with that of the other species of the genus, as well as with that of
the Cranes. The pad here is rounded, and terminated by a semicircle of
larger scales. In the genera Numenius and Limosa, the arrangement is
similar, the terminal scales being much smaller in the latter than in the
former, and two of the lateral scales enlarged. In the genera Tringa,
Scolopax and Gallinula, the arrangement is similar. All these genera
exhibit more or less of the rounded form, terminated by a series of larger
scales.
 FIG. 4.

FIG. 5.

FIG. 6.

In Ibis alba the extremity is narrowed and terminated by a small

rather pointed horny plate, divided into two unequal portions, as
represented by fig. 5. The Tantali have this part also narrowed at the end,
flattened, and terminated by a semicircular slightly projecting plate or
hooflet. The same appearance is presented in Hæmatopus palliatus, in
which, however, the extremity is more rounded, the semicircular plate
more decurved, and concave above, as represented by fig. 6. In Rallus
elegans, fig. 7, and the Rails generally, the terminal plate is similar, but
narrow and rather curved upwards. It is in the genera Strepsilas,
Charadrius and Totanus, that the terminal plate, being narrower, more
elongated and more pointed, assumes more especially the semblance of a
second claw. The extremities of the middle toes of Totanus semipalmatus
and Charadrius Pluvialis, are represented by figs 8. and 9.

FIG. 7.

FIG. 8.
 FIG. 9.

Having now reached the point from which I started, according to the
approved method of reasoning in a circle, or if not, of exhibiting natural
objects in a circular arrangement, I take my leave, hoping that when I
again request your indulgence, I shall be enabled to present you with
something equally curious, and perhaps better calculated to induce you
to extend your inquiries into the neglected parts of the structure of those
objects, whose investigation cannot fail to raise our minds towards the
Being who framed the beautiful and harmonious system of which we
form a part.
 ERRATA.
Page 211, line 4, for Traders read Waders
Page 222, line 2, for Sir James Ross, read Sir John Ross,
Page 273, line 22, for Orelans read Orleans
Page 317, line 13 from bottom, for even read not only
Page 325, line 22, for Santie read Santee
 SUBSCRIBERS TO “THE BIRDS OF AMERICA,”
OBTAINED SINCE THE PUBLICATION OF THE SECOND
VOLUME.

James Dickson, Esq. Philadelphia.

London Institution, per Mr Brayley, Librarian.
Ogden Haggerty, Esq. New York.
W. A. Coleman, Esq. New York.
R. O. Anderson, Esq. Georgetown, South Carolina.
James Grimshaw, Esq. New Orleans.

Persons intending to subscribe for “The Birds of America,” are requested

to apply to the Author, J. J. A , or the Engraver R
H , 77. Oxford Street, London; T S , Bookseller,
Manchester; Mrs R , Bookseller, Leeds; A H ,
Bookseller, 50. Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; J. H. B , Bookseller,
Birmingham; E. C , Bookseller, Newcastle-upon-Tyne;
G S , Bookseller, Tythebarn Street, Liverpool; A
C B , Booksellers, Edinburgh.
 INDEX.
Page
Alca Torda, 112
American Coot, 291
— Oyster-catcher, 181
— Snipe, 322
— Sun Perch, 47
— Woodcock, 474
Anas acuta, 214
— Boschas, 174
— Crecca, 219
— Sponsa, 52
Anser albifrons, 598
— canadensis, 1
— Hutchinsii, 526
— leucopsis, 609
Arctic Jager, 470
— Tern, 366
Ardea candidissima, 317
— exilis, 77
— Herodias, 87
— ludoviciana, 136
— nycticorax, 275
— occidentalis, 542
— rufescens, 411
Auk, Razor-billed, 112

Barnacle Goose, 609

Bewick, Thomas, 300
Bittern Least, 77
Black Guillemot, 148
— Tern, 535
Black-backed Gull, 305
Booby Gannet, 63
Breaking up of the Ice, 408
Brown Pelican, 376
Buff-breasted Sandpiper, 452

Calm at Sea, 491, 520

Camp, a Maple-sugar, 438
Canada Goose, 1
Cayenne Tern, 505
Charadrius melodus, 154
Charadrius pluvialis, 623
— vociferus, 191
— Wilsonius, 73
Clapper Rail, 33
Claws of Birds, 629
Colymbus septentrionalis, 20
Common American Gull, 98
— Cormorant, 458
— Gallinule, 330
Coot American, 291
Cormorant, Double-crested, 420
— Common, 458
— Florida, 387
Crane, Whooping, 202, 441
Cray-fish, 199
Crested Grebe, 595
Curlew, Esquimaux, 69
— Hudsonian, 283
— Long-billed, 240
— Sandpiper, 444
Diver, Red-throated, 20
Dobchick, Pied-billed, 359
Double-crested Cormorant, 420
Duck, Eider, 342
— Harlequin, 612
— King, 523
— Pintail, 214
— Ring-necked, 259
— Scaup, 226
— Velvet, 354
— Wood, 52
Dusky Petrel, 620

Eider Duck, 342

Eggers of Labrador, 82
Egret, Reddish, 411
Esquimaux Curlew, 69

Fishing in the Ohio, 122

Florida, Wreckers of, 158
Florida Cormorant, 387
Foolish Guillemot, 142
Forked-tailed Gull, 561
— Petrel, 434
Fresh-water Marsh-hen, 27
Fulica americana, 291
Fuligula fusca, 354
— histrionica, 612
— Marila, 226
— mollissima, 342
— spectabilis, 523
— rufitorques, 259
Fulmar Petrel, 446
Frigate Pelican, 495
Gallinula Chloropus, 330
Gallinule, Common, 330
Gannet Booby, 63
Godwit, Great Marbled, 287
— Hudsonian, 426
Golden Plover, 623
Goose, Barnacle, 609
— Canada, 1
— Hutchins’s, 526
— White-fronted, 568
Great Black-backed Gull, 305
— Blue Heron, 87
— Egg Harbour, 606
— Marbled Godwit, 287
— White Heron, 542
Grebe, Crested, 595
— Horned, 429
— Red-necked, 617
Greenshank, 483
Green-winged Teal, 219
Grus Americana, 202, 441
Guillemot, Black, 148
— Foolish, 142
— Large-billed, 336
Gull, Common American, 98
— Forked-tailed, 561
— Great Black-backed, 305
— Herring, 588
— Ivory, 571
— Kittiwake, 186
— White-winged Silvery, 553

Hæmatopus palliatus, 181

Harlequin Duck, 612
Heron, Great Blue, 87
— Great White, 542
— Louisiana, 136
— Night, 275
— Snowy, 317
Herring Gull, 588
Hooded Merganser, 246
Horned Grebe, 429
Horse, a Wild, 270
Hudsonian Curlew, 283
— Godwit, 426
Hutchins’s Goose, 526
Hyperborean Phalarope, 118

Ibis alba, 173

— Wood, 128
Ice, Breaking up of the, 408
Ivory Gull, 571

Jager, Arctic, 470

— Pomarine, 396
— Richardson’s, 503

Kildeer Plover, 191

King Duck, 523
Kittiwake Gull, 186

Labrador, 584
— Eggers of, 82
Large-billed Guillemot, 336
— Puffin, 599
Larus argentatus, 588
— eburneus, 571
— leucopterus, 553
— marinus, 305
— Sabini, 561
— tridactylus, 186
— zonorhynchus, 98
Least Bittern, 77
Lestris parasiticus, 470
— pomarinus, 396
— Richardsonii, 503
Limosa Fedoa, 287
— Hudsonica, 426
Long-billed Curlew, 240
Long Calm at Sea, 491
Lost Portfolio, 564
Louisiana Heron, 136

Mangrove, 386
Mallard, 164
Marbled Godwit, 287
Mank’s Shearwater, 604
Maple-sugar Camp, 438
Marsh Hen, Salt-water, 33
— Hen, Fresh-water, 27
Mergus cucullatus, 246
Merganser, Hooded, 246
Mormon arcticus, 105
— cirrhatus, 364
— glacialis, 599

Natchez in 1820, 539

Night Heron, 275
Noddy Tern, 516
Numenius borealis, 69
— hudsonicus, 283
— longirostris, 240

Ohio, Fishing in the, 122

Opossum, 454
Oyster-catcher, American, 181

Pectoral Sandpiper, 601

Pelecanus fuscus, 376
Pelican, Brown, 376
— Frigate, 495
Perch, Sun, 47
— White, 197
Petrel, Dusky, 620
— Forked-tailed, 434
— Fulmar, 446
— Wilson’s, 486
Phaeton æthereus, 442
Phalacrocorax Carbo, 458
— dilophus, 420
— floridanus, 387
Phalarope, Hyperborean, 118
— Red, 404
— Wilson’s, 400
Phalaropus fulicarius, 404
— hyperboreus, 118
Phalaropus Wilsonii, 400
Pied-billed Dobchick, 359
Pintail Duck, 214
Piping Plover, 154
Pitting of Wolves, 338
Plover, Golden, 623
— Piping, 154
— Kildeer, 191
— Wilson’s, 73
Podiceps carolinensis, 359
— cornutus, 429
— cristatus, 595
— rubricollis, 617
Pomarine Jager, 396
Portfolio, the Lost, 564
Procellaria glacialis, 446
Puffin, 105
— Large-billed, 599
— Tufted, 364
Puffinus Anglorum, 604
— cinereus, 555
— obscurus, 620
Purple Sandpiper, 557

Racoon Hunt in Kentucky, 235

Rail, Clapper, 33
— Great Red-breasted, 27
— Sora, 51
— Virginian, 41
Rallus carolinus, 251
— crepitans, 33
— elegans, 27
— virginianus, 41
Razor-billed Auk, 112
Red-backed Sandpiper, 580
Red-breasted Rail, 27
Reddish Egret, 411
Red-necked Grebe, 617
Red Phalarope, 404
Red-throated Diver, 20
Reminiscences of Bewick, 300
Richardson’s Jager, 503
Ring-necked Duck, 259
Roseate Tern, 296

Sabine’s Gull, 561

Salt-water Marsh Hen, 33
Sanderling, 231
Sandpiper, Buff-breasted, 451
— Curlew, 444
— Pectoral, 601
— Purple, 558
— Red-backed, 580
— Schinz’s, 529
— Solitary, 576
Sandwich Tern, 531
Scaup Duck, 226
Schinz’s Sandpiper, 529
Scolopax minor, 474
— Wilsonii, 322
Semipalmated Snipe, 510
Shearwater Manks, 604
— Wandering, 555
Snipe, American, 322
Snowy Heron, 317
Solitary Sandpiper, 576
Sooty Tern, 263
Sora Rail, 251
Sterna arctica, 366
— cantiaca, 531
— Dougallii, 296
— cayana, 505
— fuliginosa, 263
— nigra, 535
— Stolida, 516
Still Becalmed, 520
Sula fusca, 63
Sun Perch, 47

Tachypetes Aquilus, 495

Tantalus Loculator, 128
Tringa alpina, 580
— arenaria, 231
Teal, Green-winged, 219
Tern, Arctic, 366
— Black, 535
— Cayenne, 505
— Noddy, 516
— Roseate, 296
— Sandwich, 531
— Sooty, 263
Thalassidroma Leachii, 434
— Wilsonii, 486
Thomas Bewick, 300
Totanus Glottis, 483
— flavipes, 573
— semipalmatus, 510
Tough Walk for a Youth, 371
Tringa maritima, 558
— pectoralis, 601
— rufescens, 451
— Schinzii, 529
— subarquata, 444
Tropic Bird, 442
Tufted Puffin, 364

Uria Brunnichii, 336

— Grylle, 148
— Troile, 142

Velvet Duck, 354

Virginian Rail, 41

Walk, a tough one for a youth, 371

Wandering Shear-water, 555
Wreckers of Florida, 158
 Whooping Crane, 202, 441
White-fronted Goose, 568
White Heron, Great, 542
— Ibis, 173
— Perch, 197
White-winged Silvery Gull, 553
Wild Horse, 270
Willet, 510
Wilson’s Petrel, 486
— Phalarope, 400
— Plover, 73
Wolves, Pitting of, 338
Wood Duck, 52
— Ibis, 128
Woodcock, American, 474

Yellowshank, 573

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