Ministry of Higher Education

& Scientific Research

Middle Technical University
College of Health & Medical techniques/Baghdad
Branch: Department of Prosthodontics Technology
Subject: maxillofacial prosthesis
Seminar: 3

Ocular Prosthesis : Anatomy

Done by
Hussein Moataz Hussein Tuqa Maytham Habib
Osama Abd-alsatar

Supervisors:
Dr.Nihad ALFuraiji Assisst.Prof.Firas Abd Kati

2023 A.D 1445 H

Introduction

The human eye is a complex organ responsible for vision. It consists of

several key parts, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, and optic
nerve. Light enters through the cornea and is focused by the lens onto
the retina, where photoreceptor cells called rods and cones convert it
into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted via the optic
nerve to the brain, which processes the information into the images we
perceive. The eye's anatomy is fascinating and plays a crucial role in our
ability to see the world around us. *(1)

Figure.1 (Human’s eye anatomy)

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The bony orbits (eye sockets)
Are bilateral and symmetrical cavities in the head , they enclose the
eyeball and its associated structures.*(2)

Borders and anatomical relation

The orbit can be thought as a pyramidal structure with the apex
pointing posteriorly and the base situated anteriorly. The boundaries of
the orbit are formed by seven bones as the following:
1.Superior wall (roof): formed by the frontal bone and the lesser wing
of the sphenoid bone.
2.Inferior wall (floor): formed by the maxilla, palatine and zygomatic
bones.
3.Medial wall: formed by the ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal and sphenoid
bones.
4.Lateral wall: formed by the zygomatic bone and greater wing of the
sphenoid bone.
5.Apex: located at the opening to the optic canal, optic foramen.
6.Base: opens out into the face and is bounded by the eyelids , it is also
known as the orbital rim.*(2)

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Lacrimal gland
Gland that located within the orbit above the lateral end of the eye . It
continually releases fluid which cleanses and protects the eye’s surface
as it lubricates and moisten it. These lacrimal secretions are commonly
known as tears. *(3)

Figure.3 (Lacremal gland)

External anatomy of the eye

1.Eyebrow
The ridge over the eye or the hair growing usually in a line or arch on
the skin over it that protect the aye against foreign particles, sweat and
direct rays of light. *(4)

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2.Eyelids
Folds of skin that cover the surface of the eye close by reflex action
when an object approaches. *(4)

3.Eyelashes
The hairs that grow at the edges of the eyelids. The lashes grow
outwards in up to six layers on the edges of the upper and lower
eyelids. Eyelashes protect the eye from debris, dust, and small
particles.*(4)

Eyelashes
Upper eyelid
Lower eyelid

Figure.4 (Eyebrow , eyelid and eyelashes of the eye)

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Muscles of the eye
There are two types of muscles that involve in the movement
of the eye and Provides better visual system , which they are :

1.Extra-ocular muscles
2.Intra-ocular muscles

Extra-ocular muscles
Are located within the orbit, but are extrinsic and separate from the
eyeball itself. They act to control the movements of the eyeball and
the superior eyelid . *(5)

The extra-ocular muscles are

1.The levator palpebrae superioris
2. Superior rectus 3. Inferior rectus
4. Medial rectus 5. Lateral rectus
6. Inferior oblique 7. Superior oblique*(6)

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 Table 1: showed the origin , insertion and Function of the
extra-ocular muscles
muscle Origin insertion function
Levator palpebrae Lesser wing of Superior tarsus and skin Elevates superior
superioris the sphenoid of superior eyelid eyelid*(7)
bone
Its tendon passes Abducts ,
through a fibrous ring or depresses and
Superior oblique Body of trochlea then changes its medially rotates
sphenoid bone direction and inserts into the eyeball*(7)
sclera deep to the
superior rectus

Anterior part Sclera deep to lateral Abducts ,

Inferior oblique of floor of rectus muscle depresses and
orbit laterally rotates
the eyeball*(7)
Elevates ,
Superior rectus adducts and
rotates eyeball
medially*(7)
Common Sclera just posterior to Depresses ,
Inferior rectus tendinous ring corneo-sclera junction adducts and
rotates eyeball
laterally*(7)
Medial rectus Adducts
eyeball*(7)
Lateral rectus Abducts
eyeball*(7)

*7-Yanoff, Myron; Duker, Jay S. Ophthalmology (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Mosby. p. 1303 : 2008

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The intraocular muscles: which are responsible for pupil
accommodation and reaction to light; and the protractor and retractors
of the eyelids. *(8)
include the :-
A-Ciliary muscle
B-The sphincter pupillae
C-The dilator pupillae

The ciliary muscle

Is an intrinsic muscle of the eye formed as a ring of smooth
muscle in the eye’s middle layer (vascular layer) and it consists
of three separate muscle fibers:(longitudinal, circular and oblique).*(9)

The function of this muscle is

A-It controls accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances
B-Regulates the flow of aqueous humor into Schlemm’s canal
C-It also changes the shape of the lens within the eye but not the size of
the pupil which is carried out by the (sphincter pupillae muscle) and
(dilator pupillae) *(9)

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2-The iris sphincter pupillae
Also known as the pupillary sphincter is a circular ring of smooth muscle
within the iris responsible for constriction of the pupil (miosis).it is
located in the colored part of the eye called the iris. *(10)

3-The dilator pupillae

Is a smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris and therefore
fit as a dilator. The pupillary dilator consists of a spoke-like arrangement
of modified contractile cells called (mayoepithelial cells). Its function
(increases the pupillary diameter) and allowing more light to enter the
eye. *(11)

Figure.7 (The dilator and sphincter pupils)

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There are three compartments of the eye (Three chambers of fluid)

1-Anterior chamber (between cornea and iris)

2-Posterior chamber (between iris zonule fibers and lens)
3-Vitreous chamber (between the lens and the retina) *(12)

Figure.8 (champers of the eye)

*Note:
The first two chambers are filled with aqueous humor whereas the
vitreous chamber is filled with a more viscous fluid, the vitreous
humor*(12)

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There are three fluids in our eyes
1-Aqueous humor: it is the clear fluid in the front part of your eye . The
aqueous humor keeps your eye inflated and provides nourishment. *(13)
2-The vitreous humor: it is also called vitreous fluid It is a jelly like
substance filled in the Space between the retina and the eye lens It
helps in maintaining The shape of the eye. *(14)
3-Blood: the blood contributes to the maintenance of Intraocular
pressure Most of the blood within the eye is in the Choroid.

Fig.9 (fluids of the eye)

Blood Supply of the eyes

The main blood supply of the eye arises from the ophthalmic artery,
which gives off orbital and optical group branches.

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Arterial supply
*The ophthalmic artery arises from the internal carotid artery. Initially,
it gives rise to the central retinal artery, which pierces the optic nerve
and runs within it to reach the retina at the optic disc. The branches of
the central retinal artery are visible with an ophthalmoscope.
*The ophthalmic artery then branches into the short posterior ciliary
arteries, which pierce the sclera and supply the choroid up to the
equator of the eye. Long posterior ciliary arteries run a similar
course but move further into the eye to supply the anterior aspect of
the choroid in addition to the iris and ciliary bodies.
*The ophthalmic artery also branches into the lacrimal artery, which
supplies the lacrimal gland and the lateral portion of the eyelid.
*The final part of the ophthalmic artery supplies the ethmoid bone and
medial part of the eyelid. *(15)

Figure.11,12 (Arterial supply of the eye)

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Lymph supply
Conjunctiva is well known to possess lymphatics. Cornea limbus, ciliary
body, lacrimal gland and extraocular muscle also contain lymphatic
vessels, and choroid might have lymphatic-like system. Cornea, retina,
and optic nerve do not show lymphatics. Intraocular lymphatic can be
observed only in the ciliary body. *(16)

Figure.13 (lymph of the eye)

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Nerves of the eye
1. Nasociliary nerve: provides sensory perception to the cornea, eyelids.
2. Short ciliary nerves: miosis and lens accommodation.
3. Long ciliary nerves: mydriasis.
4. Lacrimal nerve: It provides sensory innervation to the skin and both
surfaces of conjunctiva at the lateral portion of the upper eyelid.
5. Optic nerve: sight.
6.Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens nerves: ocular movements.
7.Ophthalmic nerve: eyeball, upper eyelid, nose ridge sensation. *(17)
*Ciliary ganglion: contains neurons, These neurons supply the pupillary
sphincter muscle, which constricts the pupillae and the ciliary muscle
which contracts to make the lens more convex. *(17)

Figure.14 (nerves of the eye)

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 References

1-Zimmer, Carl(Our Strange, Important, Subconscious Light Detectors) :

2012-05-05.
2-Drake, R. L., Vogl, A. W., & Mitchell, A. W. M. Gray’s Anatomy for
Students (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone : 2015.
3-Schwab, Ivan R . Evolution's Witness : How Eyes Evolved. New York.
p. 245 : 2012 .
4-Human face evolved to help us communicate emotions, scientists say:
15 April 2019.
5-Shumway, Caleb L.; Motlagh, Mahsaw; Wade, Matthew (2022).
"Anatomy, Head and Neck, Eye Extraocular Muscles". StatPearls :
12 January 2022 .
6-Extrinsic eye muscle definition and meaning | Collins English
Dictionary : 7 May 2021.
7-Yanoff, Myron; Duker, Jay S. Ophthalmology (3rd ed.). Edinburgh:
Mosby. p. 1303 : 2008 .
8-Kels BD, Grzybowski A, Grant-Kels JM. Human ocular anatomy. Clin
Dermatol : 2015 .

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9-Thomas R; Burkel, William E. "Anatomy Tables - Eye." Medical Gross
Anatomy. 2000. University of Michigan Medical School : January 5, 2010
10- Gest, Thomas R; Burkel, William E. (2000). "Anatomy Tables - Eye".
Medical Gross Anatomy. University of Michigan Medical School :
2010-05-26 .
11- Saladin, Kenneth . Anatomy and Physiology. McGraw-Hill : 2012
12-Mann I. The development of the human eye. New York: Grune and
Stralton : 1964
13-American Academy of Ophthalmology. Multiple pages
reviewed. Aqueous Humor
14- Vitreous humor analysis for the detection of xenobiotics in forensic
toxicology
15- OpenStax College. Bony Orbit
16-Frank H.Netter MD: Atlas of Human Anatomy, 5th Edition, Elsevier
Saunders, Chapter 1 Head and Neck.
17-Richard L. Drake, A. Wayne Vogl, Adam. W.M. Mitchell: Gray’s
Anatomy for Students, 2nd Edition, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.

Thank you

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