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COURSE SCHEDULE GRADING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

Course No.: CE 235  PRELIMS: 25% • Attendance & Participation
• Plates
Units: 3 units  MIDTERMS: 25% • Assignments/Seatwork
Lecture Hours: 2 hours (MONDAY-FRIDAY)  FINALS: 50% • Quizzes
• Major Examinations
Pre-requisite/s: Engg Phys 2 and Utilities 1
Allowable Number of Absences: 1st Report (6hrs), 2nd Report (13hrs),
& Dropped (19hrs)
References/Books: Revised Plumbing Code of the Philippines, Plumbing Design
and Estimates by Max Fajardo

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I. WATER
 Water is a combination of two (2) chemical elements called Hydrogen
PLUMBING FUNDAMENTALS and Oxygen. It appears in its natural state as liquid, solid (ice) or gas
(water vapor or steam).
I. Water and Its Sources  Water is a valuable natural resource that is found in different forms in
the environment. It is important to understand how water moves
II. Water Quality and Treatment through the environment so that we can understand how to manage it
successfully. Fresh water is finite and vulnerable. Supplying sufficient
III. Water Conditioning clean, fresh water is one of the most vital natural resource issues
facing humanity. Water shortages are becoming a global issue, due to
an increasing population, economic growth and climate change. A lack
of clean, fresh water can hinder the efforts to reduce poverty and
progress national development, resulting in poor health, low
productivity, food insecurity and restricted economic development.
Prepared by: ENGR. KYRA BAUTISTA

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WATER CYCLE
The hydrological cycle, or water cycle, is the continuous circulation
of water between oceans, atmosphere and land. The sun and wind
cause water to evaporate (change its physical state from liquid to
gas) from land and water bodies. Also, plants take up liquid water
and give off water vapor through pores in their leaves in a process
called transpiration. The water vapor moves high above the Earth’s
surface on rising currents of air through the atmosphere. Eventually
as the water vapor reaches the cooler air higher up in the
atmosphere, it condenses (changing from gas to liquid) to form
clouds and falls back to Earth in the form of rain and snow (together
these are called precipitation). Precipitation that falls on land can
flow over the surface as run-off into rivers and streams, and can
also percolate through the soil into underground rocks to
5 become groundwater. 6

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NATURAL SURFACE WATER

I. SOURCES OF WATER
 Rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds are widely used as water sources
especially in rural areas. The amount of available surface water
The three (3) Sources of Water: depends largely on rainfall. When rainfall is limited, the supply of
1. Natural Surface Water surface water will vary considerably between wet and dry seasons
and also between years. One way to overcome this problem is to
2. Groundwater construct a dam across a river to create a reservoir that provides
3. Rainwater water storage. Large surface water reservoirs may be used for
hydroelectric power generation, regulating water releases to control
river flows, for recreational purposes and to provide water for
agricultural, municipal and industrial uses. Smaller dams are also
used to enable irrigation. The water collects behind the dam and
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flows under gravity into irrigation channels leading to the fields.
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GROUNDWATER
 Groundwater is defined as water that is found
underground within rocks. Its presence depends
primarily on the type rock. Permeable rocks
have tiny spaces between the solid rock
particles that allow water and other fluids to
pass through and to be held within the rock
structure. The layers of rock that hold
groundwater are called aquifers.
 In the figure, shows how groundwater in an aquifer is replenished by rain and
other forms of precipitation (such as rain, snow, sleet or hail that falls to the
Earth’s surface, shown in the diagram as ‘recharge’) that
has percolated (passed through a porous substance, or through small holes)
downward into the aquifer. The level of water below ground is called the water
table. Groundwater from aquifers can be extracted using water wells.
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RAINWATER HARVESTING
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RAINWATER
 In regions where rainfall is abundant and frequent, rainwater can be a
good source of water supply for individual families and small
communities. The storage of rainwater is particularly important in areas
with a long dry season, or where groundwater or surface water is
difficult to obtain or polluted. The term rainwater harvesting is
sometimes used. It simply means collecting, or harvesting, rainwater as
it runs off from hard surfaces and storing it in a tank or cistern.
 Rainwater has several advantages. It is free, relatively clean and usually
reliable, even if it rains only once or twice a year, and a rainwater
harvesting system can be easily constructed and maintained at low cost.
 Rainwater can be collected in several ways:
a. Roof catchments
b. Ground catchments
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SPRINGS
 Spring water, is nothing more than a very shallow well with water, taken from a
water stratum composed of cervical limestone, sand or gravel, lying a few
meters below the Earth. Contrary to common belief, spring water is not always
free from contamination. Indeed, it is uncertain to conclude that spring water is
protected from surface water contamination by impervious formation of the soil.
Therefore extreme precautions should be exercised in developing water
intended for drinking and household use.
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SPRINGS
The fissure wherein the spring water will flow, should be enclosed Different Types of Individual Well Spring:
completely with a reservoir of concrete, tile, steel or other impervious
materials under the following considerations: 1. WELLS – dug, bored, driven, or drilled
1. The depth of the reservoir walls shall penetrate downward the impervious (Groundwater)
formations beneath the water producing stratum (layer).
2. The reservoir cover shall be insect proof, free from dust and rainwater.  Dug well
3. A manhole of the raised curving type, with overlapping cover on its edges
terminating in a downward direction, shall be provided with facilities for  Bored wells
locking.
4. The reservoir should be disinfected with a chlorine solution, and then
 Driven wells
flushed thoroughly prior to the submitting of samples for laboratory test.  Drilled wells
5. Water from the spring reservoir, shall be declared safe, only after the
result of bacteriological test. 13 14

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AUGER PILE DRIVER WELL

 A well is an excavation or structure
created in the ground by digging,
boring, driving, or drilling to
access liquid resources,
usually water. The oldest and most
common kind of well is a water well,
to access groundwater in
15 underground aquifers. 16

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• DUG WELLS
 Dug wells are shallow and they are not the best
option for drinking water. This type of well poses
the highest risk of contamination of the water
supply due to poor protection from surface water.
It usually consists of a large diameter hole that is
usually over 2 feet wide, and it can be constructed
by hand or using excavation equipment. The large-
diameter wells are usually constructed using
corrugated galvanized steel or concrete tile. Older
wells are often constructed of stone and brick,
which are very susceptible to surface-water
seepage.
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• BORED WELLS
 Bored wells are wells which are constructed with an
auger that digs until it reaches the water table or
encounters a material such as rock, which restricts
or stops the auger. Unlike drilled wells, bored
wells are shallow in depth and draw water from
sections of the earth above the bedrock. As these
wells are typically shallow, they are also susceptible
to contamination. Apart from the high risk of
contamination, the low water levels mean that the
wells are often the first to go dry during drought.
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• DRILLED WELLS
 Drilled wells are constructed by percussion or
rotary-drilling machines. Drilled wells can be
thousands of feet deep and require the
installation of casing. Drilled wells have a
lower risk of contamination due to their depth
and use of continuous casing.
 A drilled well consists of a hole bored (a
borehole) into the ground, with the upper part
or the entire depth of the well being lined
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with casing.
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• DRIVEN WELLS
 The sand-point or driven-point wells are
constructed using assembled lengths of pipe that
are driven into the ground. These wells are usually
small in diameter- about 2 inches or less, and they
are less than 50 feet in depth. These types of wells
can only be installed in locations with relatively
loose soils, such as sand and gravel aquifers. They
are driven into the ground or inserted using high
water pressure and they are often only installed in
places with a shallow water table that contains
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little or no stone.
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PUMPS AND LIFTS
A pump is a device that moves fluids by mechanical action,
typically converted from electrical energy into Hydraulic
energy. Pumps can be classified into three major groups
according to the method they use to move the fluid: direct
lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.
 It is a mechanical device, that is used to pick up water from
low-pressure level to high-pressure level. Basically,
the pump changes the energy flow from mechanical to the
fluid. This can be used in process operations which needs a
high hydraulic force. This equipment needs low suction and
high discharge pressure. 21
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• SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
 A submersible pump (or sub pump, electric
submersible pump (ESP)) pushes fluid to the surface
which create a vacuum and rely upon atmospheric
pressure. Submersibles use pressurized fluid from
the surface to drive a hydraulic motor downhole.
The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be
pumped. The main advantage of this type of pump is
that it prevents pump cavitation, a problem
associated with a high elevation difference between
pump and the fluid surface. 23
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• CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
A centrifugal pump is a mechanical device
designed to move a fluid by means of the
transfer of rotational energy from one or
more driven rotors, called impellers.
 Centrifugal pumps are used to induce flow
or raise a liquid from a low level to a high
level. These pumps work on a very simple
mechanism. A centrifugal pump converts
rotational energy, often from a motor, to
energy in a moving fluid. While passing
through the impeller, the fluid is gaining
both velocity and pressure.
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• PISTON PUMP
 A piston pump is a type of positive
displacement pump where the high-pressure seal
reciprocates with the piston. Piston pumps can be
used to move liquids or compress gases. They can
operate over a wide range of pressures. High
pressure operation can be achieved without a
strong effect on flow rate.
 Piston pumps use a mechanism to create a
reciprocating motion along an axis, which then
builds pressure in a cylinder or working barrel to
force gas or fluid through the pump. The pressure
in the chamber actuates the valves at both the
suction and discharge points.
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• PISTON PUMP

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WATER STORAGE WATER STORAGE

 Well - Wells are extremely

important to all societies. In many
places wells provide a reliable and
ample supply of water for home
uses, irrigation, and industries.

 Cistern tank - A cistern is a waterproof receptacle for

holding liquids, usually water. Cisterns are often built
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to catch and store rainwater.

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WATER STORAGE II. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT

 The pressure tank in a water well system creates
 IMPURITIES IN WATER
water pressure by using compressed air to bear
Pure or uncontaminated water is not found in nature. Water in the form of
down on the water. Because of this pressure, when
rain, absorbs dust and gases of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Similarly, water in
a valve is opened, water is pushed out of the tank
the ground is exposed to pollution by organic matter, including animal and
through the pipes in your home. When the water in
human wastes.
the pressures tank drops below the required
The Common Impurities in Water are:
amount, a pressure switch is activated turning on
1. Entrained gases
the pump. The pump then refills the pressure tank.
2. Dissolved minerals
The combination of the pressure tank, pressure
3 Suspended and colloidal materials
switch and the pump is what allows water to flow 29
4. Radioactive materials 30

through your home.

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II. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT II. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
The Common Impurities in Water are:

1. Entrained gases - are carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide methane, oxygen and

nitrogenous and organic compounds.
2. Dissolved minerals - are calcium, magnesium sodium, iron and manganese
and other carbonates and silicates, alkyl benzene sulfate from detergents and
synthetic organic from insecticides and pesticides.
3. Suspended and colloidal materials - such as bacteria, algae, fungi, silt,
protozoa and other colloidal matters making the water colored and acidic.
Among the minerals present in water through artificial
means is Lead. Lead pipe should not be used for
distribution of soft acid water, or for water having a high
concentration of dissolved oxygen or chlorides. The
solution of lead and water with such characteristics may
cause Lead Poisoning.

4. Radioactive materials by entrainment of radioactive substances from mining

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or processing minerals, by wastes from industrial use of radioactive materials.

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II. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT II. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
Water treatment is any process that improves
 WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific
1. COAGULATION
end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water
supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation 2. FLOCCULATION

or many other uses, including being safely returned to the 3. SEDIMENTATION

environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and 4. FILTRATION

undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so 5. DISINFECTION

that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use.

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II. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
 COAGULATION
It is often the first step in water
treatment. During coagulation,
chemicals with a positive charge are
added to the water. The positive
charge neutralizes the negative
charge of dirt and other dissolved
particles in the water. When this
occurs, the particles bind with the
chemicals to form slightly larger
particles. Common chemicals used
in this step include specific types of
II. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
 FLOCCULATION
Flocculation is the gentle
mixing of the water to form
larger, heavier particles called
flocs. Often, water treatment
plants will add additional
chemicals during this step to
help the flocs form.
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salts, aluminum, or iron.

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II. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
 SEDIMENTATION
Sedimentation is one of the
steps water treatment plants
use to separate out solids from
the water. During
sedimentation, particles settle
to the bottom of the water
because they are heavier than
water.
II. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
 FILTRATION
Once the particles have settled to the
bottom of the water, the clear water on
top is filtered to separate additional
solids from the water. During filtration,
the clear water passes through filters
that have different pore sizes and are
made of different materials (such as
sand, gravel, and charcoal). These
filters remove dissolved particles and
germs, such as dust, chemicals,
parasites, bacteria, and viruses.
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Activated carbon filters also remove 38

any bad odors.

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II. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
OTHER FILTRATION METHODS
1. ULTRAFILTRATION
Water treatment plants can use a process called
ultrafiltration in addition to or instead of traditional
filtration. During ultrafiltration, the water goes
through a filter membrane with very small pores.
This filter only lets through water and other small
molecules (such as salts and tiny, charged
molecules). 39
II. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
OTHER FILTRATION METHODS
2. REVERSE OSMOSIS
It is another filtration method that removes
additional particles from water. Water treatment
plants often use reverse osmosis when
treating recycled water external icon (also called
reused water) or salt water for drinking.
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II. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
 DISINFECTION
After the water has been filtered, water
treatment plants may add one or more
chemical disinfectants (such as chlorine,
chloramine, or chlorine dioxide) to kill any
remaining parasites, bacteria, or viruses. To
help keep water safe as it travels to homes
and businesses, water treatment plants will
make sure the water has low levels of the
chemical disinfectant when it leaves the
treatment plant. This remaining
disinfectant kills germs living in the
pipes between the water treatment plant
and your tap.
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ASSIGNMENT:
FILTRATION PROCESS OF:
 Conventional Sand Filtration
 Multi-media Sand Filtration
 Atmospheric Pressure up-flow-filter
 Pressure Type Filter
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II. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
Additional Step
Water treatment plants also
commonly adjust water pH and add
fluoride after the disinfection step.
Adjusting the pH improves taste,
reduces corrosion of pipes, and
ensures chemical disinfectants
continue killing germs as the water
travels through pipes.
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III. WATER CONDITIONING
 Water conditioning is a method of removing or altering
minerals (calcium and magnesium), chemicals and
contaminants from a water source.
 Water conditioning counteracts hardness in water to prevent a
buildup of limescale. Although water conditioning is
technically a broader term for any process that changes the
characteristics of water, it is also widely used to mean water
softening. Water conditioning may also be used when referring
to water filtration or purification to improve the taste and
potability of drinking water.
 Most water is conditioned for human consumption, but water
purification may also be utilized for a variety of other
purposes, such as industrial applications.
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III. WATER CONDITIONING III. WATER CONDITIONING

 Water conditioning improves corrosion control in process There are many techniques for changing the characteristics
and boiler water through:
of water, including:
• pH control
• Oxygen control • Physical processes such as filtration and sedimentation
• Downtime and storage control • Biological processes such as slow sand filters or activated
 Benefits of water conditioning include: sludge
• Reduction of scaling
• Chemical processes such as flocculation and chlorination
• Reduction of impurities that affect taste and odor
• Use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light
• Improving water quality
• Reduction of operating costs 45

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