Electronic Materials and Devices Crystallographic Planes

BECE201L
• Crystallographic planes are specified by 3 Miller
Module 1: Electrical and Thermal Indices (h k l). All parallel planes have same Miller
indices.

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conduction in Solids
Crystalline Materials
 Crystalline state
 Crystalline defects

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 Single Crystal Growth
 Czochralski Crystal Growth

Dr. K. Govardhan,

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School of Electronics Engineering,
VIT University

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MILLER PLANES
BE Go MILLER PLANES
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c c

b b

a a
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 MILLER PLANES MILLER PLANES

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c c

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b b

r
a a

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MILLER PLANES MILLER PLANES
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c c

b b

a a
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 MILLER PLANES Example-1

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Axis X Y Z
Intercept
points 1 ∞ ∞
c

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Reciprocals 1/1 1/ ∞ 1/ ∞
Smallest
Ratio 1 0 0
b Miller İndices (100)

r
(1,0,0)

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Crystallographic Planes
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Examples of Crystal Directions
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Example a b c c
1. Intercepts 1 1 
2. Reciprocals 1/1 1/1 1/
1 1 0
y
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3. Reduction 1 1 0
a b
4. Miller Indices (110) x
z
example a b c
1. Intercepts 1/2   c
2. Reciprocals 1/½ 1/ 1/
2 0 0
3. Reduction 2 0 0 y X=1,Y=0,Z=0 [1 0 0]
a b X = -1 , Y = -1 , Z = 0 [1 1 0]
4. Miller Indices (200)
x
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 Miller Indices Miller Indices
Miller indices of a direction
• Miller Indices are a symbolic vector representation for the represents only the orientation
orientation of an atomic plane in a crystal lattice & are defined of the line corresponding to
as the reciprocals of the fractional intercepts which the plane

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makes with the crystallographic axes.
the direction and not its
position or sense
• To find the Miller indices of a plane, take the following steps:

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1. Determine the intercepts of the plane along each of the three
crystallographic directions. [100]
2. Take the reciprocals of the intercepts.
3. If fractions result, multiply each by the denominator of the All parallel directions have the same
smallest fraction.

r
Miller indices

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Miller Indices of Directions (contd.)

For OA
BE Go Miller Indices
1. Intercepts 1a b c
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z 2. Reciprocals 1/1 1/ 1/
Q 1 0 0 [2,3,3] Plane intercepts axes at 3a , 2b , 2c
z 3. Miller Indices [1 0 0]
B 2 1 1 1
Reciprocal numbers are: , ,
3 2 2
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c
For OB b Indices of the plane (Miller): (2,3,3)
1. Intercepts 1/2a 1/2b 1c 2
c
y
2. Reciprocals 1/2 1/2 1 a Indices of the direction: [2,3,3]
0.5 0.5 1 3
O Z Z Z
3. Miller Indices [1 1 2]
A y
P For PQ
x a 1. Intercepts -1a -1b 1c
Y Y Y
x 2. Reciprocals -1 -1 1
_ _ X X X
3. Miller Indices [1 1 1] (200) (100) (110) (111) (100)

-ve steps are shown as bar over the number 71

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 Example-1 Example-2

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Axis X Y Z Axis X Y Z
Intercept Intercept
points 1 ∞ ∞ points 1 1 ∞

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Reciprocals 1/1 1/ ∞ 1/ ∞ Reciprocals 1/1 1/ 1 1/ ∞
Smallest Smallest
Ratio 1 0 0 Ratio 1 1 0
(0,1,0)
Miller İndices (100) Miller İndices (110)

r
(1,0,0) (1,0,0)

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Example-3
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• Planes that are crystallographically equivalent
have the same atomic packing.
Axis • Also, in cubic systems only, planes having the
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X Y Z
(0,0,1)
Intercept
points 1 1 1 same indices, regardless of order and sign, are
Reciprocals 1/1 1/ 1 1/ 1
equivalent.
Smallest
(0,1,0) Ratio 1 1 1 • Ex: {111}
_ _ _ ___ __ _ _ __
(1,0,0) Miller İndices (111) = (111), (111), (111), (111), (111), (111), (111), (111)

Ex: {100} = (100), (010), (001), (100), (010), (001)

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 Family of planes{110} Czochralski (CZ) Growth Process
Preparation of Silicon from EGS is done through Czochralski Process

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Czochralski (CZ) Growth Process

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=skRmyhSOu28

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 Czochralski (CZ) Growth Process Czochralski (CZ) Growth Process

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Silicon Ingot Images
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