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  • Conjecture

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    zuzia7myszka
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    The document discusses the use of conjecture and logical conclusion structures in English. For conjecture, it explains using may/might/could to talk about possible present or past actions. For logical conclusion, it explains using must/can't/must have/can't have to deduce conclusions based on present or past evidence or circumstances. Specifically, it provides examples of sentences like "He must be angry" to indicate a logical conclusion in the present, and "They can't have been driving on that highway" to indicate a logical impossibility in the past.

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    The document discusses the use of conjecture and logical conclusion structures in English. For conjecture, it explains using may/might/could to talk about possible present or past actions. For logical conclusion, it explains using must/can't/must have/can't have to deduce conclusions based on present or past evidence or circumstances. Specifically, it provides examples of sentences like "He must be angry" to indicate a logical conclusion in the present, and "They can't have been driving on that highway" to indicate a logical impossibility in the past.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    4 views2 pages

    Conjecture

    Uploaded by

    zuzia7myszka
    The document discusses the use of conjecture and logical conclusion structures in English. For conjecture, it explains using may/might/could to talk about possible present or past actions. For logical conclusion, it explains using must/can't/must have/can't have to deduce conclusions based on present or past evidence or circumstances. Specifically, it provides examples of sentences like "He must be angry" to indicate a logical conclusion in the present, and "They can't have been driving on that highway" to indicate a logical impossibility in the past.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    I.

    CONJECTURE = PRZYPUSZCZENIA
    1. Present/Future
    S+MAY/MIGHT (NOT)+V1
    S+MAY/MIGHT (NOT) BE+Ving

    Używamy, gdy przypuszczamy, że ktoś coś zrobi lub że coś się


    wydarzy.

    I may/might go to the disco. (=It is possible that I will go… or Perhaps I’ll go…)
    Where is he? He might be sleeping. (=It is possible that he is sleeping now)
    It may rain today. (=It is possible that it will rain… or Perhaps it will rain…)
    I’m running in the marathon but I may not finish it.
    I might not have time to go to the cinema. (=It is possible that I will not have…)
    2. Past
    S+MAY/MIGHT/COULD (NOT) HAVE+V3
    S+MAY/MIGHT/COULD (NOT) HAVE BEEN+Ving

    Używamy, gdy chcemy powiedzieć, że być może coś się stało w przeszłości, np. że ktoś
    coś zrobił, ale nie wiemy, czy to zrobił, itd.

    He may/might/could have lost his way. (=It is possible that he lost…=Perhaps he lost…)
    You might/may/could have left your keys at work. (=It is possible you left…=Perhaps you
    left…)
    He might/may/could have been sleeping longer. Why is he late?

    May/Might/Could can be used interchangeably. However, when we know the action was
    not performed, we use, COULD/MIGHT not MAY (jest to używane, np. gdy mamy do
    kogoś pretensje, żal, itd.) e.g.

    We were lucky. There could have been a terrible accident.


    I could have lent you the money. Why didn’t you ask me?

    II. LOGICAL CONCLUSION


    1. Present
    A. S+MUST+V1 (usually ‘be’)
    S+MUST BE+Ving
    Konstrukcji tej używamy, by stwierdzić logicznie nasuwający się wniosek
    He isn’t answering my questions. He must be angry (=I’m sure/certain he’s angry).
    Nobody is answering the door. They must be sleeping.
    B. S+CAN’T+V1 (usually ‘be’)
    S+CAN’T BE+Ving
    Life can’t be easy when you have no job.
    -Where’s Mike?
    -He’s probably watching TV.
    -He can’t be watching TV cause it’s out of order. (=I’m sure/certain he isn’t
    watching…)
    2. Past
    A. S+MUST HAVE+V3 (MUST HAVE BEEN)
    S+MUST HAVE BEEN+Ving. (MUST HAVE BEEN DOING)
    My watch says 10 past 5 and all the others say it’s midday. It must have broken
    down.
    Look at them. They seem exhausted. They must have been working all day.
    B. S+CAN’T HAVE+V3. (CAN’T HAVE DONE)
    S+CAN’T HAVE BEEN+Ving. (CAN’T HAVE BEEN DOING)
    You’ve spent only 5 minutes doing your homework. You can’t have done it properly.
    (=I’m sure you didn’t it properly)
    They can’t have been driving on highway A5 because it’s closed for renovation.

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