farmacevtuli qimiis laboratoriuli

samuSaoebis saxelmZRvanelo

meore gamocema

Tbilisi 2010
b. WumburiZis redaqciiT
saxelmZRvanelo mowodebulia samedicino
universitetis farmaciis fakultetis
bakalavriatis da magistraturis
studentebisaTvis

s a x e lm Z R va n el o s Se d g e n aSi m o n awil eo b dn en : b . W u m b u r i Z e
m. jorjikia
l. kunWulia
T. CikvilaZe

recenzentebi: r. maxaraZe
j. kuWuxiZe

wigni aawyo: z. Wanturiam

n. niJaraZem

2
 winaTqma

farmacevtuli qimiis laboratoriuli (praqtikuli)

samuSaoebis saxelmZRvanelos mizans warmoadgens students
aaTvisebinos Teoriuli codna da praqtikuli Cvevebi samkur-
nalo saSualebaTa standartizaciis da xarisxis kontrolis
(analizis) sferoSi. farmaciis devizis _ wamali xarisxiani,
efeqturi da usafrTxo! _ ganxorcieleba gansakuTrebiT mkac-
rad ayenebs sakiTxs profilaqtikur (prevenciul) RonisZiebaTa
gatarebis Sesaxeb samkurnalo saSualebaTa warmoebis proc-
esSi. amJamad, farmacevtuli firmebis yuradReba gadatanilia
GMP-isa da ISO-s moTxovnaTa ganxorcielebisken imgvarad, rom
warmoebis procesSi prevenciul RonisZiebaTa gatarebiT uz-
runvelyofili iqnes mxolod maRali donis standartisadmi
Sesabamisi produqciis warmoeba. amitom, xarisxis kontroli
xorcieldeba teqnologiur etapebze (Sualeduri kontroli).
farmacevtul sawarmoSi mTavar funqcias asrulebs xarisxis
uzrunvelyofis, da ara rogorc winaT, xarisxis kontrolis
samsaxuri. aRniSnul RonisZiebaTa warmatebiT ganxorciebisaT-
vis aucilebelia farmacevt - analitikosTa maRalkvalifici-
uri kadrebi, romlebic floben samkurnalo saSualebaTa
standartizaciis, analizis principebs da meTodebs.
saxelmZRvaneloSi aRwerilia samkurnalo saSualebaTa
analizis Tanamedrove farmakopeuli meTodebi: fizikuri, qimi-
uri, fizikur-qimiuri; titriani xsnarebi, reaqtivebi, indika-
torebi, maTi momzadeba da gamoyeneba.
saxelmZRvaneloSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs far-
macevtuli substanciebis da farmacevtuli preparatebis
standartebis aRweras, substanciebis miRebisa da sinTezis me-
Todebs, wamalTa analizis laboratoriaSi muSaobis praqti-
kul Cvevebs da sxva.

3
 yovelive zemoTqmulidan cxadia, rom es saxelmZRvanelo
qmediT daxmarebas gauwevs ara mxolod bakalavriatis da mag-
istraturis studentebs, aramed saerTod, farmacevtul anal-
izSi momuSave specialistebs.

avtorebi kamayofilebis grZnobiT miiReben am sax-

elmZRvanelos mimarT gamoTqmul survilebsa da SeniSvnebs.

4
 farmakopeis statiebiT sargeblobis wesebi

temperatura. simkvrivisa da xsnadobis gansazRvrisas,

agreTve sxva SemTxvevaSi, rodesac temperaturas arsebiTi
miSvneloba aqvs, magram miTiTebuli ar aris statiaSi,
igulisxmeba 200 C.
`grili~ - gulisxmobs temperaturas 120C-150C, `Tbili~ -
400C - 500C, `cxeli~ - 800C – 900C, `oTaxis temperatura~ _ 180C
– 200C, `wylis abazanis~ temperaturad igulisxmeba 980 -1000 C.
gamxsnelebi. xsnaris mosamzadeblad, Tu gamxsneli ar
aris miTiTebuli, igulisxmeba wyali.
`wyali~ - Tu miTiTebuli ar aris, igulisxmeba gamoxdili
wyali.
`spirti~ - Tu gansakuTrebuli miTiTeba ar aris, igulisx-
meba eTilis spirti,
`eTeri~ - dieTilis eTeri.
samkurnalo preparatebSi spirtis gansazRvrisas, pro-
centSi igulisxmeba wona-moculobiTi procenti.
xsnarebi. rodesac miTiTebulia xsnaris koncetracia 1:10,
1:2 da a.S. igulisxmeba nivTierebis woniTi nawilis raodenoba
miTiTebul moculobaSi. mag. 1:10 xsnaris mosamzadeblad aRe-
bul unda iqnas nivTierebis 1g da gamxsneli, 10ml xsnaris
miRebamde.
igiveobis, siwmindis, xvedriTi brunvis, STanTqmis xve-
driTi maCveneblis da sxva gansazRvrisas koncentracia pro-
centebSi igulisxmeba wona-moculobiT.
molekuluri masa. farmakopeis statiebSi miTiTebuli
molekuluri masebi gamoTvlilia Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi
qimiis saerTaSoriso kavSiris (IUPAC) mier 1975 wels miRebul
fardobiTi atomur masaTa cxrilis mixedviT da dafuZnebulia
naxSirbadis Skalaze _ 12.

5
 Tu molekuluri masa 400-ze naklebia, mieTiTeba measedi
sizustiT da Tu 400-ze metia _ meaTedi sizustiT.
zusti wona. `zusti wona~ gulisxmobs analizur sas-
worze 0,0002g sizustiT awonvas. Tu `zusti wona~ ar mie-
TiTeba, wonaki aiReba 0,01g sizustiT.
mudmivi masa. termini `mudmivi masa~ gamoiyeneba gamoSro-
bisas an sulfaturi nacris gansazRvrisas da niSnavs, rom or
bolo awonvas Soris gansxvaveba ar aRemateba 0,0005g; ganmeore-
biT wonian 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi gamoSrobis an Sesabamisad,
gavarvarebis Semdeg.
suni. suns sazRvraven SefuTvis gaxsnisTanave. nivTierebis
1-2 g Tanabrad gaanawileben 6-8 sm diametris mqone saaTis mi-
naze da 2 wuTis Semdeg sazRvraven suns 4-6 sm manZilidan.
wveTmzomi. wveTebis dasaTvlelad gamoyenebul unda iq-
nes standartuli wveTmzomi, romelic 1 ml wylidan iZleva 20
wveTs 200 C temperaturaze.
Semcvelobis zRvrebi. Tu punqtSi `raodenobrivi gansaz-
Rvra~, individualuri nivTierebebisaTvis miTiTebuli ar aris
Semcvelobis zeda zRvari, igulisxmeba gansasazRvravi niv-
Tierebis ara umetes 100,5%.
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac nivTierebis Semcveloba gamois-
axeba mSral nivTierebaze gadaangariSebiT, igulisxmeba, rom
masis danakargi gamoSrobisas gansazRvrulia im meTodiT, ro-
melic aRwerilia Sesabamis kerZo statiaSi.
samkurnalo mcenareul nedleulSi moqmedi nivTierebis
gansazRvrisas angariSoben absoluturad mSral nivTierebaze.
sakontrolo cda. sakontrolo cdad igulisxmeba gan-
sazRvra, romelic tardeba imave raodenoba reaqtivebiT da
iseTive pirobebSi, rogorc ZiriTadi, magram sakvlevi nivTie-
rebis gareSe.

6
 standartuli nimuSebi

standartuli nimuSi – es Sesadari nivTierebaa, romli-

Tac sargebloben gamosakvlev samkurnalo saSualebaTa fizi-
kur-qimiuri da biologiuri meTodebiT analizis Catarebisas.
standartuli nimuSebi pirobiTad iyofa or jgufad: qimi-
uri da biologiuri. erTi da igive nimuSi, kerZo statiis Se-
sabamisad, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc fizikur-qimiuri,
agreTve biologiuri analizisaTvis.
standartuli nimuSebi sxvadasxva kategoriisaa: saerTa-
Soriso standarti, saxelmwifo, samuSao da standart-nivTie-
reba-mowme.
standartuli nivTierebis gamoSvebas axorcieleben farma-
kopeis statiis Sesabamisad. nimuSebs adgenen saTanado farma-
cevtuli sawarmoebi, ganixileba da Tanxmdeba samkurnalo sa-
SualebaTa standartizaciisa da xarisxis kontrolis saxelm-
wofo institutTan da farmakopeis komitetTan. saxelmwifo
standartuli nimuSebis etiketze unda mieTiTos misi aqtivoba
an substanciis procentuli Semadgenloba.
samuSao standartul nimuSad gamoyenebulia samkurnalo
saSualebaTa seriuli nimuSebi, romlebic unda Seesabamebodes
saxelmwifo standarts. biologiuri SefasebisaTvis gamoyene-
buli standartuli nimuSebis atestacia xdeba standartiza-
ciisa da xarisxis kontrolis saxelmwifo institutSi.
standartuli nimuSebi, mowme-nivTiereba gamoyenebulia
samkurnalo saSualebaTa identifikaciisaTvis, siwmindis gan-
sazRvrisa da komponentebis Semcvelobis dadgenisaTvis. am
mizniT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT saxelmwifo standartebi da cxa-
dia, saerTaSoriso standartebi.
saxelmwifo standartuli nimuSebis normatiul-teqnikuri
dokumentebi unda Seesabamebodes jandacvis msoflio organi-
zaciis saerTaSoriso standartebs.
7
 es statia ar vrceldeba samedicino imunobiologiur pre-
paratebze da agreTve radiofarmacevtuli preparatebis stan-
dartul nimuSebze.

gamzomi WurWlebi

farmakopeuli kvlevebis dros siTxeTa moculobis gasa-

zomad gamoiyeneba minis WurWlebi: gamzomi kolbebi, gamzomi
cilindrebi, biuretebi da pipetebi.
gamzom WurWlebs akalibreben siTxiT Sevsebis mixedviT
(kolbebi) an siTxisagan daclis mixedviT (pipetebi, biuretebi,
cilindrebi). pirvel SemTxevavaSi WurWelSi unda moTavsdes
siTxis nominaluri moculoba e.i. imdeni mililitri, ramdenic
miTiTebulia mis markaze, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – gadmosx-
misas unda gadmovides siTxis nominaluri moculoba.

pipetebis da biuretebis Sevseba da dacla

pipetebi gamoyenebulia siTxis gadasatanad erTi

WurWlidan meoreSi. pipets marjvena mxares xelis sami TiTiT
iWeren zeda nawilSi. qveda bolos uSveben xsnarSi da SewoviT
avseben siTxiT ise, rom siTxe Wdes acdes daaxloebiT 1 sm-iT.
zeda bolos swrafad odnav sveli saCvenebeli TiTiT xuraven.
amis Semdeg savse pipets xsnaridan iReben, xolo misi bolo
WurWelSi unda darCes, Tvals Wdes gausworeben, saCvenebeli
TiTis daWeras ise Seasusteben, rom siTxe pipetidan wveT-
wveTobiT gamodiodes. rodesac siTxis meniski Wdes
gauswordeba, TiTs magrad daaWeren, pipets vertikalur
mdgomareobaSi gadaitanen meore WurWelSi, ise, rom pipetis
wveri WurWlis SigniTa kedels exebodes. pipetis bolodan
TiTs aweven da siTxes uSveben. daaxloebiT naxevari wuTi

8
pipets toveben am mdgomareobaSi. dauSvebelia pipetis Caberva
wverSi darCenili siTxis CamosaSvebad.
biuretebi. biuretebi gamoiyeneba xsnaris moculobis
zusti gazomvisaTvis. biuretebs siTxiT avseben zevidan Zabris
gamoyenebiT (Zabri ise unda moTavsdes biuretSi, rom haeri
Tavisuflad gamovides). siTxes biuretSi uSveben, ise rom
Seivsos minis onkani da biuretis wveri siTxiT (biuretebi
minis onkaniT) an biuretis wveri da rezinis mili (biureti
damWeriT). biuretis wveridan haeris buStukebis gamosadevnad,
biuretis wvers Camoacmeven rezinis mils, xsnian onkans da
frTxilad gadadenian haeris buStukebs biuretSi. Semdeg
onkans an momWers daketaven, biurets siTxiT Seavseben Wdeze
maRla, Zabrs aaclian da biuretidan uSveben siTxes zustad
Wdemde – nulovan danayofamde.
biuretSi siTxis gazomva yovelTvis xdeba nulidan, aseve
dakalibrebac nulovani danayofidan unda moxdes. e.i. 0-dan 10
ml-mde; 0-dan 20 ml-mde da a.S. 0-dan 50 ml-mde.
gansazRvris dros xsnari swrafad ar unda CamovuSvaT,
radgan xsnari SeiZleba darCes biuretis kedlebze da aTvlis
dros Camoedinos, amitom anaTvali zusti ar iqneba. amis
Tavidan asacleblad aTvla unda moxdes xsnaris CamoSvebidan
1-2 wuTis Semdeg. aTvlis dros Tvali xsnaris meniskis doneze
unda iyos. gamWvirvale xsnarebis gamoyenebis dros aTvla
qveda meniskis mixedviT xdeba, xolo aragamWvirvale da muqi
xsnarebis gamoyenebisas aTvla xdeba zeda meniskidan. minis
onkanebs unda waesvas Txlad vazelini an cvilisa da
lanolinis nalRobi.
tuteTa xsnarebi unda moTavsdes momWerian biuretebSi,
radgan minis onkanian biuretSi maTi Senaxvisas xdeba onkanis
`SeWma~.

9
 imisaTvis, rom xsnarebi ar gaWuWyiandes mtvriT an ar
moxdes maTi aorTqleba, biuretebs sinjariT xuraven.
biuretebi tutiani xsnarebiT unda iyos mWidrod daxuruli
(haeridan naxSirorJangis STanTqmis Tavidan asacileblad)
natriumis hidroqsidiani miliT.

gamzomi WurWlis dakalibreba

tevadobis erTeulad miRebulia WeSmariti litri, e.i.

moculoba, romelsac ikavebs 1 kg wylis masa 3,98 C0
temperaturaze da normalur barometrul wnevaze (760 mm.
vercxliwylis svet), 1 litri tolia 1000,028 sm3.
praqtikaSi gamzomi WurWlis dakalibrebisa da
SemowmebisaTvis gamoyenebulia cxrilebi, romelic uCvenebs,
Tu gansazRvruli temperaturis ra raodenobis wyali unda
aiwonos haerze igive temperaturaze, rom misi moculoba 200-ze
1 l-s Seesabamebodes.

1 l wylis wona haerze sxvadasxva temperaturis dros

Sesworeba ba-
wylisa da haeris 1 l wylis wona
rometrul
temperatura 0C g-Si
wnevaze
9 998,437 0,00144
10 998,386 0,00144
11 998,315 0,00144
12 998,234 0,00143
13 998,143 0,00143
14 998,042 0,00142
15 997,925 0,00142
16 997,798 0,00141
17 997,659 0,00141
18 997,510 0,00140

10
 19 997,349 0,00140
20 997,177 0,00140
21 996,995 0,00139
22 996,802 0,00139
23 996,599 0,00138
24 996,386 0,00138
25 996,164 0,00137
26 995,930 0,00137
27 995,689 0,00136
28 995,438 0,00136
29 995,177 0,00136
30 994,908 0,00135
31 994,630 0,00135
32 994,343 0,00134
33 994,048 0,00134
34 993,744 0,00133
35 993,433 0,00133
cxrili gaTvaliswinebulia normalur barometrul
wnevaze (760 mm. vercxl. wy. svet.) da wylisa da garemomcveli
haeris erTi da igive temperaturaze.
Tu barometruli wneva normalurze dabalia, maSin Ti-
Toeul milimetr sxvaobaze umateben Sesworebas, romelic mo-
cemulia cxrilSi, xolo Tu barometruli wneva normalurze
maRalia, maSin piriqiT, akleben.

gamzomi kolbis dakalibreba

kargad garecxil, mSral kolbs wonian analizur sas-

worze da Seavseben wyliT Wdemde ise, rom siTxis qveda me-
niski iyos Wdis doneze. kolbis yels Signidan aSroben fil-
tris qaRaldiT, zedmeti wylis wveTis mosacileblad. kolbs
wyliT wonian da masSi arsebuli wylis wonis dasadgenad

11
kolbis wylian wonas adgenen, akleben carieli kolbis wonas.
sxvaobis mixedviT adgenen wylis masas, xolo wylis tempera-
turas sazRvraven TermometriT. mocemuli monacemebiT adgenen
simkvrives da gamoTvlian kolbis faqtiur tevadobas formu-
liT:
m
Vfaqt =
PHt 2O
sadac m – wylis masaa kolbis moculobaSi, g-Si;
PHt 2O _ wylis simkvrive mocemul temperaturaze g/sm3-Si;

biuretebis dakalibreba

biuretis sizustis Sesamowmeblad wonian wyals, romelic

CamoSvebulia nulidan sxvadasxva danayofamde, magaliTad 0-
dan 50-mde, 0-dan 20-mde, 0-dan 10-mde da a.S. simkvrivis mixedviT
ki angariSoben TiToeuli ubnis faqtiur tevadobas. cdas
imeoreben samjer. gamosaangariSeblad iReben saSualo ariT-
metikuls sami wonakidan. faqtiur tevadobas ki sazRvraven
formuliT.

pipetis dakalibreba

pipetis dakalibrebisaTvis pipets Seavseben wyliT Wdemde,

Semdeg ki wyals gadmoasxamen winaswar awonil mSral biuqsSi
da wonian analizur sasworze. wylis masas pipetis moculo-
baSi sazRvraven sxvaobiT wyliani biuqsis wonasa da carieli
biuqsis wonas Soris. cdas imeoreben samjer, angariSoben
wylis saSualo wonas. cdomileba or wonaks Soris ±0,005 g-s
ar unda aRematebodes. pipetis faqtiur moculobas ga-

12
moiTvlian wylis saSualo masis simkvriveze gayofiT mocemul
temperaturaze.

gamzomi WurWlis gasufTaveba

gamzom WurWlebs recxaven sapniani wyliT, tutisa da

mJavas spirtiani xsnariT, Semdeg ki gamoxdili wyliT. karg
Sedegs iZleva kaliumis an natriumis biqromatis 10% xsnari
koncentrirebul gogirdmJavaSi. WurWels avseben am xsnariT,
ayovneben 20-30 wuTiT, Semdeg aTavisufleben siTxisagan da
recxaven jer Cveulebrivi, Semdeg ki gamoxdili wyliT. zog-
jer ki WurWelSi yrian qaRaldis patara naWrebs, asxamen
wyals da anjRreven, Semdeg ki gamorecxaven sodiT an sapniani
cxeli xsnariT da bolos wyliT. sufTa WurWlidan siTxe Ta-
nabrad unda gamodiodes ise, rom WurWlis kedlebze ar unda
rCebodes wveTebi.

samkurnalo saSualebaTa saanalizo

nimuSebis aReba (SerCeva)

samkurnalo saSualebaTa xarisxis Sesaxeb daskvna keT-

deba nimuSebis analizis safuZvelze, romlebic SerCeulia qve-
moT moyvanil moTxovnaTa (wesebi) Sesabamisad, Tu ar aris spe-
cialuri miTiTebani kerZo statiaSi.
sinjebs iReben samkurnalo saSualebaTa calkeuli serie-
bidan (partiidan).
SefuTvas (yuTi, baloni, boTli, kolofi da sxva) gareg-
nulad amowmeben normatiul-teqnikuri dokumentebis Sesabami-
sobaze.
nimuSebs iReben mxolod im wamlebidan, romelTac ar
aqvT dazianebuli SefuTva.

13
 nimuSebis aRebis dros aucilebelia sifrTxile da
yuradReba, unda gaviTvaliswinoT samkurnalo saSualebaTa
toqsikuroba, feTqebadoba, aalebadoba, higroskopuloba da
sxva Tvisebebi, agreTve unda davicvaT sanitarul-higienuri pi-
robebi.
Sxamebis da narkotikebis nimuSebis aRebis dros saWiroa
vixelmZRvaneloT saqarTvelos jandacvis saministros sa-
Tanado brZanebebiT, instruqciebiT da debulebebiT, agreTve
samkurnalo saSualebaTa kerZo statiebiT.
samkurnalo saSualebaTa normatiul-teqnikuri dokumente-
bisadmi Sesabamisobis gamokvlevebis Casatareblad axdenen ni-
muSebis mravalsafexurian arCevas (SerCevas).
nimuSebis mravalsafexuriani arCevisas (SerCevisas) qmnian
safexurebriv sistemas da TiToeuli safexuridan produqts
iReben wina safexuridan momdevnoze SemTxveviT proporciuli
odenobiT.
safexurebis ricxvi ganisazRvreba SefuTvis saxeobiT.
I safexuri: SefuTuli taris erTeulebis SerCeva (yuTebi,
kolofebi, tomrebi da sxva);
II safexuri: SefuTvis erTeulis SerCeva, romlebic mo-
Tavsebulia SefuTul taraSi (kolofebi, flakonebi, qilebi da
sxva).
III safexuri: pirvelad SefuTvaSi myofi produqciis ni-
muSebis aReba (ampula, flakoni, tubebi, tabletebi da sxva.)
TiToeul safexurze asaRebi produqciis raodenobas an-
gariSoben formuliT
0,4 n ,
sadac n – SefuTvis erTeuli raodenobaa, mocemuli sa-
fexuris erTi seriisaTvis (partia).

14
 gamoTvlis Sedegad miRebul wiladur cifrs amrgvaleben
metobiT mTel ricxvamde, es cifri unda iyos ara nakleb 3 da
ara umetes 30.
Tu SefuTvaTa raodenoba arasakmarisia analizebis Casa-
tareblad, ganmeorebiT iReben SefuTvaTa erTeulebs, rogorc
es naCvenebia zemoT.
ukanasknel safexurze aRebuli SefuTvebis erTeulebi ga-
regani daTvalierebiT gakontrolebis Semdeg igzavneba norma-
tiul-teqnikuri dokumentebisadmi Sesabamisobis gamokvlevaze.
saanalizo obieqtebis raodenoba, romelic aiReba laborato-
riis mier (an gaegzavneba mas), sakmarisi unda iyos 4 sruli
analizisaTvis (normatiuli dokumentis Sesabamisad), xolo ma-
kontrolebeli organizaciisaTvis – 6 sruli analizisaTvis.
sterilobaze, pirogenobaze, toqsikurobaze, histaminuri
nivTierebis Semcvelobaze kontrolisaTvis, sinjis aRebis we-
sebi miTiTebulia farmakopeis zogad statiaSi.
SerCeul nimuSebs fuTaven da inaxaven normatiul-teqni-
kuri dokumentebis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad.

samkurnalo saSualebaTa nimuSebis aReba (SerCeva)

SefuTvaSi `angro~

samkurnalo saSualebis nimuSi dafasoebidan `angro~

unda warmoadgendes gaerTianebul wertilovan nimuSs, aRe-
buls Tanabari odenobiT.
wertilovani nimuSebis aReba xdeba TiToeuli SefuTvis
zeda, Sua da qveda fenebidan. daTvalierebiT unda davrwmun-
deT wertilovani nimuSebis erTgvarovnebaSi da Semdeg Se-
vurioT isini.
calkeuli wertilovani nimuSebiT unda visargebloT,
rodesac vamowmebT blant da heterogenul preparatebs.

15
 fxvier da blant nivTierebaTa wertilovani nimuSebis
asaRebad sargebloben nimuSis asaRebi xelsawyoTi, romelic
inertuli masalisagan unda iyos damzadebuli.
Txevadi samkurnalo saSualebis nimuSis aRebamde is wi-
naswar kargad unda SevurioT. wertilovan nimuSebs iReben
wvrili milebiT, romelic neitraluri masalisganaa damzade-
buli.
Tu siTxis Sereva gaZnelebulia (didi tevadobebi), wer-
tilovan nimuSebs iReben sxvadasxva fenidan.

mza samkurnalo saSualebebis nimuSis aReba

mza samkurnalo saSualebebis nimuSebis aReba unda

moxdes ise, rom ar dairRves qarxnis SefuTva. sainieqcio mza
samkurnalo saSualebaTa nimuSebis aReba xdeba jandacvis sa-
ministros mier damtkicebuli dokumentebis Sesabamisad.
aerozolebis da azotis qveJangis nimuSebis aReba xdeba
kerZo statiebis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad.
SeniSvna: s e r i a (partia) – erTi dasaxelebis produqciis
odenoba, romelic warmoebulia erT teqnologiur ciklSi.
seriis (partiis) xarisxi dadasturebuli unda iyos erTi do-
kumentiT (serTifikatiT).
w e r t i l o v a n i n i m u S i – daufasoebeli (ara sacalo)
produqcia aRebuli erT momentSi.

farmacevtuli qimiis laboratoriaSi

usafrTxo muSaobis wesebi

farmacevtul qimiaSi praqtikuli mecadineoba unda

tardebodes specialurad mowyobil laboratoriaSi. stu-
dentma kargad unda icodes yvela is elementaruli sakiTxi,
romelic dakavSirebulia farmacevtuli analizis specifikas-
16
Tan, icnobdes usafrTxoebis teqnikasa da saWiro SemTxvevaSi
SeeZlos pirveli daxmarebis gaweva.
farmacevtuli qimiis laboratoriaSi momuSave studenti
aucileblad unda icavdes Semdeg wesebs:
1. pedagogis mier miTiTebuli saxelmZRvaneloebis mixed-
viT winaswar daamuSaos gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli laborato-
riuli samuSao da masTan dakavSirebuli Teoriuli sakiTxebi;
2. praqtikul mecadineobaze mivides xalaTiT;
3. mecadineobis dawyebisas CaTvalos Teoriuli kursidan
is masala, romelic exeba praqtikuli muSaobis Temas, miiRos
praqtikuli samuSao da Caataros analizi damoukideblad;
4. iqonios samuSao rveuli, romeliSic Caiwers analizis
msvlelobas Sesabamisi qimiuri reaqciebiT, kvlevis Sedegebs,
gaakeTebs daskvnebs;
5. muSaobis dawyebis win darwmundes WurWlis, gamoxdili
wylis, reaqtivebis, gamxsnelis sisufTavis kvalifikaciasa da
standartulobaSi.
6. samuSao adgilas daicvas sisufTave, iqonios saWiro
WurWeli da reaqtivebi.
ar SeiZleba tansacmlis, CanTis an sxva zedmeti nivTebis
dawyoba samuSao magidaze.
7. sareaqtivo WurWeli xmarebisTanave dadgas Taroze,
misTvis gankuTvnil adgilas.
8. muSaobis damTavrebisTanave garecxos naxmari WirWeli,
wesrigSi moiyvanos samuSao magida da Caabaros laborants.
9. samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg gaaformos Catarebuli
analizis oqmi an dRiuri da CaTvalos pedagogTan;
10. dauSvebelia sareaqtivo WurWlidan pipetiT amowova;
11. dauSvebelia Warbad aRebuli reaqtivis ukanve
Cabruneba reaqtivian SuSaSi;

17
 12. dauSvebelia WurWlis namsxvrevebis an qaRaldis
naglejebis Cayra wyalsadenis niJaraSi;
13. dauSvebelia reaqtivis an saanalizo obieqtis gemos
gasinjva, momwamvleli airebis SesunTqva. sunis gasagebad, Wur-
Wels, romelSic moTavsebulia aqroladi nivTiereba, moxsnian
sacobs, WurWlis xelTan aamoZraveben xels ise, rom haers
aZleven mimarTulebas mkvlevaris cxvirisken. SesunTqva unda
xdebodes frTxilad da zereled, rac naklebad saxifaToa.
14. cdebi, romlis dros gamoiyofa Sxamiani airebi (azo-
tis Jangeulebi, gogirdwyalbadi da sxva), unda tardebodes
amwov karadaSi;
15. Sxamian, toqsikur, cecxlsaSiS da feTqebad nivTiere-
bebTan, agreTve koncentrirebul mJavebTan da tuteebTan
muSaoba unda warmoebdes amwov karadaSi, saTanado wesebis
dacviT. amwovi karadis fanjara unda aiwios muSaobisaTvis
mosaxerxebel doneze, magram ara umetes 1/3-ze. ar SeiZleba am-
wov karadaSi Tavis Seyofa;
16. koncentrirebuli gogirdmJava, qlorwyalbadmJava,
ZmarmJava, 25%-iani amoniumis hidroJangi unda ganTavsdes amwov
karadaSi maTTvis gankuTvnil adgilas;
17. organuli gamxsnelebi (spirti, acetoni, qloroformi,
heqsani, eTilacetati da sxva) aqroladi da aalebadi nivTiere-
bebi, fenoli, bromiani wyali unda inaxebodes amwovi karadis
qveda, daxurul ganyofilebaSi;
18. magidaze daRvrili siTxe unda gaiwmindos dauyovne-
bliv, laborantis konsultaciis Sesabamisad. magidis CvriT ar
SeiZleba xelebis an WurWlis gawmenda;
19. saWiroa sifrTxile koncetrirebul mJavebTan muSao-
bisas, gansakuTrebiT maTi gacxelebis dros;
20. koncentrirebuli gogirdmJavis wyliT ganzavebisaTvis,
mJavis saWiro raodenobas mcire ulufebiT asxamen wyalSi da

18
frTxilad ureven. yoveli axali ulufis dasxmamde siTxes
acdian gacivebas. umjobesia kolba Caidgas civ wyalSi;
21. koncentrirebuli gogirdmJavisa da azotmJavis narevis
momzadebis dros, azotmJavas asxamen gogirdmJavaSi mcire
ulufobiT (acdian gacivebas).
22. nivTierebebis Sereva koncentrirebul mJavasTan ar
unda xdebodes daxril sinjaraSi, xolo gacxelebisas sin-
jaris piri ise unda iyos mimarTuli, rom siTxis Sxefi aravis
moxvdes da ar daazianos;
23. mJavaTa xsnarebis niJaraSi Casxmis Semdeg, saWiroa ni-
Jara Cairecxos didi raodenoba wyliT;
24. koncentrirebuli mJaviT gamowveul sidamwvreze, saWi-
roa davasxaT didi raodenobis wyali, Semdeg movbanoT natri-
umis hidrokarbonatis xsnariT, wavusvaT malamo da Tu saWi-
roa, dazaralebuli gavgzavnoT eqimTan;
25. mJaviT Tvalis dazianebisas, dauyovnebliv mivmarToT
eqims;
26. SemTxveviT, mJavis xsnaris peroraluri miRebisas,
dazaralebuls unda mieces magniumis oqsidis suspenzia, dauS-
vebelia am dros natriumis hidrokarbonatis xsnaris miReba,
vinaidan reaqciis Sedegad gamoyofili naxSirorJangi gazrdis
wnevas nawlavebSi da xels Seuwyobs perforacias.
27. mwvave tuteebis kanze moxvedrisas saWiroa
dazianebuli adgilis mobanva wyliT, vidre aRniSnuli
adgili, TiTiT Sexebisas, ar Sewyvets srials.
28. tuCze tutis koncetrirebuli xsnaris moxvedrisas
(rac xdeba xolme zogjer pipetiT tutis xsnaris amowovisas),
saWiroa tuCis mobanva wyliT, Semdeg limonmJavis an ZmarmJavis
2%-iani xsnariT;
29. tutis xsnaris SemTxveviT Caylapvisas saWiroa
dazaralebulma miiRos limonmJavas 2%-iani xsnari an limoni;

19
 30. amoniumis hidroqsidis koncentrirebuli xsnaris kanze
moxvedrisas saWiaroa dazianebuli adgilis mobanva ZmarmJavis
an limonmJavis ganzavebuli xsnariT;
31. magidaze an iatakze SemTxveviT daRvrili amiakis
xsnari unda moiwmindos ganzavebul gogirdmJavaSi an
ZmarmJavaSi dasvelebuli CvriT da Semdeg moirecxos wyliT;
32. eTilis eTerze muSaobisas WurWeli, romelSic eTeris
Semcvleli siTxea, movaciloT Ria cecxls. eTeriani ga-
monawvlilis aorTqleba unda xdebodes amwov karadaSi;
33. eTeris asaorTqleblad faifuris fiala an kolba
unda daidgas Tbili wylis abazanaze da ara quraze. wylis
abazanac ar unda idges cxel quraze, Tundac eleqtroqseli-
dan gamoTiSulze, radgan eTeris orTqli haerze mZimea da
WurWlidan gadmosvlisas qveviT eSveba, cxeli qura ki mis
afeTqebas gamoiwvevs;
34. fialaSi an sinjaraSi eTeri Tu qroldeba da aris
saSiSroeba aalebis an afeTqebisa, eTerian WurWels swrafad
unda davaxuroT minis naWeri, faifuris an xis xufi, an raime
sagani, riTac als CavaqrobT;
35. eTeriT gaCenili xanZari CavaqroT mSrali qviSiT an
cecxlmaqrobi saSualebiT. xanZris Caqrobis saukeTeso saSu-
alebaa mSrali natriumis hidrokarbonati, romelic gacx-
elebisas gamoyofs naxSirorJangs. Caqroba wyliT maSin
SeiZleba, Tu cecxli xis nawilebs moedo;
36. Tu xanZari gaCnda samuSao magidaze, saswrafod
movaSoroT aalebadi da feTqebadi nivTierebebi, CavaqroT
naTurebi, gamovrToT eleqtroxelsawyoebi;
37. aalebis Sedegad kanis dawvis SemTxvevaSi, damwvari
adgili movbanoT eTilis spirtiT an wyliT, Semdg davafinoT
kaliumis permanganatis 5-10%-ian an taninis xsnarSi dasvele-
buli bamba, Semdeg ki wavusvaT malamo;

20
 38. qloroformis gamoxda an aorTqleba aucileblad
unda moxdes amwov karadSi, radgan gaxurebiTa da haeris Jang-
badis zegavleniT warmoiqmneba mxuTavi momwamvleli niv-
Tiereba – fosgeni;
39. bromiT an fenoliT dazianebuli kani swrafad unda
iqnas mobanili didi raodenobiT organuli gamxsneliT
(eTilis spirtiT) Semdeg waesvas glicerini an damwvrobis saw-
inaaRmdego malamo;
40. laboratoriaSi muSaobisas aucilebelia eleqtroxel-
sawyoebis eqspluataciis wesebis mkacri dacva;

sazomi erTeulebi da Semoklebani, romlebic ga-

moyenebulia farmakopeaSi

mocemuli sazomi erTeulebis saxelwodebani da sim-

boloebi Seesabameba saerTaSorisos:
giga (g) 109 masis erTeulebi
mega (m) 106 kg _ kilogrami
kilo (k) 103 g – grami
heqto (h) 102 mg – miligrami
deci (d) 10-1 mkg – mikrogrami
santi (s) 10-2 ng _ nanogrami
mili (m) 10-3
mikro (mk) 10-6
nano (n) 10-9
piko (p) 10-12

sigrZis erTeulebi drois erTeulebi

m – metri dR – dRe-Rame
sm – santimetri sT – saaTi
mm – milimetri wT – wuTi
mkm – mikrometri s (wm) – sekundi (wami)

21
nm _ nanometri ms – milisekundi
mks – mikrosekundi

moculobis erTeulebi wnevis erTeulebi

l – litri 1000 sm3 kpa – kilopaskali
ml – mililitri 1 sm3 pa – paskali
mkl – mikrolitri 0,001sm3 mm vw. sv – milimetri
vercxliswylis sveti
≈ 133 pa

temperaturis erTeulebi eleqtronuli denis

Zalis erTeulebi
K _ kelvini A _ amperi
0
C celsiusis gradusi mA _ miliamperi
nA _ nanoamperi

eleqtronuli potencialis elelqtronuli wi-

erTeulebi naRobis erTeulebi
V _ volti Om _ omi
mV – milivolti

radioaqtivobis erTeulebi
gbk – gigabekereli = 27,03 mki
mbk – megabekereli = 27,03 mkki
bk – bekereli = 27,03 nki
ki – kiuri = 37 gbk
mki – milikiuri = 37 mbk
mkki – mikrokiuri = 38 kbk
m.m. _ molekuluri masa

22
 analizis fizikuri meTodebi

lRobis temperaturis gansazRvra

nivTierebis lRobis temperaturad igulisxmeba tempera-

turis intervali lRobis dawyebasa (siTxis pirveli wveTis
warmoqmna) da dasasruls (nivTierebis mTlianad Txevad mdgo-
mareobaSi gadasvla) -Soris.
farmakopeis kerZo statiebSi miTiTebuli lRobis tem-
peraturis intervalebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom mocemuli niv-
Tierebis lRobis temperatura unda iyos aRniSnul zRvrebSi,
amasTan, lRobis dasawyissa da dasasruls Soris intervali
ar unda aRematebodes 20C. aRniSnuli wesidan calkeuli gad-
axrebi aRniSnuli unda iyos kerZo statiebSi.
Tu calkeuli nivTierebis lRobis dasawyisi an dasas-
ruli mkveTri ar aris, lRobis temperaturis intervalis
nacvlad SeiZleba ganisazRvros lRobis mxolod dasawyisi an
dasasruli. maSin, kerZo statiaSi lRobis temperaturis inter-
vali miuTiTebs imaze, rom lRobis dasawyisi (an dasasruli)
unda iyos zeda zRvarSi.
gacxelebis mimarT aramdgradi nivTierebebiaTvis saz-
Rvraven daSlis temperaturas. daSlis temperatura aris tem-
peratura, romelzec xdeba nivTierebis mkveTri cvlileba
(aqafeba).
nivTierebis fizikuri Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
lRobis temparaturas sazRvraven erT-erTi qvemoT aRwerili
meTodiT.
meTodebi 1 da 1a. – myari nivTierebebisaTvis, romlebic
advilad iqcevian fxvnilad: Termomdgradi (meTodi 1), um-
dgradi (meTodi 1a).

23
 meTodebi 2 da 3. – myari nivTierebebisaTvis, romlebic
mosresviT fxvnilad ar gadaiqceva – rogoricaa cximebi,
cvili, parafini, vazelini, fisebi.
1, 1a da2 meTodebiT lRobis temperaturis gansazRvra
dasaSvebia ori xelsawyoTi.
`lRobis temperaturis ganmsazRvravi~ xelsawyo 20-
dan 2300 C diapazonis farglebSi – eleqtrogamacxelebliT.
xelsawyo Sedgeba Semdegi nawilebisagan:
1. sadgami, samarTavi farTiT da nomograma;
2. minis bloki – gamacxelebeli, romlis gacxeleba xdeba
bifilarulad daxveuli konstantanis mavTuliT;
3. optikuri nawili;
4. Termometrebis dasamagrebeli;
5. kapilarebis dasamagrebeli;
6. damoklebuli Termometri 0,50 C danayofebiT;
7. siTbos wyaro (eleqtrogamacxelebeli);
8. kapilarebi;

meore xelsawyo Sedgeba Semdegi nawilebisagan:

1. mrgvalZiriani kolbi Termomdgradi minisagan 100-dan

150 ml Camteobis; kolbis yelis sigrZe 20 sm; yelis dia-
metri 3-dan 4 sm-mde;
2. sinjara Termomdgradi minisagan, romelic Cadgmulia
kolbSi da fskeridan dacilebulia 1 sm-iT; sinjaris
diametri 2-dan 2,5 sm-mde;
3. minis sindiyiani Termometri;
4. siTbos wyaro (gazis sanaTuri, eleqtrogamacxelebeli);
5. kapilarebi;

24
 lRobis temperaturis
gansasazRvravi xelsawyo

kolbis 3/4-s Seavseben Sesabamisi siTxiT;

1. vazelinis zeTi an Txevadi silikonebi;
2. koncentrirebuli gogirdmJava – nivTierebisaTvis,
romelTa lRobis temperatura 80-dan 2600 C farglebSia;
3. xsnari, romelic Sedgeba 3 nawili kaliumis sulfatis
da 7 nawili (masuri) koncentrirebuli gogirdmJavisagan
– nivTierebebisaTvis, romelTa lRobis temparatura
2600 C – ze metia.
4. gamoxdili wyali – nivTierebebisaTvis, romelTa
lRobis temperatura 80 C-ze naklebia;
0

SeniSvna:
1. minis milebi, romliTac amzadeben kapilarebs, unda
iyos garecxili da gamSrali. kapilarebs inaxaven eqsikatorSi;
2. kaliumis sulfatis gogirdmJaviani xsnaris
mosamzadeblad ingredientTa narevs aduReben 5 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi da Tan energiuload ureven. arasakmarisi
Serevisas SeiZleba warmoiqmnas ori Sre, rac gamoiwvevs
narevis SelRobas da afeTqebas.
3. lRobis temperaturis gansazRvrisas kolba da sinjara
uda iyos TavRia.

25
 gansazRvris meTodi, meTodi 1 da 1a. Tu kerZo statiebSi
ar aris sxva miTiTebebi, kargad dawvrilmanebul nivTierebas
aSroben 100-dan 1050 C -mde 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi an ayovneben
gogirdmJavian eqsikatorSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. yvela
gansxvavebuli piroba miTiTebuli unda iyos kerZo statiebSi.
gamomSral nivTierebas aTavseben kapilarSi, romelsac aqvs 0,9-
dan 1 mm-mde diametri, kedlis sisqe 0,1-dan 0,15 mm-mde da erTi
bolo SeduRebulia.
`lRobis temperaturis gansasazRvrav~ xelsawyoSi
galRobisas kapilaris sigrZe unda iyos 20 sm, meore
xelsawyos SemTxvevaSi – 6-dan 8 sm-mde. nivTierebis kargad
Casatumbad, kapilaris ramdenjerme Caagdeben ara umcires 50 sm
sigrZis mqone minis milSi, romelic minaze vertikalurad aris
damagrebuli.
nivTierebis fenis simaRle kapilarSi unda iyos
daaxloebiT 3 mm. kapilars nivTierebiT gansazRvris dawyebamde
inaxaven eqsikatorSi.
meore xelsawyos Sida sinjaraSi aTavseben Teromometrs
ise, rom misi bolo sinjaris fskeridan dacilebuli iyos 1
sm-iT.
orive xelsawyoSi Tavidan gacxelebas axdenen swrafad,
Semdeg ki aregulireben ise, rom lRobis dawyebamde 100 C -iT
qveviT temperaturis awevis siCqare iyos dabali.
lRobis savaraudo temperaturis 100C-iT dabla,
kapilariT sakvlevi nivTiereba SeaqvT xelsawyoSi (pirvelSi
an meoreSi) ise, rom misi mirCiluli bolo moTavsdes
Termometris vercxliswylis burTulis Sua nawilSi.
gacxelebas agrZeleben siCqariT:
_ nivTierebebisaTvis, romelic lRveba 1 meTodiT da
lRobis temperatura 1000 C naklebia – 0,5-dan 10 C-mde 1 wuTSi;
Tu lRobis temperatura 100-dan 1500 C -mdea _ 1 dan 1,50 C –

26
wT. Tu lRobis temperatura 1500 C zeviTaa – 1,5-2 0 C /wT.
nivTierebebisaTvis, romlebic lRveba 1a meTodiT – 2,5-dan 3,50
C /wT.
gansazRvras axdenen ara umcires orjer; lRobis
temperaturad miiCneven erTnair pirobebSi Catarebuli
ramdenime gansazRvris (romlebic erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdebian ara umetes 10C-iT) saSualo ariTmetikuls.
Tu sxvadasxva xelsawyoze lRobis temperaturis
sxvadasxva maCveneblebi miiReba, kerZo statiaSi aRniSnuli
unda iyos lRobis temperaturis maCveneblebi sxvadasxva
xelsawyosaTvis.
meTodi 2. a) rbili nivTierebisaTvis: pirveli xelsawyos
gamoyenebisas – 20 sm sigrZis kapilars da meore xelsawyos
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi 6-dan 8 sm sigrZis da 1-dan 2 mm-mde
Sida diametris mqone kapilars, romelTa orive bolo Riaa,
Cayursaven sakvlev nivTierebaSi ise, rom gaivsos kapilaris
qveda nawili da warmoiqmnas daaxloebiT 10 sm simaRlis fena.
b) myari nivTierebebisaTvis: sakvlev nivTierebas alRoben
abazanaze, rac SeiZleba dabal temperaturaze, kargad
Seureven, aTavseben kapilarSi (ix. meTodi 2a) da toveben 00C
temperaturaze 1-2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
Sevsebuli kapilariT gansazRvraven lRobis temperaturas
1 meTodiT.
lRobis temperaturad miiCneven im temperaturas,
romelzec nivTierebis sveti Txevadi xdeba da zog SemTxvevaSi
kapilarSi maRla iwevs. atareben ara umcires 2 cdas da iReben
saSualo ariTmetikuls. or gansazRvras Soris gansxvaveba ar
unda iyos 10 C -ze meti.
meTodi 3. am meTodiT gansazRvrisas iyeneben ubelodes
tipis Termometrs. gansazRvras axdenen Semdegnairad: fialas
(1) Seavseben sakvlevi nivTierebiT, amasTan cdiloben, rom ar

27
moxvdes haeris buStukebi, mas aTavseben gilzis (2) qveda
nawilSi. Termometris vercxliswylis burTula (3) am dros
imyofeba nivTierebasTan (4). am ukanasknels kargad gawmenden
da Termometrs aTavseben 19-dan 21 sm sigrZis da 4-dan 4,5 sm
diametris sinjaraSi (5) sacobis saSualebiT, romelsac
imgvari ganakveTi aqvs, rom fialis qveda nawili sinjaris
fskeridan dacilebulia 2,5 sm-iT. sinjaras vertikalurad
Caamagreben WiqaSi (6) ise, rom misi 2/3 Cayursuli iyos wyalSi
da qveda bolo Wiqis fskeridan dacilebuli iyos 2,5 sm-iT.
iwyeben xelsawyos gacxelebas da Tan sarevelas (7)
saSualebiT siTxes mudmivad ureven. rodesac temperatura
savaraudo lRobis temperaturaze 15-200C-iT dabla iqneba,
gacxelebas aregulireben ise, rom temperaturam aiwios wuTSi
10C-iT. lRobis temperaturad miiCneven temperaturas, romlis
drosac milidan (8) Camovardeba gamRvali nivTierebis pirveli
wveTi.
gansazRvras atareben ara umcires 2-jer da iReben
saSualo ariTmetikuls. or gansazRvras Soris gansxvaveba ar
unda aRematebodes 10 C.

duRilis temperaturis gansazRvra

duRilis temperaturad miCneulia normaluri wnevis pi-

robebSi 101,3 kpa (760 mm vw.sv.) duRilis sawyis da saboloo
temperaturebs Soris intervali.
duRilis sawyis temperaturad miCneulia temperatura, ro-
melzec mimRebSi gadava sakvlevi siTxis pirvel;i 5 wveTi.
duRilis saboloo temperaturad miCneulia temperatura, ro-
melzec mimRebSi gadasulia sakvlevi siTxis 95%.
gansazRvras axdenen xelsawyoSi, romelic Sedgeba Sem-
degi nawilebisagan:

28
 1.A100 ml Camteobis, Termomdgradi minis gadasadeni
kolbi, romlis yelis Sua nawilidan kolbis yelis qveda
nawilis mimarT 75 ± 20-iani kuTxiT gamodis gadamyvani mili.
sferos gareTa diametri mm _ 65 ± 2;
yelis Sida diametri mm _ 16 ± 1;
kolbis saerTo simaRle mm _ 215 ± 3;
yelis simaRle mm _ 150 ± 3;
gadamyvani milis sigrZe mm _ 100 ± 3;
2. Termomdgradi minis Rru macivari
Casadgmeli milis saerTo sigrZe mm _ 530 ±15;
perangis sigrZe mm _ 400 ± 10;
Casadgmeli milis sigrZe mm _ 60 ± 5;
Zabris Sida diametri mm _ 14,5 ± 1;
Casadgmeli milis gareTa diametri mm _ 17 ±1;
Casadgmeli milis Wris kuTxe mm _ 45 ± 30;

Casadgmeli minis bolo, romelic mimRebs ukavSirdeba,

unda iyos moxrili; dasaSvebia alonJes gamoyenebac. im siT-
xeebzec muSaobisas, romelTa duRilis temperatura 1500 C da-
balia, iyeneben wyliT gaciebas. siTxeebisaTvis, romlebic 1500
C –ze maRla duRs, sakmarisia haeriT gaciebac.
3. mimRebi, romlis movaleoba SeiZleba cilindrmac Sea-
srulos, unda iyos 50 ml Camteobis 1 ml-iani danayofebiT;
4. damoklebuli Termometri 0,50C-ze danayofebiani
SkaliT;
5. kvadratuli azbestis naWeri. ara umcires 12 sm
sigrZisa da ara umcires 3 mm sisiqis, SuaSi 2-dan 3 sm
diametris mrgvali RruTi;

29
 6. siTbos wyaro: gazis sanaTuri an sxva wyaro, romelic
ganapirobebs aucilebel temperaturas, usafrTxoebas da
gadadenaze kontrols;
7. ori Stativi: erTi kolbis dasamagrebeli TaTiT da
rgoliT, meore – macivris dasamagrebeli TaTiT.
gansazRvris meTodi. kolbis yelSi aTavseben Termometrs
kargad morgebuli korpis sacobiT imgvarad, rom
vercxliswylis burTulas zeda nawili iyos gadamyvani milis
Rrus qveda nawilze 1 sm-iT dabla. Semdeg kolbs TaTiT
miamagreben Stativze ise, rom kolbi mWidrod xuravdes
azbestis xvrels, romelic imave Stativze mimagrebul
rgolzea moTavsebuli.
kolbis gadamyvan milze milesili an korpis sacobiT
SeaerTeben macivars (romelic Stativze TaTiTaa damagrebuli)
ise, rom gadamyvani milis bolo macivris RruSi Sevides ara
umcires 3-4 sm-ze, magram ar miaRwios Seviwroebul adgils.
amgvarad awyobil xelsawyos usafrTxoebis mizniT aTavseben
qviSian sadgarze.
cilindriT arwyaven sakvlevi siTxis 50 ml da Zabris
saSualebiT Caasxamen kolbSi (Zabris gamoyeneba aucilebelia,
rom siTxe ar moxvdes kolbis kedelze da gansakuTrebiT
gadamyvan milSi). kolbSi CauSveben ramdenime wvril, erTi
bolodan mirCilul kapilars. mimRebs ise aTavseben, rom
macivris moxrili bolo Sdiodes masSi 2,5 sm-ze.
iwyeben kolbis gacxelebas da CainiSnaven duRilis sawyis
temperaturas; Semdg mimRebs misweven macivris bolosTan ise,
rom es ukanaskneli exebodes mis kedlebs da gacxelebas
agrZeleben imgvarad, rom wuTSi gadaidenos siTxis 3-4 ml.
gadadenian siTxis saWiro raodenobas da CainiSnaven duRilis
saboloo temperaturas.

30
 CaniSnul temperaturul zRvrebs gadaiangariSeben
normaluri wnevisaTvis (T Sesw.) 101,3 kpa (760 mm.vw. sv.) Semdegi
formuliT:
TSesw = T + K (P − P1 )
sadac:
T _ CaniSnuli temperaturaa;
P _ normaluri barometruli wneva (101,3 kpa);
P1 _ barometruli wneva cdis dros, romelsac aiTvlian
sindiyian barometrze an aneroidze, eqsploataciisaTvis
gankuTvnil instruqciaSi miTiTebuli Sesworebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
K _ milimetr wnevaze duRilis temperaturis inkrementi;
K-s mniSvneloba damokidebulia gadasadeni siTxis
duRilis temperaturaze.

CaniSnuli duRilis temperatura, 00C K mniSvneloba

100-ze dabla 0,04
100 – 140 0,045
141-190 0,05
191- 240 0,055
240-ze maRla 0,06

duRilis temperaturis gansazRvris

xelsawyo

1. gadasadeni kolbi; 2.sveti; 3.

minis burTula; 4. Termometri; 5.
orTqlis gadamyvani mili; 6. macivari; 7.
gamzomi; 8. makompensirebeli mili.

31
 SeniSvnebi:
1. Tu cdis wneva izomeboda sindiyiani barometriT, ba-
rometris saeqsploatacio instruqciaSi Setanis Semdeg, is
gadayvanil unda iqnes 00C-sTvis, risTvisac barometris Cvene-
bas gamoakleben 0,27 kpa (2mm. vc.sv) Tu temperatura 13-dan 200C-
mdea; 0,4 kpa (3 mm.vw.sv) _ 21-dan 280C; 0,53 kpa (4 mm.vw.sv) – 29-350
C;
2. eTeris gadadena unda moxdes winaswar gacxelebul
wylis abazanaze, 45-580 C. kolbs aTavseben azbestis firfitaze
imgvarad, rom misi fskeri faravdes azbestis xvrels da Cay-
ursuli iyos wyalSi.
3. or paralelur cdas Soris dasaSvebia 10C gansxvaveba.

nivTierebaTa identifikaciisaTvis SeiZleba duRilis tem-

peraturis gansazRvris mikromeTodis gamoyeneba.
erTi mxridan mirCilul Txelkedlian 3 mm diametris da 8
sm sigrZis minis milSi aTavseben sakvlevi siTxis ramdenime
wveTs ise, rom warmoiqmnas 1-dan 1,5 sm simaRlis fena. milSi
Cadgamen qvemodan Ria boloian, cal mxares mirCilul 10 sm
sigrZisa da 1 mm diametris kapilars. mils damoklebul Ter-
mometrze miamagreben rezinis rgoliT an wvrili mavTuliT
ise, rom misi qveda bolo iyos sindiyis burTulas Sua
nawilSi da Termometrs aTavseben duRilis temperaturis gan-
sasazRvrav xelsawyoSi. acxeleben ise, rom temperaturam ai-
wios 2-30-iT wuTSi im momentamde, sanam kapilaridan gazis
buStukebis Semdeg gamoyofas daiwyebs orTqlis buStukebis
uwyveti jaWvi. Semdeg gacxelebas amcireben an wyveten im mo-
mentSi, rodesac Sewydeba buStukebis gamoyofa da siTxe
daiwyebs awevas kapilarebSi, CainiSnaven temperaturas, romel-
sac miiCneven duRilis temperaturad.

32
 CaniSnul duRilis temperaturas gadaiangariSeben nor-
maluri wnevisaTvis ise, rogorc zemoT aris miTiTebuli.
SeniSvna: Tu temperaturuli intervalis gansazRvrisas
damoklebul Termometrs ar iyeneben, saWiroa sindiyis
wagrZelebuli svetisTvis Sesworebis Setana, amisaTvis iyene-
ben damxmare Termometrs, romelsac aTavseben ZiriTadi Ter-
mometris wagrZelebul nawilze ise, rom damxmare Termomet-
ris burTula iyos sindiyis zeda da qveda boloebis SuaSi.
Sesworebul temperaturas gamoiTvlian formuliT:
TSesw. = T + 0 ,00016 ⋅ (T − t ) ⋅ N

sadac,
T _ ZiriTadi Termometris maCvenebelia;
t _ damxmare Termometris maCvenebeli;
0,00016 – minaSi sindiyis gafarToebis xilvadi
koeficienti;
N _ sindiyis svetis simaRle Termometris wagrZlebul
nawilSi gradusebSi gamosaxuli.

simkvrivis gansazRvra
simkvrives uwodeben masis erTeuls nivTierebis
moculobaSi:
m
p=
V
Tu masas (m) ganvsazRvravT gramebiT, moculobas (V)
kuburi santimetrebiT, maSin simkvrive warmoadgens 1 sm3
nivTierebis masas:
p = g/sm3
simkvrives sazRvraven piknometris an areometris
saSualebiT.

33
gansazRvris meTodi.
meTodi 1. gamoiyeneba siTxis simkvrivis 0,001 sizustiT
gansazRvrisas, patara Zabris saSualebiT gamoxdili wyliT
Seavseben Wdeze odnav metad, axuraven sacobs da TermostatSi
ayovneben 20 wuTis ganmavlobaSi 200C-ze (0,10C sizustiT). am
temperaturaze wylis done dahyavT Wdemde pipetis an milakad
daxveuli filtris qaRaldis saSualebiT. kvlav axuraven
sacobs da TermostatSi ayovneben kidev 10 wuTiT. amowmeben
meniskis mdebareobas Wdis mimarT. Semdeg piknometrs
gamoiReben Termostatidan. mis yels Signidan gaamSraleben
filtris qaRaldiT, aTavseben analizuri sasworis minis ukan
10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi da Semdeg wonian imave sizustiT.
piknometridan wyals gadmoRvrian, gamoaSroben,
gamoavleben spirts da eTers (piknometris gacxelebiT
gamoSroba dauSvebelia), eTeris naSTs moacileben haeris
CaberviT, Seavseben piknometrs sakvlevi siTxiT da kvlav
atareben operaciebs, rasac gamoxdili wylis dros.
simkvrives P20 (gr/sm3) gamoiTvlian formuliT:

P20 =
(m2 − m)⋅ 0,99703 + 0,0012
m1 − m
sadac:
m - carieli piknometris masaa gramebSi;
m1- piknometris masa gamoxdili wyliT grameSi;
m2 - piknometris masa sakvlevi siTxiT gramebSi;
0,99703 – wylis simkvrivis miSvneloba 200 C (g/sm3-Si haeris
simkvrivis gaTvaliswinebiT);
0,0012-haeris simkvrive 200C 1011 kpa (760 mm. vw. sv) ba-
rometruli wnevis pirobebSi).
meTodi 2. gamoiyeneben siTxis simkvrivis 0,01 sizustiT
gansazRvrisas. sakvlev siTxes aTavseben cilindrSi (siTxis
temperatura unda iyos 200 C), masSi frTxilad CauSveben
34
sufTa, mSral areometrs, xels ar uSveben manam, sanam cxadi
ar gaxdeba, rom is curavs. amasTan, yuradReba unda mieqces
imas, rom areometri ar exebodes cilindris kedlebsa da
fskers. areometris Skalaze aTvlas daiwyeben Cayursvidan 3-4
wuTis Semdeg. aTvlisas Tvali unda iyos meniskis doneze
(monacemebs iReben qveda meniskiT).
SeniSvna:
1. swrafadmqrolavi nivTierebebis simkvrivis areometriT
gansazRvra dauSvebelia.
2. muqi feris siTxeebis simkvrivis gansazRvrisas
aiTvlian zeda meniskiT.
meTodi 3. gamoiyeneba myari cximebisa da cvilebis
simkvrivis gansazRvrisas. zustad wonian cariel piknometrs,
Semdeg _ gamoxdili wyliT (romlis temperatura 200 C-ia)
Sevsebul imave piknometrs. wyals gadmoRvrian da piknometrs
gamoaSroben. yvela operaciebs asruleben meTodi 1-Si moce-
muli wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
piknometrSi pipetis an patara Zabris saSualebiT Caasx-
amen gamdnar cxims an cvils iseTi raodenobiT, rom daikavos
piknometris moculobis 1/3-1/2. piknometrs sacobis gareSe 1
saaTiT dgamen cxel wyalSi, Semdeg acieben 200 C–mde da
wonian; Wdemde Seavseben 200 C temperaturis mqone gamoxdili
wyliT. gaamSraleben da kvlav wonian. arc erT fazaSi da
fazaTa gamyof zedapirze ar unda iyos gazis buStebi.
simkvrivis sidides gamoiTvlian Semdegi formuliT:

P20 =
(m2 − m) ⋅ 0,99703 + 0,0012
(m1 + m2 ) − (m + m3 )
sadac:
m _ carieli piknometris masaa gramebSi;
m1 _ piknometris masa gamoxdili wyliT grameSi;
m2 _ piknometris masa sakvlevi siTxiT gramebSi;

35
 m3 _ piknometris masa cximiTa da wyliT gramebSi;

farmacevtul preparatebSi eTilis spirtis

raodenobrivi gansazRvra

200-250 ml Camteobis mrgvalZirian kolbSi arwyaven

siTxis zust raodenobas. Tu spirtis Semcveloba siTxeSi 20%-
mdea, gansazRvrisaTvis iyeneben siTxis 75 ml, Tu siTxe
Seicavs 20-dan 50% spirts – 50 ml, 50% da meti – 25 ml;
siTxes gamoxdis win ganazaveben wyliT 75 ml-mde.
Tanabari duRilisaTvis kolbSi aTavseben kapilarebs,
pemzas an faifuris natexebs. Tu siTxe gamoxdisas Zlierad
qafdeba, maSin umateben fosformJavas an gogirdmJavas (2-3 ml),
kalciumis qlorids, parafins an cvils (2-3 gr).
mimRebs (50 ml Camteobis gamzomi kolbi) aTavseben civ
wylian WurWelSi. agroveben daaxloebiT 48 ml gamonaxads,
misi temperatura miyavT 200 C-mde da wyliT Seavseben Wdemde.
gadanadeni unda iyos gamWvirvale an odnav SemRvreuli.
gadanadenis simkvrives sazRvraven piknometriT da
alkoholometruli cxrilis mixedviT pouloben spirtis
Sesabamis Semcvelobas moculobiT procentebSi.
preparatSi eTilis spirtis Semcvelobas (X) moculobiT
procentebSi gamoiTvlian formuliT:
50 ⋅ a
x =
δ
sadac:
50 _ gadanadenis moculobaa mililitrebSi;
a _ spirtis Semcveloba moculobiT procentebSi;
δ _ gadasadenad aRebuli sakvlevi preparatis moculoba
ml-Si;

36
 Tu sakvlevi siTxe Seicavs aqrolad nivTierebebs – eTeri,
eTerzeTebi, qloroformi, qafuri, aqroladi mJavebi an fuZee-
bi, Tavisufali iodi da sxva mas winaswar amuSaveben.
siTxeSi eTeris, eTerzeTebis, qafuris, qloroformis
Semcvelobis SemTxvevaSi mas gamyof ZabrSi umateben Tanabar
moculoba natriumis qloridis najer xsnars da imave raode-
noba petroleinis eTers. narevs anjRreven 3 wuTis ganmavlo-
baSi. fenebis dayofis Semdeg spirt-wylian Sres gadaitanen
meore ZabrSi da imgvaradve amuSaveben naxevari raodenoba pe-
troleinis eTeriT. spirt-wyliani Sre gadaaqvT gadasaden
kolbSi. eTerian siTxeebs SeaerTeben da SeanjRreven naxevari
raodenoba natriumis qloridis najer xsnarTan. Semdeg umate-
ben gadasaden kolbSi Casxmul siTxes.
Tu siTxe 30%-ze nakleb spirts Seicavs, gamomarilebas
axdenen ara xsnariT, aramed 10g mSrali natriumis qloridiT.
aqroladi mJavebis Semcvelobis SemT-
xvevaSi, maT aneitraleben tutis xsnariT,
aqroladi fuZeebis Semcvelobisas – fos-
formJaviT an gogirdmJaviT.
siTxes, romelic Seicavs Tavisufal
iods, gamoxdis win amuSaveben TuTiis mtve-
riT an gamoTvlili raodenoba mSrali na-
triumis TiosulfatiT gauferulebamde.
aqroladi gogirdovani naerTebis SesaxveWad
umateben ramdenime wveT natriumis hidroq-
sidis xsnars.
nayenebSi spirtis Semcvelobas sazR-
nayenebSi spirtis
raodenobrivi gan- vraven aseve duRilis temperaturis mixed-
sazRvris xelsawyo viT.
nayenebSi spirtis gansasazRvravi xelsawyo Sedgeba kol-
bisagan (1), gverdiT-gamonazardiani milis (2), macivris (3) da

37
0,10 C – danayofebiani sindiyis Termometrisagan (4), romlis
Skalis zRvrebi aros 50-dan 1000 C -de. (ix. suraTi).
asaduRebel kolbSi asxamen 40 ml nayens da Tanabari du-
RilisaTvis yrian masSi kapilarebs, pemzas an gamowrTobili
faifuris natexebs. Termometrs xelsawyoSi aTavseben imgvarad,
rom sindiyis burTula iyos siTxis zedapiridan 2-3 mm simaR-
leze.
acxeleben cxaurze 200 vt-ian eleqtroquris an gazis sa-
naTuris saSualebiT. rodesac kolbSi siTxe daiwyebs duRils,
reostatis saSualebiT 2-jer amcireben qurisaTvis miwodebul
Zabvas. duRilis dawyebidan 5 wuTis Semdeg, rodesac tempera-
tura mudmivi xdeba an misi gadaxra ar aRemateba 0,10 C CainiS-
naven Termometris Cvenebas. miRebuli Sedegi gadayavT norma-
lur wnevaze. Tu barometris Cveneba gansxvavdeba 1011 kpa (760
mm. vw. sv) –sagan SeaqvT Sesworeba aTvlili da normaluri wne-
vis sxvaobisaTvis 0,040 C yovel 1,3 kpa (1 mm.vw.sv) Tu wneva 1011
kpa-ze metia – akleben.
nayenSi spirtis semcvelobas sazRvraven cxrilis saSua-
lebiT.
magaliTi: nayenis duRilis temperatura aris 80,90 C at-
mosferuli wneva 1000 kpa (752 mm.vw. sv.) wnevaTa sxvaoba: 1011 –
1000 = 11 kpa (760-752=8 mm.vw.sv.) Sesworeba Seadgens: 0,040 C × 8
= 0,320 C.
duRilis aTvlil temperaturas umateben Sesworebas:
(80,9+0,32)0 C. cxrilis mixedviT, duRilis miRebul temperaturas
Seesabameba 66% spirti.

38
 spirt-wylian narevebSi spirtis koncentraciis gansazRvra
duRilis temperaturis mixedviT 1011 kpa (760 mm. vw. sv.)
wnevis pirobebSi
spirtis % mocu-lo-

spirtis % moculo-

spirtis % moculo-

spirtis % moculo-

spirtis % moculo-
duRilis tempera-

duRilis tempera-

duRilis tempera-

duRilis tempera-

duRilis tempera-
biTi Semcveloba

biTi Semcveloba

biTi Semcveloba

biTi Semcveloba

biTi Semcveloba
tura 0 C

tura 0 C

tura 0 C

tura 0 C

tura 0 C
99,3 1 88,5 20 84,2 39 82,0 58 80,1 77
98,3 2 88,1 21 84,1 40 81,9 59 80,0 78
97,4 3 87,8 22 83,9 41 81,8 60 79,9 79
96,6 4 87,5 23 83,8 42 81,7 61 79,8 80
96,0 5 87,2 24 83,7 43 81,6 62 79,7 81
95,1 6 87,1 25 83,5 44 81,5 63 79,6 82
94,3 7 86,8 26 83,3 45 81,4 64 79,5 83
93,7 8 86,6 27 83,2 46 81,3 65 79,45 84
93,0 9 86,4 28 83,1 47 81,2 66 79,4 85
92,5 10 86,1 29 83,0 48 81,1 67 79,3 86
92,0 11 85,9 30 82,9 49 81,0 68 79,2 87
91,5 12 85,6 31 82,8 50 80,9 69 79,1 88
91,1 13 85,4 32 82,7 51 80,8 70 79,0 89
90,7 14 85,2 33 82,6 52 80,7 71 78,85 90
90,5 15 85,0 34 82,5 53 80,6 72 78,8 91
90,0 16 84,9 35 82,4 54 80,5 73 78,7 92
89,5 17 84,6 36 82,3 55 80,4 74
89,1 18 84,4 37 82,2 56 80,3 75
88,8 19 84,3 38 82,1 57 80,2 76

gardatexis maCveneblis gansazRvra (refraqtometria)

gardatexis maCvenebels (n) uwodeben vakuumSi sinaTlis

gavrcelebis siCqaris Sefardebas sakvlev nivTierebaSi
sinaTlis gavrcelebis siCqaresTan. es aris gardatexis

39
absoluturi maCvenebeli. praqtikaSi gansazRvraven
e.w.gardatexis fardobiT maCvenebels, e.i. haerSi sinaTlis
gavrcelebis siCqaris Sefardebas sakvlev nivTierebaSi
sinaTlis gavrcelebis siCqaresTan.
gardatexis maCvenebeli damokidebulia temperaturaze, si-
naTlis talRis sigrZeze. xsnarebSi gardatexis maCvenebeli
damokidebulia agreTve nivTierebebis koncentraciaze da
gamxsnelis bunebaze.
refraqtometria gamoiyeneba nivTierebis siwmindisa da
igiveobis dasadgenad.meTods iyeneben aseve xsnarSi nivTierebis
koncentraciis gansazRvrisaTvis, romelsac angariSoben gar-
datexis maCveneblis koncentraciaze damokidebulebis
grafikis mixedviT. grafikze irCeven koncentraciis im inter-
vals, romelSic gardatexis koeficientsa da koncentracias
Soris damokidebuleba sworxazovania. am intervalSi koncen-
tracia SeiZleba gamoviTvaloT formuliT:
n − n0
X =
F
sadac, X – xsnaris koncentraciaa;
n _ xsnaris gardatexis maCvenebeli;
n0 _ gamxsnelis gardatexis maCvenebelia imave tempera-
turaze;
F-faqtori, romelic gviCvenebs gardatexis maCveneblis
zrdas, koncentraciis 1%-iT gazrdisas. (adgenen eqsperimentu-
lad).
gardatexis maCveneblis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoyenebul
xelsawyoebs ewodeba refraqtometrebi. gansazRvra warmoebs
(20 ± 0,3)0 C _ze, natriumis speqtris (589,3nm) sigrZis talRaze.
aseT pirobebSi gansazRvruli gardatexis maCvenebeli aRiniS-
20
neba indeqsiT n
D
. Tanamedove xelsawyoebi dakalibrebulia

40
ise, rom maT Skalaze anaTvali Seesabameba natriumis D xazis
gardatexis maCvenebels, amitom analizis Catarebis dros au-
cilebelia xelsawyos instruqciaSi sinaTlis wyaros Sesaxeb
mocemuli miTiTebebis gaTvaliswineba.
saerTod, gazomvas awarmoeben Abbe tipis re-
fraqtometrze.
gasazomi gardatexis maCveneblebis diapazoni gamaval si-
naTleSi aris 1,3_1,7.
gardatexis maCveneblebis gazomvis sizuste unda iyos ara
nakleb ±2·10-4.
refraqtometrebis dakalibrebas (iustirebas) axdenen
eTalonuri siTxeebis mixedviT, romelic moyveba xelsawyos, an
gamoxdili wylis mixedviT, romlisTvisac
20
n D
= 1,3330

optikuri aqtivobis gansazRvra (polarimetria)

optikuri aqtivoba nivTierebebis unaria, abrunos po-

larizaciis sibrtye masSi swoxazovani polarizebuli sxivis
gavrcelebisas. optikurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis bunebaze da-
mokidebulebis mixedviT polarizaciis sibrtyis brunvas
SeiZleba hqondes sxvadasxva mimarTuleba da sidide. Tu
damkvireblidan, romelzedac mimarTulia optikurad aqtiur
nivTierebaSi gamavali sinaTle, polarizaciis sibrtye brunavs
saaTis isris mimarTulebiT, (maSin) nivTierebas uwodeben
marjvnivmbrunavs da mis win svamen niSans “+”, xolo Tu po-
larizaciis sibrtye brunavs saaTis isris mimaTulebis sawi-
naarmdegod, nivTierebas uwodeben marcxnivmbrunavs da mis win
svamen niSans “_”.
polarizaciis sibrtyis sawyisi mdgomareobidan gadaxris
sidides, gamoxatuls kuTxis gradusebSi, uwodeben brunvis

41
kuTxes da aRniSnaven berZnuli asoTi α. brunvis kuTxis
sidide damokidebulia optikurad aqtiuri nivTierebis bune-
baze, optikurad aqtiur areSi (sufTa nivTierebaSi an xsnarSi)
polarizebuli sinaTlis talRis sigrZeze. xsnarebisTvis
brunvis kuTxis sidide damokidebulia gamxsnelis bunebaze da
optikurad aqtiuri nivTierebis koncentaciaze. brunvis kuTxis
sidide pirdapirproporciulia optikurad aqtiur areSi si-
naTlis gzis sigrZisa, e.i. optikurad aqtiuri nivTierebis an
misi xsnaris fenis sisqis. temperaturis zemoqmedeba umetes
SemTxvevaSi umniSvneloa.
sxvadasxva nivTierebis unars, abrunos sinaTlis polari-
zaciis sibrtye, SedarebiT Sesafaseblad gamoiTvlian
xvedriTi bunvis sidides [α]. xvedriTi brunva _ optikurad

[a]20D
0
aqtiuri nivTierebis konstantaa. xvedriT brunvas gan-
sazRvraven gamoTvliT, rogorc monoqromatuli sinaTlis po-
larizaciis sibrtyis brunvis kuTxes 1 dm sigrZis manZilze,
areSi, romelic Seicavs optikurad aqtiur nivTierebas, piro-
biTad 1g/ml koncentraciamde miyvanis SemTxvevaSi.
Tu ar aris specialuri miTiTebebi, optikuri brunvis
gansazRvras axdenen 200 C-ze da natriumis D speqtris (589,3nm)
sigrZis talRaze. xvedriTi brunvis Sesabamis sidides aRniS-

[α ]20D
0
naven . zogjer gasazomad iyeneben vercxliswylis
speqtris mwvane zols, 546,1nm. talRis sigrZiT.
optikurad aqtiuri nivTierebis xsnaris [α] gansazRvrisas
saWiroa imis gaTvaliswineba, rom moZebnili sidide SeiZleba
damokidebuli iyos gamxsnelis bunebaze da optikurad aqtiuri
nivTierebis koncentraciaze. gamxsnelis Secvlam SeiZleba ga-
moiwvios ara marto [α] sididis aramed misi niSnis cvlilebac.
amitom, xvedriTi brunvis sidides unda mieTiTos gamxsneli da
gazomvisaTvis SerCeuli xsnaris koncentracia.
42
 xvedriTi brunvis sidides gamoiTvlian Semdegi formule-
bidan erT-erTiT:
nivTierebisaTvis _ xsnaris saxiT:
a ⋅100
L [a ]D =
200
(1)
l ⋅c
sadac, α _ gazomili brunvis kuTxea gradusebSi, GL _ fe-
nis sisqe decimetrebSi; c _ xsnaris koncentraciaa g/100ml.
Txevadi nivTierebebisaTvis:

[a]20D a
0
= (2)
l⋅ p
sadac, α _ gazomili brunvis kuTxea gradusebSi, L _ fenis
sisqe decimetrebSi; p _ nivTierebis simkvrive g/ml
xvedriT brunvas gansazRvraven mSral nivTierebaze ga-
daangariSebiT, an mSrali wonakidan, ris Sesaxebac kerZo
statiebSi unda iyos miTiTeba.
brunvis kuTxis sidides zomaven optikurad aqtiuri niv-
Tierebis siwmindis Sesafaseblad an xsnarSi misi koncentra-
ciis gansazRvrisaTvis. nivTierebis siwmindis Sesafaseblad (1)
da (2) tolobis mixedviT gamoiTvlian maTi xvedriTi brunvis

[α ]20D
0
sidides. xsnarSi optikurad aqtiuri nivTierebis koncen-
tracias gamoiTvlian formuliT:
a ⋅100
C = 200 (3)
[a]D ⋅ l
[α ]20D
0
vinaidan, -s sidide mudmivia koncentracis mxolod
garkeul intervalSi, ukanaskneli formulis gamoyeneba Semoi-
sazRvreba swored intervaliT.
brunvis kuTxes zomaven polarimetriT, romlis sizustea
±0,020. xsnarebi an Txevadi nivTierebebi, romelTa brunvis kuT-
xesac zomaven, unda iyos gamWvirvale. gazomvisas, upirveles

43
yovlisa, unda dayendes xelsawyos nulovani wertili an Ses-
worebis sidide ganisazRvros miliT, romelic Sevsebulia
sufTa gamxsneliT (xsnarebTan muSaobisas) an carieli miliT
(Txevad nivTierebebTan muSaobisas). xelsawyos nulovan wer-
tilze dayenebis an Sesworebis sididis gansazRvris mere
atareban ZiriTad gazomvas, romelsac imeoreben ara nakleb 3-
jer.
brunvis kuTxis sididis misaRebad, gazomvisas miRebul
xelsawyos maCvenebels Seajameben adre miRebul Sesworebis
maCvenebelTan.

eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis STanTqmis gazomvaze da-

fuZnebuli gansazRvrebi

analizis fotometriuli meTodebi dafuZnebulia saana-

lizo nivTierebis mier eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis (SerCe-
viT) STanTqmaze da emsaxureba sinaTlis mSTanmTqmeli Senaer-
Tebis agebulebis gamokvlevas, identifikacias da raodenobriv
gansazRvras. gamoyenebuli aparaturis mixedviT fotometriul
analizSi arCeven speqtrofotometrul meTodebs _ analizi
nivTierebis mier monoqromatuli gamosxivebis STanTqmis
mixedviT; kolorimetriuli da fotokolorimetriuli _ ana-
lizi nivTierebis mier aramonoqromatuli gamosxivebis STanT-
qmis mixedviT.
gansazRvra, romelic dakavSirebulia eleqtromagnituri
gamosxivebis STanTqmis gazomvasTan, dafuZnebulia or kanonze.
buger-lambertis kanoni, romelic STanTqmas akavSirebs
mSTanTqmeli nivTierebis fenis sisqesTan da gamoisaxeba
fardobiT:
J
=10 − kb (1)
J0

44
 J0
lg = kb (2)
J
sadac J0 _ nivTierebaze dacemuli gamosxivebis intensivo-
baa; J _ gamosxivebis intensivoba, romelic gaivlis nivTiere-
baSi; b _ nivTierebis fenis sisqea santimetrebSi; k _ STanT-
qmis maCvenebeli, es aris im fenis sisqis ukusidide, romelSic
gavlili gamosxivebis nakadi sustdeba 10-jer.
beris kanoni STanTqmas akavSirebs mSTanTqmeli nivTiere-
bis koncentraciasTan da gamoiyeneba xsnarebisaTvis:
k = χ ⋅c (3)
sadac c _ xsnaris koncentraciaa; χ- xsnaris SanTqmis
maCvenebeli, romlis koncentracia tolia erTis.
praqtikaSi ZiriTadad iyeneben buger-lambert-beris
gaerTianebul kanons Semdegi saxiT:
J0
lg = χ ⋅c ⋅b (4)
J
J0
sadac lg iwodeba optikur simkvrived da aRiniSneba
J
D asoTi.
sidide χ warmoadgens specifiur fizikur konstantas
yvela nivTierebisaTvis da SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes identi-
fikaciisaTvis. χ sididis mniSvneloba saSualebas gvaZlevs uc-
nobi koncentraciis xsnarSi ganvsazRvroT mocemuli nivTiere-
bis Semcveloba optikuri simkvrivis D gazomvis safuZvelze.
gaerTianebuli buger-lambert-beris kanoni WeSmaritia
mxolod monoqromatuli gamosxivebisaTvis, amitom misi gamo-
yeneba mkacrad aucilebelia speqtrofotometriaSi. foto-
kolorimetriaSi, sadac gazomva xorcieldeba Suqfiltrebis
meSveobiT, es kanoni gamoiyeneba mxolod met-naklebi miaxloe-

45
biT, talRebis sigrZis mocemul intervalSi aRiniSneba D
sididis mudmivobis xarisxze damokidebulebis mixedviT.

speqtrofotometria

speqtrofotometrias iyeneben naerTebis identifikaciis,

Semadgenlobis gamokvlevis, individualuri nivTierebebis age-
bulebis, raodenobrivi analizisa da mravalkomponentiani
sistemebisaTvis. talRis sigrZeze an talRis ricxvze da-
mokidebulebebis STanTqmis mruds (STanTqmis funqcia) ewodeba
nivTierebis STanTqmis speqtri da is warmoadgens konkretuli
nivTierebis specifiur maxasiaTebels.
speqtrofotometriul meTodebSi iyeneben speqtro-
fotometriul-xelsawyoebs, romelTa saSualebiT atareben
analizs, rogorc Seferil, ise ufero naerTebSi speqtris
xilul, ultraiisfer da infrawiTel ubanSi monoqromatuli
gamosxivebis SerCeviTi STanTqmis mixedviT.
speqtris ultraiisfer da xilul ubnebSi STanTqmis
zolis buneba dakavSirebulia mSTanTqmel molekulebsa da
ionebze eleqtronebis sxvadasxva gadasvlebTan (eleqtronuli
speqtrebi); infrawiTel A ubanSi is dakavSirebulia
mSTanTmqmeli nivTierebebis molekulebis birTvebis rxeviTi
mdgomareobis cvlilebasa da rxeviT gadasvlebTan.
amJamad arsebuli xelsawyoebi saSualebas iZleva, ul-
traiisferi speqtrebi gaizomos 190-dan – 380 nm-mde, xiluli –
380-dan – 780 nm-mde, infrawiTeli speqtrebi _ 780-dan 40 000
nm-mde (40 mkm) ubnebSi.

speqtrofotometria ultraiisfer da xilul ubnebSi

ultraiisfer da xilul ubnebSi speqtrofotometriul

gazomvas awarmoeben umTavresad xsnarebisaTvis, Tumca aseTi
46
gazomva SeiZleba Catardes airadi, Txevadi da myari niv-
TierebebisTvisac.
speqtrofotometriuli gansazRvrisas saanalizo niv-
Tierebis nimuSs xsnian Sesabamis gamxsnelSi. amisaTvis gamoi-
yeneba mravali gamxsneli, maT Soris wyali, spirti, qloro-
formi, udablesi naxSirwyalbadebi, eTerebi, amoniumis hidro-
qsidi, qlorwyalbadmJava da gogirdmJava, speqtrofotometri-
isaTvis gamodis specialuri gamxsnelebi, romlebic ar Seicavs
minarevebs.
speqtrofotometriuli analizi optikuri simkvrivis uSu-
alod gazomvis mixedviT SeiZleba Catardes im nivTierebebisT-
vis, romelTac aqvT specifiuri agebuleba (aromatuli naer-
Tebi, π-bmebi molekulaSi, rigi liTonebis naerTebi da sxva).
zogjer saWiroa zogierTi saanalizo nivTierebis winas-
war gadayvana iseT naerTebSi, romelic STanTqavs gamosxivebas.
xsnarebis koncentraciebis speqtrofotometriuli gan-
sazRvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba buger-lambert-beris kanoni Semdegi
formuliT:
1
C= ⋅100 (5)
χ ⋅b
rig SemTxvevebSi, monoqromatuli gamosxivebis gamoyenebis
drosac ki SeiZleba moxdes gadaxra buger-lambert-beris ka-
nonidan, rasac ganapirobebs disociaciis, asociaciis da kom-
pleqswarmoqmnis procesebi. aseTi gadaxrebis SemTxvevaSi um-
jobesia ara (5) formulis, aramed eqsperimentulad dadgenili
simkvrivis _ koncentraciaze damokidebulebis grafikis gamo-
yeneba.
optikuri simkvrivis (D) gazomva ultraiisfer da
xilul ubnebSi warmoebs fotoeleqtrul speqtrofotome-
trebze. am xelsawyoebis umTavresi nawilebia: gamosxivebis
wyaro (varvarebis naTura) _ xiluli ubnisaTvis, airganmmux-

47
tavi an deiteriumis naTura, ultraiisferi ubnis monoqroma-
tori, romlis madispersirebeli sistema damyarebulia kvar-
cis prizmis an difraqciuli meseris gamoyenebaze, sakiuveto
ganyofileba, romelSic Tavsdeba kiuvetebi sakvlevi nivTiere-
bebiT, mimRebi, fotoeleqtruli mowyobiloba J0 da J sinaT-
lis nakadis intensivobis SedarebiTi SefasebisaTvis, romelic
dafuZnebulia fotoelementebis gamoyenebaze.
speqtrofotometriis gamzomi Skala dagraduirebulia
gatarebis procentebSi T da optikuri ⎛⎜ e.i. J ⋅100 ⎞⎟ simkvrivis
⎜ ⎟
⎝ J 0 ⎠
⎛ J ⎞
sidideebSi D ⎜⎜ e.i. lg ⎟⎟ xolo talRis sigrZis an talRis
⎝ J0 ⎠
ricxvis Skala _ nanometrebSi an sm-1 Sesabamisad.
gazomvisas monoqromatoridan gamomavali gansazRvruli
sigrZis talRis konebis gamosxivebis gzaze morigeobiT ayene-
ben nulovan xsnars (gamxsneli an xsnari, romelic Seicavs
imave nivTierebebs, sakvlevi xsnari, garda saanalizo kompo-
nentisa), romlisTvisac T=100%, D=0 da sakvlev xsnars.
cdomilebis Sesamcireblad D gansazRvrisas xsnaris kon-
centracias da misi fenis sisqes ise SearCeven, rom D sakvlev
speqtralur ubanSi imyofebodes 0,2-dan 0,7-mde farglebSi.
nivTierebis STanTqmis unaris mixedviT es umTavresad
miiRweva 0,01-dan 0.00001% (kiuvetebi fenis sisqiT 10mm) koncen-
traciebis gamoyenebisas.
STanTqmis maCvenebels χ cnobili koncentraciis xsnare-
bisaTvis gamoiTvlian formuliT:
1
χ= ⋅D (6)
c ⋅b
koncentracia C SeiZleba iyos gamosaxuli molebiT 1l-ze
an gramebSi 100ml xsnarze. aRniSnulis mixedviT formuliT

48
(6) gamoiTvlian STanTqmis molur maCvenebels an STanTqmis
xvedriT maCvenebels.
STanTqmis moluri maCvenebeli (ε) warmoadgens nivTiere-
bis erTmoluri xsnaris optikur simkvrives 10 mm fenis sisqis
dros.
STanTqmis xvedriT maCvenebeli (E )
1%
1sm 1g nivTierebis Sem-
cveli 100 ml xsnaris optikur simkvrivea. imave fenis sisqis
SemTxvevaSi.
xvedriTi maCvenebelidan moluri maCvenebelze gadasvla
xorcieldeba formuliT:
M
ε = E1sm
1%
(7)
10
sadac, M _ moluri masaa.
Tu cnobilia χ mniSvneloba (ε an (E ) 1%
1sm formiT), gansaz-
Rvraven sakvlevi xsnaris koncentracias D optikuri simkvri-
vis mixedviT, (5) formulis gamoyenebiT (beris kanonis safuZ-
velze).
speqtris ultraiisferi ubanSi nivTierebebis identifi-
kaciisaTvis rekomendebulia maregistrirebeli speqtro-
fotometriis gamoyeneba.
sxvadasxva speqtrofotometrebze gazomvisas talRaTa
damaxasiaTebeli sigrZe SeiZleba sxvadasxva aRmoCndes da es
gansxvaveba iyos ±2 nm. Tu gansxvaveba aWarbebs miTiTebul
normas (zRvars), saWiroa Catardes talRis sigrZis Skalis da-
kalibreba.
raodenobrivi gansazRvrisas umjobesia STanTqmis iseTi
ubnebis gamoyeneba, romlebic pasuxoben Semdeg pirobebs:
1) mocemuli ubani unda iyos SeZlebisdagvarad Tavisu-
fali saanalizo sistemis sxva komponentebis STanTqmis ubne-
bisagan.

49
 2) amorCeul ubans unda hqondes sakmarisad maRali
STanTqmis maCvenebeli (χ).
aseT ubans uwodeben saanalizos.
analizisas iyeneben STanTqmis maqsimum an minimum ubnebs;
ar unda moxdes gazomva Zlieri vardnis an Zlieri aRmarTis
ubnebSi.
mravalkomponentian sistemebSi saanalizo ubnebis ga-
moyofa yoveli calkeuli komponentisaTvis sakmaod rTulia,
amitom raodenobrivi gansazRvra SeiZleba Catardes optikuri
simkvrivis ramodenime sigrZis talRaze gazomviT da im siste-
mis sworxazovani tolobis amoxsniT, romelic mocemuli sigr-
Zis talRaze narevis jamuri optikuri sididis mniSvnelobas
akavSirebs TiToeuli komponentis individualur optikur
simkvrivesTan.
magaliTad, ori Seferili nivTierebis sistemisaTvis, ro-
melTa STanTqmis speqtrebi ewyoba erTmaneTze, xsnaris kon-
centraciebis C1 da C2 gansazRvra xdeba talRis or sigrZeze
Semdegi tolobebis mixedviT:
Dλ1 = ε1λ1 ⋅ C1b + ε1λ1 C2b
(8)
Dλ2 = ε1λ2 ⋅ C1b + ε 2λ 2C2b
sadac, Dλ1 da Dλ 2 ori nivTierebis narevis eqsperimentu-
lad gazomili optikuri simkvriveebia λ1 da λ2 talRis
sigrZeze;
ε1λ1 da ε1λ1 erTi nivTierebis STanTqmis moluri koefi-
cientebia λ1 da λ2 talRis sigrZeze;
ε 2λ da ε 2λ
1 2
meore nivTierebis STanTqmis moluri koefi-
cientebia λ1 da λ2 talRis sigrZeze; b _ nivTierebis fenis
sisqe santimetrebiT.
STanTqmis moluri koeficientebis mniSvnelobas adgenen
eqsperimentulad λ1 da λ2 talRis sigrZeze yoveli niv-
50
Tierebis standartuli xsnaris optikuri simkvrivis gazomviT.
tolobaTa sistemas (8) xsnian ori ucnobi koncentraciis c1
da c2 mimarT.
individualuri naerTebis speqtrofotometriuli gan-
sazRvrisas fardobiTi cdomileba ar aWarbebs 2%-s; narevis
analizisas cdomileba izrdeba.
rig SemTxvevaSi speqtrofotometriuli meTodiT niv-
Tierebis identifikaciisa da raodenobrivi gansazRvrisas
saWiro xdeba qimiur standartul nimuSebTan Sedareba.
speqtrofotometrebis Skalis Sesamowmeblad iyeneben
kaliumis biqromatis standartul nimuSs. qvemoT moyvanilia
dasaSvebi optikuri simkvriveebi kaliumis biqromatis stan-
dartuli nimuSis xsnarebisaTvis, romelic Seicavs 60,06 mg-s
1000 ml gogirdmJavas xsnarSi (0.005 mol/l), 10 mm fenis
sisqisas.
talRis sigrZe (λ), nm 235 257 313 350
optikuri simkvrive 0,748 0,845 0,292 0.640

speqtrofotometria infrawiTel ubanSi

infrawiTel ubanSi STanTqmis unari gaaCniaT molekulebs,

romelTa dipoluri momenti icvleba birTvebis rxeviT moZ-
raobaSi moyvanisas. infrawiTeli speqtrebi miiReba nivTiere-
baTa sxvadasxva agregatuli mdgomareobis dros da gamoiyeneba
identifikaciis, raodenobrivi analizis, aseve molekulis aR-
nagobis gamokvlevisas.
gazomvas awarmoeben erTsxivian infrawiTel speqtro-
fotometrebze, romelic aRWurvilia prizmuli da di-
fraqciul meseriani madispersirebeli sistemebiT.
SedarebiT xSirad gamoiyeneba speqtruli ubani 2,5 dan 20
mkm-mde (4000 – 500 sm-1).
51
 yoveli infrawiTeli speqtri xasiaTdeba STanTqmis
zolebis seriiT, romelTa maqsimumi ganisazRvreba talRuri
ricxviT v an talRis sigrZiT λ da STanTqmis maqsimumebis in-
tensivobiT.
talRuri ricxvi v, romelic izomeba ukusantimetrebSi
10 4
(sm-1), ganisazRvra Semdegi fardobidan v=
λ
sadac λ _ talRis sigrZea mikrometrebSi (mkm).
speqtris Cawerisas abscisTa RerZze aRniSnaven talRuri
ricxvis v (sm-1-Si), sidides xazuri SkaliT, ordinatTa RerZze
ki _ gatarebis sidides T (%).
infrawiTeli speqtrebis gadasaRebad nimuSebs amzadeben
Semdegi meTodiT.
1) myari nivTierebebisaTvis.
a) pastebi: 10-20 mg myar nivTierebas gulmodgined Seureven
1-2 wveT imersiul siTxes (vazelinis zeTi, poliftornaxSir-
wyalbadebi, heqsaqlorbuTadieni da sxva), momzadebul pastas
aTavseben NaCL - is (an KBr - is ) firfitebs.
b) firfitebi KBr -iT; myari nivTierebis wonaks (1-3 mg) vi-
braciul wisqvilSi an rodinSi ureven speqtroskopulad
sufTa kaliumis bromidTan (150 – 200 mg) da narevs wnexaven 7,5
– 10 t/sm2 wnevis pirobebSi 2-5 wuTiT 2-3mm v.w.sv. vakuumis qveS.
miRebuli nimuSis speqtrs iReben haeris an diskis mimarT ro-
melic momzadebulia xelsawyos meore arxSi.
2) Txevadi nivTierebisaTvis. siTxis Txel afsks aTavseben
NaCL -is (an KBr - is) firfitebs Soris an iyeneben mcire fenis
sisqis mqone (0,01 – 0,05 mm) kiuvetebs. xelsawyos meore arxSi
aTavseben NaCL – is (an KBr-is) sufTa firfitas gaormagebuli
sisqiT an Sesabamis cariel kiuvetebs.
3) xsnarebi. Sesabamis organul gamxsnelSi gaxsnil
sakvlev nimuSs (ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba Txevadi an myari 0,5 –
52
1,5% koncentraciebi) aTavseben 0,1-1 mm fenis sisqis kiuvetSi.
xsnaris speqtrs gadaiReben sufTa gamxsnelis mimarT.
gamxsnelis saxiT umetesad iyeneben oTxqlornaxSirbads da
qloroforms.
nivTierebaTa agebulebis gamosakvlevad (Sesaswavlad)
infrawiTel speqtrebis gamoyeneba dafuZnebulia ZiriTadad
damaxasiaTebeli STanTqmis zolebis gamoyenebaze (xazebi,
romlebic dakavSirebulia funqciuri jgufebis rxevaze an
bmaze molekulaSi) aseT damaxasiaTebel STanTqmis zolebs
floben jgufebi –OH, - NH2 , NO2 , =C=O, -C ≡ N da sxva.
samkurnalo nivTierebaTa identifikacia SeiZleba
sakvlevi nivTierebis infrawiTeli speqtris SedarebiT misi
standartuli nimuSis analogiur speqtrTan an mis standar-
tul speqtrTan. pirvel SemTxvevaSi infrawiTeli speqtrebs
gadaiReben erT da imave xelsawyoze erTnair pirobebSi (ni-
muSis agregatuli mdgomareoba, nivTierebis koncentracia,
registraciis siCqare da sxva). meore SemTxvevaSi standartuli
speqtrisaTvis da sxva).
umTavresad iyeneben kaliumis bromidis tabletebSi an
sacxebze (suspenziebi) – vazelinis zeTSi gadaRebul in-
frawiTel speqtrebs.
infrawiTeli speqtris Sedareba rekomendebulia daiwyos
damaxasiaTebeli ubnebis analiziT, romelic umTavresad kar-
gad mJRavndeba speqtrebze da mxolod maTi damTxvevis
SemTxvevaSi Seapirispireben dabalsixSirian ubnebs.
dabalsixSiriani intervalisaTvis 1350-400sm-1 damaxasiaTe-
belia zolebis specifikuri nakrebi, romelsac uwodeben
“TiTebis anabeWdebis” ubans.
infrawiTel speqtrebSi STanTqmis ubnebis sruli
damTxveva migvaniSnebs nivTierebaTa identurobaze. erTi da
imave nivTierebis polimorfulma modifikaciebma SeiZleba mog-

53
vces sxvadasxva speqtrebi. am SemTxvevaSi identurobis
Sesamowmeblad adareben maTi xsnarebis speqtrebs an xsnian
TiToeul nivTierebas erTsa da imave gamxsnelSi, aorTqleben
gamxsnels da adareben myari naSTis speqtrebs.
STanTqmis ubnebTan erTad nivTierebaTa arsebiTi max-
asiaTebeli aris STanTqmis zolis intensivoba, romelic
SeiZleba davaxasiaToT speqtrebSi STanTqmis maCveneblis (χ)
sididiT an STanTqmis integraluri intensivobis (A) sididiT,
romelic STanTqmis mrudis Tanmxlebi farTis tolia.
STanTqmis intensivobebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba nivTierebis age-
bulebis dasadgenad da raodenobrivi analizisaTvis.

k o l o r i m e t r i a

kolorimetriuli meTodi dafuZnebulia martivi xel-

sawyoebis saSualebiT sxvadasxva koncentraciis xsnarebis Se-
ferilobis intensivobis vizualur Sedarebaze. es xelsawyoe-
bia: kolorimetriuli sinjarebi, cilindrebi onkanebiTurT,
kolorimetrebi da fotometrebi. kolorimetria ar moiTxovs
beris kanonis dacvas. gazomvas awarmoeben Semdegnairad:
a) Seferil nimuSs da standarts ganazaveben erTnairi
diametris WurWelSi maTi Seferilobis damTxvevamde (ga-
tolebis meTodi).
b) sakvlevi Seferili xsnaris fers adareben im xsnars,
romelic Seicavs yvela nivTierebas saanalizo nivTierebis
garda, mas umateben am nivTierebis cnobili koncentraciis
xsnars (kolorimetriuli titvra).
g) amzadeben sxvadasxva koncentraciis nivTierebebiT
standartebis krebuls da SearCeven nimuSis erT-erT stan-
dartTan Tanxvedras (standartTa seriebis meTodi).

54
 fotokolorimetria

fotokolorimetriuli meTodi dafuZnebulia sakvlevi

nivTierebebis monoqromatuli sinaTlis STanTqmis xarisxis
gazomvaze fotokolorimetris saSualebiT. fotoeleqtro-
kolorimetriuli meTodiT xsnarebis koncentraciis gansasaz-
Rvravad iyeneben formulas (5).
χ da χ sidideebs gansazRvraven sakvlevi nivTierebis cno-
bili koncentraciis xsnarebisaTvis winaswar gansazRvraTa
seriis mixedviT.
Tu C da D-s Soris ar aris sworxazovani damokide-
buleba, C-s gansazRvrisaTvis umjobesia, yoveli gansasaz-
Rvravi nivTierebisaTvis calke agebuli sakalibro grafikis
gamoyeneba.
umetesad gavrcelebulia fotoeleqtrokolorimetrebis
ori principuli sqema:
1) pirdapiri qmedebis sqema erTi fotoelementiT, ro-
melic iTvaliswinebs optikuri simkvrivis gazomvas galva-
nometriT registrirebuli fotodenis Zalis mixedviT.
2) ori fotoelementiani diferenciuli sqema, romelic
gaTvlilia sakvlev da nulovan xsnarebSi gamavali sinaTlis
konebis or sxvadasxva fotoelementze moxvedraze. fotodenebs
aTanabreben potenciometris (eleqtruli kompensacia) an erT _
erTi sinaTlis konis intensivobis Semasustebeli diafragmiT
(optikuri kompensacia).
potenciometris an diafragmis Skalaze aiTvlian optikur
simkvrives fotodenebis tolobis momentSi, roca maregistri-
rebeli galvanometris isari nulze imyofeba.
fotokolorimetriuli meTodebis fardobiTi cdomileba
umetesad ar aWarbebs 3%-s, kolorimetriulis _ 5%.

55
 diferenciuli speqtofotometria da foto-
kolorimetria

analizis diferenciul meTods iyeneben foto-

kolorimetriuli gazomvebis sizustis gasazrdelad niv-
TierebaTa maRali koncentraciis (10 dan 100% _ mde) dros.
meTodis arsi mdgomareobs saanalizo xsnaris mier
STanTqmuli sinaTlis gazomvaSi Sesadarebeli xsnaris mier
xsnaris mimarT, romelic Seicavs gansazRvruli raodenobis
sakvlev nivTierebebs; amas mivyavarT xelsawyos Skalis
samuSao ubnis Secvlamde da analizis fardobiTi Secdomis 0,5
_ 1%-mde Semcirebamde.
Tu ganvixilavT erTnairi intensivobis sinaTlis sxive-
bis gavlas sam kiuvetSi, romlebSic moTavsebulia gamxsneli
C0 da sakvlevi nivTierebebi C1 da C2 , (sxvadasxva koncentra-
ciis xsnarebi) amasTan C1 < C2, maSin sinaTlis intensivoba C1
koncentraciis xsnarebis mimarT SeiZleba gamoisaxos Semdeg-
nairad:
J1= J0 . 10 –kbc1 (9)
xolo xsnarisaTvis, koncentraciis C2 :
J2 = J0 . 10 –kbc 2 , (10)
C1 da C2 koncentraciis xsnarebSi gamavali sinaTlis in-
tensivobis damokidebuleba, romelsac “fardobiT gamtarobas”
uwodeben toli iqneba:
J 2 J 0 ⋅10− kbc2
= − kbc1
= 10− kb (C 2 −C1 ) = 10− kbΔc (11)
J1 J 0 ⋅10
J1
lg = D = kbΔc (12)
J2
fardobiTi gamtaroba ganisazRvreba saanalizo xsna-
rebSi (∆C) nivTierebaTa koncentraciebis sxvaobiT.

56
 nivTierebaTa optimaluri pirobebis SerCeva xdeba szva-
dasxva meTodiT: maTgan yvelaze martivia –sakalibro grafi-
kebis seriaTa winaswari ageba. Sesadarebel xsnarebSi prepara-
tebis koncentracias SearCeven ise, rom optikuri simkvrive
gansxvavdebodes 0,2-0,4-iT. yovel agebul grafikze adgenen
fardobiTi cdomilebis sidides, risTvisac iyeneben 0,4_0,5
fardobiTi optikuri simkvrivis saanalizo xsnarebs. optima-
lurad miiCneven Sesadarebeli da saanalizo xsnarebis im kon-
centraciebs, romelTa meSveobiTac miiRweva umciresi fardo-
biTi cdomileba.
analizisaTvis amzadeben Sesadar xsnars sakvlevi nivTie-
rebis cnobili raodenobiT; Sesadari xsnarebiT Sevsebuli
ori kiuvetis meSveobiT xelsawyos optikuri simkvrivis Skalas
ayeneben nulze. Semdeg erT-erT kiuvets Seavseben saanalizo
xsnariT da zomaven optikur simkvrives Sesadari xsnaris mi-
marT. speqtrofotometrSi sinaTlis nakadis intensivobas are-
gulireben mxolod napralis sisqiT, fotokolorimetrze _
sinaTlis soliT.
saanalizo nivTierebis koncentracias pouloben sakali-
bro grafikze, an gamoiTvlian formuliT:
−
C x = C0 + Dx ⋅ F (13)
sadac C0–Sesadar xsnarSi nivTierebis koncentraciaa; Dx -
_ saanalizo xsnaris fardobiTi optikuri F −F simkvrivea;
faqtoris saSualo mniSvnelobaa, romelic gamoTvlilia ram-
denime standartuli xsnaridan da warmoadgens ori standar-
tuli xsnaris koncentraciaTa sxvaobis fardobas fardo-
biTi optikuri simkvrivis sididesTan.

57
 emisiuri da atomur _ absorbciuli aliani
speqtrometria

emisiuri da atomur _ absorbciuli aliani speqtrometria

gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva obieqtebSi qimiuri elementebis rao-
denobrivi da Tvisobrivi gansazRvrisaTvis: (samkurnalo sa-
SualebebSi, reaqtivebSi, wyalSi, biologiur siTxeebSi da
sxva).
emisiur alian speqtrometrias safuZvlad udevs gansa-
sazRvravi elementebis aRgznebuli atomebis an molekulebis
gamosxivebis speqtrebis gamoyeneba. alSi atomuri Rrublis
Seqmnisas zogi atomi aRigzneba da gadadis ufro maRal
energetikul doneebze. rodesac es atomebi ubrundeba qveda
(ZiriTad) energetikul doneebs, maSin energia Tavisufldeba.
emisiuri aliani speqtrometriis principi mdgomareobs
SemdegSi: saanalizo xsnari ganibneva aerozolis saxiT sana-
Turis alSi, romelic muSaobs cxel airze. alis temperaturis
zemoqmedebisas adgili aqvs mTel rig rTul fizikur da qi-
miur procesebs, rogoricaa: aerozolis wveTebidan gamxsnelis
aorTqleba, myari nawilakebis aorTqleba, molekulebis diso-
ciacia, atomebis aRgzneba da atomebis damaxasiaTebeli gamos-
xivebis warmoqmna.
gansasazRvravi elementis gamosxiveba sinaTlis filtris
an monoqromatoris meSveobiT gamoiyofa, xvdeba fotoele-
mentze da iwvevs fotodens, romelsac sazRvraven galvanome-
tris, eleqtronuli potenciometris da sxva xelsawyoebis sa-
SualebiT.
emisiuri aliani speqtrometriiT elementis raodenobrivi
gansazRvra dafuZnebulia speqtruli xazis intensivobisa (J)
da elementis koncentraciis (C) funqciur damokidebulebaze.

58
 J da C-s Soris pirdapirproporciulobas adgili aqvs
mocemuli elementis mxolod gansazRvruli koncentraciis
farglebSi, amasTan J-s C-ze wrfivi damokidebuleba SeiZleba
daarRvios TviTSTanqmam, ionizaciam, airwarmomqmneli da alSi
Zneladdisocirebadi naerTebis warmoqmnam.
atomur-absorbciuli speqtrometriis principi mdgoma-
reobs SemdegSi: Rru kaTodiani naTuris rezonansuli gamosxi-
veba gadis alSi, romelSic ganibneva sinjis saanalizo xsnari.
gamosxiveba xvdeba monoqromatorSi Semaval napralze, rome-
lic dayenebulia ise, rom speqtridan gamoiyofa gansasazR-
vravi elementis mxolod rezonansuli xazi; gansasazRvravi
elementis intensivoba izomeba fotoeleqtruli meTodiT. zo-
maven gansasazRvravi elementis atomebis mier STanTqmis gamo
rezonansuli xazis Semcierebis intensivobas. Sesustebuli xa-
zis intensivobas miiCneven 100%-ad. rezonansuli gamosxivebis
STanTqmis sidide mSTanTqmel fenaSi myofi atomebis ricxvis
proporciulia. sinaTlis wyaros (I) gamosxivebis intensivobis
Sesustebasa da nivTierebis koncentracias (C) Soris damokide-
buleba SeiZleba gamoisaxos Semdegi tolobiT:
I =I0 .ℓ -kcℓ
sadac, I0 _ rezonansuli gamosxivebis intensivobaa; I _
mSTanTqmel fenaSi gasuli gamosxivebis intensivoba, k _
STanTqmis xazis centrSi sinaTlis ℓ STanTqmis koeficienti;
C _ mSTanTqmeli komponentis koncentracia; ℓ _ mSTanTqmeli
fenis sisqe.
atomur-absorbciuli aliani speqtrometriuli meTodiT
gansazRvrisas cdomileba SeiZleba gamoiwvios: alis tempera-
turaze sakvlevi atomebis ionizaciam, sinaTlis araseleq-
ciurma STanTqmam da sxva faqtorebma.
aRgznebuli atomebis ricxvi izrdeba temperaturis
zrdasTan erTad.

59
 fotometrul meTodebSi gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad Semdegi
airTa narevebis ali:
airTa narevis Semadgenloba temperatura 0C
manaTobeli airi + haeri 1840
acetileni + haeri 2250
acetileni + Jangbadi 3050
wyalbadi + Jangbadi 2680
acetileni + azotis qveJangi 2955

gansazRvris mgrZnobeloba SeiZleba gaizardos ufro

cxeli alis an sinjis atomizaciis ufro efeqturi meTodebis
gamoyenebiT, magaliTad lazeris, grafikuli kiuvetebis xmare-
bisas.
gansasazRvravi elementebis speqtruli xazebis gamosxive-
bis intensivobis gazomva SeiZleba alian fotometrebze,
xolo rezonansuli xazebis STanTqma SeiZleba gaizomos ato-
mur-absorbciul speqtrofotometrebze.
maregistrirebel sistemad iyeneben voltmetrebsa da po-
tenciometrebs, romlebic aRWurvilia cifruli an sabeWdi
mowyobilobebiT. aliani fotometriisa da atomuri absorbciis
meTodebis sizuste, nivTierebis koncentraciis mixedviT,
Seadgens 1-4%_s, mgrZnobeloba ganisazRvreba saanalizo xazis
TaviseburebebiT, sinjis SemadgenlobiT, aparaturis xarisxis
klasiT (mgrZnobelobam SeiZleba miaRwios 0,001 mkg/ml).
reaqtivebi da eTalonuri xsnarebi: wyali unda iyos ga-
moxdili da uSualod gamoyenebis win deionizirebuli.
qvemoT moyvanilia marilTa xsnarebi, romelTa kaTionebi
aRniSnulia elementTa saxelwodebiT:
kalciumi 1,001 g kalciumis karbonats, romelic 105ºC-
zegamomSralia mudmiv wonamde, xsnian 25 ml qlorwyal-
badmJavas xsnarSi (1 mol/l) da xsnaris moculobas wyliT

60
Seavseben 1000 ml-mde. kalciumis xsnari Seicavs 400 mkg Ca-is
ionebs 1 ml-Si.
xsnaris vargisianobis vadaa 1 Tve, inaxeba oTaxis tem-
peraturaze.
kaliumi. 1,1440g kaliumis qlorids, romelic 105ºC- ze ga-
momSralia mudmiv wonamde, xsnian mcire raodenoba wyalSi da
xsnaris moculobas wyliT Seavseben 1000 ml-mde. kaliumis
xsnari Seicavs 600 mkg K -is ionebs 1 ml-Si.
xsnaris vargisobis vadaa 2 Tve, inaxeba oTaxis tempera-
turaze.
TuTia. 2,5g granulirebul TuTias xsnian 20 ml qlor-
wyalbadmJavas xsnarSi (5 mol/l) da xsnaris moculobas
Seavseben wyliT 500 ml-mde. TuTiis xsnari Seicavs 5 mg Zn-is
ionebs 1 ml-Si.
xsnaris vargisobis vadaa 2 Tve, inaxeba oTaxis tempera-
turaze.
tyvia. 1,1600 g tyviis nitrats xsnian 5 ml azotmJavas
xsnarSi (1mol/l) da xsnaris moculobas Seavseben wyliT 1000
ml-mde. tyviis xsnari Seicavs 100 mg Pb-is ionebs 1 ml-Si.
xsnaris vargisobis vadaa 1 Tve, inaxeba oTaxis tempera-
turaze.
spilenZi. 1,000g eleqtrolizur spilenZs xsnian mcire
raodenoba 50% azotmJavaSi da xsnaris moculoba 1%
azotmJaviT mihyavT 1000 ml-mde. spilenZis xsnari Seicavs 1 mg
Cu-is ionebs 1 ml-Si.
xsnaris vargisobis vadaa 1 Tve, inaxeba oTaxis tempera-
turaze.
eTalonur xsnarSi qimiuri elementis SenaerTis raodeno-
bas (X) gramebSi gamoiTvlian formuliT:
M
X = ab ⋅
n⋅ A
61
 sadac α- xsnarSi Sesatani elementis masaa (gramebSi) 1g
mza eTalonur xsnarze; b- mza eTalonuri xsnaris masaa
gramebSi; M-SenaerTis molekuluri masaa, romelSic Sedis
eTalonur xsnarSi Sesatani elementi; n- Sesatani elementis
atomebis ricxvi eTalonuri xsnaris mosamzadeblad gamo-
yenebul SenaerTSi; A-eTalonur xsnarSi Sesatani elementis
atomuri masa.
eTalonur, aseve maT fuZeze momzadebul samuSao xsnarebs
inaxaven gamlRvali kvarcis, sufTa polieTilenis an teflo-
nis WurWelSi. Wiqebi da tigelebi unda iyos kvarcisagan
damzadebuli.

f l u o r i m e t r i a

fluorimetria _ fluorimetria analizis meTodia, ro-

melic dafuZnebulia sakvlevi nivTierebis fluorescenciis
intensivobis gazomvaze. fluorescenciis intensivoba ganzave-
bul xsnarebSi SeiZleba ganisazRvros Semdegi tolobiT:
F = J 0 ⋅ 2,3 ⋅ εcbϕ
sadac, F – fluorescenciis saerTo intensivobaa, kvant/c; J0
–aRgmznebi sinaTlis intensivoba, kvant/c; c _ xsnaris koncen-

tracia, mol/l; ε − STanTqmis moluri koeficienti; b–fenis

sisqe sm; ϕ −fluorescenciis kvanturi gamosavali, romelic
damokidebulia nivTierebis bunebaze.
es toloba SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas xsnarebisaTvis,
romelTa optikuri simkvrive D aRgznebis talRis sigrZe ar
aRemateba 0,05 (roca D=0,05, fluorescenciis intensivobis gan-
sazRvris cdomileba aris daaxloebiT 5%).
praqtikulad fluorescencias gansazRvraven xsnarebSi,
romelTa koncentraciaa 10-5-10-6 mol/l an naklebi, roca
fluorescenciis intensivobasa da nivTierebis koncentracias
62
Soris pirdapirproporciuli damokidebulebaa. ufro maRali
koncentraciis dros sworxazovani damokidebuleba irRveva, da
SeiniSneba fluorescenciis koncentraciuli Caqroba.
fluorescenciis intensivoba mniSvnelovnad aris da-
mokidebuli aRmgznebi sinaTlis talRis sigrZeze, sakvlevi
xsnaris pH-is mniSvnelobaze, gamxsnelis bunebaze da xsnarSi
ucxo nivTierebebis arsebobaze, romlebic nawilobriv
STanTqaven aRmgznebi energiis nawils (ekranuli efeqti). amri-
gad, natriumis qloridis damateba amcirebs qinaqinis fluo-
rescencias, fenoluri an hidroqsilurjgufebiani nivTierebe-
bis mimateba aqrobs riboflavinis fluorescencias, natri-
umis hidroqsidis mimateba _ fterinebis fluorescencias da
sxva.
fluorescenciuli gamokvlevisas xSirad mTavaria tem-
peraturis regulireba da Jangbadis mocileba, ramdenadac is-
ini fluorescenciis QZlieri Camqrobi faqtorebia. standar-
tuli da sakvlevi nimuSebis erTdrouli gansazRvrisas au-
cilebeli ar aris Termostatirebia da Jangbadis gandevna, gan-
sazRvra unda Catardes sakmaod Cqara, rom ar moxdes gamosx-
ivebis wyarosTan nimuSis gacxeleba.
fluorescenciis speqtri STanTqmis speqtrTan SedarebiT
ufro grZeltalRian ubanSia (50-100 nm-ze) da iZleva gamosx-
ivebis farTo zolebs 100-dan 200 nm-is farglebSi.
fluorescenciis speqtris buneba, aseve gamosxivebuli si-
naTlis feri specifkiuria fluorescirebadi nivTierebisaTvis
(fluoroqromi), amitom fluorescencia SeiZleba iqnes gamo-
yenebuli rogorc raodenobrivi, ise Tvisobrivi analizisasT-
vis.
fluorimetriuli analizisasTvis iyeneben speqtro-
fluorimetrebs, romelTa muSaobis principi mdgomareobs Sem-
degSi: sinaTle sindiy-kvarcis naTuridan pirveladi sinaTlis

63
filtrisa da kondensoris gavliT moxvdeba kiuvetze, romel-
Sic sakvlevi nivTierebis xsnaria moTavsebuli; es ukanaskneli
iwyebs fluorescirebas. aRgznebuli sinaTlis kvantebi gaiv-
lis meorad sinaTlis filtrebSi da moxvdeba fotoelementze,
romelic mierTebulia mgrZnobiare galvanometrTan. am ukanask-
nelze ki aRiniSneba fotoelementze moxvedrili sinaTlis
raodenoba. raodenobrivi analizisas Sesadari xsnaris saxiT
iyeneben cnobili koncentraciis fluorescirebadi nivTierebis
standartuli nimuSis xsnars. gaangariSebas axdenen Semdegi
formuliT:
(n1 − n2 ) ⋅ c
X=
n − n2
sadac n1-n2 – sakvlevi xsnarisaTvis speqtrofotometris
Cvenebas gamoklebuli sakontrolo cdisaTvis speqtro-
fotometris Cvenebaa; n-n2 – igivea mxolod standartuli nimuSi-
saTvis; c – standartuli nimuSis xsnaris koncentraciaa Ser-
Ceuli aTvlis sistemis mixedviT.
angariSoben sakalibro grafikebis an standartuli
xsnarebis SkalaTa saSualebiT.
vinaidan fluorescenciis intensivoba nivTierebis kon-
centraciis proporciuli ZiriTadad viwro ubanSia, Tanafar-
⎛ J − J0 ⎞
doba ⎜ x
⎜ J − J ⎟⎟
⎝ c 0 ⎠

(Jx, J0, Jc – Sesabamisad sakvlevi xsnaris, gamxsnelisa da

standartuli xsnaris fluorescenciis intensivobaa) unda
iyos aranakleb 0.40 da ara umetes 2.50; fardobiTi cdomileba
_ ara umetes 5%.

64
 birTvul-magnituri rezonansis speqtroskopia

birTvul-magnituri rezonansis speqtroskopia_ fizikuri

meTodia, romelic dafuZnebulia mudmiv magnitur velSi mo-
Tavsebuli molekulebis birTvul- magnitur energetikul
doneebze radiosixSiris veliT inducirebul gadasvlaTa reg-
istraciaze. birTvul-magnitur doneebs Soris gadasvlebi
SesaZlebelia im birTvebisaTvis, romelTac aqvT magnituri mo-
menti anu spinuri qvanturi ricxvi 1, romelic ar udris 0-s.
aseTi Tvisebebi aqvs 1H, 13C, 19F, 31P birTvebs, romelTaTvisac 1
= ½ da sxva.
energetikul doneebs Soris gadasvlaTa signalebis er-
Toblioba warmoadgens birTvul-magnituri rezonansis speqtrs.
birTvul-magnituri rezonansis TiToeuli calkeuli
speqtri registrirdeba birTvis erTi tipisaTvis da amdenad
specifiuria TiToeuli nivTierebisaTvis. organuli samkur-
nalo nivTierebebis gamokvlevisaTvis umetesad iyeneben pro-
tonmagnituri rezonansis speqtroskopias da birTvulmagni-
turi 13C rezonansis speqtroskopias.

birTvul-magnituri rezonansis speqtris ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebi

birTvul-magnituri rezonansis (bmr) speqtris ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebia: qimiuri wanacvleba, spin-spinuri
urTierTqmedebis konstanta da rezonansis signalis farTobi.
qimiuri wanacvleba (δ) gansazRvravs rezonansis signalis
mdebareobas birTvul-magnituri rezonansis speqtrSi da da-
mokidebulia mocemuli birTvis an birTvTa jgufebis qimiur
SemomsazRvrelebze. qimiuri wanacvleba gamoisaxeba memil-
ioned nawilebSi da izomeba saanalizo xsnarze damatebuli
(1%-ze naklebi) eTalonuri SenaerTis (qimiuri wanacvlebis ga-
65
zomvis eTaloni) rezonansis signalis mimarT. eTalonuri
xsnaris saxiT iyeneben tetrameTilsilans (TMC), romlis 1H da
13C signalebis qimiuri wanacvleba miRebulia aTvlis sawyisad,

δtms(1H, 13C)=0,00 (δ-qimiuri wanacvlebis Skalaa). wyliani

xsnarebisaTvis bmr 1H qimiuri wanacvlebis gasazomad eTalo-
nis saxiT iyeneben 2,3 - dimeTil – 2 – silapentan – 5 – sul-
fonat natriums, romlis meTilis protonebis qimiuri wanacv-
lebaa δDCC (1H)= 0,015, xolo bmr 13C wanacvlebis gasazomad –
dioqsans, δ (13C)=67,4. qimiuri wanacvlebebi SeiZleba gaizomos
sxva eTalonebis rezonansis signalebis mimarTac da gadaiT-
valos Skalaze formuliT:
δ = δx + δst
sadac δ-saanalizo nivTierebis signalis qimiuri wanacv-
lebaa δ-Skalaze; δx - saanalizo nivTierebis signalis qimiuri
wanacvlebaa gamoyenebuli eTalonis signalis mimarT; δst -
eTalonis signalis qimiuri wanacvlebaa δ- Skalaze.
organul nivTierebaTa umravlesobisaTvis protonul mag-
nituri (pmr) signalebi registrirdeba δ=0,0-dan, δ=14,0-mde
diapazonSi. qimiuri wanacvlebis mniSvnelobas aiTvlian ab-
scisTa RerZze marjvnidan marcxniv.
spin-spinuri urTierTqmedebis konstanta (J). gamoisaxeba
hercebSi da ganisazRvreba pirveli rigis speqtrebis komponen-
tebs Soris manZiliT. umaRlesi rigis speqtrebSi spin-spinuri
urTierTqmedebis konstantis gansazRvra rig SemTxvevebSi
Znelia da moiTxovs specialur gamokvlevas. spin-spinuri
urTierTqmedebis konstantebis mniSvneloba damokidebulia
ZiriTadad Semcvlelebis eleqtrouaryofiTobaze da
urTierTqmedi birTvebis jgufebis urTierTsivrciT ganlage-
baze, kerZod qimiuri bmebis ricxvze. organuli nivTierebaTa
umravlesobisaTvis proton-protonuli spin-spinuri

66
urTierTqmedebis konstantebs aqvT 0 dan 16 hercamde
mniSvneloba.
rezonansuli signalis farTobi (s). birTvul-magnituri
rezonansis speqtris rezonansis signalis farTobi propor-
ciulia birTvebis ricxvisa, romlebic ganapirobeben mocemul
signals. proton - magnituri speqtris signalebis farTobebs
iyeneben molekulebis Sesabamis jgufebSi protonebis ricxvis
gansazRvrisaTvis, saanalizo SenaerTis an minarevebis koncen-
traciebis gasazomad.

radiaqtivoba

radioaqtivoba arastabiluri, cvalebadi, qimiuri elemen-

tis atomgulis unaria, Tavisuflad gardaiqmnas sxva, ucvlel
stabilur atomgulad. atomgulis aseT gardaqmnas ra-
dioaqtiuli gardaqmna ewodeba, xolo TviT atoms radioaqti-
uri anu radioizotopi.
radioaqtiuri preparati gamoyenebulia medicinaSi
sxvadasxva daavadebaTa diagnostikisa da mkurnalobisaTvis.
isini gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas saWiroeben, raTa ga-
mokvlevisas swori Sedegebi miviRoT da amasTan minimumamde
daviyvanoT pacientisa da samedicino personalis safrTxe.
radioizotopebTan yvela samuSao unda tardebodes Sesa-
bamisi sanitaruli wesebis dacviT; personali, romelic
muSaobs radioaqtiur nivTierebebTan, amisaTvis specialurad
unda iyos momzadebuli.
radioaqtiuri da radiofarmacevtuli preparati gamosay-
eneblad miewodeba dawesebulebebs, romelTac gaaCniaT au-
cilebeli pirobebi maTTan swori da usafrTxo muSaobisaTvis.
radioaqtiur nivTierebebTan muSaobis nebas iZleva sanita-
ruli kontrolis da Sinagan saqmeTa organoebi.

67
 terminebi da gansazRvrebebi

radioaqtivoba – zogierTi nuklidebis unaria, spontanuri

gardaqmnebisas gamosces maionizirebeli gamosxiveba.
nuklidi – atomebis saxeobaa birTvSi protonebisa da
neitronebis mocemuli ricxviT (da Sesabamisad xasiaTdeba
misi atomuri normiTa da masuri ricxviT).
radionuklidi – nuklidia, romelic iCens radioaqtivo-
bas.
izotopebi – nuklidebia protonebis erTnairi da nei-
tronebis gansxvavebuli ricxviT.
radioizotopebi – izotopebia, romlebic iCenen ra-
dioaqtivobas.
birTvuli izomeri – nuklidia, romlis birTvi imyofeba
gansazRvrul (aRgznebul) energetikul mdgomareobaSi. aseT
mdgomareobas sicocxlis xangrZliv droSi uwodeben metasta-
bilurs.
birTvuli izomerebi farTod gamoiyeneba medicinaSi. ma-
galiTad: 99m Tc, 113mJn.
preparatSi (nimuSSi) radionuklidebis aqtivoba – ra-
dionuklidis gansazRvruli birTvul-energetikuli mdgo-
mareobidan spontanuri gardaqmnebis dN ricxvis fardobaa im
drois intervalTan (dt), ra droSic xdeba es gardaqmnebi moce-
mul preparatSi (nimuSSi):
dN
A= (1)
dt
xvedriTi aqtivoba (Am) – preparatSi (nimuSSi) radionuk-
lidis aqtivobis damokidebulebaa preparatis (nimuSis) an ele-
mentis (naerTis) masasTan.

68
 moluri aqtivoba (Am ol) - preparatSi (nimuSSi) radionuk-
lidis aqtivobis damokidebulebaa masSi radioaqtiuri niv-
Tierebis (naerTis) raodenobasTan, gamoxatulia molebSi.
moculobiTi aqtivoba (Av) - preparatSi (nimuSSi) ra-
dionuklidis aqtivobis damokidebulebaa preparatis (nimuSis)
moculobasTan.
naxevraddaSlis periodi - naxevraddaSlis periods aR-
niSnuls T1/2-iT, uwodeben im dros, romlis ganmavlobaSic ra-
dionuklidis aqtivoba mcirdeba 2-jer.
radioaqtiuri gaxleCis mudmiva - radioaqtiuri gaxleCis
ZiriTadi kanoni aqtivobas (A) akavSirebs radionuklidebis
atomebis raodenobasTan (N) an birTvul izomerTan Tanafar-
dobiT:
A = λN (2)
proporciulobis koeficients λ uwodeben `radioaqtiuri
gaxleCis mudmivas~. is dakavSirebulia naxevraddaSlis pe-
riodTan TanafardobiT:
ln 2 0,683
λ= ≈ (3)
T1 / 2 T1 / 2
0 , 693t
−
− λt
At = A0 e = A0 e T1 / 2
(4)
sadac, At da A0 – aqtivobaa Sesabamisad t da 0 droSi.
radionukliduri analizi – radionukliduri
preparatebis da radionukliduri Semadgenlobis gamokvleva
sxvadasxva radionuklidebis aRmoCenisa da raodenobrivi
gansazRvris mizniT.
radionukliduri sisufTave – ZiriTadi radionuklidis
aqtivobis damokidebulebaa preparatis saerTo aqtivobasTan,
gamosaxuli procentebSi, igi ar aris preparatis mudmivi
maxasiaTebeli da icvleba drois ganmavlobaSi.

69
 radionukliduri minarevebi – sxva radioaqtiuri
nuklidebis minarevebi (rogorc imave, ise sxva elementebis).
radionukliduri minarevebis sidides gamosaxaven procentebSi.
radionuklidebi, romlebic warmoiqmneba ZiriTadi
radionuklidebis radioaqtiuri gaxleCis Sedegad, ar
iTvlebian radionuklidur minarevebad. magaliTad: qsenon 131m
– ara ganixileba rogorc 131J –is radionukliduri minarevi.
radioqimiuri sisufTave – esaa ZiriTadad qimiur
nivTierebaSi, (romelic Seadgens preparats), radionuklidis
aqtivobis damokidebuleba preparatSi radionuklidis saerTo
aqtivobasTan, gamosaxuli procentebSi.
radioqimiuri minarevebi – qimiuri nivTierebis minarevebia
(ZiriTadi nivTierebebisagan gansxvavebuli), romelic Seadgens
preparats, magram Seicavs imave radionuklids. radioqimiuri
minarevebis sidides, anu maTSi Semavali radionuklidis
aqtivobas gamosaxaven procentebSi.
radionuklidis preparati matareblis gareSe – preparati,
romelic ar Seicavs im elementis stabilur izotopebs,
romelsac miekuTvneba mocemuli radionuklidi. zogjer
preparatebi, romelTac uwodeben radionuklidis preparatebs,
Seicaven imave elements an mis qimiur analogs umniSvnelo
raodenobiT. maTi wyaro SeiZleba gaxdes gverdiTi birTvuli
reaqciebi, qimiuri elementebis minarevebi, romelTac Seicavs
qimiur operaciebSi gamoyenebuli reaqtivebi da sxva.
radioaqtiur preparats, romelSic aris mocemuli
elementis an qimiuri analogis, rogorc radioaqtiuri ise
stabiluri izotopebi, ewodeba preparati matarebliT
(minareviT).

70
 aqtivobisa da energiis erTeulebi

erTeulebis saerTaSoriso sistemis (SI) mixedviT

preparatSi nuklidis aqtivoba gamoisaxeba gaxleCis ricxviT
1 wm-Si. aqtivobis erTeuli aris bekereli (bk). (bk) nuklidis
aqtivobaa, romelic tolia 1 wm-Si 1 birTvuli gardaqmnisa.
misi ganzomilebaa.
samkurnalo-diagnostikuri preparatebis aqtivobis
gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneba megabekerelis mbk da gigabekerelis
gbk mcire aTeulebi: 1 mbk = 106 bk; 1 gbk = 109 bk.
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, sanam erTeulebis
saerTaSoriso sistemas (SI) SemoiRebdnen. gamoiyeneboda kiuri,
aqtivobis specialuri erTeuli da misi mokle da wilobrivi
erTeulebi.
radiofarmacevtuli prparatebis maxasiaTeblad ufro
farTod gamoyenebuli aqtivobis wiluri erTeulia milikiuri
1 ki = 3,7 × 1010 bk; maionizirebeli gamosxivebis energiis
sazomi erTeuli saerTaSoriso sistemaSi (SI) aris jouli.
calkeuli nawilebisa da fotonebis energiisaTvs
gamoiyeneba eleqtrovoltis arasistemuri erTeuli da aTeuli
qvanturi erTeulebi. 1 ev = 1,60219 10-19 jouli.

gamosxivebisagan dacva

radioaqtiuri preparatis specifikuri Tvisebebi

ganapirobebs maTi Senaxvis, SefuTvis da transportirebis
gansakuTrebuli pirobebis dacvas, romelic mocemulia
jandacvis ministris brZanebiT damtkicebul instruqciebSi.
radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi, romlebsac ar iyeneben
muSaobis procesSi, unda inaxebodes gamosxivebisagan damcvel
specialur saTavsoebSi. Sesabamisad gaTvaliswinebulia niSebi,
Webi, seifebi, romlebic daculia betoniT, foladis an tyviis
71
filebiT. damcavi saSualebebi amcirebs gamosxivebis
intensivobas dasaSveb zRvramde.
alfa da rbil-beta gamomsxivebel nivTierebebs inaxaven
plastmasisagan dacul konteiner-panelebSi. Zlieri beta
gamomsxiveblebis Sesanaxad konteinerebs damatebiT ukeTeben
tyviis damcav ekrans. gama-gamomsxiveblebs inaxaven tyviis an
Tujis konteinerebSi. imave konteinerebiT xdeba radioaqtiuri
preparatebis transportireba. Ria mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba
SevinaxoT mxolod da mxolod zustad dadgenili mcire
odenoba radioaqtiuri preparatebi.
radiofarmacevtuli preparatebis transportirebisas
mkacrad unda iyos daculi etiketebze da Tanmxleb
dokumentebSi miTiTebuli pirobebi (temperatura, atmosferuli
wneva, mowodebis vadebi). radiaciuli SefuTvis dazianebis
SemTxvevaSi, damcveli konteineris gauxsnelad komisiam unda
Seadginos aqti dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad, agreTve
dauyovnebliv acnobon tvirTis gamomgzavns da adgilobriv
sanitaruli zedamxedvelobis organoebs. Tu Semowmebisas
aRmoCnda radioaqtiuri nivTierebebis danaklisi, unda miiRon
gadaudebeli zomebi am nivTierebebis adgilmdebareobis
dasadgenad, gamoikvlion danaklisis mizezebi da
radioaqtiuri nivTierebebiT SesaZlo dabinZurebis adgilebi.

radionuklidebis igiveobis da aqtivobis gansazRvra

TiToeuli radionuklidi da birTvuli izomeri

xasiaTdeba Tavisi naxevraddaSlis periodiT da specifikuri,
mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli maionizirebeli gamosxivebis
speqtriT. maT miekuTvneba alfa, beta, gama-gamosxiveba,
konversiuli da oJe-eleqtronebi, rentgenis sxivebi da sxva.

72
 TiToeuli speqtris forma da raodenobrivi maCveneblebi,
agreTve T1/2 mniSvneloba gamoyenebulia radionuklidebis
igiveobis dasadgenad.
radionukliduri preparatebis Tvisobrivi da
raodenobrivi gansazRvrisaTvis gamoyenebulia rogorc qimiuri
da fizikur-qimiuri, ise radiometruli analizis meTodebi.
radiometruli analizis meTodebi dafuZnebulia
gamosxivebuli nawilakebis Tvisebaze, imoqmedon atomuri
garsebis eleqtronebze da warmoqmnan dadebiTad da
uaryofiTad damuxtuli ionebi. es principi safuZvlad udevs
radiometiuli analizisaTvis gamoyenebul xelsawyoebs
(sionizacio kamerebi, geigermiuleris mTvleli,
scintilaciuri speqtrometri).
saionizacio kamera – xelsawyoa, romelSic erTi
eleqtrodi damagrebulia izolatorze, meore eleqtrodis
rols ki kameris kedlebi asrulebs. kamera avsebulia
inertuli airiT (azoti, argoni), eleqtrodebs Soris
SenarCunebulia potencialTa sxvaoba 300 v-is sididiT. Tu
kamerasTan mivitanT radioaqtiur izotops, ionizaciis Sedegad
eleqtrodebs Soris aRiZvreba denis impulsi, romelic
registrirdeba eleqtromagnituri numeratoriT.
scintilaciuri speqtrometrebi - Sedgeba specialuri
nivTierebisagan, romelic Seicavs fosfors da natriumis an
ceziumis iodidisagan damzadebul kristals. gama-gamosxivebis
moqmedebiT xelsawyoSi aRiZvreba naTeba-scintilacia, romelic
moxvdeba fotogamammravlebelSi, gardaiqmneba eleqtrul
denad da Semdeg xdeba eleqtruli denis registracia. sxva
xelsawyoebTan SedarebiT, scintilaciuri speqtrometrebiT
zustad xdeba radioaqtiuri nivTierebis identifikacia da
raodenobrivi gansazRvra.

73
 preparatSi radioaqtiuri elementebis Semcvelobis
gamoTvla sakmaod rTulia, amitom radiofarmacevtuli
preparatebis Tvisobrivi da raodenobrivi analizisaTvis
gamoyenebulia identur pirobebSi sakvlevi preparatis da
nimuSad miRebuli gamosxivebis wyaros (eTaloni) aqtiurobis
gansazRvris Sedarebis meTodi. ase sazRvraven preparatebis
xvedriTi fardobiT aqtivobas eTalonTan SedarebiT.
radiofarmacevtul preparatebis keTilxarisxovnebis
dadgenisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba mis radioqimiur
Semadgenlobas, rasac sazRvraven ori meTodiT: qaRaldze
qromatografiis (an eleqtroforezis) da radiometruli
analizis SerwymiT.
preparati radioqimiurad sufTad aris miCneuli, Tu masSi
arsebuli radioaqtiuri minarevebi ar iwvevs Tanamovlenebs.
radionuklidebis xvedriTi aqtivobas sazRvraven beta da
gama-gamosxivebis mixedviT. gamzomi mowyobilobebisaTvis
(saionizacio kamera an mTvleli) Cvenebis mixedviT adgenen
sakvlevi xsnarisa da eTalonis xvedriT aqtivobas.

vargisobis vada

radiofarmacevtuli preparatebis vargisobis vada

ganisazRvreba Semdegi faqtorebis erTobliobiT:
1. preparatis Semadgenlobis qimiuri da radioqimiuri
stabiluroba;
2. drosTan dakavSirebiT preparatis aqtivobis Semcireba;
3. ZiriTadi radionuklidis daSlis Sedegad ufro didi
naxevardaSlis periodis mqone minarevebis zrda;
ToToeuli preparatis vargisobis vada moyvanilia farma-
kopeis Sesabamis kerZo statiaSi.

74
 Senaxva

radiofarmacevtuli preparati inaxeba moqmedi instruq-

ciis - `radioaqtiur nivTierebebTan da maionizirebel gamosxi-
vebasTan muSaobis sanitaruli wesebi~ mixedviT. am wesebs amt-
kicebs janmrTelobis dacvis saministro. konkretuli prepara-
tis Senaxvis wesebi miTiTebulia farmakopeis kerZo statiaSi.
Senaxvis pirobebi unda ganapirobebdnen gamosxivebis intensi-
vobis Semcirebas dasaSveb normamde.

fxvnilis siTeTris xarisxis gansazRvra

myari substanciebis SemTxvevaSi, nimuSidan areklili si-

naTlis speqtruli daxasiaTebidan gamomdinare, siTeTris xa-
risxis Sefaseba SeiZleba instrumentuli meTodebiT. martiv
SemTxvevaSi, siTeTris xarisxi SeiZleba Sefasdes arekvlis
koeficientebis mixedviT, romlebic gazomilia nimuSis TeTri
sinaTliT ganaTebis dros (wyaro speqtruli ganawilebiT, ro-
melic Seesabameba A tipis wyaros speqtrul ganawilebas),
aseve wiTel an cisfer filtrSi (gaSvebis efeqturi maqsimume-
biT Sesabamisad 614 da 459 nm-ze) gamavali TeTri sinaTliT.
siTeTris xarisxi Seferilobis gansazRvrisas, TeTri sina-
Tlis arekvlis koeficienti (rσ) SeiZleba Seicvalos sinaTlis
arekvlis koeficientiT, romelic gaivlis mwvane Suq-filtrSi
gatarebis maqsimumebiT 522 nm-ze.
arekvlis koeficienti warmoadgens areklili sinaTlis
nakadis sididis fardobas dacemuli sinaTlis nakadis sidi-
desTan.
arekvlis koeficientis gazomvas axorcieleben leikome-
tris an speqtruli fotometriis `specol - 10~ (firma `Carl Zeiss
Jean~ germania) xelsawyoebze. speqtris ≈ 0,85 xilul ubanSi

75
etalonis arekvlis koeficientTan, samkurnalo nivTierebebis
(r) nimuSebis arekvlis koeficientebis fardobis gazomva sa-
Sualebas gvaZlevs gavnsazRvroT maTi feradi an nacrisferi
tonis siWarbe an uqonloba siTeTris xarisxis sididis (α) da
kaSkaSa sinaTlis (β) mimarT.
siTeTeris xarisxis sidides (α) moyviTalo, kremisferi an
vardisferi tonis samkurnalo nivTierebebisaTvis, gansazRvra-
r459
ven rogorc fardobas , xolo cisferi tonis samkurnalo
r614
r614
nivTierebebisaTvis, rogorc fardobas - . sikaSkaSis xa-
r459
risxss axasiaTeben r522 an r6 sidideebiT. (indeqsSi miTiTebulia
SuqfiltrSi gamavali sinaTlis talRis maqsimumi).
TeTri da nacrisferi tonis mqone samkurnalo nivTierebe-
bisaTvis sidide α Teoriulad udris 1. Tu α<1, maSin samkur-
nalo nivTierebas aqvs toni. samkurnalo nivTierebebs, romel-
TaTvisac β<0,85 da α aris 0,95-1,00 intervalSi aqvT nacris-
feri toni.
samkurnalo nivTierebebis siTeTris zusti Sefaseba, Se-
ferilobis da nacrisferi tonis intensivobis miTiTebiT, Sesa-
Zlebelia arekvlis absoluturi koeficientebis gamoyenebiT
(R), romlebic ganisazRvreba arekvlis speqtrofotometrebiT.
Seferilobis da nacrisferi tonebis intensivobas afase-
ben siTeTris xarisxis (α′) da sikaSkaSis xarisxis (β′) mixedviT.
siTeTris xarisxis sidides (α′) gansazRvraven moyviTalo, kre-
misfer an vardisferi tonis samkurnalo nivTierebebisaTvis,
r459
rogorc fardobas , xolo cisferi tonis samkurnalo niv-
r614

76
 r614
TierebebiaTvis – rogorc fardobas. sikaSkaSis xarisxs
r459
(β′) axasiaTeben xilul ubanSi samkurnalo nivTierebebis nimu-
Sis arekvlis maqsimaluri koeficientis Rmax sididiT.
feradi da nebismieri tonebis intensivobis Sefaseba Sei-
Zleba Sesabamisad cxrili 1 an 2-is mixedviT.
cxrili 1
feradi tonis intensivobis Sefaseba siTeTris xarisxis α′
mixedviT
mniSvnelobis zRvrebi feradi tonis intensivobis
#
α′ Sefaseba
1,00-0,96 toni ar SeiniSneba
0,96-0,94 odnav SesamCnevi toni
0,94-0,90 susti toni
0,90-0,86 mkveTri toni

miTiTeba: α′< 0,86 sididisas samkurnalo nivTiereba ar

unda Sefasdes, rogorc TeTri.
siTeTris (α da α′) da sikaSkaSis xarisxis (β da β′) mniSv-
neloba warmoadgens TeTri da tonis mqone samkurnalo saSua-
lebaTa xarisxis optikur maxasiaTebels.
gansazRvris meTodi: sinjis momzadeba.
siTeTrisa da sikaSkaSis xarisxis gansazRvra kvlevis
miznisgan gamomdinare SeiZleba Catardes fxvnilis warmomq-
mnel samkurnalo nivTierebaTa nimuSebze maTi winaswari damu-
Savebis gareSe an laboratoriul-eleqtrul wisqvilze. 2 wT-
is ganmavlobaSi maTi dawvrilmanebis Semdgom. gazomvis Casa-
tareblad, saWiro sinjis masa Seadgens 2-3 g.

77
 cxrili 2
nacrisferi tonis intensivobis Sefaseba sikaSkaSis xarisxis
β′ mixedviT
mniSvnelobis zRvrebi feradi tonis intensivobis
#
β′ Sefaseba
1 1,00-0,98 toni ar SeiniSneba
2 0,98-0,97 odnav SesamCnevi toni
3 0,97-0,95 susti toni
4 0,95-0,92 mkveTri toni

miTiTeba: roca β′<0,92 samkurnalo nivTiereba ar unda Se-

fasdes, rogorc TeTri.
samkurnalo nivTierebis fxvnils aTavseben kiuvetSi da
sinjis msubuqi dartymiT amkvriveben. Semdeg minis sareveliT
gaasworeben fxvnilis zedapirs. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi kiu-
vets daafareben ufero minas (umjobesia kvarcis).
gazomva leikometris tipis xelsawyoebze. sinjebis arek-
vlis koeficientebis gazomvas atareben xelsawyoTa instruq-
ciebis Sesabamisad. yoveli gazomvis win xelsawyos daakali-
breben etalonze, romlis arekvlis koeficienti xilul uban-
Si aris ≈ 0,85. yovel gazomvas imeoreben ara nakleb orjer.
arekvlis koeficientis gazomvis Sedegebs warmoadgenen
____
saSualo ariTmetikulis rx saxiT da gamoiTvlian α–s mniSvne-
lobas. CaTvlian, rom β = r σ an β = r 522.
leikometris Cveneba
samkurnalo
nivTiereba
____ ____ ______
α′ β′
rσ rσ r459 r459 r614 r614
92,10 91,49 92,87
eTazoli 92,35 92,20 01,28 91,39 93,11 92,97 0,98 0,92
92,15 91,43 92,93
ramdenadac α < 1, xolo β < 0,85 eTazols aqvs feradi da
ara nacrisferi toni.

78
 gazomva speqtrofotometrze. arekvlis koeficientebis ga-
zomvas atareben speqtrofotometris gamoyenebis instruqciis
Sesabamisad Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: marjvena da marcxena kiu-
vetSi aTavseben bariumis sulfatis siTeTris eTalons kvali-
fikaciiT - `arekvliTi speqtrofotometriisaTvis~ da akali-
breben xelsawyos. aregistrireben sakvlevi samkurnalo niv-
Tierebis arekvlis speqtrs. miRebuli speqtrogramidan gamom-
dinare gansazRvraven mniSvnelobebs R459, R614 da Rmax.
yovel gazomvas imeoreben ara nakleb orjer. arekvlis
koeficientis gazomvis Sedegebs warmoadgenen saSualo ariT-
metikulis R459, R614 da Rmax saxiT. miTiTebuli arekvlis koefi-
cientebis mixedviT gamoiTvlian mniSvnelobas α′, sidides β′
miiCneven Rmax –is tolad.
samkurnalo speqtrofotometris Cveneba
nivTiereba ____ ____ α′ β′
____

R459 R459 R614 R614 Rmax Rmax

eTazoli 0,802 0,853 0,980
0,800 0,853 0,980 0,93 0,98
0,798 0,853 0,980

moZebnili mniSvneloba α′ aris 0,94-0,90 zRvrebSi, Sesabami-

sad, nimuSs aqvs susti Seferili toni (ix cxrili 1) moZebnili
mniSvneloba β′ aris 0,98 e.i. nimuSs ar aqvs nacrisferi toni
(ix cxrili 2).

analizis fizikur-qimiuri meTodebi

qromatografia
qromatografia ewodeba nivTierebaTa narevis dayofis
meTods, romlis safuZvelia gansxvavebani dasayofi
komponentebis Tvisebebsa da qcevaSi maTi uwyveti
gadanawilebisas or sakontatqo fazas Soris, romelTagan
erTi uZravia, xolo meores aqvs moZraobis mudmivi
mimarTuleba.
79
 dayofis meqanizmis mixedviT arCeven adsorbciul,
ganawilebiT, ioncvliT da sxva qromatografias.

adsorbciuli qromatografia

adsorbciul qromatografias safuZvlad udevs

qromatografirebadi nivTierebis uwyveti cvla uZrav (myari da
Txevadi) da moZrav fazebs Soris, romelic ganpirobebulia
fazaTa gamyof zedapirze qromatografirebadi nivTierebis,
adsorbciis da desorbciis procesebs Soris dinamikuri
wonasworobis arsebobiT.
efeqturi dayofisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs
uZravi da moZravi fazebis SerCevas. adsorbciuli
qromatografiisaTvis umetesad erTi fazis saxiT gamoiyeneben
myar sorbentebs: diatomiti, siliciumis mJava, kizelguri,
silikageli, aluminis oqsidi, gaaqtivebuli naxSiri,
molekuluri saceri da sxvadasxva polimerebi.
Txevadi moZravi fazis SerCevisas xelmZRvaneloben
gamxsnelebis eluotropuli rigiT (Stalis mixedviT). heqsani,
heptani, cikloheqsani, eTeri, oTxqlornaxSirbadi, benzoli,
qloroformi, eTilacetati, piridini, acetoni, eTanoli,
meTanoli, wyali. eluotropul rigSi gamxsnelebi
ganlagebulia polarobis (dieleqtruli SeRwevadoba) zrdis
mixedviT.

ganawilebiTi qromatografia

ganawilebiT qromatografias safuZvlad udevs

qromatografirebadi nivTierebis uwyveti ganawilebis procesi
or fazas Soris (moZravi da uZravi), amasTan es nivTierebebi
unda ixsnebodes orive fazaSi.

80
 qromatografiul procesebSi gamoyenebul ganawilebis
koeficients gamoiTvlian qromatografirebadi nivTierebis
koncentraciaTa damokidebulebiT metad polarul fazasa da
naklebad polarul fazas Soris.
Tu ufro metad polarulia uZravi faza, maSin
ganawilebis koeficientis zrdas mivyavarT nivTierebis
qromatografiuli mdgradobis Semcirebamde.

ioncvliTi qromatografia

ioncvliT qromatografias safuZvlad udevs saanalizo

xsnaris ionebis Seqcevadi xemosorbcia sorbentis ionogenur
jgufebTan. sorbent-gamxsnelis sistemaSi ionebis cvla
steqeometriulia.
ionogenuri jgufebis Tvisebebis mixedviT ioncvliTi
sorbetebi (ionitebi) iyofa kaTioncvliTad (kaTionitebi) da
anioncvliTad (anionitebi).
kaTionitebis makromolekulebi Seicaven sxvadasxva
siZlieris mJavur jgufebs, rogoricaa: sulfojgufi,
karboqsili da oqsifenoluri jgufi.
anionitebis makromolekulebs ki piriqiT _ Tavis
struqturaSi aqvT alifaturi an aromatuli aminojgufebi
Canacvlebis sxvadasxva xarisxiT.
H- formaSi kaTionitebi da OH- formaSi anionitebi
Sesabamisad Seicaven mxolod wyalbadis an hidroqsilis
ionebs, marilovan formebSi wyalbadis ionebi Secvlilia
kaTionebiT an organuli fuZeebiT, xolo hidroqsilis ionebi
ki – anionebiT.
qromatografiul analizSi ionitebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba
rogorc marilovani ise H da OH _ formebiT.

81
 praqtikaSi SedarebiT xSirad gamoiyeneba ZliermJava
kaTionitebi КУ-2; СДВ-3; sustmJava kaTionitebi КБ-4; КБ-4П-2;
Zlieri fuZis anionitebi АВ-16; АВ-17 da sustfuZe anionitebi
АН-2Ф; ТМ da sxva.

qromatografiuli dayofis meTodebi

Txevadi moZravi fazis gamoyenebisas qromatografiul

dayofas axdenen kalonkaSi, qaRaldze an sorbentis Txel
fenaze. gazuri moZravi fazis gamoyenebisas qromatografiul
dayofas atareben kalonkaSi.

kalonkuri qromatografia

qromatografiul process, romelic mimdinareobs

cilindrul kalonkaSi moTavsebuli sorbentis gamoyenebiT,
ewodeba kalonkuri qromatografia. kalonkaze SeiZleba iqnes
realizebuli qromatografiul dayofis zemoT
miTiTebulidan nebismieri.
qromatografiuli kalonka warmoadgens minis mils,
romelsac gamosasvlelTan aqvs onkani.
saanalizo nivTiereba xsnaris saxiT mcire raodenobiT
SeaqvT qromatografiul kalonkaSi. amis Semdeg, kalonkaSi
gansazRvruli siCqariT (daaxloebiT 20 wveTi 1 wuTSi)
gaatareben moZrav fazas, ris Sedegadac narevi daiyofa
kalonkaSi mTel sigrZeze erTmaneTisagan met-naklebad
dacilebul zonebad, romlebic Seicaven individualur
nivTierebas. es zonebi gadaadgildeba sorbentze moZravi
fazis dinebis siCqareze naklebi siCqariT. es ki saSualebas
iZleva saanalizo narevidan calkeuli komponentebis
gamoyofisaTvis gamoviyenoT eluenturi meTodi, e. i. gavataroT
moZravi faza kalonkaSi manam, sanam dayofili nivTierebebi ar
82
iqneba eluirebuli. eluats agroveben fraqciebad. saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi eluirebisas moZravi fazis Semadgenloba SeiZleba
Seicvalos misi polarobis zrdiT. nivTierebebi, romlebic
imyofeba eluatis sxvadasxva fraqciebSi, SeiZleba gamoiyos da
ganisazRvros raodenobrivad da Tvisobrivad nebismieri
preparatuli an analizuri meTodebiT. eluenturi meTodi
iZleva qromatografiuli kalonkis mravaljeradi gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobas.
ioncvliTi qromatogragiis Casatareblad kalonkas
Seavseben winaswar momzadebuli ionitiT. Tu kerZo statiaSi
ar aris raime sxva miTiTeba, 5-10 g ionits (nawilakebis zomiT
0,2-0,5 mm) aTavseben WiqaSi da 2-3-jer garecxaven wyliT.
daasxamen ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas, ayovneben 12 sT da
periodulad ureven. amis Semdeg wyliT recxaven qloridebze
uaryofiTi reaqciis miRebamde.
anionitTan muSaobis SemTxvevaSi, hidroqsi formaSi
gadayvanis mizniT, qlorwyalbadmJaviT da wyliT Carecxvis
Semdeg mas asxamen 5% natriumis karbonatis xsnars an 2%
natriumis hidroqsidis xsnars da ayovneben 2 sT (dayovnebisas
aucilebelia drodadro moreva). am operacias imeoreben, sanam
ar miiReben qloridebze uaryofiT reaqcias. damuSaveba tutis
xsnariT unda moxdes iseT pirobebSi, rodesac gamoricxulia
naxSirorJangis STanTqma haeridan.
momzadebul ionitebs Carecxaven wyliT da gadaaqvT
kalonkaSi, romelic Sevsebulia wyliT. wyals Camoasxamen
kalonkidan onkanis meSveobiT. ionitis fenidan haeris
buStukebs gamodevnian kalonkis frTxili SenjRreviT an
wylis ukudeniT. Sevsebul kalonkas recxaven neitraluri
reaqciis miRebamde. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom
sorbenti mudmivad unda imyofebodes siTxis fenis qveS. Tu

83
ioniti amotivtivda fenis zemoT, maSin aucilebelia tamponis
moTavseba, romelic damzadebulia minis bambisagan.
qromatografirebas atareben saanalizo xsnaris
kalonkaSi gatarebiT. procesi mTavrdeba kalonkis garecxviT.
ioncvliTi produqtebis raodenoba, romelsac Seicavs
kalonkaSi gamavali saanalizo xsnari da Canarecxi siTxe,
eqvivalenturia kalonkaSi sorbentze adsorbirebuli
kaTionebis an anionebisa. es saSualebas iZleva, rom Catardes
raodenobrivi gansazRvra ioncvliTi produqtebis pirdapiri
gatitvriT. H-an OH-formaSi myof ionitze qromatografirebis
SemTxvevaSi, ioncvliT produqtebs titraven Sesabamisad fuZe
an mJava titrantiT.
rogorc wesi, SeiZleba ioncvliTi qromatografiuli
kalonkis mravaljeradi gamoyeneba. Tu kerZo statiaSi ar aris
raime sxva miTiTeba, maSin kaTionitebisa da anionitebis
regeneracias, mTeli rigi gansazRvrebis Catarebis Semdeg
anxorcieleben Semdegnairad: kalonkaSi gaatareben 4%
qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnars an 5% natriumis karbonatis xsnars
(2% natriumis hidroqsidis xsnari) procesis dasrulebisas,
rodesac regenirebuli xsnaris koncentracia kalonkaSi
Sesvlis win da misgan gamosvlis Semdeg erTmaneTs
gautoldeba,mas Carecxaven wyliT; neitraluri reaqciis
miRebamde.

qromatografia qaRaldze

qromatografiul process, romelic mimdinareobs

qromatografiul qaRaldze moZravi Txevadi fazis
gadaadgilebisas, ewodeba qaRaldze qromatografia.
uZrav fazas warmoadgens TviTon qaRaldi, an nivTiereba,
romelic aris Setanili mis zedapirze. qaRaldze
qromatografiis meqanizmi aris ganawilebiTi an adsorbciuli.
84
 moZravi fazis gadaadgileba xorcieldeba kapilaruli
Zalebis moqmedebiT (aRmavali qromatografia), an kapilaruli
Zalebisa da simZimis Zalis moqmedebiT (daRmavali
qromatografia).
qromatografirebisas saanalizo nivTierebebi qaRaldze
warmoqmnian mrgval an ovalur laqebs (zonebs). laqebis jams,
romelic miRebulia mocemuli saanalizo nimuSis
qromatografirebisas, ewodeba qromatograma.
qromatografirebadi nivTierebis Zvradoba xasiaTdeba
sididiT Rf, romelic warmoadgens nivTierebisa da moZravi
fazis gadaadgilebis saSualo siCqareebis fardobas
qromatogramis miRebis droSi. eqsperimentulad gansazRvrul
Rf - is mniSvnelobaze SesamCnevad moqmedebs qromatografiis
pirobebi. qromatografiuli Zvradobis ufro zust Sefasebas
gvaZlevs sidide Rs, romelic warmoadgens erTi nivTierebis Rf,
sididis Sefardebas meore nivTierebis (standartis), Rf,
sididesTan.
standarts SearCeven ise, rom Rs imyofebodes 0,5-2 far-
glebSi. Rf da Rs sidideebs iyeneben nivTierebaTa orientire-
buli identifikaciisTvis. igiveoba ganisazRvreba erTi da
imave nivTierebis saanalizo da autenturi nimuSebis qaRaldis
erT furcelze erTdrouli qromatografirebisas. Tu ni-
muSebi identuria, maSin maT Sesabamis laqebs qromatogramaze
aqvT erTnairi saxe da Rf - is erTi da igive mniSvneloba. iden-
tifikaciisaTvis zogjer mizanSewonilia mocemuli nivTierebis
erTnairi raodenobiT saanalizo da autenturi nimuSebis nare-
vis qromatografireba. qromatogramaze unda SeiniSnebodes
erTi laqa. qromatografiis pirobebi unda SeirCes ise, rom Rf-
is mniSvneloba iyos 0-dan 1- mde.
sisufTaveze gamokvlevisas minarevebsa da ZiriTad niv-
Tierebebs unda hqondeT Rf-is sxvadasxva sidide. am pirobebSi

85
saanalizo nivTierebis sisufTavis xarisxi SeiZleba gani-
sazRvros miaxloebiT raodenobrivad. amisaTvis, erT fur-
celze, erTdroulad miiReben gansazRvruli raodenobis
saanalizo nivTierebis Qqromatogramas da gansasazRvravi
minarevis (mowme) nimuSis ramodenime qromatogramas. saanalizo
nimuSSi minarevebis Semcvelobas afaseben qromatogramaze misi
laqebis, Seferilobis intensivobisa da sididis mixedviT, mow-
mis laqebTan SedarebiT, formisa da Seferilobis mixedviT.
minarevebis laqebis imave raodenobiT aRebuli ZiriTadi niv-
Tierebis laqebTan msgavsebisas, SesaZlebelia ZiriTadi niv-
Tierebis da minarevebis identifikacia. nivTierebaTa raodeno-
brivi gansazRvra qromatografiuli dayofis Semdeg xor-
cieldeba densitometrulad uSualod qromatogramaze an
eluirebis Semdeg. am SemTxvevaSi laqebs amoWrian da
daqucmacebis Semdeg qaRaldidan gamowvlilaven gansasazRvrav
nivTierebas Sesabamisi gamxsneliT. gamonawvlilSi an mSral
naSTSi saanalizo nivTierebis Semcvelobas, gamxsnelis
mocilebis Semdeg, adgenen nebismieri meTodiT, romelic gamo-
sadegia mcire raodenobebis gansazRvrisaTvis (speqtro-
fotometria, polarografia da sxva).

mowyobilobani

qaRaldze qromatografiis Catarebisas iyeneben hermetul

kamerebs, romlebic damzadebulia inertuli masalisgan.
xSirad kameris saxiT iyeneben minis qilebs, romlebsac aqvT
milesili Tavsaxuri. kameris SigniT, mis qveda an zeda
nawilSi, aTavseben WurWels moZravi fazisaTvis (navi).
navma unda Caitios moZravi fazis is moculoba, romelic
sakmarisia erTjeradi qromatografiis CatarebisTvis. navis
sigrZem unda gadaaWarbos qromatografiuli qaRaldis fur-
clis siganes. kamera aRWurvili unda iyos qromatografiuli
86
qaRaldis furclis muSa mdgomareobaSi dasamagrebeli da
navSi moZravi fazis Semyvani mowyobilobebiT.
kameris Sida kedlebze amofenilia filtris qaRaldi,
rac xels uwyobs mis ufro Cqar da srul gaJRenTas im
gamxsnelTa orTqliT, romlebic gamoiyeneba qromatografiisas.

fazebis da qaRaldis momzadeba

Seurevadi gamxsnelTa sistemebis momzadebisas, aucile-

belia maTi urTierTgajerebis uzrunvelyofa, magaliTad, ga-
myof ZabrSi SenjRrevis gziT.
qaRalds, romelsac aqvs saWiro simkvrive, kvalifikaciiT
“qromatografiisaTvis”, Wrian perpendikularuli an parale-
luri boWkoebis mimarT furclad (zolebad), romelTa sigrZe
miaxloebiT kameris simaRlis tolia. am zolebis sigane
SeiZleba miaxloebiT ganisazRvros formuliT: A=3(K+1), sadac
A-zolis siganea (sm), K-zolamde qromatogramebis raodenoba.
furclis TiToeul zolze grafitis fanqriT gaatareben
swor xazs, romelsac ewodeba startis xazi. qaRaldis zolis
bolodan startis xazamde daSoreba SeirCeva ise, rom qaR-
aldis navSi Cayursvisas gamoiricxos startis xazze Setanili
nivTierebis uSualo Sexeba navSi arsebul siTxesTan.
ase momzadebul qromatografiul qaRaldis furcelze,
Tu aris miTiTebuli kerZo statiaSi, Seitanen uZrav fazas.
amisaTvis Sesabamis Zneladaqrolad gamxsnelebs (formamidi,
propilenglikoli da sxva) Seureven advilad aqrolad
gamxsnelebTan (umTavresad meTilis spirtTan) da miRebul
narevSi 1-2 wamiT Cayursaven qaRaldis furclebs. Warb narevs
furclis zedapiridan moxsnian filtris qaRaldTan SexebiT,
ris Sedegad narevis aqrolad komponents moacileben haerze
gamoSrobiT 15-20 wuTiT.

87
 Tu uZravi fazis saxiT rekomendebulia araaqroladi niv-
Tierebebis wyalxsnaris gamoyeneba, maSin qaRalds daamuSaveben
am xsnariT, aSroben, rogorc miTiTebulia zemoT, xolo qro-
matografirebis win aCereben kameraSi, romelSic aris wylis
orTqli. qaRaldze uZravi fazebis advilad aqroladi kompo-
nentebis Setana xorcieldeba qromatografirebis win misi
kameris fazaTa orTqlSi gaCerebiT.

qromatogramebis damuSaveba

qromatografirebis damTavrebis Semdeg, nivTierebaTa

laqebs qromatogramaze amJRavneben xilul an ultraiisfer
Suqze daTvalierebiT. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi qromatogramas
winaswar amuSaveben (CayursviT an SesxurebiT) reaqtivis
xsnariT, romelic iZleva ferad reaqciebs qromatografirebad
nivTierebebTan.
calkeul SemTxvevebSi laqebs amJRavneben ultraiisferi
SuqiT, reaqtivis SesxurebiT an sxva gziT. gamovlenili laqe-
bisaTvis Rf-is sidides gamoiTvlian Semdegi tolobiT:
a
Rf =
b
sadac a – startis xazidan laqis centramde manZilia;
b - startis xazidan moZravi fazis frontamde manZili.

sorbentis Txel fenaze qromatografia

qromatografiul process, romelic mimdinareobs iner-

tul zedapirze Setanili sorbentis Txel fenaze moZravi fa-
zis moZraobisas, ewodeba qromatografia sorbentis Txel fe-
naze.

88
 uZrav fazas, am SemTxvevaSi, warmoadgens TviT myari sor-
benti an nivTiereba, romelic winaswar aris masze Setanili.
qromatografiuli dayofis meqanizmi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva,
magram ZiriTadad is aris adsorbciuli. moZravi fazis gadaad-
gileba sorbentis fenaze, qromatografiis procesis aparatuli
gaformebis gaadvilebis mizniT, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba
aRmavali meTodiT anu kapilaruli Zalebis moqmedebiT.
qaRaldze qromatografiasTan SedarebiT sorbentis Txel
fenaze qromatografias aqvs mTeli rigi upiratesobani, ro-
melTaganac umTavresia: qromatografiuli procesis maRali
siCqare da mgrZnobeloba, SesaZlebloba imisa, rom uZravi fa-
zis saxiT gamoyenebuli iqnes sxvadasxvagvari sorbentebi, la-
qebis aRmoCenisaTvis SesaZlebelia mkacri pirobebis gamoyeneba
– agresiuli reagentebiT qromatogramis damuSaveba maRali
temperaturis pirobebSi da sxva. qromatografirebisaTvis ga-
moiyeneba mza firfitebi Txelfenovani qromatogramisaTvis,
laboratoriul pirobebSi SeiZleba damzaddes firfita dama-
grebuli sorbentis Txeli feniT.

sorbentis Txelfeniani firfitebis momzadeba

sorbentis fena (umetesad silikageliT an aluminis Jan-

giT, kvalifikaciiT `qromatografiisaTvis~) nawilakebis zomiT
150-200 meSi (saceri #61) SeaqvT Sesabamisi zomis minis firfi-
taze. fenis dasamagreblad iyeneben kalciumis sulfatis (Ca-
SO4=1/2H2O - TabaSiri) an saxamebels. fenis Setana SeiZleba gan-
xorcieldes Semdegi meTodebiT:
meTodi 1. sorbentis damagrebuli fenis misaRebad, ro-
mlis sisqe ramdenime aTeuli mikronia, 2-3 g TabaSiris mosres-
vis dros amateben 40 g silikagels an aluminis Jangs (200-400
meSi) da 0,1 g TabaSirs faifuris rodinSi mosresen 5 ml

89
wyalTan erTgvarovani Txevadi masis miRebamde, romelsac ma-
Sinve daasxamen horizontalur mdgomareobaSi myof winaswar
garecxil, SerCeuli zomis firfitebze. masis fenas aTanabre-
ben SpadeliT da aseTi gziT miRebul fenas aSroben oTaxis
temperaturaze, icaven meqanikuri da qimiuri dabinZurebisagan.
Tu kerZo statiaSi ar aris miTiTerbuli raime sxva informa-
cia, firfitebis gaaqtivebas axdenen maSrob karadaSi 1200 C-ze
1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. mza firfitebis sorbentis Txeli fe-
niT, inaxaven eqsikatorSi, romelSic moTavsebulia silikageli
an kalciumis qloridi.
SeniSvna. 100-150 mkm sisqis fenis misaRebad zemoT miTiTe-
buli raodenobis masas Setanas axdenen firfitebze, romelTa
saerTo farTobia 200 sm2.
meTodi 2. sorbentis damagrebuli fenis misaRebad, ro-
mlis sisqe ramdenime aTeuli mikronia, 2-3g TabaSirs mosresvis
dros amateben 40g silikagels an aluminis Jangs (200-400 meSi)
da 140 ml qloroforms. miRebuli sorbentis suspenziis 4,5 ml
daasxamen 100 sm2 zedapirze kargad garecxil, mSral minis
firfitebze, romlebic ganlagebulia horizontalurad.
firfitebs, Tu ar aris miTiTebuli kerZo statiaSi, aSro-
ben haerze 10-15 wT-is ganmavlobaSi.
sorbentis suspenzias inaxaven milesilsacobian kolbSi;
gamoyenebis win kargad SeanjRreven.
meTodi 3. daumagrebeli sorbentis fenis mosamzadeblad
sorbents moafrqveven horizontalurad mdebare minaze da as-
worben uJangavi liTonis gorgoliT, romlis diamteria 6-8 mm,
xolo orive bolo cilindruladaa gamsxvilebuli, manam sanam
ar miiReben 1-2 mm sisqis fenas. gorgolis gamsxvilebuli ci-
lindruli nawilis diametrs 2-4 mm-iT (Sesabamisad SemoTavaze-
buli fenis sisqeze). gorgolis Sua nawilis sigrZe unda iyos
minis sisqeze 20-30 mm-iT naklebi; liTonis gorgolas nacvlad

90
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT minis Cxiri, romlis boloebze dacobi-
lia rezinis an polieTilenis milis naWrebi Sesabamisi sisqiT
da diametriT.

qromatografiuli dayofis meTodi

sorbentis Txel fenaze qromatografiuli meTodiT niv-

TierebaTa dayofisaTvis iyeneben Sesabamisi zomis qromatogra-
fiul kamerebs. maT fskerze daasxamen moZrav fazas im raode-
nobiT, romelic sakmarisia 0,5sm siRrmis fenis warmosaqmnelad.
kameras axuraven Tavsaxurs da gamxsnelebis orTqliT gajere-
bis mizniT ayovneben 30-60 wT-iT. gajerebis srulyofisaTvis
kameris kedlebs amoafenen filtris qaRalds. saanalizo
xsnars mikropipetiT an mikroSpriciT Seitanen startis xazze,
romelic gatarebulia firfitis qveda kididan 2-3 sm-is daSo-
rebiT ise, rom nimuSebis laqebi erTmaneTisa da sorbentis fe-
nis kideebs daSordes ara nakleb 2sm-iT. saanalizo sinjebis
laqebis arasasurvel ganTxevas Tavidan icileben Setanisas
perioduli gaSrobiT.
startis xazze Setanili laqis gamoSrobis Semdeg fir-
fita SeaqvT kameraSi ise, rom firfitis qveda kide moZrav fa-
zaSi Caiyursos 0,5-1 sm-ze.
firfitebs, romlebzec damagrebulia sorbentis fena,
aTavseben siTxis zedapirisadmi 60-900-iani kuTxiT, xolo im
firfitebs, romlebzec ar aris damagrebuli sorbentis fena,
aTavseben siTxis zedapirisadmi 15-200 kuTxiT. rodesac gamx-
snelTa fronti gaivlis 10-15 sm-s, firfitas amoiReben, aRniS-
naven frontis mdebareobas da amJRavneben qromatogramaze niv-
Tierebebis laqebs ise, rogorc miTiTebulia Sesabamis kerZo
statiaSi. sorbentis daumagrebeli fenis Sesxurebas qromato-
grafiis procesis dasrulebis Semdeg axdenen nela, ise, rom
qromatograma ar gamoSres. qromatografirebis Sedegebs afase-
91
ben ise, rogorc aRwerilia kerZo statiaSi - `qromatografia
qaRaldze~.

qaRaldze da sorbentis Txel fenaze qromatografiis

variantebi

imisaTvis, rom mivaRwioT qromatografiis meTodebiT qa-

Raldze da sorbentis Txel fenaze nivTierebaTa saanalizo
narevebis saukeTeso dayofas, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT qromato-
grafirebis specialuri variantebi – ganmeorebiTi da orje-
radi.
ganmeorebiTi qromatografireba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
pirveli qromatografirebis dasrulebis Semdeg, firfitas an
qaRalds aSroben da kvlav CauSveben igive an sxva moZrav fa-
zaSi imave mimarTulebiT.
orjeradi – qromatografirebisas firfitas an qaRalds
meored CauSveben igive an sxva moZrav fazaSi mxolod ara
imave mimarTulebiT, aramed pirveladi CaSvebis pependikula-
ruli mimarTulebiT. orjeradi qromatografireba mizanSewo-
nilia ganxorcieldes kvadratul firfitaze an qaRaldis
furclebze. am dros saanalizo sinjs Seitanen kvadratis dia-
gonalze, mis erT-erT kuTxesTan axlos.
orjerad qromatografias erTi da iamve moZravi fazis ga-
moyenebiT, xSirad iyeneben qromatografirebis pirobebSi niv-
TierebaTa mdgomareobis Sesamowmeblad. mdgradi nivTierebebi
warmoqmnian laqebs, romlebic mdebareoben firfitis an qa-
Raldis furclis mxolod diagonalze.

gazuri qromatografia

gazuri qromatografia ewodeba qromatografiis meTods,

rodesac moZravi faza imyofeba airis an orTqlis mdgomareo-
92
baSi. farmacevtul analizSi gamoiyeneba rogorc gazursiTxo-
vani (airsiTxovani) ise gazuradsorbciuli (airadsorbciuli)
qromatografia. gazursiTxovani (airsiTxovani) qromatografii-
sas uZrav fazas warmoadgens siTxe, romelic datanilia myar
sorbentze, xolo gazuradsorbciuli (airadsorbciuli) qro-
matografiis dros uZrav fazas warmoadgens myari adsorbento.
SemdgomSi gazursiTxovani da gazuradsorbciuli uZravi fa-
zebi aRniSnuli iqneba terminiT `sorbenti~.
saanalizo nivTierebebi SehyavT air-matareblis nakadSi
sadac isini orTqldeba, airadi saxiT gaivlis kalonkaSi da
gadanawildeba airad da Txevad da myar fazebs Soris. ad-
sorbciisa da desorbciis aqtebis mravaljeradi ganmeorebis
Sedegad, uZrav fazaSi nivTierebis raodenobis damokidebuleba
nivTierebaTa raodenobasTan moZrav fazaSi, warmoadgens gana-
wilebis koeficients, romelic Tavis mxriv damokidebulia
gaxsnili nivTierebis bunebaze da uZravi fazis raodenobaze.
dayofili nivTierebebi qromatografiuli kalonkidan
eluirdeba gaz-matareblis nakadiT, registrirdeba deteqto-
riT da qromatogramaze fiqsirdeba pikebis saxiT. miRebuli
qromatograma asaxavs ZiriTad nivTierebaTa narevis raodeno-
biTi da TvisebiTi analizis Sedegebs. gazuri qromatografiis
meTodi gamoiyeneba aqroladi da im nivTierebebis saanalizod,
romelic SeiZleba gadaviyvanoT aqrolad mdgomareobaSi spe-
cialuri mowyobilobebisa da meTodebis gamoyenebiT.
gazuri qromatografia Sedgeba stadiebisagan: gaz-matare-
blis da damxmare gazebis (deteqtorisaTvis) nakadis siCqaris
Secvla da regulireba, saanalizo nimuSis sinjis Seyvana, gaz-
qromatografiuli kalonkebidan da deteqtoris sistemidan mi-
Rebuli qromatografiuli informaciis registracia; Termos-
tatireba, kalonkis da deteqtoris temperaturis kontroli da
sinjis Seyvana.

93
 gaz-matarebeli Sedis qromatografSi balonidan, reduq-
toris gavliT. gaz-matareblis saxiT umTavresad iyeneben he-
liums, azots, argons deteqtorTan Tbogamtarobaze muSaobi-
sas umjobesia heliumis gamoyeneba, vinaidan is uzrunvelyofs
deteqtoris maqsimalur mgrZnobelobas, umravlesoba organul
naerTebTan SedarebiT maRali Tbogamtarobis gamo.
saanalizo nimuSis sinjis Seyvanis sistema Sedgeba
amaorTqleblis da rkinis membranisagan. zogierTi qromato-
grafi aRWurvilia aseve specialuri dozatoriT, romelTa ga-
moyenebiTac xdeba gazwarmoqmneli da myari nivTierebebis
Seyvana. saanalizo nivTierebebi kalonkaSi xvdeba airad mdgo-
mareobaSi, amitom amaorTqleblis temperaturam unda uzrun-
velyos nimuSis komponentis Cqari aorTqleba. Txevadi sinjebi
qromatografSi SehyavT mikroSpriciT. uZravi Txevadi fazis
raodenobaze da kalonkis diametrze saanalizo siTxis sinjis
moculoba unda iyos 0,1-1 mkl, xolo gazsinjis moculoba ki –
0,5-dan 5 ml-mde.
gazurqromatografiuli kalonka warmoadgens swor, an U-
s formis mils, romelic damzadebulia uJangavi liTonis an
minisagan, Sida diamteriT 0,6-dan 5 mm – de. umetesad gamoiye-
neba kalonkebi siganiT 1-3 m.
gazurqromatografiuli kalonkis efeqturoba (n) gani-
sazRvreba formuliT:
2
⎛ l ⎞
n = 5,545⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ μ 0,5 ⎠
sadac,
l - nivTierebis dakavebis droa, gamosaxuli lentis dia-
gramis sigrZis erTeulebSi (mm);
μ 0,5 - qromatografiuli pikis siganea da gamoiTvleba
formuliT:

94
 Δl
R=
μ0,5(1) + μ0,5( 2)
sadac,
Δl -1 da 2 dasayof nivTierebaTa dakavebis droTa sxvaobaa.
kalonkis temperaturam unda gansazRvros narevis kompo-
nentebis optimaluri dayofa analizis mokle droSi.
im narevebis analizisaTvis, romelTa komponentebis du-
Rulis temperatura farTo diapazonSia moqceuli, mizanSe-
wonilia gazuri qromatografis gamoyeneba temperaturis dap-
rogramebiT, gazuri qromatografiis gamoyeneba gaz-matareblis
gasavalis daprogramebiT an gazuri qromatografiis am orive
saxis meTodebis erTdrouli gamoyeneba. myari sorbentis zed-
apirma unda uzrunvelyos dayofa. mas unda hqondes sakmao
meqanikuri simtkice, unda iyos inertuli, rogorc saanalizo
nivTierebebTan, ise Txevad fazasTan damokidebulebaSic. myari
sorbentis saxiT iyeneben siliciumis orJangze damzadebul
masalebs - diatomits an kizelgurs (magaliTad, sferoqromebi,
qromatonebi, xezosorbebi, celitebi) fTornaxSirbadian
polimerebs (magaliTad: tefloni, poliqromi); polistirols,
stirolsa da divinilbenzolis Tanapolimerebs (polisorbebi).
calkeul SemTxvevebSi myari sorbentis saxiT iyeneben zogierT
marilTa kristalebs (magaliTad: natriumis qloridi), minis
burTulebs da karboqromis myari sorbentis nawilakebs. ufro
xSirad gamoyenebuli nawilakebis zomebi varirebs 0,1-dan 0,5
mm-mde, mocemuli saanalizo amocanis mixedviT sorbentis
Tvisebebi SeiZleba Seicvalos.
uZravi faza warmoadgens maRali duRilis temperaturis
mqone siTxes (vazelinis zeTi, neitraluri poliglikoli, cxi-
movani mJava da sxva).
rogorc wesi, uZravi Txevadi faza edeba myar sorbents 1-
20% odenobiT. sorbentis fazis dadebis ramdenime meTodia mo-
95
wodebuli, romelTaganac yvelaze xSirad mimarTaven faifuris
fialaze Serevas an rotaciul vakuumamaorTqlebelis gamo-
yenebas.
dayofis efeqturobis gazrdis mizniT iyeneben kapilarul
kalonkebs, romelSic uZravi faza Setanilia kalonkis zed-
apirze Txeli afskis saxiT; kapilaris sigrZe Cveulebriv 10-
100m farglebSi meryeobs, Sida diametri 0,1-0,6 mm.
gazqromatografiuli aparatebis avtomatur sistemaSi
Sedis deteqtori, gamaZlierebeli, TviTCamweri xelsawyo da
integratori.
sakmaod xSirad iyeneben deteqtors Tbogamtarobis mixed-
viT, romelic dafuZnebulia gaz-matarebelis Tbogamtarobis
gazomvaze sxva nivTierebebis Tanaarsebobis dros. is xasiaT-
deba universalobiT, ramdenadac mgrZnobiarea praqtikulad
yvela aqroladi organuli naerTis mimarT.
alian-ionizaciuri deteqtori mgrZnobiarea organuli
naerTebis mimarT da ar aris mgrZnobiare wylis orTqlis mi-
marT. garda am ori deteqtorisa, samkurnalo nivTierebebis
gazurqromatografiul analizSi, maRali mgrZnobelobis saWi-
roebisas SeiZleba gamoviyenoT seleqciuri deteqtorebi.
sistemebSi sinjis Seyvanisas, analizis da temperaturuli
reJimis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia Termostatireba, tem-
peraturis kontroli (kalonkaSi, deteqtorSi).
Tvisobrivi analizi. samkurnalo nivTierebaTa identifi-
kaciisaTvis umetesad gamoiyeneba - mowmeebisa (standartuli
nimuSebi) da fardobiT Sekavebaze dafuZnebuli meTodebi.
nivTiereba-mowmis meTodis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
sakvlevi sinjis analizis Semdeg identur pirobebSi axdenen
im nivTierebaTa qromatografirebas, romelnic Sedian sakvlev
sinjSi. saanalizo sinjis komponentis da nivTiereba-mowmis
Sekavebis drois Tanxvedra aris imis dasturi, rom es ori niv-

96
Tiereba identuria. nivTiereba-mowme SeiZleba Seyvanili iqnas
pirdapir saanalizo nimuSSi. am SemTxvevaSi identurobis
kriteriums warmoadgens qromatogramaze Sesabamisi pikis gaz-
rda. sxva struqturis naerTs eqneba Sekavebis gansxvavebuli
dro. kidev ufro dadasturebulad saWiroa saanalizo nimuSis
da nivTiereba-mowmis qromatogramebis gadaReba minimum or ka-
lonkaze-uZravi Txevadi fazebiT, romlebic erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdeba polarobiT.
fardobiTi Sekavebis meTodiT nivTierebaTa identifi-
kaciisaTvis atareben nimuSis analizs im pirobebSi, romelic
miTiTebulia konkretul meTodSi, amasTan, sinjs winaswar
umateben gansazRvruli raodenobebiT (miTiTebul meTodSi)
Sesadar nivTierebas. fardobiTi Sekaveba ( ų ) ganisazRvreba
formuliT:
t R − t0
μ=
t Rst − t0
sadac
tR - saanalizo nivTierebis gazurqromatografiuli
Sekavebis droa;
t R st - Sesadari nivTierebis Sekavebis dro;
t0 - arasorbcirebuli nivTierebis Sekavebis dro;
raodenobrivi analizi. raodenobriv analizs atareben
qromatogramaze nivTierebaTa pikebis gazomviT. praqtikulad
iyeneben pikebis or parametrs: farTobs an simaRles. SedarebiT
farTod gamoiyeneba pikis farTobis parametri.
qromatogramaze pikebis farTobebs gansazRvraven Semdegi
meTodebiT: pikis simaRlis (h) gamravlebiT mis siganeze ( μ 0,5 )
romelic gazomilia misi simaRlis naxevarze planimetriulad,
integratoris meSveobiT. vinaidan deteqtoris mgrZnobeloba
dasayofi nivTierebis mimarT, rogorc wesi, araerTnairia,
97
saWiro SemTxvevaSi raodenobriv gansazRvras win uZRvis xel-
sawyos dagraduireba.
arsebobs raodenobrivi analizis sami ZiriTadi meTodi:
absolituri graduirebis, Sida normalizaciis da Sida stan-
dartis meTodi.
absoluturi graduirebis meTodi efuZneba qromatografSi
Seyvanili nivTierebis raodenobasa da pikis farTobs, an pikis
simaRles Soris damokidebulebis winaswar gansazRvras. qro-
matografSi SehyavT zusti raodenobis graduirebuli narevi
da gansazRvraven miRebuli pikebis farTobebs an simaRles.
ageben grafiks, romelic warmoadgens Seyvanili nivTierebebis
raodenobis damokidebulebas pikis farTobTan an simaRlesTan.
axdenen sakvlevi nimuSis analizs, zomaven gansazRvruli kom-
ponentis farTobs an simaRles da graduirebuli grafikis sa-
fuZvelze gamoiTvlian mis raodenobas.
Sida standartis meTodi emyareba saanalizo nivTierebe-
bis pikis Sedarebas Sesadari nivTierebebis erTi da imave para-
metrTan. sakvlev sinjSi Sesadareblad SehyavT cnobili rao-
denobis is nivTiereba, romlis piki sakmaod kargad aris ga-
moyofili sakvlevi nivTierebis komponentisagan. atareben sin-
jis analizs da gamoiTvlian gansasazRvravi nivTierebis rao-
denobas.
ukanaskneli ori meTodi moiTxovs Sesworebis koeficien-
tebis Semotanas, romelic axasiaTebs gamoyenebuli tipebis de-
teqtorebis mgrZnobelobas saanalizo nivTierebebisadmi. sxva-
dasxva tipis deteqtorebisaTvis da sxvadasxva nivTierebebi-
saTvis mgrZnobelobis koeficienti ganisazRvreba eqsperimen-
tulad.

98
 qromatografiuli analizis pirobebi

meTodSi rekomendirebulia analizis Semdegi pirobebis

moyvana: gazqromatografiuli kalonkis zomebi; uZravi Txevadi
fazis tipebi da misi raodenoba; sorbentis tipi; kalonkis
amaorTleblis da deteqtoris temperatura, gaz-matarebeli da
misi xarjva, deteqtoris tipi.
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi kerZo statiebSi SeiZleba mieTi-
Tos qroamtografiuli analizis Catarebis damatebiTi piro-
bebi.

maRalefeqturi siTxovani qromatografia (maRali wnevis

siTxovani qromatografia)
maRalefeqturi siTxovani qromatografia (maRali wnevis
pirobebSi siTxovani qromatografia) warmoadgens kalonkuri
siTxovani qromatografiis variants, romelSic moZravi faza-
eluenti gaivlis sorbentis kalonkas didi siCqariT maRali
wnevis xarjze.
maRalefeqturi siTxovani qromatografia warmoadgens
araaqroladi Termolabiluri naerTebis (rogorc mcire, ise
didi molekuluri masis) raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi anali-
zis da preparatuli gamoyofis moxerxebul meTods.
Tanamedrove siTxovani qromatografiis ZiriTadi kvanZi
aris: maRali wnevis tumbo, dozatori, maRalefeqturi kalonka,
deteqtori maregistrirebeli mowyobilobiT.
Tanamedrove siTxovani qromatografebi aRWurvilia mi-
kroprocesoriT da mowyobilobebiT, romelTa meSveobiTac av-
tomaturad xdeba sinjis Seyvana, qromatografiuli procesis
pirobebis SenarCuneba mocemuli programis mixedviT, dayofis
pirobebis avtomaturi optimizacia, narevis raodenobrivi ana-
lizi.

99
 maRali wnevis tumbo (200-300 atm) uzrunvelyofs eluentis
gadasrolas kalonkaSi (zusti odenobiT). zogierT mikroka-
lonkur qromatografebSi gamoyenebulia tumboebi SedarebiT
dabali wneviT (10-20 atm).
qromatografiuli kalonkebi damzadebulia uJangavi fo-
ladisagan (an minisagan), romelTa sigrZea 10-25 sm, xolo Sida
diametri 0,3-0,8 sm (umetesad 0,4-0,5 sm). kalonkebs avseben ad-
sorbentiT (romlis sferuli da araswori formis nawilakebis
diametria 5-10 mkm) suspendirebis meTodis meSveobiT, rac
iZleva kalonkaSi sorbentis nawilakebis ufro erTgvarovani
da myarad CatvirTvis saSualebas. kalonkebis Sevseba xdeba
qromatografSi arsebuli samuSao wnevaze ufro maRali wnevis
pirobebSi. mikrokalonkur qromatografebSi gamoiyeneba ufro
mokle kalonkebi, romelTa Sida diametri (0,1-0,2 sm) SedarebiT
mcirea.
adsorbentis nawilakebi ar unda daiSalos kalonkis ma-
Rali wnevis qveS Sevsebisas.
kalonkaSi mcire diamteris (5-10 mkm) adsorbentis nawile-
bis mkvrivi dafena iZleva narevis komponentebis maRalefeq-
turi qromatografiuli dayofis saSualebas. qromatografiul
kalonkaSi temperaturis meryeoba ar unda aRematebodes ± 0,10 ,
umetesad dayofas atareben 20-500 temperaturis intervalSi.
siTxovan qromatografiaSi iyeneben speqtrofotometrul
deteqtors 190-900 nm farglebSi an fiqsirebuli (umetesad 254
nm-ze) talRis sigrZiT, refraqtometrul an fluorometrul
deteqtorebs. SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas sxva deteqtorebic,
magaliTad ionizaciuri, eleqtroqimiuri, mas-speqtrometriuli
da sxva.
adsorbentis saxiT umetesad gamoiyeneba silikageli hi-
droqsilirebuli zedapiriT da silikageli, romlis zeda-
pirze fiqsirebulia sxvadasxva funqciuri jgufebi; iSviaTad

100
iyeneben aluminis Jangs da polimerul adsorbentebs. praqti-
kaSi ZiriTadad iyeneben mza kalonkebs.
silikageliT Sevsebul kalonkasTan muSaobis dros
eluentis saxiT iyeneben naxSirwyalbadebs, zogjer mcireodeni
spirtis an sxva gamxsnelis damatebiT. upiratesad gamoyenebu-
lia wyliani xsnarebi, romlebic Seicaven dabalmolekulur
spirtebs an acetonitrils. umetes SemTxvevaSi ar aris saWiro
gamxsnelebis damatebiTi gasufTaveba, magram zogjer gasufTa-
veba aucilebelia.
organuli kaTionebis an anionebis dasayofad iyeneben
ioncvliT siTxovan qromatografias. am SemTxvevaSi dayofas
axorcieleben adsorbentze sulfo da karboqsiluri kaTioni-
tebiT da sxvadasxva aminojgufebiT Canacvlebuli anionitebiT,
xolo eluentis saxiT gamoiyeneba wyliani buferuli xsnarebi
Sesabamisi pH-iT da ionuri ZaliT.
im nivTierebaTa dasayofad, romlebsac aqvT kaTioneban
kompleqsebis warmoqmnis unari, (rogoricaa aminomJavebis opti-
kuri izomerebi) gamoiyeneba ligandocvliTi qromatografia,
sadac dayofa efuZneba saanalizo nivTierebaTa gansxvavebul
unars liTonis kompleqswarmoqmnili ionis arsebobisas war-
moqmnan koordinaciuli bmebi. am SemTxvevaSi iyeneben adsor-
bentebs, romelTa zedapirze fiqsirebul jgufebs unari aqvT
kompleqsebi warmoqmnan liTonTa ionebTan da dasayof nivTie-
rebasTan.
maRalmolekuluri nivTierebis (molekuluri masa 103-ze
metia) dasaxasiaTeblad da dasayofad iyeneben eqskluziur da
(sacrisebur) qromatografias, romelic uzrunvelyofs nivTie-
rebaTa dayofas maTi molekulebis zomebis Sesabamisad. adsor-
bentis saxiT iyeneben hidroqsilirebul silikagelebs firebs
sxvadasxva diametriT an analogiur silikagelebs, romelTac
gaaCniaT dioluri da sxva jgufebi, aseve sxvadasxva gelebs.

101
 kalonkaSi nivTierebaTa dayofis xarisxi ganisazRvreba
ori mezobeli pikis maqsimumebs Soris manZiliT da qromato-
grafiuli zolis siganiT. maqsimumebs Soris manZili damokide-
bulia adsorbentis seleqciurobaze dasayofi nivTierebis mi-
marT, xolo zolis sigane - kalonkis efeqturobaze, romelic
ganisazRvreba adsorbentis nawilakebis SetaniT, eluentis si-
blantiT da deteqtorebiT.
maRalefeqtur kalonkas SeuZlia dayos nivTiereba maSi-
nac, rodesac adsorbentis seleqciuroba dabalia.
narevSi TiToeuli komponentis Semcvelobis gansazRvri-
saaTvis aucilebelia qromatogramis raodenobrivi Sefaseba
absoluturi dakalibrebis meTodisa da Senagani standartis
meTodis gamoyenebiT (ix. `gazuri qromatofrafia~).
Tu minarevebi aRnagobiT msgavsia, maSin Tvisobrivad maT
Semcvelobas afaseben qromatogramaze pikebis SedarebiT. Tu
deteqtoris mgrZnobeloba minarevebTan damokidebulebaSi
sxvadasxvaa, maSin aseTi Sefasebis gakeTeba ar SeiZleba.
siTxovani qromatografiis meTodi uzrunvelyofs sarw-
muno monacemebis miRebas narevSi Semavali saintereso kompo-
nentebis Sesaxeb. komponentis kalonkidan gamosvlis dro erT-
sa da imave pirobebSi iqneba yovelTvis mudmivi da safuZvelia
mocemuli komponentis daxasiaTebisaTvis, xolo pikis farTobi
- proporciulia sinjSi mocemuli komponentis raodenobisa.

pH-is gansazRvra

wyalbadis maCvenebeli (pH) ewodeba wyalbad-ionebis aqti-

vobis uaryofiT logariTms.
pH = − lg a H +
pH-is gansazRvra xdeba sakvlev xsnarSi Cayursuli indi-
katoruli eleqtrodis potencialis SedarebiT imave eleq-
102
trodis potencialTan, mxolod Tu es ukanaskneli Cayursulia
cnobili pH-is mqone standartul buferul xsnarSi.
pH-metrebis dakalibrebisas iyeneben standartuli bufe-
ruli xsnarebis Skalas.

xsnaris pH sxvadasxva tem- bufe-

peraturaze ruli
# xsnaris dasaxeleba
teva-
00 C 100 C 200 C 250 C 300 C 400 C doba

kaliumis tetraoqsalati
1 1,67 1,67 1,68 1,68 1,69 1,70 0,070
0,05 mol/l
kaliumisAhidrotartrati
2 - - - 3,56 3,55 3,54 0,027
gajerebuli 250 C -ze
kaliumis hidroftalati
3 4,01 4,00 4,00 4,01 4,01 4,03 0,016
0,05 mol/l
erTCanacvlebuli
kaliumis fosfati,
4 6,98 6,92 6,88 6,86 6,84 6,84 0,029
orCanacvlebuli natrumis
fosfati 0,025 mol/l
5 boraqsi 0,01 mol/l 9,46 9,33 9,22 9,18 9,14 9,07 0,020
kalciumis hidroJangi,
6 - - - 12,45 12,30 1,99 0,09
gajerebuli 250 C -ze

cxrilSi moyvanilia nivTierebaTa xsnarebi, romlebic ga-

moiyeneba standartuli buferuli xsnarebis saxiT pH-metre-
bisa da pH-is temperaturaze damokidebulebis Sesamowmeblad.
aseTi xsnarebis mosamzadeblad FSeiZleba fiqsonalis gamo-
yenebac.
SeniSvna 1. buferul tevadobas (β) uwodeben grameqviva-
lentebSi gamosaxul Zlieri fuZis raodenobas, romlis
damateba 1l buferul xsnarSiYiwvevs am xsnaris pH-is gazrdas
erTi erTeuliT.

103
 ⎛ dB ΔB ⎞
⎜⎜ β = ≈ ⎟
⎝ dpH ΔpH ⎟⎠
2. gamoxdil wyals, romelic gamoiyeneba rogorc bufer-
uli, aseve sakontrolo xsnarebis momzadebisas, unda hqondes
pH 5,8-7,0. gamoxdili wyali unda iyos Tavisufali naxSiror-
Jangisagan, risTvisac mas aduReben gamoyenebis win. Tu ga-
moxdili wylis pH duRilis Semdeg ar Seesabameba miTiTebul
zRvars, maSin saWiroa misi damatebiTi gasufTaveba, magaliTad
ioncvliTi kalonkis meSveobiT.
pH -is gazomvis potenciometriuli meTodi.
pH-is potenciometriuli gansazRvra mdgomareobs ori
eleqtrodisagan Semdgari elementis emZ-is gazomvaSi (indika-
toruli, romlis potenciali damokidebulia wyalbadis ione-
bis aqtivobaze da Sesadari eleqtrodis-standartuli
eleqtrodis cnobili sididiT).
pH-is gansazRvrisas indikatoruli eleqtrodis saxiT
praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba minis da qinhidronis eleqtrodebi.
calkeul SemTxvevebSi indikatoruli eleqtrodis saxiT
SeiZleba wyalbadis eleqtrodis gamoyenebac.
pH-is gansazRvrisaTvis iyeneben sxvadasxva sistemis
potenciometrebs an pH-metrebs, romelTa Skalac
dagraduiorebulia milivoltebSi an uSualod pH-erTeulebSi.
pH metris da eleqtronuli sistemis momzadeba xdeba im
instruqciis Tanaxmad, romelic moyveba xelsawyos.
pH metrebis dakalibreba da Semowmeba xorcieldeba im
standartuli buferuli xsnarebis mixedviT, romlebic
moyvanilia aqve darTul cxrilebSi.
xelsawyos maCvenebelsa da buferuli xsnaris pH-is
nominalur mniSvnelobas Soris sxvaobam ar unda gadaaWarbos
0,04 pH erTeuls.

104
 Tu sakontrolo xsnaris pH 1 erTeulze naklebad
gansxvavdeba standartuli buferuli xsnaris pH-isagan, maSin
xelsawyos Semowmeba SeiZleba erTi buferuli xsnaris
mixedviT, romlis pH-is mniSvnelobac Zevs gazomvis imave
diapazonSi, rogorSicaa sakontrolo xsnaris pH. Tu
sakontrolo xsnaris pH farTo sazRvrebSia, maSin pH - metris
Semowmeba unda moxdes ori standartuli buferuli xsnaris
mixedviT instruqciis Sesabamisad.
sakontrolo xsnarebis pH-is gazomvisas misi sididis
aTvlas xelsawyos Skalaze iwyeben mas Semdeg, rac xelsawyos
maCvenebls miiCneven sarwmunod. maCveneblis dayenebis dro
ganisazRvreba buferuli TaviseburebebiT da xsnaris
temperaturiT (ZiriTadad maCveneblis dayenebis dro ar
aWarbebs 2 wT-s).
pH -is gansazRvras axdenen 250C ± 20C – ze, winaaRmdeg
SeTxvevaSi aucilebelia Sesabamisi Sesworebis Setana.
Zlieri mJava an Zlieri fuZe xsnarebis pH-is gazomvisas
0 C-Tan axlos temperaturaze an Zalian dabali buferuli
0

tevadobis (magaliTad, gamoxdili wyali) mqone xsnarebis pH-is

gazomvisas maCveneblis dayenebis drom SeiZleba miaRwios
ramdenime wuTs.
uwylo da Sereul gamxsnelebSi, aseve zogierT
koloidur sistemebSi pH-is gazomvisas mxedvelobaSi unda
miviRoT is, rom miRebuli pH-is mniSvneloba aris pirobiTi.
pH-is gazomvis kolorimetriuli meTodi.
pH-is gansazRvrisas kolorimetriuli meTodi efuZneba
indikatorTa Tvisebas, Seicvalos Seferiloba wyalbadis
ionebis aqtivobaze damokidebulebis mixedviT pH-is gansaz-
Rvrul intervalSi. pH-is kolorimetriul gansazRvras axor-

105
cieleben indikatorebis (ix. cxrili) da standartuli bufer-
uli xsnarebis meSveobiT.
upirvelesad universaluri indikatorebis meSveobiT gan-
sazRvraven sakvlevi xsnaris pH-is mniSvnelobas miaxloebiT
(ix. moculobiTi gansazRvrisas gamoyenebuli `indikatorebi),
risTvisac 2 ml sakvlev xsnars patara WiqaSi Seureven 5 wveT
universalur indikators da miRebul Seferilobas adareben
ferad Skalas.
sakvlevi xsnaris pH-is miaxloebiTi gansazRvris Semdeg
irCeven 5-6 buferul xsnars, romlebic gamosadegia pH-is moce-
mul areSi da umniSvnelod gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. erT-
erT sinjaraSi asxamen 10 ml sakvlev xsnars, sxvebSi ki amor-
Ceul buferul xsnarebs. yvelas amateben 2-3 wv indikatorul
xsnars da sakvlevi xsnaris Seferilobas adareben buferuli
xsnaris SeferilobasTan.
sakvlevi xsnaris pH tolia buferuli xsnaris pH-is Tu
misi Seferiloba emTxveva buferuli xsnaris Seferilobas.
indikatori unda SeirCes ise, rom pH-is miCneuli
mniSvneloba moxvdes indikatoris Seferilobis gadasvlis in-
tervalis centralur nawilSi. sakvlev da buferul xsnarebSi
indikatoris koncentracia unda iyos Tanabari.
potenciometrul meTods kolorimetriul meTodTan Se-
darebiT aqvs didi upiratesoba imdenad, ramdenadac is ufro
zustia da amasTan aqvs xsnarSi damJangvelebis an
aRmdgenelebis arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli naklebi SezRud-
vebi. potenciometriuli meTodi kolorimetriuli meTodisagan
gansxvavebiT gamoiyeneba pH-is gansazRvrisaTvis Seferil, am-
Rvreul an gelismagvar xsnarebSi.
sawyisi nivTierebis da buferuli xsnarebis momzadeba
moyvanilia cxrilebSi. buferul xsnarebs, romlebic moyva-

106
nilia cxrilSi amzadeben reaqtivebisagan kvalifikaciiT `pH -
metrisaTvis~.
buferuli xsnarebis momzadebisas, SeiZleba gamoyenebuli
iqnes aseve reaqtivebi kvalifikaciiT `qimiurad sufTa~ da
`saanalizod sufTa~.
qimiurad sufTa da saanalizod sufTa kvalifikaciis
reaqtivebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi iqcevian ise, rogorc miT-
iTebulia qvemoT.
pH -is are 1,2-2,2
pH 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2
KCl-is xsnari 50 50 50 50 50 50
(0,2 mol/l), ml
HCl-is xsnari 64,50 41,50 26,30 16,60 10,60 6,70
(0,2 mol/l), ml
wyali 200 ml-mde

pH -is are 2,2-3,8

pH 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 3,2 3,4 3,6 3,8

kaliumis hidro- 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
ftalatis xsnari
(0,2 mol/l) ml
HCl -is xsnari 46,70 39,60 32,95 26,42 20,32 14,70 9,90 5,97 2,62
(0,2 mol/l),ml
wyali 200 ml-mde
pH -is are 4,0-5,0
pH 4,0 4,2 4,4 4,6 4,8 5,0
kaliumis hidroftalatis
50 50 50 50 50 50
xsnari (0,2 mol/l)ml
NaOH -is xsnari
0,40 3,70 7,50 12,15 17,70 23,85
(0,2 mol/l), ml
wyali 200 ml-mde

107
 pH -is are 5,2-6,2
pH 5,2 5,4 5,6, 5,8 6,0 6,2
kaliumis hidroftalatis
50 50 50 50 50 50
xsnari (0,2 mol/l)ml
NaOH -is xsnari
29,95 35,45 39,85 43,00 45,45 47,00
(0,2 mol/l),ml
wyali 200 ml-mde
pH -is are 5,8-6,8
pH 5,8 6,0 6,2 6,4 6,6 6,8
erTCanacvlebuli
kaliumis fosfatis xsnari 50 50 50 50 50 50
(0,2 mol/l) ml
NaOH -is xsnari
3,72 5,70 8,60 12,60 17,80 23,65
(0,2 mol/l), ml
wyali 200 ml-mde

pH -is are 7,0-8,0

pH 7,0 7,2 7,4 7,6 7,8 8,0
erTCanacvlebuli ka-
liumis fosfatis 50 50 50 50 50 50
xsnari (0,2 mol/l)ml
NaOH -is xsnari
29,63 35,00 39,50 42,80 45,20 46,80
(0,2 mol/l),ml
wyali 200 ml-mde

pH -is are 7,8-8,8

pH 7,8 8,0 8,2 8,4 8,6 8,8
boris mJavas xsnari
50 50 50 50 50 50
(0,2 mol/l) ml
NaOH -is xsnari
2,61 3,97 5,90 8,50 12,00 16,30
(0,2 mol/l), ml
wyali 200 ml-mde
108
 pH -is are 9,0-10,0
pH 9,0 9,2 9,4 9,6 9,8 10,0
boris mJavas xsnari
50 50 50 50 50 50
(0,2 mol/l) ml
NaOH -is xsnari
21,30 26,70 32,00 36,85 40,80 43,90
(0,2 mol/l), ml
wyali 200 ml-mde

pH-is are 10,0-11,4

pH 10,0 10,2 10,4 10,6 10,8 11,0 11,2 11,4
boraqsis xsnari (0,2
119,2 112,4 108,0 104,6 102,4 100,4 98,8 97,4
mol/l) ml
NaOH-is xsnari
40,40 43,80 46,00 47,70 48,80 49,08 50,60 51,30
(0,2 mol/l),ml
wyali 200 ml-mde
SeniSvna. cxrilSi moyvanili pH mniSvnelobebi realuria
pH ±0,05 – mde sizustiT 250 C.
1. kaliumis tetraoqsalatis xsnari KH3(C2O4)2 ⋅ 2H2O (0,05
mol/l) kaliumis tetraoqsalats (qimiurad sufTa, saanalizod
sufTa). orjer gadaakristaleben wylidan da aSroben haerze
ara umetes 500 temperaturaze dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi. 12,709g
gadakristalebul kaliumis tetraoqsalats xsnian wyalSi da
xsnaris moculobas wyliT Seavseben 1 litramde.
2. kaliumis hidrotartratis xsnari +250C – ze gajere-
buli (daaxloebiT 0,034 mol/l)…KHC4H4O6 ‐ kaliumis hidrotar-
trats (saanalizod sufTa) gadaakristaleben wylidan da aS-
roben +250C –ze mudmiv masamde. gadasakristalebel kaliumis
hidrotartrats SeanjRreven distilirebul wyalTan naxevari
saaTis ganmavlobaSi +250C –ze. gauxsnel nawils gafiltraven.

109
 3. kaliumis hidroftalatis xsnari KHC8H4O4 (0,05 mol/l).
kaliumis hidroftalats (saanalizod sufTa) gdaakristaleben
wylidan, aSroben ara umetes 1250C-ze mudmiv masamde. 10,211 g
gadakristalebul kaliumis hidroftalats xsnian wyalSi da
moculobas wyliT avseben 1 l-mde.
4. kaliumis hidroftalatis xsnari KHC8H4O4 (0,2 mol/l).
40,846 g kaliumis hidroftalats, romelic gadakristalebulia
ise, rogorc zemoT aris miTiTebuli, xsnian wyalSi da mocu-
lobas wyliT avseben 1 l-mde.
5. erTCanacvlebuli kaliumis fosfatis xsnari KH2PO4,
(qimiurad sufTa, saanalizod sufTa) (0,025 mol/l) da orCa-
nacvlebuli natriumis fosfatis xsnari Na2 HPO4, (0,025 mol/l)
(qimiurad sufTa, saanalizod sufTa). miTiTebul marilebs
asufTaveben samjeradi gadakristalebiT wylidan. erTCanacv-
lebul kaliumis fosfats aSroben 1100C –ze, xolo orCanacv-
lebul natriumis fosfats – 1300C -ze mudmiv masamde. 3,402 g
uwylo erTCanacvlebul kaliumis fosfats da 3,548 g uwylo
orCanacvlebul natriumis fosfats xsnian wyalSi da mocu-
lobas wyliT Seavseben 1 l-mde.
6. erTCanacvlebuli kaliumis fosfatis KH2PO4 xsnari.
(0,2 mol/l); 27,218 g gasufTavebul (rogorc zemoT aris miT-
iTebuli) uwylo erTCanacvlebul kaliumis fosfats xsnian
wyalSi da moculobas wyliT avseben 1 l-mde.
7. natriumis tetraboratis xsnari Na2B4O7 ⋅ 10H2O (0,01
mol/l). natriumis tetraborats (qimiurad sufTa, saanalizod
sufTa) orjer gadaakristaleben wylidan, ara umetes 600C –ze
gaxsniT. kristalebs filtraven biuxneris ZabrSi, Carecxaven
mcire raodenobis civi wyliT, Semdeg aSroben haerze 2-3 dRis
ganmavlobaSi. 3,814 g gadakritalebul natriumis tetraborats
xsnian wyalSi da moculobas wyliT avseben 1 l-mde.
110
 8. bormJavas xsnari kaliumis qloridiT H3BO3, (0,2
mol/l). bormJavas (qimiurad sufTa, saanalizod sufTa) orjer
gadaakristaleben wylidan, ara umetes 700C –ze, mudmiv masamde.
12,365 g gadakristalebul bormJavas da 14,911 g kaliumis qlo-
rids (qimiurad sufTa) xsnian wyalSi da moculobas wyliT
avseben 1 l-mde.
9. kaliumis qloridis xsnari KCl (0,2 mol/l) 14,911 g
kaliumis qlorids (qimiurad sufTa) xsnian wyalSi da mocu-
lobas wyliT avseben 1 l-mde.
10. 250C-ze gajerebul kalciumis hidroJangis xsnari
Ca(OH)2 _ kalciumis hidroJangs (qimiurad sufTa) 1 sT-is gan-
mavlobaSi anjRreven distilirebul wyalTan erTad 250C-ze da
dayovnebis Semdeg filtraven.
11. qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnari HCl (0,2 mol/l) da natri-
umis hidroqsidis xsnari NaOH (0,2 mol/l). amzadeben 1 mol/l
xsnarebidan.
12. natriumis hidrokarbonatis NaHCO3 (0,025 mol/l)
xsnari da natriumis karbonatis Na2CO3 (0,025 mol/l) xsnari.
natriumis hidrokarbonatis (qimiurad sufTa), aSroben eqsika-
torSi silikagelze, romelic winaswar aris gaaqtivebuli
1200C –ze 1 sT-is ganmavlobaSi, mudmiv masamde. natriumis kar-
bonats (qimiurad sufTa) aSroben 3000C-ze mudmiv masamde. 2,100g
natriumis hidrokarbonats da 2,649 g natriumis karbonats
xsnian sakmarisi raodenobis wyalSi da moculobas avseben 1
l-mde.
13. natriumis tetraboratis xsnari Na2B4O7 ⋅ 10H2O (0,05
mol/l). 19,068g gadakristalebul natriumis tetraborats (ix.
punqti 7) xsnian wyalSi da moculobas wyliT avseben 1 l-mde.

111
 SeniSvna. buferul xsnarebs inaxaven neitraluri minis
kargad daxurul boTlebSi 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. naleqis an
sxva cvlilebebis warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi buferul xsnarebs
aRar iyeneben.

titvris eleqtrometriuli meTodebi

potenciometriuli titvra

potenciometriuli titvra ewodeba titrantis

eqvivalenturi moculobis gansazRvris meTods titvris
saSualebiT, eleqtromamoZravebeli Zalis (emZ) gazomvis
specialurad SerCeuli eleqtrodebis wyviliT.
eleqtrodebis wyvili Sedgeba indikatoruli da Sesadari
eleqtrodebisagan.
indikatorul eleqtrods SearCeven ise, rom misi poten-
ciali damokidebuli iyos im ionTa koncentraciaze, romelnic
monawileoben an warmoiqmnebian titvris procesSi. Sesadari
eleqtrodis potencialma titvris dros unda SeinarCunos
mudmvi sidide.
rogorc wesi, eleqtrodebis wyvils, titvrisas Cayursaven
saanalizo xsnarSi. Sesadari eleqtrodis saanalizo xsnarTan
kontaqts axorcieleben eleqtrolituri xidis meSveobiT.
es ukanaskneli warmoadgens П–is formis mils. romelic
Sevsebulia eleqtrolitis xsnariT, romlis ionebi xels ar
uSlian titvras. milis erT bolos, romelic aRWurvilia
milesili sacobiT an forovani membraniT, Cayursaven saanal-
izo xsnarSi, xolo meore bolos ki WiqaSi, romelSic Casxmu-
lia kaliumis qloridis najeri xsnari da romelSic Cay-
ursulia Sesadari eleqtrodi. uwylo areSi poten-
ciometriuli titvis Catarebisas eleqtrolitur xids an
Sesadar eleqtrods Seavseben kaliumis an liTiumis qlo-
ridiT Sesabamis uwylo gamxsnelSi.
112
 titvris Catarebisas titrants amateben biuretidan Tana-
bari moculobebiT, mudmivi moreviT. eqvivalentur wertilTan
miaxloebisas amateben 0,1 an 0,05 ml-s da yoveli mimatebis Sem-
deg zomaven emZ-s.
emZ-s, romelic aRiZvreba indikatoruli da Sesadari
eleqtrodebis potencialTa sxvaobis xarjze, zomaven poten-
ciometris (pH-metri) meSveobiT.

potenciometriuli titvris mrudi

V eqv. _ titrantis eqvivalenturi moculobaa; V ml – ti-
trantis moculobaa mililitrebSi;
ordinatTa RerZze – eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala (mv);
abscisTa RerZze – titrantis moculoba;
emZ-is sidide gansakuTrebiT izrdeba eqvivalentobis wer-
tilTan miaxloebisas.
titvris Sedegebi SeiZleba warmodgenl iqnes grafiku-
lad, xolo miRebuli mrudi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT eqvivalen-
tobis wertilis gansasazRvravad, rogorc naCvenebia suraTze.
eqvivalenturi wertili aseve SeiZleba ganisazRvros ga-
moTvlis gziT ΔE maqsimaluri mniSvnelobis mixedviT da Sesa-
ΔV
bamisad Δ⎛⎜ ΔE ⎞⎟ , rogorc miTiTebulia cxrilsa da formulaSi.
⎝ ΔV ⎠

113
 titrantis eqvivalentur moculobas gamoiTvlian formu-
liT:
AV1
V eqv = V 1 + ( V 2 − V 1 )
AV1 − AV 2
sadac, V1 - titrantis moculobaa, romelic Seesabameba
ukanasknel dadebiT (uaryofiT) Av sidides;
V2 - titrantis moculobaa, romelic Seesabameba Av sidi-
dis pirvel uaryofiT (dadebiT) mniSvnelobas.
ΔE ⎛ ΔE ⎞
V ml ΔV E MB ΔE Δ⎜ ⎟ = AV
ΔV ⎝ ΔV ⎠
5,00 0,1 250 13 130
5,10 0,1 263 28 280 +150
5,20 0,1 291 100 1000 +720
5,30 0,1 446 55 550 -450
5,50 0,1 468 22 220 -330
5,60 0,1 478 10 100 -120
magaliTi:
720
Veqv = 5,20 + (5,30 − 5,20) = 5,26ml
720 − (−450)
potenciometriuli titvra SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas eq-
vivalentis wertilis indikaciisaTavis, neitralizaciisaTvis,
daleqvis, kompleqswarmoqmnis, Jangva-aRdgenis da sxva meTode-
biT raodenobrivi gansazRvrisas. amasTan, eleqtroduli sis-
temis arCeva damokidebulia analizuri reaqciis tipze (ix.
cxrili).
potenciometriuli titvris meTodi SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnas aseve Seferili da mRvrie xsnarebis gatitvris SemTxve-
vaSic.

114
 sxvadasxva meTodebiT titvris eleqtruli sistemebis
daxasiaTeba
titvris me- indikatoruli Sesadari
SeniSvna
Todi eleqtrodi eleqtrodi
kalomelis an mJavebis, fuZeebisa
mJavur-fuZe minis vercxlis da marilebis
qloridis titvra
halogenidebis,
kalomelis,
rodanidebis,
vercxlis
daleqva vercxlis cianidebis da
qloridis an
sulfidebis tit-
minis
vra
kalomelis, sxvadasxva kaTio-
kompleqsono- vercxliswylis, vercxlis nebis, liTonebis
metria ionseleqciuri qloridis an (Mg2+ , Ca2+, Al3+, Bi 3+)
minis titvra
bromatis, biqro-
matis,permanganatis,
iodis da ceziumis
kalomelis,
(IV) aRmdgenelebiT
daJangva- vercxlis
platinis titvra. damJangve-
aRdgena qloridis an
lebis titvra ar-
minis
senitiT, Tiosul-
fatiT da nitri-
tiT

titvra uwylo gamxsnelSi

uwylo gamxsnelSi mJavur-fuZe titvris meTodi gamoiyene-
ba iseTi nivTierebebis raodenobrivi gansazRvrisaTvis, rogo-
ricaa mJavebi, fuZeebi da marilebi, romelTa titvra wyalSi
gaZnelebulia an SeuZlebelia susti mJava, susti fuZe Tvise-
bis an mcired xsnadobis gamo.
uwylo gamxsnelSi mkveTrad icvleba sxvadasxva nivTiere-
baTa mJava da fuZe Tvisebebi. gamxsnelTan damokidebulebiT
erTi da igive nivTiereba SeiZleba iyos mJava, FfuZe an saer-
Tod ar gamomJRavndes mJavas an fuZis Tvisebebi.

115
 mocemul gamxsnelSi individualuri nivTierebis mJavur-
fuZovani titvris SesaZleblobani da sizuste ganisazRvreba
titvris konstantiT (KT), romelic damokidebulia im ares io-
nur namravlze (Ki), romelSic mimdinareobs titvra da aseve am
areSi gasatitri nivTierebis disociaciis konstantiT (KA) –
protonis moxleCa.
mJavaTa titvris SemTxvevaSi KT = Ki/KA; fuZeTa titvrisas
ori mJavas an ori fuZis narevis gatitvrisas, titvris kons-
tanta Sesabamisad gamoisaxeba tolobiT KT = KA(2)/KA(1) an KT =
KA(1)/KA(2), sadac indeqsebi 1 da 2 aRniSnaven neitralizaciis
rigs.
orive SemTxvevaSi gatitvris pirobebi miT ukeTesia, rac
ufro mcirea KT sidide, swored es gansazRvravs titvris aris
SerCevas.
Ki sididis mniSvnelobani rig gamxsnelebSi da KA mniSv-
neloba zogierTi nivTierebisaTvis moyvanilia TandarTul
cxrilebSi.
naerTebs, romlebic SeiZleba gaititros rogorc mJavebi
(SemTxveva 1) miekuTvneba: karbonmJavebi, fenolebi, barbitura-
tebi, sulfamidebi, aminomJavebi da sxva. naerTebs, romlebic
ititreba rogorc fuZeebi (SemTxveva 2), miekuTvneba: aminebi,
azotSemcveli heterocikluri naerTebi, amidebi, meoTxeuli
amoniumis fuZeebi da sxva.
titvris pirobebi susti mJavebisaTvis miiRweva fuZe uwy-
lo gamxsnelebSi, rogoricaa piridini, dimeTilformamidi;
susti fuZebisaTvis – mJava uwylo gamxsnelebSi, rogoricaa
ZmarmJava da ZmarmJavas anhidridi.
organuli da zogierTi mineraluri mJavebis marilebi
SeiZleba ganisazRvros iseve, rogorc fuZeebi – mJava gamxsne-
lebSi gatitvriT.

116
 halogenwyalbadebis marilebis gatitvris SemTxvevaSi mas
amateben vercxliswylis acetatis xsnars, mcireddisocirebad
naerTebSi halogenis ionebis SesaboWad. gamxsnelis saxiT
ZmarmJavas anhidridis gamoyenebisas SeiZleba halogenwyal-
badmJavaTa marilebis, qloridebis titvra vercxliswylis
acetatis damatebis gareSe. mJavaTa narevis an fuZeTa narevis
gatitvrisas (SemTxveva 3 da 4) iyeneben madiferencirebel gamx-
snelebs, romelTa pK aWarbebs 15-s da romelTac gaaCniaT mkve-
Trad gamoxatuli mJava-fuZovani Tvisebebi, rogoricaa ketone-
bi, nitrilebi, nitromeTani.
rig SemTxvevebSi gatitvrisaTvis iyeneben uwylo gamxsne-
lebis narevis aprotonul gamxsnelebTan (benzoli, qloro-
formi da sxva), romlebic amcireben aris ionur namravls (Ki),
ramac SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos titvris pirobebs.
uwylo gamxsnelebSi titvra SeiZleba Catardes rogorc
indikatoriT, ise potenciometriulad.
fuZe gamxsnelebSi gatitvrisas miRebuli unda iqnes zo-
mebi titrantis mdgradobis dasacavad. titvra umjobesia Ca-
tardes inertuli airis atmosferoSi.
cxrilSi moyvanilia SedarebiT xSirad gamoyenebuli
uwylo gamxsnelebi, indikatorebi da titrantebi.

gamxsnelebi indikatirebi titrantebi

mJava kristaliisferi, sudan qlormJavas xsnari
Zmris da WianWvel- III, tropeolin 00, me- ZmarmJavaSi an ni-
mJavebi, ZmarmJavas Til iisferi, neitra- tromeTanSi
anhidridi da maTi luri wiTeli, malaqi-
narevi sxva gamx- tis mwvane, dimeTila-
snelebTan minobenzoli

117
fuZe Timollurji, bromTi- natriumis tutis,
dimeTilformamidi, mollurji, kaliumis tutis,
piridini, eTilen- α -naftolbenzeini, natriumis meTila-
diamini orTonitroanilini tis, liTiumis me-
Tilatis xsnarebi,
tetraeTilamoniumis
hidroqsidis meTi-
lis spirtSi an me-
Tilis spirtisa da
benzolis narevSi
xsnari
madiferencirebeli meTilnarinji, Ti- qlorwyalbadmJava
acetoni, dioqsani, mollurji, bromfe- meTilis spirtSi,
meTileTilketoni, nollurji, neitral- qlormJavas xsnari
meTilis spirti, wiTeli, meTilwiTeli, nitromeTanSi, meTi-
izopropilis spir- bromTimollurji lis spirtSi an
ti, mesameuli bu- glikolur narevSi,
Tilis spirti, di- xsnarebi, romlebic
meTilsulfoqsidi. gamoiyeneba fuZe
gamxsnelebSi tit-
vrisas.

sxvadasxva gamxsnelTa (pKi = -lgKi) pKi sidideebi

20-250 C-ze
# gamxsneli pKi
1 gogirdmJava 3,62
2 WianWvelmJava 6,1
3 ZmarmJava 14,4
4 ZmarmJavas anhidridi 14,5
5 eTilendiamini 15,3
6 eTilenglikoli 15,6
7 formalini 16,7
8 meTanoli 16,7
9 propilenglikoli 16,8
10 eTanoli 19,1

118
 11 buTanoli 20,05
12 izopropanoli 22,0
13 dimeTilacetamidi 23,95
14 nitromeTani 24,0
15 piridini 24,2
16 dimeTilformamidi 25,3
17 meTileTilketoni 25,7
18 acetoni 25,9
19 mesameuli buTanoli 26,8
20 acetonitrili 32,2
21 dimeTilsulfoqsidi 33,3

uwylo areSi titvris reaqciis tolobebi:

amidopirinis magaliTze:
CH3
CH3 H3C N+ CH3
N CH3 ‐
CH3 CH3COOH H + CH 3 COO
N CH3
N CH 3 O
O N
N
C 6 H5
C 6 H5

CH3 COOH2 + Cl O4-

+
CH3COOH + HClO4
CH3 CH3

H3C N+ CH3 H3C N+ CH3

-
+ ClO
4 ∙ Cl O4-
H H
N CH3 N CH3
O O
N N

C6H5 C6H5

119
 atropinis magaliTze:

polarografia

polarografia ewodeba analizis meTods, romelic sin-

diyis (an sxva) kaTodze uwyvetad mimdinare polarizaciis mo-
vlenas iyenebs analizuri miznebisaTvis.
polarografiT warmoebs denis Zalis ZabvasTan damokide-
bulebis Cawera. xelsawyoSi kaTodad gamoiyeneba vercxliswy-
lis mwveTavi eleqtrodi, anodad ki – vercxliswylis didi
zedapiri. anodze vercxliswylis mcire zedapiris gamo denis
simkvrive Zlier didia, anodze ki – Zlier mcire. amitom
xsnarSi denis gatarebis dros masze miRebuli Zabva ZiriTadad
ixarjeba kaTodis polarizaciaze, anodi polarizacias ar ga-
nicdis.
polarizacia analizis eleqtroqimiuri meTodia, damyare-
buli denis sididis gazomvaze, romelic warmoiqmneba mikroe-
leqtrodebze nivTierebis eleqtroaRdgenis an eleqtrodaJang-
visas. gamosakvlevi nivTierebis eleqtrolizis Sedegad war-
moqmnili denis sididis ZabvasTan damikidebuleba gamoisaxeba
voltamperuli mrudiT, rasac `polarografiul talRas uwo-
deben~ (ix.suraTi).

120
 polarografiuli talRa

voltamperuli mrudi gvaZlevs gamosakvlevi nivTierebis

Tvisobriv da raodenobriv daxasiaTebas.
eleqtrolizi tardeba specialur eleqtrolizerSi, ro-
melSic kaTods warmoadgens sindiyis mwveTavi eleqtrodi,
xolo anods – sindiyis didi zedapiri.
eleqtrodebze mudmivad mzardi Zabvis modebiT eleqtro-
lizis dawyebamde voltamperuli mrudi gviCvenebs denis um-
niSvnelo zrdas, e.w. narCens. saanalizo nivTierebis aRdgenis
potencialis miRwevisas aRiniSneba denis mkveTri zrda. denis
sidide Tavis zRvrul mniSvnelobas (zRvruli deni) aRwevs ma-
Sin, rodesac myardeba wonasworoba ZiriTad xsnarsa da eleq-
trodis zedapirze nivTierebis koncentracias Soros.
kaTodze nivTiereba difuziis garda SeiZleba moxvdes
eleqtruli velis Zalis migraciis gavlenis qveS. difuziiT
da migraciiT gamowveul dens Sesabamisad uwodeben difuziurs
da migraciuls.
difuziuri deni xasiaTdeba ilkoviCis tolobiT:
id = 607ncD1/ 2 m 2 / 3t 1/ 6
sadac, id - saSualo difuziuri denis sididea mikroamperebSi;
n ‐ eleqtronebis ricxvi, romlebic monawileoben
eleqtrodebze mimdinare reaqciebSi;
D ‐ difuziis koeficienti sm2/wm-Si;
121
m ‐ kapilaridan CamonawveTi sindiyis masa mg/wm-Si;
t ‐ erTi wveTis warmoqmnis dro;
C ‐ gansasazRvravi nivTierebis koncentracia m mol/l.
aRniSnuli sidideebidan m,t da nawilobriv D temperaturis
funqcias warmoadgens, xolo m da t damaxasiaTebelia agreTve
eleqtrodisaTvisac.
tolobidan Cans, rom saSualo difuziuri deni pirdapir-
proporciulia gamosakvlev sinjSi nivTierebis koncentraciisa
da damokidebulia temperaturisa da kapilaris parametrebze.
kapilars unda hqondes diametri 0,3-0,5 mm, sigrZe – 6-8 sm. po-
larografirebul nivTierebaTa Tvisobriv maxasiaTebels war-
moadgens sidide e.w. naxevartalRis periodi E1/2. naxevarta-
lRis potencials uwodeben polarografiuli talRis poten-
cialis naxevars, romlis sidide ar aris damokidebuli aR-
sadgeni ionis koncentraciaze da damokidebulia mxolod mis
brunvaze. igi ar aris damokidebuli agreTve sindiyis mwveTavi
kaTodis kapilaris diametrze da wveTis Camovardnis siCqareze.
naxevartalRis potenciali izomeba kalomelis najer
eleqtrodTan SefardebiT: damokidebulia xsnaris Semadgen-
lobaze, SeiZleba Seicvalos xsnaris pH–Tan damokidebulebiT
da kompleqswarmomqmneli agentis damatebiT.
raodenobrivi polarografiuli analizi emyareba zRvru-
li difuziuri denis gansazRvras, romlis sidide pirdapir-
proporciulia sinjSi gamosakvlevi nivTierebis koncentracii-
sa. migraciuli denis daTrgunvisa da gamosakvlevi xsnaris
eleqtrogamtarobis gazrdisaTvis Warbad umateben eleqtro-
lits (e.w. `fons~), fonis aRdgenis potenciali unda imyofebo-
des ufro uaryofiT ubanSi, gansazRvravi nivTierebis poten-
cialTan SedarebiT.

122
 raodenobrivi polarografiuli analizi tardeba sxva-
dasxva meTodebiT: sakalibro grafikis gamoyenebiT, standar-
tebis meTodiT da e.w. mimatebis meTodiT.
sakalibro grafikis meTodiT sargeblobis dros amzade-
ben gamosakvlevi nivTierebis sxvadasxva koncentraciis xsna-
rebis serias, iReben maT polarogramebs da sazRvraven ta-
lRaTa simaRles. miRebuli monacemebis safuZvelze ageben sa-
kalibro grafiks.
Semdeg iReben standartuli xsnarebis polarogramebs,
sazRvraven talRaTa simaRleebs da sargebloben ra sakalibro
grafikiT, adgenen saZiebel koncentracias. sakalibro grafi-
kis meTodi mizanSewonilia gamoyenebul iqnas seriuli anali-
zis dros.
rodesac cnobilia gamosakvlevi nivTierebis miaxloebiTi
koncentracia, nacvlad standartTa seriisa, iyeneben 2-3 stan-
dartul xsnars, romelTa koncentracia axlos aris gamosak-
vlevi xsnaris koncentraciasTan. nivTierebis koncentracias
gamoiangariSeben Semdegi formuliT:
Cst ⋅ H x
Cx =
Hst
sadac, Cx - gamosakvlevi nivTierebis koncentraciaa;
Cst ‐ standartul xsnarSi nivTierebis koncentraciaa;
Hx - gamosakvlevi xsnaris talRis simaRle;
Hst - standartuli xsnaris talRis simaRle;
rodesac ar aris cnobili gamosakvlevi xsnaris koncen-
tracia, standartul xsnars uSualod umateben gamosakvlev
xsnars (damatebiTi meTodi). am SemTxvevaSi gamosakvlevi niv-
Tierebis koncentracias gamoiangariSeben formuliT:

123
 C st
Cx =
Vx + Vst Hst V
⋅ − x
Vst H x Vst
sadac _
Cx - gamosakvlev xnarSi nivTierebis koncentraciaa;
Hst - standartuli xsnaris talRis simaRle;
Hx - gamosakvlevi xsnaris talRis simaRle;
Vst - standartuli xsnaris moculoba;
Vx ‐ gamosakvlevi xsnaris moculoba;
difuziuri denis zRvruli sidide ganisazRvreba talRis
simaRliT, romelsac eZieben grafikulad, rogorc es naCvenebia
suraTze da ganisazRvreba mm-Si.
polarografiuli gansazRvris dawyebamde gamosakvlev
xsnarSi gaatereben azots an wyalbads, polarografiulad
aqtiuri Jangbadis mosacileblad, an Seabamen Jangbads qimiuri
reaqtivebiT.

polarografiuli talRis gamsazRvreli grafikebi

gamoyenebis sfero: polarografiulma meTodma amJamad

didi gamoyeneba hpova rig TaviseburebaTa gamo, riTac es me-
Todi gamoirCeva sxva fizikur-qimiuri meTodebisagan.
am Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniS-
navia: erT sinjSi SesaZloa nivTierebis Tvisobrivi da agreTve
raodenobrivi gansazRvra; didi mgrZnobeloba 10-5 – 10-6 mol/l;

124
sizuste da obieqturoba, analizis Catarebis siCqare; mRvrie
xsnarebis analizis SesaZlebloba da sxva;
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba polarografias eniWeba
araorganuli nivTierebebis mikroraodenobaTa gansazRvris
dros, kerZod, feradi metalebis, iSviaTi da radioaqtiuri
elementebis, agreTve naxevargamtarebis analizis saqmeSi.
polarografiul aqtivobas iCens agreTve organul
naerTTa mniSvnelovani raodenoba.
polarografiulad ganisazRvreba agreTve organuli
naerTebi, romlebic Secaven kondensirebul da heterociklur
birTvebs. analizis polarografiuli meTodebi mowodebulia
rigi alkaloidebis, vitaminebis, hormonebis, antibiotikebis,
barbituratebis, organuli mJavebis, metalorganuli da sxva
preparatebisaTvis.
polarografiul gansazRvras atareben specialuri xel-
sawyoTi, romelsac polarografi ewodeba. polarografebi
sxvadasxva tipisaa da kontruqciiT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan (muSaobisaTvis sargebloben aparatisadmi Tan-
darTuli instruqciiT).
polarografi SeiZleba warmovidginoT aseTi sqemis saxiT:
I – eleqtrolizerSi anodis saxiT gvaqvs sindiyis masa;
II – anodad gamoyenebulia kalomelis eleqtrodi, ro-
melic eleqtrolizers uerTdeba eleqtrolituri xidakiT.
pirveli sqemiT muSaobis dros eleqtrolizerad aRebu-
lia Wiqa, romlis fskerze aris sindiyis fena; igi warmoadgens
anods da denis wyaros dadebiT polusTan SeerTebulia
platinis moZravi kontaqtiT. WiqaSi asxamen gamosakvlev xsnars
da masSi Cayursaven sqelkedlian kapilarul mils, romlis
Sida diametri = 0,03-0,05 mm. kapilari rezinis miliT SeerTe-
bulia sindiyian rezervuarTan, romelic Tavis mxriv SeerTe-
bulia denis wyaros uaryofiT polusTan.

125
 sindiyi rezervuarTan kapilaris gavliT Camoedineba ga-
mosakvlev xsnarSi wveT-wveTad (diametri 0,5 mm), romlebic wy-
debian kapilaridan 3-5 wamis SualediT. sindiyis wveTebi ka-
Todis rols asruleben, romlebzec ionTa an molekulaTa
eleqtroaRdgenis procesi mimdinareobs.
farmakopeaSi aRwerilia rigi samkurnalo preparatebis
(alkaloidebis, glikozidebis, vitaminebis, laqtonebis da sxv.)
raodenobrivi gansazRvris polarografiuli meTodebi. meTo-
debis fardobiTi cdomileba ±2-5% farglebSi meryeobs.
SeniSvna: sindiyis orTqli Sxamia. sindiyian nawils
aTavseben amwov karadaSi. daRvril sindiys dauyovnebliv
agroveben.

fazuri xsnadoba
fazuri xsnadobis meTodi es aris nivTierebaTa siwmindis,
raodenobiTi gansazRvris meTodi, xsnadobis sidideebis zust
gansazRvraTa gazomvis safuZvelze.
am meTodiT analizis praqtikuli Sesruleba mdgomareobs
wonasworul pirobebSi mudmivi temperaturisa da wnevis dros.
gamxsnelSi gamosakvlevi nivTierebis xsnadobis sidideebis
gansazRvraSi am mizniT gamxsnelis ucvlel moculobas
emateba gamosakvlevi sinjis mzardi raodenoba, romlebic
Sedgeba nivTierebisa da gamxsnelisagan, xangrZlivi njRreviT
mohyavT wonasworul mdgomareobaSi. Semdeg sazRvraven
gaxsnili nivTierebis raodenobas TiToeul sistemaSi.
ageben diagramas (ix.naxazi), sadac ordinatTa RerZze
gadazomilia gaxsnili nivTierebis masa gamxsnelis masis
erTeulze (xsnaris Semadgenloba) xolo abscisTa RerZze -
damatebuli nivTierebebis masa gamxsnelis masis erTeulze
(sistemis Semadgenloba).

126
 fazuri xsnadobis tipiuri diagrama

mocemul temperaturaze gamxsnelis gansazRvrul

odenobaSi ixsneba sufTa nivTierebis gansazRvruli
raodenoba. miRebuli xsnari gajerebulia mocemuli
nivTierebiT, magram es xsnari ujeri rCeba sxva nivTierebaTa
mimarT. xsnadobis Tanabari sidideebi, miRebuli TiToeul
sistemaSi, miuTiTeben imaze rom nivTiereba sufTaa, e.i.
Tavisufalia minarevebisagan. gamonaklis Seadgens SemTxveva,
rodesac gamosakvlevi nivTierebis procentuli Semadgenloba
tolia Sesabamisi komponentTa xsnadobis sidideebisa.
TiToeuli sistemisaTvis xsnadobis sidideebSi gansxvaveba
miuTiTebs minarevis an minarevebis Tanaarsebobas.
fazuri xsnadobis meTodi gamoyenebulia yvela saxis
nivTierebisaTvis, romlebic qmnian mdgrad WeSmarit xsnarebs.
gamxsnelebi. fazuri xsnadobisTvis gamxsnelTa SerCevis
dros sargebloben Semdegi kriteriumebiT:
1. gamxsnels unda hqondes iseTi aqroladoba, rom
2
SesaZlebeli iyos aorTqleba vakuumSi – 1 kg/sm , magram ara
iseTi, rom ikargebodes analizis procesSi. gamoiyeneba iseTi
gamxsnelebi, romelTa duRilis temperatura aris +60-dan +150
0 C farglebSi.

127
 2. gamxsneli ar unda axdendes uaryofiT gavlenas nimuSze.
unda moveridoT iseT gamxsnelebs, romlebic warmoqmnian
solvatebs.
3. gamxsnelis sisufTavis xarisxi da Semadgenloba
cnobili unda iyos. dasaSvebia zusti Semadgenlobis
gamxsnelTa narevis gamoyeneba.
4. gamosakvlevi nivTierebis optimalur xsnadobad arCeul
gamxsnelSi iTvleba 5-dan 25 mg-mde 1 g gamxsnelze.
xelsawyoebi. Termometri, romelsac SeuZlia
daprogramebuli temperaturis daWera ±0,10 C farglebSi.
moxerxebulobisTvis samuSaod irCeven oTaxis temperaturas
+25-dan +300 C‐is CaTvliT. Termostats unda hqondes vibratori
100-120 rxeviT wamSi.
tevadobebi. gamoyenebulia 15 ml Camteobis ampulebi an
kargad Tavdaxuruli sinjarebi. gamxsnelis aorTqlebisaTvis
iyeneben liofilizaciisaTvis vargis kolbebs an biuqsebs.
sasworebi. gamoyenebulia analizuri sasworebi, romelTa
sizuste ± 10 mkg farglebSia.
sistemis Semadgenloba. zustad wonian zedmiwevniT sufTa
ampulas an milesilscobian sinjaras da TiToeul maTganSi
aTavseben TandaTan mzardi odenobis gamosakvlev nivTierebas.
nivTierebis masas arCeven imgvarad, rom pirvel ampulaSi iyos
igi xsnadobaze cota naklebi odenobiT (e.i. Tavisuflad
gaixsnas damatebul gamxsnelSi) xolo Semdgom ampulaSi ufro
meti odenobiT vidre pirvelSi da ase Semdeg imdagvarad, rom
bolo ampulaSi iyos nivTierebis iseTi odenoba, romelic
mTlianad ar gaixsneba gamxsnelSi; Cveulebrivad angariSoben 5
ml gamxsnelze. ToToeul ampulaSi pipetiT SeaqvT 5 ml
gamxsneli da ampulebs Tavs urCilaven ise rom gamxsneli ar
aorTqldes. ampulebs an sinjarebs zustad wonian.

128
 angariSoben sistemaTa Semadgenlobas miligramebSi gamx-
snelis gramze, TiToeuli sinjarisaTvis.
wonasworoba. dro, romelic saWiroa wonasworuli mdgo-
mreobis misaRwevad damokidebulia nivTierebaze, Serevis me-
Todsa da temperaturaze. vibraciuli meTodiT wonasworoba
ufro Cqara damyardeba (2-7 dRe), vidre rotaciuli meTodiT
(7-14 dRe).
wonasworuli mdgomareobis miRwevaSi darwmuneba Semde-
gnairad xdeba: erTerT ampulaSi (an sinjaraSi) – seriidan
bolos wina – Rebuloben gadajerebul xsnars 100 C - iT ufro
maRal temperaturaze vidre Termostatisaa, saWiroa sifr-
Txile, raTa nivTiereba mTlianad ar gaixsnas. amis Semdeg ga-
dajerebul xsnarian ampulas eqcevian ise rogorc danarCens.
Tu wonasworobis sidide, miRebuli ampulisaTvis, grafikze
aRmoCndeba swori xazis gareT, miuTiTebs, rom sxva ampulebSi
ar aris miRweuli wonasworoba, am SemTxvevaSi Termostatireba
unda gagrZeldes.
xsnaris Semadgenloba. wonasworuli mdgomareobis miRwe-
vis Semdeg ampulebs aTavseben TermostatSi vertikalur mdgo-
mareobaSi da gauxsnel nivTierebas acdian daleqvas. yvela
zomebs mimarTaven raTa gamxsneli ar aqroldes, xsnian ampu-
lebs da iReben pipetiT 2 ml TiToeuli ampulidan. pipetis
boloze aTavseben bambas an sxva mfiltrav masalas.
TiToeuli ampulidan gamWvirvale xsnari gadaaqvT winas-
war awonil kolbSi an biuqsSi da wonian xsnarTan erTad: amg-
varad sazRvraven xsnaris masas. acieben kolbs mSrali yinu-
lisa da acetonis nareviT da gamxsnels aorTqleben vakuumSi.
TandaTan zrdian temperaturas vakuum-maSrobSi 50-800 C - mde,
naSTs aSroben mudmiv wonamde, gamoiangariSeben xsnaris Semad-
genlobas mg/g formuliT:
1000 ( F3 − F1 ) : ( F2 − F3 )
129
sadac F1 – kolbis wonaa;
F2 - kolbisa da xsnaris masa;
F3 -mg/g kolbisa da xsnaris masa;
gamoTvla. gamosakvlevi nivTierebis TiToeuli nawili-
saTvis grafikze abscisTa RerZze gadazomaven sistemis Se-
madgenlobas da ordinatTa RerZze – xsnaris Semadgenlobas.
rogorc grafikidan Cans, im ampulaTa wertilebi, romlebSic
ujeri xsnarebia, uaxlovdebian swor xazs (AB); maZRari
xsnaris Sesabamisi wertilrbi unda uaxlovdebodnen sxva swor
xazs (BC), romelic gviCvenebs minarevebis Semcvelobas. Tu
wertilebi ar uaxlovdeba swor xazs, es niSnavs, rom wonas-
woruli mdgmareoba ar iyo miRweuli. gamosakvlev nivTiere-
baSi minarevebis procentul Semcvelobas gamoiTvlian for-
muliT:
100 − 100 ⋅ S
daxriloba (S) gamoiangariSeba tolobiT
S = (Y2 − Y1 ) : ( X 2 − X 1 ) ,
sadac Y2‐Y1 – xsnarebis Semadgenlobaa, X2‐X1 - sistemebis
Semadgenloba, romelic Seesabameba meore swori xazis wer-
tilebs BC.
ZiriTadi komponentis xsnadobis mniSvnelobas Rebuloben
BC xazis gagrZelebiT Y RerZis gadakveTamde. gadakveTis wer-
tili V RerZze iZleva xsnadobis eqstrapolur sidides mg/g
romelic mudmivi unda iyos mocemuli nivTierebisaTvis.
idealur pirobebSi gamosakvlev nivTierebaSi minarevebis
ricxvi Seesabameba xazis mimarTulebis Secvlas (gatexvas)
xsnadobis mrudze gajerebis wertilis (B) zemoT da komponen-
tis xsnadobis mniSvneloba SeiZleba gamovTvaloT xsnadobis
xazebis gagrZelebiT Y RerZis gadakveTamde.

130
 diagramaze D da E wertilebs Soris xazi gviCvenebs, rom
xsnari gajerebulia gamosakvlevi nivTierebis yvela komponen-
tiT da misi Semadgenloba ucvleli rCeba.
fazuri xsnadobis meTodi rekomendebulia gamoviyenoT
standartuli nimuSebis, antibiotikebis da sxvaTa xarisxis
Sesafaseblad.

analizis qimiuri meTodebi

igiveobis zogadi reaqciebi

pirveladi aromatuli aminebi. obieqtis 0,05 g xsnian

1 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavaSi, Tu saWiroa acxeleben,
acieben yinuliT, umateben 2 ml natriumis nitritis 1% xsnars;
miRebul xsnars umateben 1 ml β–naftolis tutian xsnars, ro-
melic Seicavs 0,5 g natriumis acetats; warmoiqmneba moyvi-
Talo-narinjisferidan monarinjisfero-wiTlamde feris
naleqi.

+
N N HO
NH2

NaNo 2 Cl
HCl NaOH

SO2 -NH-R SO2 -NH-R

N N
NaO

SO2-NH-R

131
 amoniumi. amoniumis marilis xsnaris 1 ml (0,002-0,006 g
amoniumis ioni) acxeleben 0,5 ml natriumis hidroqsidis
xsnarTan; gamoiyofa amiaki, rac amoicnoba suniT da wyalSi
Sesvelebuli lakmusis wiTeli qaRaldis galurjebiT.
NH4Cl+NaOH NH 3 + NaCl +H2 O

acetati. a) acetatis xsnaris 2 ml (0,02-0,06 g acetat-

ioni) acxeleben Tanabar raodenoba koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavasa da 0,5 ml 95% eTanolTan erTad; SeigrZnoba
eTilacetatis suni.
O
H2 SO4
CH3 -COOH + C 2H5OH CH3-C-OC 2H5+H2O
b) acetatis neitraluri xsnaris 2 ml (0,02-0,06 g acetat-
ioni) umateben rkinis (III) qloridis xsnaris 0,2 ml; warmoiqm-
neba mowiTalo Seferiloba, romelic qreba ganzavebuli min-
eraluri mJavebis damatebiT.
_
Fe 3+ + 3CH 3COO + 2H2O Fe(CH3 COO)(OH) 2 + 2CH 3 COOH

benzoati. benzoatis neitraluri xsnaris 2 ml (0,01-002g

benzoat-ioni) umateben rkinis (III) qloridis xsnaris 0,2 ml;
warmoqmneba movardisfero-yviTeli naleqi, romelic ixsneba
eTerSi.
_ _
COO COO

6
3+
+ 2Fe +10H2 O 2 Fe · Fe(OH) 3·7H2 O

bismuTi.
a) bismuTis naerTs (daaxloebiT 0,05 g bismuT-ioni)
anjRreven 3 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavasTan da fil-
traven. filtrats umateben natriumis sulfidis xsnaris 1 ml
an gogirdwyalbadis xsnars. warmoiqmneba moyavisfro Savi

132
naleqi, romelic ixsneba Tanabar raodenoba koncentrirebul
azotmJavaSi.
2BiCl3 +3Na 2S Bi 2S3 +6NaCl
b) bismuTis naerTs (daaxloebiT 0,05 g bismuT-ioni)
SeanjRreven 5 ml ganzavebul gogirdmJavasTan da filtraven.
filtrats umateben kaliumis iodidis xsnaris 2 wveTs;
warmoiqmneba Savi naleqi, romelic Warb reaqtivSi ixsneba
moyviTalo-narinjisferi xsnaris warmoqmniT.
BiCl3 + 3KI BiI 3 +3KCl

BiI 3+KI KBiI 4

bromidebi.
a) bromidis xsnaris 1 ml (0,002-0,03 g bromid-ioni)
umateben 1 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas, qloraminis
xsnaris 0,5 ml; qloroforms da anJReven. qloroformis fena
ifereba yviTlad.
Cl
SO2
_N + 2 HCl Cl 2 + SO2 NH2 + NaCl
Na

2KBr + Cl 2 Br 2 + 2 KCl

b) bromidis xsnaris 2 ml (0,002-0,01g bromid-ioni) umateben

0,5 ml ganzavebul azotmJavas da vercxlis nitratis xsnaris
0,5 ml; warmoiqmneba xaWosebri moyviTalo naleqi, romelic ar
ixsneba gnzavebul azotmJavaSi da Znelad ixsneba amoniumis
hidroqsidSi.
NaBr + AgNO3 AgBr↓ + NaNO3
AgBr + 2NH4OH [Ag (NH3)2 ]Br +2H2O

dariSxani. 1. arsenitebi
a) samvalentovani dariSxanis marilis xsnaris 0,3 ml
(daaxloebiT 0,03 g arsenit-ioni) umateben 0,5 ml ganzavebul
qlorwyalbadmJavas da 2 wveT natriumis sulfidis xsnars an
133
gogirdwyalbadis xsnars, warmoiqmneba yviTeli naleqi, ro-
melic ar ixsneba koncentrirebul qlorwyalbadmJavaSi da
ixsneba amoniumis hidroqsidSi.
2AsCl3+ 3Na2S As2S↓ + 6NaCl
b) samvalentovani dariSxanis marilis xsnaris 0,3 ml
(daaxloebiT 0,003 g arsenit-ioni) umateben vercxlis nitratis
xsnaris 1-2 wveTs, warmoiqmneba yviTeli naleqi, romelic
ixsneba ganzavebul azotmJavasa da aminoiumis hidroqsidSi.
Na3 AsO3 + 3AgNO 3 Ag 3 AsO 3 + 3NaNO 3

2. arsenatebi.
a) xuTvalentovani dariSxanis marilis xsnaris 0,3 ml
(daaxloebiT 0,03 arsenat-ioni) umateben 0,5 ml ganzavebul
qlorwyalbadmJavas, natriumis sulfidis xsnaris 2 wveTs an
gogirdwyalbadis xsnars da acxeleben; warmoiqmneba yviTeli
naleqi, romelic ar ixsneba koncentrirebul qlorwyal-
badmJavaSi da ixsneba amoniumis hidroqsidSi.
Na3AsO4 +H2S Na3AsO3+ S + H2O
2Na3AsO3 + 6HCl + 3H 2 S As2S3 + 6NaCl + 6H2O
b) xuTvalentovani dariSxanis marilis xsnaris 0,3 ml
(daaxloebiT 0,001 g arsenat-ioni) umateben vercxlis nitratis
xsnaris 1-2 wveTs; warmoiqmneba yavisferi naleqi, romelic
ixsneba ganzavebul azotmJavasa da amoniumis qloridSi.
Na2HAsO4 + 3AgNO3 Ag3AsO4 + 2NaNO3 + HNO3
g) xuTvalentovani dariSxanis marilis xsnaris 0,3 m
(daaxloebiT 0,001 g arsenat-ioni) umateben TiTo ml amoniumis
qlorids, amoniumis hloridis da magniumis sulfatis
xsnarebs; warmoiqmneba TeTri kristaluri naleqi, romelic
ixsneba ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavaSi (arsenitebisagan
gansxvavebiT).
NH4 Cl
Na 2 HAsO4 + MgSO 4 + NH 4 OH MgNH 4AsO 4 + Na 2 SO 4 + H2 O

134
 TuTia.
a) TuTiis marilis neitraluri xsnaris 2 ml (0,005 –
0,02g TuTiis-ioni) umateben natriumis sulfidis an
gogirdwyalbadis xsnaris 0,5 ml, warmoiqmneba TeTri naleqi,
romelic ar ixsneba ganzavebul ZmarmJavaSi da advilad
ixsneba ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavaSi.
ZnSO4+Na2S ZnS + Na2SO4

b) TuTiis marilis 2 ml (0,05-0,2 g TuTiis-ioni) umateben

kaliumis ferocianidis xsnaris 0,5 ml; warmoiqmneba TeTri
naleqi, romelic ar ixsneba ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavaSi.
ZnSO4 + K4 [Fe(CN)6 ] ZnK2 [Fe(CN)6 ]+K 2 SO4

iodidebi.
a) iodidis xsnaris 0,2 ml (0,003-0,2 g iodid-ioni) umateben
0,2 ml ganzavebul gogirdmJavas, natriumis nitritis an rkinis
(III) qloridis xsnaris 0,2m da 2ml qloroforms; SenjRrevisas
qloroformis fena ifereba iisferad.
2NaNO2 + 2KI + 2H2SO 4 I2 + 2NO + K 2SO 4 + Na 2SO4 + 2H2 O
b) iodidis xsnaris 2 ml (0,002-0,1 g iodid-ioni) umateben
0,5 ml ganzavebul azotmJavas da vercxlis nitratis xsnaris
0,5 ml; warmoiqmneba yviTeli xaWosebri naleqi, romelic ar
ixsneba ganzavebul azatmJavasa da amiakis xsnarSi.
KI + AgNO3 AgI + KNO 3
g) 0,1g iodidis gacxelebiT 1ml koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavasTan, gamoiyofa iodis iisferi orTqli.
8HI + H2SO4 4I2 + H2S +4H2O

kaliumi.
a) kaliumis marilis xsnaris 2 ml umateben Rvinis mJavas
xsnaris 1 ml, natriumis acetatis xsnaris 1 ml. 95% spirtis
135
0,5 ml da anjRreven; TandaTan warmoiqmneba TeTri kristaluri
naleqi, romelic ixsneba ganzavebul mineralur mJavebsa da
mwvave tuteTa xsnarebSi.
CHOH-COOH CHOH-COOK
+ KCl +HCl
CHOH-COOH CHOH- COOH

Na + HCl → CH3COOH+ NaCl

CH3COO

b) kaliumis marilis (winaswar gavarvarebuli amoniumis

marilebis mocilebis mizniT) xsnaris 2 ml-s (0,005-0,01g
kalium-ioni), umateben 0,5 ml ganzavebul ZmarmJavas da ko-
baltnitritnatriumis xsnaris 0,5 ml; warmoiqmneba yviTeli
kristaluri naleqi.
Na3 [ Co(NO2)6] + 2KCl K2Na [ CO (NO2)6] +2NaCl
g) ufero alSi Setanili kaliumis marili als feravs
iisferad. lurji minidan dakvirvebisas ali Zowisfer-wiTelia.

kalciumi.
a) kalciumis marilis xsnaris 1 ml (0,002-0,02 g kalcium-
ioni) umateben amoniumis oqsalatis xsnaris 1 ml; wrmoiqmneba
TeTri naleqi, romelic ar ixsneba ganzavebul ZmarmJavasa da
amoniumis hidroqsidSi, ixsneba ganzavebul mineralur mJavebSi.
COONH 4 COO
CaCl2 + Ca + 2NH 4Cl
COONH 4 CO O

b) kalciumis marils Seasveleben qlorwyalbadmJaviT da

SeaqvT ufero alSi; ali ifereba agurisfer-wiTlad.

karbonatebi (hidrokarbonatebi).
a) karbonatis (hidrokarbonatis) xsnaris (1:10) 2 ml umate-
ben 0,5 ml ganzavebul mJavas; gamoiyofa naxSirorJangi, ro-
melic kalciumis hidroqsidis xsnarSi gatarebisas warmoqmnis
TeTr naleqs.

136
 Na2 CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H 2O+CO2
Ca(OH)2 + CO 2 CaCO3 + H 2O
b) karbonatis xsnaris (1:10) 2 ml umateben magniumis
sulfatis najeri xsnaris 5 wveTs; warmoiqmneba TeTri naleqi
(hidrokarbonati naleqs warmoqmnis mxolod aduRebisas).
Na2CO3 +MgSO 4 MgCO3 + Na 2SO4
2NaHCO 3 + MgSO4 Mg(HCO3)2 + Na 2SO 4
t0 C

MgCO3 H2O + CO2

g) karbonatis xsnari (1:10) 1 wveTi fenolftaleinis mi-

matebiT ifereba wiTlad (hidrokarbonatisagan gansxvavebiT).

magniumi. magniumis marilis xsnaris 1 ml (0,02-0,005 g mag-

nium-ioni) umateben amoniumis qloridis xsnaris 1 ml, amoni-
umis hidroqsidis 1 ml da natriumis fosfatis xsnaris 0,5 ml;
warmoiqmneba TaTri kristaluri naleqi, romelic ixsneba gan-
zavebul mineralur mJavebsa da ZmarmJavaSi.
MgSO4+ Na2HPO4+ NH4OH NH4Cl MgNH4PO4 + Na2SO4+H2O

natriumi.
a) natriumis marilis xsnaris 1 ml (0,01-0,03 g natrium-
ioni) SeamJaveben ganzavebuli ZmarmJaviT, Tu aucilebelia,
filtraven, Semdeg umateben TuTia-uranilacetatis xsnaris 0,5
ml; warmoiqmneba yviTeli kristaluri naleqi.
NaCl + Zn[(UO 2)3 (CH 3COO)8] + CH3 COOH + 9H 2 O
NaZn[(UO2)3 (CH 3COO)9 ] · 9H2 O + HCl
b) natriumis marili, qlorwyalbadmJaviT Sesvelebuli,
ufero als feravs yviTlad,

137
 nitratebi.
a) nitrats (daaxloebiT 0,001 g nitrat-ioni) umateben
difenilaminis xsnaris 2 wveTs; warmoiqmneba lurji Seferi-
loba.
[O]
-NH- -NH- -NH-

[O]
N N HSO4
H
b) nitrats (daxloebiT 0,005 g nitrat-ioni) umateben 2-3
wveT wyals, 2-3 wveT koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas, metaluri
spilenZis naWers da acxeleben; gamoiyofa azotis orJangis
muqi boli.
Cu +2NaNO 3 + 2H2 SO 4 CuSO4 + 2NO 2 + 2H2O + Na 2SO4
g) nitratebi (daaxloebiT 0,00 g nitrat-ioni ar
auferuleben kaliumis permanganatis xsnars, romelic
SemJavebulia ganzavebuli gogirdmJaviT (nitratisagan
gansxvavebiT).

nitritebi.
a) nitrits (daaxloebiT 0,001 g niotrit-ioni) umateben
difenilaminis xsnaris 2 wveTs; warmoiqmneba lurji Seferi-
loba. (reaqciis toloba ix. nitratebi)
b) nitrits (daaxloebiT 0,03 g nitri-ioni) umateben 1 ml
ganzavebul gogirdmJavas; gamoiyofa moyviTalo-ruxi orTqli
(nitratebisagan gansxvavebiT).
2NaNO 2+H2SO4 NO + NO2 + Na 2 SO 4 + H 2O
g) antipirinis ramdenime kristals faifuris fialaSi
xsnian 2 wveT ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavaSi, umateben
nitritis xsnaris 2 wveTs. warmoiqmneba mwvane Seferiloba
(nitratisagan gansxvavebiT).

138
 CH 3 ON CH 3
+ NaNO 2 + HCl + NaCl + H2O
N CH 3 O N CH 3
O
N N

C 6 H5 C 6 H5

rkina (II).
a) rkinis (II) marilis xsnaris 2 ml (daaxloebiT 0,02 g
rkinis-ioni) umateben 0,5 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas da
kaliumis fericianidis xsnaris 1 ml; warmoiqmneba lurji
naleqi.
3FeSO4 + 2K3[Fe(CN)6] → Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓ + 3K2SO4
b) rkinis (II) marilis xsnaris (daaxloebiT 0,02 g rkinis-
ioni) umateben amoniumis sulfidis xsnars, warmoiqmneba Savi
naleqi, romelic ixsneba ganzavebul mJavebSi.
FeSO4 + (NH4)2S FeS + (NH4)2SO4

rkinis (III).
a) rkinis (III) marilis xsnaris 2 ml (daaxloebiT 0,001 g
rkinis-ioni) umateben 0,5 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas da
1-2 wveT kaliumis ferocianidis xsnars; warmoiqmneba lurji
naleqi;
4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] → Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ + 12KCl

b) rkinis (III) marilis xsnaris 2 ml (daaxloebiT 0,001 g

rkinis-ioni) umateben 0,5 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas da
amoniumis rodanidis xsnaris 1-2 wveTs; miiReba wiTeli Sefer-
iloba.
FeCl3 + 3NH4NCS Fe(NCS)3 + 3NH4Cl
g) rkinis (III) marilis xsnars (daaxloebiT 0,001 g rkinis-
ioni) umateben amoniumis sulfidis xsnars; warmoiqmneba Savi
naleqi, romelic ixsneba ganzavebul mineralur mJavebSi.
2 FeCl3 + 3(NH4)2S Fe2S3 + 6 NH4Cl
139
 salicilatebi.
salicilatis neitraluri xsnaris 2 ml (daaxloebiT
0,002-0,01g salicilat-ioni) umateben rkinis (III) qloridis
xsnaris 2 wveTs, wrmoiqmneba molurjo-iisferi an moiwiTalo-
iisferi Seferiloba, romelic ar qreba mcire raodenoba gan-
zavebuli ZmarmJavas mimatebiT, magram qreba ganzavebuli
qlorwyalbadmJavas mimatebiT. amave dros warmoiqmneba
salicilmJavas TeTri kristaluri naleqi.
+
O
O
C
C ONa
+ FeCl3 Fe Cl + NaCl + HCl
OH
O

sindiyi.
a) sindiyis (II) marilis xsnaris 2 ml (daaxloebiT 0,05g
sindiy-ioni) umateben natriumis hidroqsidis xsnaris 0,5 ml;
warmoiqmneba sindiyis Jangis yviTeli naleqi.
HgCl 2 + 2NaOH HgO + 2NaCl + H 2O
b) sindiyis(II) marilis xsnaris 1 ml (daaxloebiT 0,01-0,03
g sindiyis ioni) rTxilad, wveTobiT umateben kaliumis io-
didis xsnars; warmoiqneba wiTeli naleqi, romelic ixsneba
Warb reativSi.
HgCl 2 + 2KI HgI 2 + 2KCl
HgI2 + 2KI K 2[HgI 4]

sulfatebi.
sulfatis xsnaris 2 ml (0,005-0,05 g sulfat-ioni) umateben
0,5 ml qlorwyalbadmJavas da 0,5 ml bariumis qloridis
xsnars. warmoiqmneba TeTri naleqi, romelic ar ixsneba gan-
zavebul mineralur mJavebSi.
SO42- + BaCl 2 BaSO 4 + 2 Cl -

140
 sulfitebi.
a) sulfitis xsnaris 2 ml (0,01-0,03 g sulfit-ioni)
umateben 2 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas da anjRreven;
TandaTan gamoiyofa gogirdovani anhidridi, SeigrZnoba misi
damaxasiaTebeli mkveTri suni.
Na2SO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O
b) sulfitis xsnaris 2 ml (0,002-0,02 g sulfit-ioni)
umateben bariumis qloridis xsnaris 0,5 ml; warmoiqmneba
TeTri naleqi, romelic ixsneba ganzavebul
qlorwyalbadmJavaSi (sulfatebisagan gansxvavebiT).
Na 2 SO3 + BaCl 2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl
BaSO3 + 2HCl BaCl2+H2O + SO2

g) sulfitis xsnarze ramdenime wveTi iodis damatebiT (0,1

mol/l) reqtivi uferuldeba.
SO32- + I2 + H2O SO42- + 2HI
tartratebi. a) tartratis xsnaris 1 ml (daaxloebiT
0,02g tartrat-ioni) umateben kaliumis qloridis kristals, 0,5
ml 95% eTanols; warmoiqmneba TeTri kristaluri naleqi,
romelic ixsneba mineralur mJavebsa da mwvave tuteebSi.
CHOHCO OH CHOHCOOK
+ K+ + H+
CHOHCO OH CHOHCOOH

b) tartratis xsnaris 0,25 ml (daaxloebiT 0,005 g tar-

trat-ioni) acxeleben 1 ml koncetrirebul gogirdmJavasTan da
ramdenime kristal rezorcinTan erTad; 15-20 wm-is Semdeg war-
moiqmneba alublisfer-wiTeli Seferiloba.

fosfatebi.
a) fosfatis xsnaris 1 ml (0,01-0,03 g fosfat-ioni) anei-
traleben pH 7,0-mde. umateben vercxlis nitratis xsnaris ram-

141
denime wveTs. warmoiqmneba yviTeli naleqi, romelic ixsneba
ganzavebul azotmJavasa da amoniumis hidroqsidSi.
3AgNO3 + Na 2HPO 4 Ag 3 PO4 +2NaNO 3 +HNO3

b) fosfatis xsnaris 1 ml (0,01-0,03 g fosfat-ioni) umate-

ben amoniumis qloridis xsnaris 1 ml, amoniumis hidroqsidis 1
ml da magniumis sulfatis xsnaris 0,5 ml. warmoiqmneba TeTri
kristaluri naleqi, romelic ixsneba ganzavebul mineralur
mJavebSi.
NH4Cl
MgSO4+ Na2HPO4+ NH4OH MgNH4PO4 + Na2SO4+H2O

g) fosfatis azotmJavaSi xsnaris 1 ml (0,01 – 0,03 g fos-

fat-ioni) umateben amoniumis molibdatis xsnaris 2 ml da acx-
eleben; warmoiqmneba yviTeli kristaluri naleqi, romelic
ixsneba amoniumis hidroqsidSi.
H3 PO4 +21HNO3 +12(NH4)2 MoO4 (NH 4)3PO4 ·12MoO4 +21NH 4NO 3+12 H2O
qloridebi.
qloridis xsnaris 2 ml (0,002-0,01 g qlorid-ioni) umateben
0,5 ml ganzavebul azotmJavas da vercxlis nitratis xsnaris
0,5 ml; warmoiqmneba TeTri xaWosebri naleqi, romelic ar
ixsneba ganzavebul azotmJavaSi da ixsneba amoniumis hidro-
qsidSi.
organul fuZeTa marilebisaTvis vercxlis qloridis
naleqis xsnadobas sazRvraven gafiltvrisa da naleqis wyliT
Carecxvis Semdeg.
Cl +AgNO3 AgCl + NO 3
AgCl + 2NH4OH [Ag(NH 3)2]Cl + 2 H 2O

citratebi.
a) citratis neitraluri xsnaris 1 ml (0,002-0,02g citrat-
ioni) umateben kalciumis qloridis xsnaris 1 ml. xsnari rCeba

142
 gamWvirvale; aduRebisas warmoiqmneba TeTri naleqi,
romelic ixsneba ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavaSi.

CH 2 COONa CH 2 COO
COONa COO
2C + 3CaCl C Ca 3 +6 NaCl
OH OH
CH 2 COONa CH 2 COONa
2
b) citratis xsnaris 2 ml (0,001-0,002 g citrat-ioni)
umateben 0,5 ml ZmarmJavas anhidrids da acxeleben; 20-40 wm-is
Semdeg warmoiqmneba wiTeli Seferiloba.

gamokvleva siwmindeze da minarevebis dasaSvebi

zRvrebi

preparatebSi minarevebis gansazRvrisa da maTi daaxloe-

biTi raodenobrivi SefasebisaTvis, minarevis Semcvelobis
zRvaris dasadgenad iyeneben (kolorimetriul da ne-
felometriul) eTalonur xsnarebTan Sedarebas.

zogadi SeniSvnebi

wyali da reaqtivebi ar unda Seicavdnen im ionebs, rom-

lebzec tardeba gamokvleva.
sinjarebi, romlebSic xdeba gamokvleva unda iyos ufero
da erTnairi diametris.
eTalonuri xsnarebis mosamzadebeli wonaki iwoneba 0,001
g sizustiT.
b da v eTalonur xsnarebs amzadeben uSualod gamoyenebis
win. xsnarebis simRvrivesa da opalescencias akvirdebian gam-
Wol sinaTleze, muq fonze, Seferilobas – dRis areklil si-
naTleze, TeTr fonze.
143
 sakvlev da eTalonur xsnarebs reaqtivebi emateba erT-
droulad da erTnairi raodenobiT.
Tu farmakopeis Sesabamis statiaSi miTiTebulia, rom mo-
cemuli koncentraciis xsnari ar unda Seicavdes ama Tu im
minarevs, iqcevian Semdegnairad: sakvlevi xsnaris 10 ml umate-
ben reaciisaTvis saWiro reaqtivebs, romlebic miTiTebulia
meTodikaSi, im ZiriTadi reaqtivebis garda, romelic aRmoaCens
mocemul minarevs. Semdeg xsnars yofen or Tanabar nawilad:
erT maTgans umateben ZiriTad reaqtivs da orive xsnars
adareben erTmaneTs. maT Soris ar unda iyos SesamCnevi
gansxvaveba.

gamokvleva qloridebze

qloridTa xsnarebi, maTi koncentraciis mixedviT

vercxlis nitratis xsnarTan iZleva TeTr xaWosebr naleqs,
TeTr simRvrives an opalescencias, romelic ar qreba
azormJavas damatebiT da advilad qreba amiakis xsnaris
damatebiT.
reaqciis mgrZnobelobis zRvaria – 0,0001 mg (0,1 mkg) qlor-
ioni xsnaris 1 ml-Si. 0,002 mg (2 mkg) qlor-ioni 1 ml xsnarSi
am reaqciis Sedegad iZleva SesamCnev opalescencias.
gansazRvras axdenen Semdegnairad: kerZo statiaSi miTiTe-
buli wesiT momzadebuli sakvlevi preparatis xsnaris 10 ml
umateben 0,5 ml azotmJavas, 0,5 ml vercxlis nitratis xsnars,
Seureven da 5 wuTis Semdeg adareben eTalons, romelic Sei-
cavs 10 ml eTalonur xsnars-b da imave raodenobis reaqtivebs,
rac mimatebulia sakvlev xsnarebs.
Ag + + Cl‐ → AgCl↓
AgCl + 2NH4OH → [Ag(NH3)2Cl]+2H2O

144
 sakvlev xsnarSi warmoqmnili opalescencia ar unda iyos
etalonurze intensiuri.
qlor-ionis eTalonuri xsnari. ganavarvarebi natriumis
qloridis 0,659 g xsnian wyalSi 1 l Camteobis kolbSi da
wyliT Seavseben Wdemde (xsnari a). a xsnaris 5 ml aTavseben 1
l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da wyliT Seavseben Wdemde (xsnari
b). es xsnari Seicavs 0,002 mg (2mkg) qlor-ions 1 ml-Si.

gamokvleva sulfatebze

sulfatTa xsnarebi maTi koncentraciis mixedviT bariumis

marilTa xsnarebTan iZleva TeTr naleqs an simRvrives, ro-
melic ar qreba ganzavebuli qlorwyalbadmJavas damatebiT.
reaqciis mgrZnobelobaa 0,003 mg (3mkg) sulfat-ioni 1 ml
xsnarSi. 0,01 mg (10 mkg) sulfat-ioni 1ml xsnarSi am reaqciis
dros 10 wuTis Semdeg iZleva SesamCnev simRvrives.
gansazRvras axdenen Semdegnairad: Sesabamis kerZo sta-
tiSi miTiTebuli wesis mixedviT mosamzadebeli sakvlevi
prparatis xsnaris 10 ml umateben 0,5 ml ganzavebul qlor-
wyalbadmJavas da 1 ml bariumis qloridis xsnars. Seureven da
10 wuTis Semdeg adareben eTalons, romelic Sedgeba 10 ml
eTalonuri xsnari – b-s da imave raodenoba reaqtivebisagan,
romelic mimatebuli aqvs sakvlev xsnars.
SO2‐4 + Ba 2+ BaSO4↓
sakvlev xsnarSi warmoqmnili simRvrive ar unda iyos
eTalonze intensiuri.
sulfat-ionis eTalonuri xsnari: mudmiv masamde 100-dan
0
105 -mde gamomSrali kaliumis sulfatis 1,814 g xsnian wyalSi 1
l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da wyliT Seavseben Wdemde (xsnari
a). a xsnaris 10 ml aTavseben 1 l Camteobis Camteobis gamzom

145
kolbSi da wyliT Seavseben Wdemde (xsnari b). es xnari Seicavs
0,01 mg (10 mkg) sulfat-ions 1 ml-Si.

gamokvleva amoniumis marilebze

meTodi I
amoniumis marilis xsnari koncentraciis mixedviT
nesleris reaqtivTan iZleva muq-yviTel naleqs an yviTel Se-
ferilobas.
reaqciis mgrZnobelobis zRvaria 0,0003 mg (0,3 mkg) amoni-
umis ioni 1 ml xsnarSi. 0,002mg (2 mkg) amoniumis ioni 1 ml
xsnarSi amave reaqciis dros iZleva yviTel Seferilobas.
gansazRvras axdenen Semdegnairad: sakvlevi preparatis
xsnaris 10 ml, romelic momzadebulia kerZo statiis miTiTe-
bis mixedviT, umateben 0,15 ml nesleris reaqtivs, Seureven da
5 wuTis Semdeg adareben eTalonur xsnars, romelic Sedgeba
10 ml eTalonuri xsnari b-sa da imave raodenoba reaqtivebisa-
gan, rac damatebulli aqvs sakvlev xsnars. sakvlev xsnarSi
warmoqmnili Seferiloba ar unda iyos eTalonuri xsnaris
Seferilobaze intensiuri.
tutemiwaTa da mZime liTonTa Semcvel preparatebSi gan-
sazRvras axdenen Semdegnairad: sakvlev nivTierebas xsnian
SeZlebisdagvarad mcire raodenoba wyalSi, umateben 2 ml na-
triumis hidroqsidis da 2ml natriumis karbonatis xsnarebs.
xsnars wyliT anzaveben saWiro koncentraciamde, SeanjRreven
da filtraven. filtratis 10 ml ikvleven ise, rogorc zemoT
aris miTiTebuli.
preparatebSi, romlebic rkinis minarevs Seicaven 0,03%-ze
meti raodenobiT, gansazRvras axdenen Semdegnairad: sakvlevi
preparatis xsnaris 10 ml umateben natriumis hidroqsidis
xsnaris 2 wveTs da natrium-kaliumis tartratis 20% xsnaris 3
ml. kargad Seureven, umateben nesleris reaqtivs 0,15 m da Sem-
deg iqcevian ise, rogorc zemoT aris miTiTebuli.

146
 amonium-ionis eTalonuri xsnari: gogirdmJavian eqsika-
torSi mudmiv masamde gamomSral amoniumis qloridis 0,628 g,
xsnian wyalSi 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas
wyliT Seavseben Wdemde (a xsnari), a xsnaris 10 ml aTavseben 1
l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT Seavseben
Wdemde (b xsnari). es xsnari Seicavs 0,002 mg (2mkg amonium-ions
1 ml-Si).
J ‐ Hg
NH+4 + 2 [HgI4]2‐ + 2OH‐ → NH2J ↓ + 5J‐ +2H2O
J ‐ Hg
meTodi II
amoniumis marilebi natriumis hidroqsidis mimatebiT ga-
moyofen amiaks, romelic sazRvraven suniT an wyliT Sesvele-
buli wiTeli lakmusis qaRaldis galurjebiT.
reaciis zRvruli mgrZnobelobaa 0,003 mg (3 mkg) amonium-
ioni 1 ml xsnarSi.
gansazRvras axdenen Semdegnairad: sakvlevi preparatis
xsnaris 5 ml, romelic momzadebulia Sesabamisi kerZo statiis
miTiTebebis mixedviT, aTavseben 25 ml Camteobis konusur kol-
bSi, umateben natriumis hidroqsidis xsnaris 5 ml, kolbis
Tavze aTavseben wyliT Sesvelebuli wiTeli lakmusis qar-
alds da afareben saaTis minas. kolbs aTavseben wylis aba-
zanaze. Sedarebas axdenen 5 wuTis Semdeg.

gamokvleva kalciumis marilebze

kalciumis marilTa xsnarebi maTi koncentraciis mixedviT

oqsalatis xsnarTan iZlevian TeTr wvrilkristalur naleqs
an TeTr simRvrives, romelic ar qreba ZmarJavas mimatebiT da
advilad ixsneba qlorwyalbadmJavas an azotmJavas mimatebiT.
reaqciis zRvruli mgrZnobelobaa 0,0035 mg (3,5 mkg) kal-
cium-ioni 1 ml xsnarSi. 0,003 mg kalcium-ioni 1 ml xsnarSi
reaqciis dros iZleva kargad SesamCnev simRvrives.
147
 CO COO
Ca +
2+ → Ca ↓
CO COO

kalciumis gansazRvra araorganul naerTebSi

sakvlevi preparatis xsnaris 10 ml, romelic momzadebu-

lia Sesabamisi kerZo statiis mixedviT, umateben amoniumis
qloridis xsnaris 1 ml, amiakis xsnaris 1 ml da amoniumis
oqsalatis xsnaris 1 ml, Seureven da 10 wuTis Semdeg adareben
eTalons, romelic Sedgeba 10 ml eTalonuri xsnari b-s da
imave raodenoba reaqtivebisagan, rac mimatebuli aqvs sakvlev
xsnars.
sakvlev xsnarSi warmoqmnili simRvrive ar unda aRemate-
bodes eTalons.
kalcium-ionis eTalonuri xsnari: mudmiv masamde 100-1050
gamomSral kalciumis karbonatis 0,749 g aTavseben 100 ml Cam-
teobis gamzom kolbSi, umateben 10 ml wyals da anjRreven.
Semdeg TandaTan umateben ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas sanam
ar gaixsneba da naxSirorJangis buStukebis gamoyofis Sewy-
vetis Semdeg moculobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde (xsnari a).
a xsnaris 10 ml aTavseben 1 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi
da moculobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde (xnari b). es xsnari
Seicavs 0,03 mg (30 mkg) kalcium-ions12 ml-Si.

gamokvleva rkinis marilebze

or da samvalentiani rkinis marilTa xsnarebi koncentra-

ciis mixedviT amiakis areSi sulfosalicilis mJavasTan
iZleva ferilsulfosalicilatis kompleqsebis moyavisfro-
wiTel an yviTel xsnarebs.

148
 reaqciis zRvruli mgrnobelobaa 0,00005 mg (0,05 mkg) rkina
(II) an (III) ioni 1 ml xsnarSi. 0,003 mg (3 mkg) rkina (II) – an (III)
ioni 1 ml xsnarSi am reaqciis dros iZleva kargad gamoxatul
yviTel Seferilobas.
gansazRvras axdenen Semdegnairad: sakvlevi preparatis
xsnaris 10 ml. romelic momzadebulia kerZo statiis mixedviT,
umateben sulfosalicilis mJavas xsnaris 2 ml, amiakis
xsnaris 1 ml da 5 wuTis Semdeg adareben eTalons, romelic
Sedgeba 10 ml eTalonuri xsnari g-s da im raodenoba
reaqtivebisagan, rac damatebuli aqvs sakvlev xsnars.
sakvlev xsnarSi warmoqmnili Seferiloba ar unda aRe-
matebodes eTalons.
rkinis marilebis gansazRvra magniumis naerTebSi. iqcevian
ise, rogorc aRwerilia zemoT, magram amiakis mimatebamde pre-
paratis xsnars umateben 0,5 ml amoniumis qloridis xsnars.
rkinis marilis gansazRvra aluminis naerTebSi. prepara-
tis xsnars, romelic momzadebulia kerZo statiis mixedviT,
umateben sulfosalicilmJavas xsnaris 5 ml da natriumis
hidroqsidis xsnaris 2ml. miRebuli Seferilobas adareben
eTalons, romelic Sedgeba 10 ml eTalonuri xsnari g-sa da
imave raodenoba reaqtivebisagan, rac damatebuli aqvs sakvlev
xsnars.
rkinis marilebis gansazRvra organul naerTebSi. prepa-
ratis wonakis sulfatur nacars amuSaveben wylis abazanaze
gacxelebiT 2ml koncentrirebuli qlorwyalbadmJaviT da
umateben 2 ml wyals.
tigelis SigTavss Tu saWiroa Cafiltraven sinjaraSi. ti-
gels da filtrats Carecxaven 3 ml wyliT da miumateben
filtrats. xsnars aneitraleben amiakis koncentrirebuli
xsnariT da moculobas wyliT Seavseben 10 ml-mde. Semdeg
iqcevian ise, rogorc zemoT aris miTiTebuli.

149
 rkinis (III) ionis eTalonuri xsnari: rkinis Semcvelobas
rkina-amoniumis SabSi sazRvraven meTodiT, romelic aRwerilia
samqlorrkinisaTvis. preparatis 2,5 g (zusti wona) xsnian
wyalSi 100 ml-ian gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT
Seavseben Wdemde. miRebuli xsnaris 20 ml gadaaqvT milesil-
sacobian kolbSi, umateben 10 ml qlorwyalbadmJavas da
kaliumis iodidis 2g. narevs SeanjRreven da toveben bnel
adgilas 30 wuTiT. Semdeg umateben 50 ml wyals da titraven
natriumis Tiosulfatis 0,1 mol/l xsnariT (indikatori – sax-
amebeli). natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnaris 1 ml Seesabameba
0,005585 g rkinas.
miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze amzadeben rkina (III) ionis
0,1% xsnars, risTvisac rkina-amoniumis Sabis gamoTvlil
raodenobas xsnian wyalSi 100 ml-ian gamzom kolbSi, umateben
1 ml qlorwyalbadmJavas da moculobas wyliT Seavseben
Wdemde (xsnari a).
a xsnaris 15 ml aTavseben 500 ml-ian gamzom kolbSi da
moculobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde (xsnari b). b xsnaris 10 ml
aTavseben 100 ml-ian gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT
Seavseben Wdemde (xsnari g). es xsnari Seicavs 0,003 mg (3mkg)
rkina (III) ions 1 ml-Si. g xsnari vargisia mxolod momzadebis
dRes.
O‐ COO‐
OH Fe3+
Fe3+
COOH 6NH 4+
SO3 3
NH4OH
O‐
Fe2+ COO‐ Fe2+
NH4OH 4NH 4+
2
SO2H SO3

150
 gamokvleva TuTiis marilebze

TuTiis marilebi koncentraciis mixedviT kaliumis fero-

cianidTan iZleva TeTr naleqs an simRvrives, romelic ar
ixsneba ganzavebul mJavebSi.
reaqciis zRvruli mgrZnobelobaa 0,001 g (1 mkg) TuTiis
ioni 1 ml xsnarSi. 0,005 m (5 mkg) TuTiis ioni 1 ml xsnarSi am
reaqciis dros iZleva kargad SesamCnev simRvrives.
gansazRvras axdenen Semdegnairad: sakvlevi preparatis
xsnaris 10ml, romelic momzadebulia Sesabamisi kerZo statiis
mixedviT, umateben 2 ml qlorwyalbadmJavas, kaliumis fero-
cianidis xsnaris 5 wveTs da 10 wuTis Semdeg adareben eTa-
lons, romelic Seicav 10 ml eTalonur xsnar b-s da imave
raodenoba reaqtivebs, rac mimatebuli aqvs sakvlev xsnars.
sakvlev xsnarSi warmoqmnili simRvrive ar unda aRematebodes
eTalons.
Zn2+ + K4[Fe(CN)6]→ZnK2[Fe(CN)6]↓+2K+

SeniSvna. sakvlev xsnarSi lurji Seferilobis warmoqmnis

SemTxvevaSi, romelic xels uSlis nefelometrul Sedarebas,
saWiroa rkinis winaswar dacileba. risTvisac sakvlev xsnars
acxeleben aduRebamde, umateben amiakis xsnaris mkveTri sunis
miRebamde da narevs filtraven. filtratSi sazRvraven Tu-
Tias.
TuTiis ionis eTalonuri xsnari. mudmiv masamde winaswar
gamowrTobil TuTiis Jangis 0,625 g xsnian 10 ml azotmJavaSi,
gadaaqvT 500 ml Camtebis gamzom kolbSi da moaculobas
wyliT Seavseben Wdemde (xsnari a). xsnaris 1 ml aTavseben 200
ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi, umateben 4 wveT azotmJavas da
moculobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde (xsnari b). es xsnari Sei-
cavs 0,005 mg (5 mkg) TuTiis ions 1 ml-Si.

151
 gamokvleva mZime liTonTa marilebze

tyviis marilTa xsnarebi natriumis sulfidis an gogird-

wyalbadis xsnarebTan koncentraciis mixedvTis iZleva Sav
naleqs an muq Seferilobas.
0,0005 mg (0,5 mkg) tyviis ioni 1 ml xsnarSi am reaqciis
dros iZleva SesamCnev muq Seferilobas 6-dan 8 sm sisqis
fenaSi dakvirvebisas (mgrZnobelobis zRvari).
Me2+ + S2‐ → MeS↓
mZime liTonTa gansazRvra preparatis xsnarebSi

sakvlevi preparatis xsnaris 10 ml. romelic momzadebu-

lia Sesabamisi kerZo statiis mixedviT, umateben 1 ml ganzave-
bul ZmarmJavas, 2 wveT natriumis sulfidis xsnars, Seureven
da erTi wuTis Semdeg adareben eTalons, romelic Sedgeba 1
ml eTalonuri xsnari b-s, imave raodenoba reaqtivebisagan,
rac mimatebuli aqvs skvlev xsnars da 9 ml wylisagan.
Seferilobaze dakvirvebas axdenen 1,5 sm diametris sin-
jaraSi TeTr fonze. Sesadarebel xsnarebSi dasaSvebia
mxolod gogirdis susti opalescencia, romelic gamoiyofa
natriumis sulfidisagan.
Seferilobaze dakvirvebas axdenen 1,5 sm diametris sin-
jaraSi TeTr fonze. Sesadarebel xsnarebSi dasaSvebia
mxolod gogirdis susti opalescencia, romelic gamoiyofa
natriumis sulfididan.
SeniSvna. preparatebSi, romlebic rkinas Seicaven 005% da
meti raodenobiT, mZime liTonTa gansazRvra xdeba Sesabamisi
kerZo statiis mixedviT, rkinis dacilebis Semdeg.

152
 mZime liTonTa gansazRvra organuli preparatebis
nacarSi
gogirdmJavas TanaobiT miRebul 1 g organuli naerTebis
nacars amuSaveben cxaurze gacxelebiT 2 ml amoniumis aceta-
tis najeri xsnariT, romelic ganeitralebulia natriumis
hidroqsidis xsnariT. (ix. SeniSvna 1), umateben 3 ml wyals,
filtraven mcire zomis unacro filtrSi, romelic winaswar
Carecxilia 1 % ZmarmJaviT da Semdeg cxeli wyliT. tigelsa
da filtrs Carecxaven 5 ml wyliT da xsnarebs SeaerTeben.
miRebul xsnarSi mZime liTonebs gansazRvraven ise, rogorc
miTiTebulia zemoT.
eTalonis mosamzadeblad brZmedSi aTavseben preparatis
dasawvavad saWiro raodenobis gogirdmJavas da Semdeg iqcevian
ise, rogorc sakvlevi preparatis dros, mxolod brZmeds da
filtrs Carecxaven 3 ml wyliT, ris Semdeg filtrats umate-
ben 2 ml eTalonur b xsnars.
SeniSvna: 1. amoniumis acetatis najer xsnars aneitraleben
Semdegnairad: Tavadapirvelad umateben fenolfTaleins da na-
triumis hidroqsidis 30% xsnars vardisfer Seferilobamde,
Semdeg ki Warb natriumis hidroqsids aneitraleben amoniumis
acetatis najeri xsnariT Ria vardisfer Seferilobamde.
2. preparatSi rkinis arseboba mZime liTonTa nacarSi gan-
sazRvras xels ar uSlis.
tyviis ionis eTalonuri xsnari. axladgadakristalebuli
tyviis acetatis 0,915 g xsnian wyalSi 1 l Camteobis gamzom
kolbSi, umateben 1 ml ganzavebul ZmarmJavas da moculobas
wyliT Seavseben Wdemde (xsnari a). a xsnaris 1 ml aTavseben 100
ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT Seavseben
Wdemde (xsnari b). b xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,005 mg (5 mkg) tyviis
ions.
b xsnari vargisia mxolod misi momzadebis dRes.

153
 gamokvleva dariSxanze

Tu farmakopeis statiaSi ar aris specialuri miTiTeba,

gamokvlevas axdenen I meTodiT.

meTodi I
dariSxanis naerTebi TuTiisa da qlorwyalbadmJavas an
gogirdmJavas moqmedebiT aRdgeba dariSxanovan wyalbadamde,
romelic sindiyis diqloridiT gaJRenTil qaRaldTan SexebiT
Seferavs mas narinjisfrad an yviTlad koncentraciis mixed-
viT, kaliumis iodidis xsnariT damuSavebis Semdeg ki iZleva
muq-yavisfers.
dariSxanis minimaluri raodenoba, romelic SeiZleba aR-
moCndes am meTodiT sareaqcio areSi, aris 0,0005 m (0,5 mkg).
gansazRvris meTodi. kolbSi (ix.suraTi), sadac moTavse-
bulia Sesabamisad momzadebuli nivTiereba (ix.qvemoT), umate-
ben 10-12 wveT kalas diqloridis xsnars, granulrebuli Tu-
Tiis 2 g (dariSxanisagan sufTa) da maSinve axuraven sacobs,
romelSic Cadgmulia xelsawyo. kolbis SigTavss frTxilad
SeanjRreven da toveben erTi saaTiT. am dros sareaqcio nare-
vis temperatura ar unda aRematebodes 400. paralelurad meore
aseTive xelsawyoSi dgamen sakontrolo cdas yvela zemoT aR-
niSnuli reaqtivebiT da dariSxanis etalonuri xsnaris 0,5 ml.
erTi saaTis Semdeg sindiyis diqloridiT gaJRenTil filtris
qaRalds aTavseben kaliumis iodidis xsnarSi. 10 wuTis Semdeg
kaliumis iodidis xsnars gadmoRvrian, filtris qaRalds ram-
denjerme kargad Carecxaven wyliT, dekantaciiT, imave WiqaSi
da aSroben filtris qaRaldebs Soris. sakvlev xsnariani
xelsawyodan amoRebuli filtris qaRaldis zoli ar unda
iyos Seferili an misi Seferilobis intensivoba ar unda aRe-
matebodes sakontrolo cdad aRebuls.

154
 As2O3 + 6Zn +12HCl → 6ZnCl2+2AsH3↑+3H2O
AsH3 + HgCl2 → AsH2(HgCl) + HCl
AsH3 + 2 HgCl2 → AsH(HgCl)2 + 2 HCl
AsH3 + 3 HgCl2 → As(HgCl)3 + 3 HCl
AsH3 +As(HgCl)3 → As2Hg 3↓ + 3HCl

dariSxanis eTalonuri xsnari. dariSxano-

vani anhidridis 0,0132 g aTavsebebn 100 ml Cam-
teobis gamzom kolbSi, xsnian 10 ml natriumis
hidroqsidis xsnarSi (0,1 mol/l), aneitraleben
gogirdmJavas xsnariT (0,05 mol/l) da moculo-
bas Wdemde Seavseben axladanaduRari wyliT
(xsnari a). a xsnaris 1 ml aTavseben 100 ml Cam-
teobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas Wdemde
Seavseben axladanaduRari wyliT (xsnari b). am
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,001 mg (1 mkg) dariSxans 1
ml-Si an 0,0005 mg (0,5 mkg) 0,5 ml-Si.
dariSxanis xsnari b vargisia mxolod misi momzadebis
gansazRvris
xelsawyo dRes.

preparatebis momzadeba maTSi dariSxanis

gansazRvrisaTvis

araorganuli preparatebi

a) romlebic ar Seicaven azotmJavas, nitratebs, gogird-

wyalbads, gogirdovan anhidrids da fosfinebs: Sesabamis
kerZo statiaSi miTiTebul preparatis wonaks aTavseben da-
riSxanis gamosakvlevi xelsawyos kolbSi 1 (ix. suraTi) da
umateben 20 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas.
b) azotmJava, nitratebi, nitritebi da naerTebi, romlebic
kvlevis procesSi gamoyofen halogenebs, gogirdwyalbads,
155
gogirdovan anhidrids da fosfinebs: Sesabamis kerZi statiaSi
miTiTebul sakvlevi preparatis wonaks aTavseben dariSxanis
gamosakvlevi xelsawyos kolbSi 1, umateben 10 ml koncentri-
rebul gogirdmJavas da aduReben 40 wT. Semdeg cxel xsnars
umateben 4 ml perhidrols kolbis kedelze CayolebiT, isev
acxeleben 10-15 wT, aciveben da umateben 20 ml wyals.

organuli preparatebi
Sesabamis kerZo statiaSi miTiTebul sakvlevi preparatis
wonaks aTavseben dariSxanis gansasazRvravi xelsawyos kolbSi
1, umateben 10 ml koncetrirebul gogirdmJavas da aduReben
danaxSirebamde, magram ara umetes 40 wT. Semdeg cxel xsnars
ulufobiT, kolbis kedelze CayolebiT umateben 4 ml per-
hidrols, acxeleben kidev 10-15 wT, aciveben da umateben 20 ml
wyals.
SeniSvna. winaswari damuSavebis zemoT aRweril meTodebSi
calkeuli gadaxra miTiTebulia Sesabamis kerZo statiebSi.
TuTiis momzadeba. liTonuri TuTiis naWrebs, romelic ar
Seicavs dariSxans, daamuSaveben qlorwyalbadmJaviT zedapiris
gawmendis mizniT, Carecxaven wyliT da inaxaven wylis fenis
qveS.
sindiyis diqloridis xsnariT gaJRenTili qaRaldis
momzadeba. unacro filtris qaRalds daasveleben sindiyis
diqloridis najeri spirtxsnariT, spirts aorTqleben da am
process imeoreben 4-5 jer, Semdeg qaRalds aSroben oTaxis
temperaturaze.
inaxaven kargad Tavdaxurul qilebSi.
tyviis acetatis xsnariT gaJRenTili bambis momzadeba. hi-
groskopul bambas kardag gaJRenTen tyviis acetatis xsnariT
da aSroben oTaxis temperaturaze, inaxaven kargad Tavdaxu-

156
rul qilebSi. xelsawyoSi bambis tampons cvlian yoveli gan-
sazRvris Semdeg.
meTodi II
II meTods iyeneben dariSxanTan erTad selenisa da te-
luris gansazRvris SemTxvevaSi, agreTve dariSxanis gansaz-
Rvrisas stibiumis, bismuTis, sindiyis da vercxlis prepa-
ratebSi, sulfidebis da sulfatebis Semcvel da zogierT sxva
SemTxvevaSi. II meTodis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb miTiTebulia Sesa-
bamis kerZo statiebSi.
dariSxanis naerTebis fosfororganmJavasa da qlorwyal-
badmJavasTan TandaTanobiT gacxelebisas aRdgeba liTonuri
dariSxani da misi koncentraciis mixedviT warmoiqmneba muqi
naleqi an muqi Seferiloba.
reaqciis zRvruli mgrZnobelobaa 0,01 mg dariSxani 10 ml
sareaqcio narevSi. Tu aRebuli preparatis wonakSi aris 0,01 mg
dariSxani, qvemoT aRwerili meTodiT gamokvlevisas miiReba
xsnaris SesamCnevi muqi Seferiloba.
gansazRvris meTodi. winaswari damuSavebis Semdeg, ro-
melic aRwerilia Sesabamis kerZo statiaSi, aRebul wonaks
aTavseben sinjaraSi, umateben natriumis hipofosfatis xsnaris
5 ml da aTavseben mduRare wylis abazanaze 15 wuTis ganmav-
lobaSi.
sakvlev xsnarSi ar unda SeimCneodes muqi Seferiloba an
muqi naleqi.
muqi Sefervisas an muqi nalqis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, sin-
jaraSi gacivebis Semdeg umateben 3 ml wyals, 5 ml eTers da
gulmodgined SeanjRreven. dariSxanis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
siTxeTa zRvarze warmoiqmneba muqi garsi.
NaH2PO2 + HCl → NaCl + H3PO2
As2O3 + 3H3PO2 → 2As↓ + 3H3PO3
As2O3 + 5H3PO2 →2As↓ + 5H3PO3
157
 x s n a d o b a

farmakopeaSi xsnadobad igulisxmeba nivTierebis unari,

gaixsnas saxelmwifo farmakopeaSi miTiTebul gamxsnelebSi.
sxvadasxva gamxsnelebSi xsnadobis maCveneblebi miTiTebulia
kerZo statiebSi. Tu xsnadoba preparatis siwmindis maCvenebe-
lia, maSin amis Sesaxeb kerZo statiaSi specialurad aris miT-
iTebuli. nivTierebaTa xsnadobis aRsaniSnavad farmakopeaSi
miRebulia pirobiTi terminebi (1g gadaangariSebiT), romelTa
mniSvnelobebi mocemulia cxrilSi.
calkeul SemTxvevebSi mocemulia nivTierebisa da
gamxsnelis konkretuli Tanafardobebi.
gamxsnelis raodenoba (ml),
pirobiTi terminebi romelic saWiroa
1 g nivTierebis gasaxsnelad
Zalian advilad xsnadi 1- mde;
advilad xsnadi 1-ze meti 10 – mde;
xsnadi 10-ze meti 30 – mde;
zomierad xsnadi 30-ze meti 100 – mde;
mcired xsnadi 100-ze meti 1000 – mde;
Zalian mcired xsnadi 1 000-ze meti 10 000-mde;
praqtikulad uxsnadi 10 000-ze meti;

xsnadobis gansazRvris meTodi: preparatis wonaki SeaqvT

arwyul gamxsnelSi da SeuCereblad anjRreven 10 wT-is gan-
mavlobaSi 20±20 C. SeiZleba preparati winaswar moisrisos.
nela xsnadi nivTierebebisaTvis, romelTac gasaxsnelad
esaWiroeba 10 wuTi, dasaSvebia 300 C – mde gacxeleba wylis
abazanaze. dakvirvebas axdenen xsnaris 20 ± 2 0 C -mde gaciebisa
da 1-2 wuTis ganmavlobaSi energiulad SenjRrevis Semdeg.
nela xsnadi nivTierebebisaTvis xsnadobis pirobebi miT-
iTebulia kerZo statiebSi.

158
 nivTiereba iTvleba gaxsnilad, Tu gamaval sinaTleze
dakvirvebisas xsnarSi ar aRiniSneba nivTierebis nawilakebi.
mRvrie xsnarebis warmomqmneli substanciis kerZo
statiaSi unda iyos Sesabamisi miTiTeba.

aqrolad nivTierebaTa da wylis gansazRvra

gamoSrobis meTodi

nivTierebis wonaks aTavseben winaswar gamomSral, awonil

biuqsSi da gamoaSroben mudmiv masamde (gamoSrobis pirobebi,
temperatura da wonaki miTiTebulia Sesabamis statiaSi). Tu
gamoSrobas axdenen gacxelebiT, maSin gasaciveblad TavRia
biuqss, saxuravTan erTad aTavseben eqsikatorSi 50 wuTis gan-
mavlobaSi, Semdeg axuraven Tavs da wonian. pirvelad wonian
gamoSrobidan 2 saaTis Semdeg (Tu kerZo statiaSi sxva dro ar
aris miTiTebuli). Semdgom awonvas axdenen yoveli gamoSro-
bidan 1 saaTis Semdeg.

wylis gansazRvra

gansazRvras axdenen wylis gansasazRvrav

xelsawyoSi, romelic Sedgeba 250-dan 500 ml-mde
tevadobis minis mrgvalZiriani kolbis (1), mimRe-
bis (2), romelic warmoadgens 10 ml-ian da-
graduirebul sinjaras da macivrisagan (3).
kolbSi (1) awonian statiaSi miTiTebuli
nivTierebis raodenobas (10-dan 20 g-mde), umateben
100 ml sufTa toluols an qsilols, ramdenime
natex pemzas an forovan
firfitebs. kolbis SigTavss aduRebamde acxele-
wylis
ben eleqtroquraze an qviSis abazanaze. duRils gansasazRvravi
ganagrZoben ise, rom kondensirebuli gamxsneli xelsawyo
159
ar dagrovdes macivarSi da mdored Caedinebodes 2-4 wveTi/wm
siCqariT amomavali orTqlis sapirispirod.
duRils Sewyveten maSin, rodesac mimRebSi wylis raode-
noba Sewyvets matebas da gamxsnelis zeda fena gaxdeba
gamWvirvale. gadadenili wyali mTlianad unda mogrovdes mim-
Rebis qveda nawilSi. mimRebSi oTaxis temperaturamde wylis
gacivebis Semdeg CainiSnaven gadadenili wylis moculobas.

k. fiSeris reaqtiviT titvris meTodi

k. fiSeris reaqtivi warmoadgens gogirdis orJangis, io-

dis da piridinis xsnars meTilis spirtSi. am reaqtivis wyal-
Tan urTierTqmedeba mimdinareobs or stadiad da
steqeometrulad Semdegnairad gamoisaxeba:
J2 + SO2 + H2O + 3C5H5N → 2C5H5N⋅HJ + C5 H5NSO3
C5H5NSO3 + CH3 OH → C5H5N⋅HSO4CH3
k.fiSeris reaqtivis saSualebiT zustad da swrafad
SeiZleba ganisazRvros wylis nebismieri raodenoba rogorc
organuli aseve araorganul naerTebSi, sxvadasxva
gamxsnelebsa da aqrolad naerTebSi.
k. fiSeris reaqtivis saSualebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros
rogorc higroskopuli, aseve sakristalizacio wyali.
aRniSnul meTodebSi gamoyenebuli reaqtivebi da xsnarebi
Zlier higroskopulia da amitom saWiroa saTanado zomebis
miReba maTi atmosferuli sinestisagan dasacavad.
gatitvrisaTvis iyeneben xelsawyos, romelic warmoadgens
daxSul sistemas da Sedgeba maSrobmiliani biuretis (kal-
ciumis qloridi; silikagel-indikatori da a.S.), reaqtivis mi-
sawodebeli WurWlis da biuretze mierTebuli satitravi
kolbisagan. kolbsac unda hqondes mimagrebuli maSrobi mili.

160
gatitvras axdenen mudmivi morevis pirobebSi, risTvisac
mosaxerxebelia magnituri sarevelas gamoyeneba.
gansazRvris meTodi. sinjis zust wonaks, romelic Sei-
cavs daaxloebiT 0,03-dan 0,05 g-mde wyals, aTavseben 100 ml
Camteobis mSral kolbSi, romelic winaswar Casxmulia 5 ml
meTilis spirti. Seureven 1 wuTis ganmavlobaSi da titraven k.
fiSeris reaqtiviT.
titvris dasasrulis gansazRvra SesaZlebelia rogorc
vizualurad, yviTeli Seferilobis mowiTalo-yavisferSi
gadasvlis Semdeg, aseve eleqtrometruli titvriT `denis
srul Sewyvetamde~ (ix. titvris eleqtruli mrudi). amave
dros, titvris bolos denis cvlileba imdenad mkveTrad aris
gamoxatuli, rom misi ganszRvrisaTvis grafikis ageba saval-
debulo ar aris. modificirebuli sqemis gamoyenebis
SemTxvevSi eleqtrodebze moadeben potencialTa sxvaobas 0,03-
dan 0,05 v-mde.
paralelurad titraven 5 ml meTilis spirts (sakon-
trolo cda). wylis Semcvelobas procentebSi (X) gamoiTvlian
formuliT:
(α − δ ) ⋅ T ⋅100
X=
b
sadac:
α - k. fiSeris reaqtivis moculobaa, romelic daixarja
ZiriTadi cdis gatitvris dros ml;
δ - k. fiSeris reaqtivis moculobaa, romelic daixarja
sakontrolo cdis dros ml;
b - sinjis wonaki g;
T- k. fiSeris reaqtivis titri;
k. fiSeris reaqtivis momzadeba. k. fiSeris reaqtivi gayid-
vaSia ori xsnaris #1 da #2 saxiT, romelTac xmarebis win
Seureven 1:2,17 moculobiTi TanafardobiT. momzadebuli
reaqtivis titri daaxloebiT unda iyos 0,004 g/ml. ganzavebul
161
reaqtivs 0,0001 g/ml titriT, amzadeben miRebuli xsnaris Sere-
viT meTilis spirtTan 1:1 da iyeneben mxolod titvris
saboloo wertilis eletrometruli gansazRvris dros.
titris gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 0,04 g wyals (zusti wona)
aTavseben 100 ml Camteobis kolbSi, romelSic winaswar Casx-
mulia 5 ml meTilis spirti da titraven k.fiSeris reaqtiviT.
paralelurad titraven 5 ml meTilis spirts. titrs k.
fiSeris raqtivis 1 ml-ze (W) gamoiTvlian formuliT:
a
W=
δ −b
sadac,
a - wylis wonakia g-Si;
δ - k. fiSeris reaqtivis raodenoba, romelic daixarja
wylis wonakis gatitvraze, ml;
b - k.fiSeris reaqtivis raodenoba, romelic daixarja sa-
kontrolo cdaze ml.
ganzavebuli reaqtivis titris dasadgenad wylis wonaks
iReben daaxloebiT 0,01g.
reaqtivis titrs adgenen yoveli gamoyenebis win.
k.fiSeris reaqtivs inaxaven mSralad, sinaTlisagan
mofrTxilebiT, mWidrod Tavdaxurul minis WurWelSi.
SeniSvna: 1. Tu k.fiSeris reaqtivis mosamzadeblad #1 da
#2 xsnarebi ar aris, maT amzadeben Semdegnairad:
xsnari #1:
yinuliT gacivebul WurWelSi, romelSic moTavsebulia
110g piridini, gaatareben gauwyloebul gogirdovan anhidrids
wonis 27 g gazrdamde. xsnari vargisia 6 Tve.
xsnari #2:
narinjisfer, milesilsacobian WurWelSi aTavseben 600 ml
(475 g) meTilis spirts da 75 g iods; Tavsaxurs moargeben,
Seureven da toveben iodis srul gaxsnamde.

162
 xsnari vargisia xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi.
2. aRweril meTodSi gamoyenebuli piridini da meTilis
spirti ar unda Seicavdes 0,1%-ze met wyals.
3. meTilis spirtSi uxsnad myar nivTierebebSi wylis gan-
sazRvrisas, kargad dawvrilmanebuli nivTierebis wonaks Sean-
jRreven meTilis spirtTan da titraven k. fiSeris reaqtiviT.
zogi nivTiereba an nivTierebaTa narevi SeiZleba gaixsnas
ZmarmJavaSi, qloroformSi, piridnsa da sxva gamxsnelebSi. wo-
nakis meTilis spirtTan an sxva romelime gamxsnelTan Sen-
jRrevisas dro mieTiTeba kerZo statiSi.
4. k.fiSeris reaqtivi ar gamoiyeneba naerTTa analizis
dros romelTagan erT-erTi mainc Sedis reaqciaSi reaqtivis
komponentebTan, mag. askorbinis mJava, merkaptanebi, liTonTa
Jangeulebis hidratebi, aldehidebi, ketonebi da sxva.
5. karbonilur naerTebsa da cianmJavebSi wylis gansa-
sazRvravad gamoiyeneba k.fiSeris modificirebuli reaqtivi,
romelSic meTilis spirtis nacvlad gamoyenebulia N,N–
dimeTilformamidi.

Jangbadis areSi dawvis meTodi

Jangbadian atmosferoSi nivTierebaTa dawvis meTodi ga-
moiyeneba halogenebis (qlori, bromi, iodi, ftori, gogirdi da
fosfori) gansasazRvravad.
meTodis arsi mdgomareobs organul nivTierebaTa daSla-
Si Jangbadis areSi dawviT, wvis produqtebis mSTanTqmel siT-
xeSi gaxsnasa da xsnarSi ionebis saxiT arsebul elementTa
Semdgom gansazRvraSi.
dawvas axdenen 750-1000 ml Camteobis, milesilsacobian,
Termomdgradi minis konusur an mrgvalZirian kolbSi.
kolbis sacobSi mirCilulia 0,7-0,8 mm diamteris platinis
mavTuli, romelic bolovdeba platinisve kalaTiT an spira-
163
liT (damWeri) romelic kolbis fskeridan dacilebulia 1,5-2
sm-iT.

filtris qaRaldis paketis

JangbadSi wvis xelsawyo sqema

dawvrilmanebuli nivTierebis daaxloebiT 0,05 g (zusti

wona) moaTavseben filtris qaRaldze, romelsac aZleven pake-
tis formas da toveben wvril zols. siTxis gamokvlevisas
wonaks aTavseben kapilarSi an polieTilenis kafsulaSi. Zne-
ladaqroladi siTxeebisaTvis dasaSvebia qaRaldis ormagi pa-
ketis gamoyeneba.
sacxismagvari nivTierebebis gamokvlevisas iyeneben ni-
troafskis kafsulas an gacviluli qaRaldis pakets. kafsu-
lebsa da kapilarebs Seaxveven filtris qaRaldis paketSi.
feTqebad nivTierebaTa analizis dros wonaks umateben 3-5 ml
parafins.
sareaqcio kolbSi Caasxamen wyals an sxva romelime
mSTanTqav siTxes da 3-5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi masSi gaatareben
Jangbads. Semdeg filtris qaRaldis Tavisufal bolos mouki-
deben cecxls da kolbs myisierad mWidrod axuraven wyliT
Sesvelebul sacobs; dawvis procesSi sacobis xeliT daWeraa
saWiro. dawvis Semdeg kolbs toveben 30-60 wT, periodulad

164
ureven da Semdeg sazRvraven sakvlevi elementis Sesaferisi
meTodiT.
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas.
SeniSvna: muSaobisas saWiroa sifrTxile (damcavi saTvale,
damcavi ekrani).

raodenobrivi analizis qimiuri meTodebi

mJaveebisa da tuteebis titvra

(neitralizacia)

mJavaTa da fuZeTa titvris anu neitralizaciis meTodi,

ewodeba moculobiTi analizis meTods, romelsac safuZvlad
udevs mJavaTa da fuZeTa urTierTganeitraleba.
mJavaTa da fuZeTa urTierTganeitralebis dros, xdeba na-
klebad disocirebuli eleqtrolitis _ wylis warmoqmna:
H + + OH - H2O

H3O + + OH - 2H2O
neitralicaziis meTods, rodesac fuZis raodenoba isaz-
Rvreba mJavas titriani xsnariT acidimetria ewodeba, xolo,
rodesac mJavas raodenoba isazRvreba tutis titriani xsnariT
alkalimetria ewodeba.
acidimetriul titvras iyeneben susti da Zlieri fuZeebis,
fuZemarilebis, sust mJavaTa marilebis da organuli fuZeebis
raodenobriv analizSi, xolo titrian xsnarad gamoiyeneba
sxvadasxva koncentraciis qlorwyalbadmJavas da gogirdmJavas
xsnarebi.
alkalimetrul titvras iyeneben Zlieri da susti mJavebis
marilebis, susti fuZemarilebis da organuli mJava bunebis
nivTierebebis raodenobriv analizSi, xolo titrian xsnarebad

165
gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva koncentraciis natriumis da kaliumis
hidroqsidTa titriani xsnarebi.
mJava-fuZe titvris dros ekvivalentobis wertilis gan-
sazRvra xdeba vizualurad _ qimiuri indikatorebis saSuale-
biT da instrumentaluri meTodebiT.
samkurnalo saSualebebis analizisTvis umTavresad iyene-
ben indikatorebs, romlebic organuli naerTebia da amJRavne-
ben sust mJava da sust fuZe Tvisebebs. maTi Seferadeba icv-
leba xsnarSi wyalbad ionTa koncentraciis mixedviT. isini
SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg jgufebad:
_ ftaleinuri indikatorebi (fenolftaleini da Timolf-
taleini), romlebic uferulia mJava areSi da Seferilia tute
xsnarebSi.
_ sulfoftaleinuri indikatorebi, romelTa Soris ga-
moiyeneba fenol wiTeli, kristal iisferi.
_ azoindikatorebi (meTil narinji da meTil wiTeli),
romlebic tute aris gazrdiT icvlian fers wiTlidan yviT-
lamde.

daleqviTi titvris meTodebi

daleqviTi titvris meTodi ewodeba analizis meTods,
rodesac sakvlevi nivTierebis raodenoba isazRvreba misi
daleqvisaTvis daxarjuli titriani xsnaris moculobiT.
daleqviTi titvris meTodSi gamoyenebuli qimiuri reaqciebi
unda iZleodes praqtikulad uxsnad, mudmivi Semadgenlobis
naleqs. ekvivalentobis wertili advilad fiqsirebadi unda
iyos; ar unda mimdinareobdes gverdiTi reaqciebi, romelic
gavlenas moaxdens titvris Sedegze.
daleqviTi titvris meTodebi damleqi reaqtivis mixedviT
iyofa argentometrul, merkurometrul da kompleqswar-
momqmnel meTodebad.

166
 daleqviTi titvris meTods, rodesac titrantad gamo-
yenebulia vercxlis nitrati argentometruli ewodeba. argen-
tometruli meTodi gamoiyeneba qloridebis, bromidebis, io-
didebis da rodanidebis raodenobiTi gansazRvrisaTvis, imisda
mixedviT, Tu romeli indikatoria gamoyenebuli argen-
tometrul meTodSi arCeven moris, folhardis da faiansis me-
Todebs.

moris meTodi
moris meTods safuZvlad udevs vercxlis ionsa da CL- da
Br- ionebTan urTierTqmedebis reaqcia:
-
Ag + + Cl AgCl
-
Ag + + Br AgBr
meTodSi titrian xsnarad gamoyenebulia vercxlis ni-
trati, xolo indikatorad kaliumis qromati. moris meTodi
gamoiyeneba qloridebis da bromidebis gansazRvrisaTvis. io-
didebi am meTodiT ar isazRvreba, radgan naleqSi gamoyofili
vercxlis iodidi adsorbirebas ukeTebs kaliumis qromats da
ekvivalenturi wertilis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia.
qlor-ionis Semcveli xsnaris moris meTodiT gansazRvris
dros, pirvelad ileqeba vercxlis qloridis TeTri feris
naleqi:
-
Ag + + Cl AgCl
xolo Semdeg, roca qlor ioni praqtikulad gamoyofilia
vercxlis qloridis saxiT, warmoiqmneba vercxlis qromatis
naleqi, romelic agurisfer wiTeli Seferilobisaa.

2Ag + + CrO4 2- Ag2CrO4

analogiurad xdeba bromidebis gansazRvrac.

167
 moris meTodiT titvra unda mimdinareobdes neitralur
areSi, radgan mJava areSi vercxlis qromati ixsneba da tit-
vris bolo wertilis dafiqsireba Znelia, tute areSi ki ga-
moileqeba vercxlis oqsidis naleqi.
-
2Ag+ + 2OH Ag2O+H2O
aseve gansazRvras xels uSlis Ba2+, Bi3+, Pb2+ ionebis
minarevebis arseboba, radgan qromat-ioni am ionebTan war-
moqmnis naleqs.
moris meTodiT gatitvra unda xdebodes Cveulebriv tem-
peraturaze, radgan temperaturis aweviT Ag2 CrO4-is xsnadoba
izrdeba.

folhardis meTodi

folhardis meTodi damyarebulia Warbi vercxlis nitra-

tis titriani xsnariT halogenidebis daleqvaze da standar-
tuli amoniumis Tiociantis xsnariT Warbi vercxlis nitratis
gatitvraze.
am meTodSi indikatorad gamoyenebulia rkina amoniumis
Sabi _ (NH4) Fe(SO4)2 ·12 H2O, xolo titrian xsnarad _ vercxlis
nitrati da amoniumis Tiocianati. sakvlev xsnars biuretidan
emateba zustad gansazRvruli moculoba vercxlis nitratis
titriani xsnaris _ es moculoba unda iyos ufro meti, vidre
saWiroa halogenidebis sruli daleqvisTvis. Warb vercxlis
nitrats ki titraven amoniumis rodanidis xsnariT. vidre
xsnarSi aris vercxlis nitrati amoniumis rodanidi masTan
reagirebs da warmoqmnis TeTri feris _ AgSCN. rodesac dam-
Tavrdeba reaqcia Ag+ da SCN- ionebs Soris, Semdegi wveTi amo-
niumis rodanidis xsnaris Sedis reaqciaSi indikatorTan da
miiReba wiTeli feris rkinis rodanidi – Fe(SCN)3.

168
 -
Ag + + SCN AgSCN
-
Fe3+ + 3SCN Fe(SCN)3
folgardis meTodiT titvra unda mimdinareobdes mJava
areSi, xsnari ar unda Seicavdes Zlier damJangavebs da sindi-
yis marilebs.

faiansis meTodi

faiansis meTodi damyarebulia adsorbciuli indikatore-

bis gamoyenebaze, romlebic susti protolitebia da feris
cvlileba ekvivalentobis wertilSi, naleqis zedapirze mimdi-
nare reaqciis Sedegad xdeba.
faiansis meTodSi gamoiyeneba adsorbciuli indikatorebi
eozini, fluoresceoni, diqlorfluoresceini.
ekvivalentur wertilSi naleqis zedapiri indikator
fluorescenTan vardisfrad ifereba, diqlorfluoresceinTan
_ muqwiTelferad, xolo eozinTan _ wiTel iisfrad.
am indikatorebis gamoyeneba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tu
xsnarSi gatitvrisas iqneba Seferili anionis Semcveli indi-
katori da naleqis zedapiri damuxtuli iqneba uaryofiTad,
titvris bolomde indikatoris Seferili anionebi aireklebian
naleqis zedapiridan da naleqi ufero rCeba, xolo roca tit-
vra damTavrdeba _ ekvivalentur wertilSi naleqis zedapiris
gadamuxtva moxdeba da Seferili anionebis mizidva xdeba
naleqis zedapirze, rac naleqis Sefervas iwvevs.
faiansis meTodi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba, mas iyeneben io-
didebis raodenobrivi gansazRvrisTvis.

Jangva-aRdgeniTi meTodebi
Jangva-aRdgeniTi titvris meTods safuZvlad udevs Jangva-
aRdgeniTi reaqciebi. Tu sakvlev nivTierebas aqvs unari gasces
169
eleqtronebi, e. i. imoqmedos rogorc aRmdgenelma, maSin is
SeiZleba ganisazRvros Sesabamisi damJangvelis standartuli
xsnariT da piriqiT. titvris bolo wertili umTavresad isaz-
Rvreba specialuri Jangva-aRdgeniTi indikatorebiT (feroini,
difenilamini), specifikuri indikatoriT (magaliTad, saxame-
beli _ iodisaTvis) an indikatoris gareSe (permanganatometri-
aSi indikatorad TviTon Warbi titriani xsnari gamoiyeneba).
garda amisa, titvris bolo wertili SeiZleba ganisazRvros
potenciometruli meTodiT.
farmacevtul analizSi umTavresad gamoiyeneba Jangva-
aRdgeniTi titvris meTodebi: iodometria, bromatometria, per-
manganatometria da sxva.

iodometria

iodometruli meTodi damyarebulia Tavisufali iodis

iodid ionamde aRdgenis da iodid ionis Tavisufal iodamde
daJangvis reaqciaze. amgvarad, iodometrias safuZvlad udevs
ori tipis reaqcia:
1. rodesac iodi damJangvelia, e. i. is aRdgeba
-
I2 + 2e 2 I
2. rodesac iodi aRmdgenelia, e. i. is iJangeba.
-
2I - 2e I2
iodometruli meTodiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc
-
damJangvelebi (isini Jangaven I -ions I0 -mde), aseve aRmdgenelebi
-
(isini aRadgenen I2-s iod ionamde I ).
iodometruli meTodiT SeiZleba gansazRvrul iqnes is
-
damJangvelebi, romlebic raodenobrivad Jangaven iod ions _ I
Tavisufal iodamde _ I2. ase isazRvrebian ufro xSirad perman-

170
ganatebi, diqromatebi, spilenZis (II) marilebi, rkinis (III)
marilebi, Tavisufali halogenebi da sxva.
damJangveli reagirebs Warb kaliumis iodidTan mJave
areSi. am dros gamoiyofa iodis raodenoba, romelic damJang-
velis raodenobis ekvivalenturia. gamoyofili iodi ititreba
zusti koncentraciis natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnariT. amgva-
rad SeiZleba gansasazRvravi damJangvelis raodenobis gamoT-
vla, romelic iodis gatitvraze daxarjuli Tiosulfatis
raodenobis ekvivalenturia.
umetesoba damJangvelebisa uSualod TiosulfatiT ar
SeiZleba gaititros, radgan ekvivalenturi wertilis
dafiqsireba SeuZlebelia, amitom maTi iodometruli gansaz-
RvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba iribi meTodi _ CanacvlebiTi titvra.
Tavidan reaqcia midis damJangvelsa da kaliumis iodids
Soris mJava areSi. SemJavebisaTvis iyeneben gogirdmJavas an
qlorwyalbad mJavas. mag.:
K2Cr2O7 + 6KI + 7H2SO4 Cr2 (SO4)3 + 7H2O + 4K2SO4 + 3I2
gamoyofili iodi ititreba Tiosulfatis xsnariT
2Na2S2O3 + I2 2NaI + Na2S4O6

iodometruli meTodiT aRmdgenelebis gansazRvra um-

Tavresad ukugatitvris meTodiT xdeba. aRmdgenel nivTierebas
umateben iodis titriani xsnaris Warb raodenobas da reaqci-
aSi Seusvlel iodis raodenobas natriumis TiosulfatiT ti-
traven.
iodometrul meTodSi indikatorad gamoyenebulia sax-
ameblis xsnari. saxamebeli Zlier mgrZnobiare da specifikuri
indikatoria, romelic iodTan lurji feris adsorbciul
naerTs warmoqmnis. saxamebeli aucileblad titvris bolos
unda daematos, rodesac darCenilia iodis mcire raodenoba da
xsnars aqvs Ria yviTeli Seferiloba. saxameblis adre
damateba, roca iodi didi raodenobiTaa, iwvevs titvris

171
gaZnelebas, radgan iodsa da saxamebels Soris warmoiqmneba
naerTi, romelic Zalian nela Sedis reaqciaSi TiosulfatTan.
iodometriaSi gamoyenebulia ZiriTadad iodisa da
Tiosulfatis titriani xsnarebi.

permanganatometria
permanganatometria ewodeba Jangva-aRdgeniTi titvris me-
Tods, rodesac standartul-samuSao xsnarad gamoyenebulia
kaliumis permanganatis sxvadasxva koncentraciis xsnarebi.
titvras axdenen Zlier mJava areSi, umTavresad gogirdmJavas
xsnarSi. qlorwyalbadmJavas da azotmJavas gamoyeneba ar aris
rekomendirebuli, radgan am mJaveebTan SeiZleba moxdes Jangva-
aRdgeniTi reaqciebi.
–_
mJava areSi MnO4 ioni aRdgeba uferul Mn2+ -ionamde:
2 – – 2+
MnO 4 + 5e + 8H+ →Mn + 4 H2O
–
MnO4 _ ioni KMnO4-is xsnars aZlevs Jolosfer
Seferadebas da titvris dros ekvivalentur wertilSi xsnari
uferuldeba. amitomac indikatoris rols asrulebs TviTon
kaliumis permanganatis xsnari.
permanganatometruli meTodi gamoiyeneba umTavresad
aRmdgeneli Tvisebebis mqone nivTierebebis: wyalbadis ze-
Jangis, natriumis nitritis, aRdgenili rkinis da sxvaTa
raodenobiTi gansazRvrisaTvis.

bromatometria
meTodi dafuZnebulia kaliumis bromatis titriani
xsnaris gamoyenebaze, romelic mJave areSi Zlier damJangvels
warmoadgens:
– –
BrO3 + 6H+ + 6e → Br2 + 3H2O

172
 Cveulebriv saanalizo xsnars titvris win umateben
kaliumis bromids, romelic bromatTan urTierTqmedebiT mJava
areSi gamoyofs broms, gamoyofili bromi ki gamoiyeneba
rogorc damJangveli:
–
Br2 + 2e → 2Br
indikatorad pirdapiri bromatometruli gansazRvris
dros gamoiyeneba umTavresad mJava _ fuZe indikatori (meTil
narinji, meTil wiTeli, kongo wiTeli), romlebic titvris
bolo wertilSi Seuqcevadad iJangebian Warbi damJangveliT
(uferuldebian). ukutitvris dros Warb broms sazRvraven io-
dometrulad.
Br2 + 2KI I2 + 2KBr
I2 + Na2S2O3 2NaI + Na2S4O6
bromatometruli meTodi gamoiyeneba iseTi samkurnalo
saSualebebis raodenobiTi gansazRvrisaTvis, romlebic
aRmdgenelebs warmoadgenen. mag.: izoniazidi, fenolebi da sxva.
aseve gamoiyenebian pirveladi aromatuli aminebis da
fenolebis gansazRvrisaTvis, romelic efuZneba eleqtro-
filuri Canacvlebis _ bromirebis reaqciebs.

kompleqsonometriuli titvra

kompleqsonometriuli titvra efuZneba kaTionebis kom-

pleqsonebTan-aminopolikarbomJavebTan da maT marilebTan kom-
pleqswarmoqmnis reaqciebs. warmoqmnil kompleqsaerTebs
uwodeben kompleqsonatebs.
amJamad cnobili kompleqsonebidan SedarebiT farTod ga-
moiyeneba eTilendiamintetraZmarmJavas dinatriumis marili,
romelic literaturaSi gvxvdeba trilon b, kompleqson III,
xelaton III da sxva saxelwodebiT. trilon b sxvadasxva saxis
kaTionebTan steqeometriul urTierTobaSi (1:1) warmoqmnis

173
mdgrad da wyalSi kargad xsnad kompleqsonatebs. kompleqso-
nometria gamoiyeneba kalciumis, magniumis, TuTiis, bismuTis,
tyviis da aluminis farmacevtul preparatebSi raodenobrivi
gansazRvrisaTvis.
indikatorebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba vizualuri gansaz-
RvrisaTvis, ewodeba metalindikatorebi. isini organuli saRe-
bavebia da unari aqvT Secvalon Seferiloba kaTionebTan kom-
pleqsuri nivTierebis warmoqmnisas. metalindikatorebs kom-
pleqsonometriisaTvis SearCeven ise, rom maTi urTierTqmedeba
gansasazRvravi kaTionebTan iyos Seqcevadi da Sesabamisi kom-
pleqsebis mdgradoba SesamCnevad mcire iyos titvrisas war-
moqmnili kompleqsonatebis mdgradobasTan SedarebiT.
trilon b-Ti pirdapir titvras atareben Semdegnairad:
saanalizo xsnars amateben buferul xsnars, romelsac aqvs
pH‐is saTanado mniSvneloba da mcire raodenobiT metalindi-
kators. eqvivalentobis wertilSi xsnaris Seferiloba icv-
leba Tavisufali metalindikatoris feridan im Seferilo-
bamde, romelic axasiaTebs mis kompleqss titrantis kaTionTan.
ukugatitvrisas trilon b-s siWarbes, romelic ar Sevida
naerTSi gansasazRvrav kaTionTan, gatitraven pH-is gansaz-
Rvrul mniSvnelobaze da Sesabamisi metalindikatoris
Tanaarsebobisas TuTiis, magniumis, tyviis da sxva marilTa
xsnarebiT.
CH2-COONa CH2-COO
N CH2-COOH N CH2-COO
CH2 + Me2+ CH2 Me +
2Na +

CH2 CH2
CH2-COOH
N N CH2-COO
CH2-COONa
CH2-COO

174
 kaTionebis gansazRvris meTodi

a l u m i n i : preparatis zust wonaks (0,02-0,03 g aluminis

Sesabamiss) xsnian 2 ml qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnarSi (1mol/l)
da 50 ml wyalSi. amateben 50 ml trilon b xsnars (0,05 mol/l)
da aneitraleben natriumis hidroqsidis xsnariT (1 mol/l).
indikatoria meTilwiTeli. xsnars acxeleben aduRebamde da
ayovneben mduRare wylis abazanaze 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi,
Semdeg aciveben, umateben 0,05 g qsilenol narinjis indikato-
rul narevs, 5 ml heqsameTiltetramins da trilon b-s naSTs
titraven tyviis nitratis xsnariT (0,05 mol/l) movardisfero-
iisferi Seferilobis miRebamde.
1 ml trilon b xsnars (0,05 mol/l) Seesabameba 0,001349 g
alumini.
b i s m u T i . preparatis zust wonaks (0,1-0,1 g bismuTis
Sesabamiss) xsnian, rogorc miTiTebulia kerZo statiSi. amate-
ben 50 ml wyals da ganzavebul azotmJavas an amiakis xsnars
wveTobiT mimatebiT pH mihyavT 1,0-2,0-mde. amateben 0,05 g qsi-
lenol narinjisferis xsnars da nel-nela titraven trilon
b-s xsnariT (0,05 mol/l) yviTeli Seferilobis warmoqmnamde.
1 ml trilon b xsnars (0,05 mol/l) Seesabameba 0,01045 g
bismuTi.
k a l c i u m i . preparatis zust wonaks (0,04-0,05 g kal-
ciumis Sesabamiss) xsnian, rogorc miTiTebulia kerZo
statiaSi, wyalSi an ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavaSi da
axdenen gansazRvras qvemoT moyvanili romelime meTodiT.
1. xsnaris moculoba wyliT mihyavT 100 ml-mde da titra-
ven trilon b xsnariT (0,05 mol/l). gatitvris bolos amateben
4 ml 30% natriumis hidroqsidis xsnars, Cndeba vardisferi
Seferiloba; agrZeleben gatitvras vardisferis lurj ferSi
gadasvlamde.

175
 2. xsnaris moculoba wyliT dayavT 50 ml-mde. amateben 10
ml buferul xsnars pH 9,5 – 10,0-iT; 0,1 g indikatorul narevs
an indikator – qrom muqi-lurjis xsnaris 7 wveTs da titraven
trilon b (0,05mol/l) xsnariT molurjo-iisferi Seferilobis
miRebamde.
1 ml trilon b xsnari (0,05 mol/l) Seesabameba 0,002004 g
kalciums.
t y v i a . preparatis zust wonaks (0,1-0,2 tyviis Sesabamiss)
xsnian, rogorc miTiTebulia kerZo statiaSi, amateben 50ml
wyals, 0,05g qsilenolnarinjis indikatorul narevs, 5g
heqsameTiltetramins da titraven trilon b (0,05 mol/l)
xsnariT yviTeli Seferilobis miRebamde.
1 ml trilon b xsnaris (0,05 mol/l) Seesabameba 0,011035 g
tyvia.
m a g n i u m i . preparatis zust wonaks (0,02-0,03 g magniumis
Sesabamiss) xsnian, rogorc miTiTebulia kerZo statiaSi,
amateben 50 ml wyals, 10 ml buferul xsnars pH 9,5 – 10,0-iT;
0,1g buferul narevs an erioqrom T Savi indikatoris xsnaris 7
wveTs da titraven trilon b xsnariT (0,05 mol/l) lurj Se-
ferilobamde.
1 ml trilon b xsnars (005 mol/l) Seesabameba 0,001215 g
magniumi.
T u T i a . preparatis zust wonaks (0,06-0,08 g TuTiis Sesa-
bamiss) xsnian, rogorc miTiTebulia kerZo statiaSi, amateben
50 ml wyals, 0,05 g qsilenolnarinjis indikatorul narevs, 5
g heqsameTiltetramins da titraven trilon b (0,05 mol/l)
xsnariT yviTeli Seferilobis miRebamde.
1 ml trilon b xsnars (0,05 mol/l) Seesabameba 0,003268 g
TuTia.

176
 indikatorebi kompleqsonometriuli titvrisaTvis

kalkonkarbonmJava
3-oqsi-4-(2-oqsi-4-sulfo-1-naftilazo)-2-naftomJava (saanal-
izod sufTa)
C21H14N2O7S
muqi yavisferi fxvnilia iisferi toniT, wyalSi praqti-
kulad uxsnadia; xsnadia 50% acetonSi, spirtSi, advilad
xsnadia tute xsnarebSi.
tute areSi (pH>12,0) aqvs cisferi Seferiloba, xolo mis
kompleqsebs kalciumTan imave pirobebSi aqvs mowiTalo-
iasamnisferi. pirdapiri gatitvrisas Seferiloba gadadis cis-
ferSi.
indikatoris narevi. 0,1 g indikators da 10 g uwylo na-
triumis sulfats mosresen rodinSi da ureven.
indikatoris xsnari. 0,025 g indikators xsnian 100 ml 50%
spirtSi an acetonSi.
vargisobis vada 2 Tve.
100 ml gasatitr xsnarze iReben 0,1 g indikatorul narevs
an 3 ml indikatoris xsnars.

mJavuri qrommuqi-lurji
2-(5-qlor-2-oqsifenil)-azo-1,8-dioqsinaftalin-3,6-
disulfomJavas dinatrumis marili. (saanalizod sufTa)
C16H9ClN2Na2O9S2
muqi yavisferi Seferilobis erTgvarovani fxvnili. tute
areSi (pH 9,5‐10,0) aqvs molurjo-iisferi Seferiloba, xolo
mis kompleqsebs kalciumTan, magniumTan da TuTiasTan imave
pirobebSi – mowiTalo-alublisferi Seferiloba.
pirdapiri gatitvriT mowiTalo-alublisferi Seferiloba
gadadis molurjo-iisferSi.

177
 indikatoris narevi. 0,25 indikatorisa da 25 g natriumis
qlorids (qimiurad sufTa) mosresen rodinSi da Seureven.
indikatoris xsnari. 0,5 g indikators xsnian 10 ml amiakis
buferul xsnarSi (pH 9,5‐10,0) da xsnaris moculoba mihyavT 100
ml-mde 95%-iani spirtiT.
vargisobis vada 1 Tve.
50 ml gasatitr siTxeze iReben daaxloebiT 0,1 g indika-
toris narevs an indikatoris xsnaris 7 wveTs.

erioqrom Savi T
1-(1-oqsi-2-naftilazo)-6-nitro-2-nafTol-4-sulfomJavas na-
triumis marili. (saanalizod sufTa)
C20H12N3NaO7S
muqi-yavisferi Seferilobis erTgvari fxvnili. wyalSi
mciredxsnadi. tute areSi (pH 9,5‐10,0) aqvs lurji Seferi-
loba, xolo mis kompleqsebs kalciumTan, magniumTan da Tu-
TiasTan imave pirobebSi – miwiTalo-iisferi Seferiloba.
pirdapiri gatitvriT mowiTalo-iisferi Seferiloba
gadadis lurjSi.
indikatoris narevi. 0,25 g indikatorisa da 25 g na-
triuimis qlorids (qimiurad sufTa) mosresen rodinSi da
Seureven.
indikatoris xsnari. 0,25 g indikators da 2,25 g hidro-
qsilaminis hidroqlorids xsnian 50 ml meTanolSi.
vargisobis vada 15 dRe.
50 ml gasatitr siTxeze iReben daxloebiT 0,1 g indika-
toris narevs an indikatoris xsnaris 7 wveTs.

qsilenol narinji
3,3′-bis-[Ν,Ν′-di-(karoqsimleTil)-aminomeTil]-0-
krezolsulfoftaleinis tetranatriumis marili (saanalizod
sufTa).

178
 C31H28N2Na4O13S
mowiTalo-yavisferi mbrwyinavi kristaluri fxvnilia, ad-
vilad ixsneba wyalSi da ganzavebul mJavebSi, spirtsa da
eTerSi uxsnadia, Zlieri mJava xsnarebSi aqvs vardisferi Se-
feriloba, romelic pH>2,0–ze gadadis yviTel ferSi. tute
areSi (pH>6,0) Seferilia mowiTalo-iisfrad.
pirdapiri gatitvrisas misi feri wiTeli Seferilobidan
gadadis yviTelSi.
indikatoris narevi. 0,1 g indikatorisa 10 g kalciumis ni-
trats mosresen rodinSi da Seureven. indikatoris xsnari. 0,25
g indikators xsnian 100 ml wyalSi.
vargisobis vada 1 Tve.
50 ml gasatitr siTxeze iReben daaxloebiT 0,1 g indika-
toris narevs an indikatoris xsnaris 7 wveTs.

b u f e r u l i x s n a r i pH 9,5‐10,0
54 g amoniumis qlorids xsnian 200 ml wyalSi, amateben
350 ml 25% amiakis xsnars da xsnaris moculobas wyliT avse-
ben 1 litramde.
vargisobis vada 3 Tve.
titranti
t r i l o n b x s n a r i (0,05 mol/l)
C10H14N2Na2O8 ⋅ 2H2O
1 ml xsnari Seicavs 0,01861 g eTilendiamin -Ν,Ν,Ν′,Ν′-
tetraZmarJavas dinatriumis marils dakristalebuls or mo-
lekula wyalTan.
momzadeba. 18,8, g trilon b-s xsnian wyalSi, xsnaris mo-
culoba wyliT mihyavT 1 litramde da filtraven.
titris dayeneba. daxloebiT 3,27 g (zusti wona) liTonur
TuTias xsnian 49 ml ganzavebul gogirdmJavaSi 1 litramde

179
tevadobis gamzom kolbSi da xsnaris moculoba wyliT mihyavT
Wdemde.
biuretidan zustad azomaven 25 ml TuTiis momzadebul
xsnars, amateben 5 ml buferul xnars pH 9,5‐10,0, daaxloebiT
0,1 g erioqrom Savi T–s indikatorul narevs, 70 ml wyals,
ureven da titraven trilon b (0,05 mol/l) xsnariT (cisferi-
dan kaSkaSa lurj Seferilobamde).
Sesworebis koeficients (ganzavebis gaTvaliswinebiT) ga-
moiTvlian Semdegi formuliT, pirveli meTodiT:
25 ⋅ a
K=
1000 ⋅ 0,003269 ⋅V

nitritometria

n i t r i t o m e t r i a – moculobiTi analizis meTodia, ro-

mlis drosac titrantad iyeneben natriumis nitritis xsnars.
nitritometrulad sazRvraven naerTebs, romlebic Seica-
ven pirvelad da meoreul aminojgufebs, hidrazidebs, aseve
aromatul nitroSenaerTebs nitrojgufis aminojgufamde wi-
naswari aRdgenis Semdeg.
g a n s a z R v r i s m e T o d i . preparatis zust masas (da-
xloebiT 0,01 g/mol) xsnian 10 ml wylisa da 10 ml ganzavebu-
li qlorwylbadmJavas narevSi. amateben wyals saerTo mocu-
lobiT 80 ml, 1 g kaliumis bromids da mudmivi morevis qveS
titraven natriumis nitritis (0,1 mol/l) xsnariT. titrants
jer amateben siCqariT – 1 wuTSi 2 ml-s, xolo titvris bolos
ki 1 wuTSi 0,05 ml-s.
titvras atareben ise, rom xsnaris temperatura SenarCun-
des 15-200 C –ze, Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi saWiroa gacieba 0-
50 C ‐mde.

180
 eqvivalentur wertils gansazRvraven eleqtrometriuli
meTodebiT (potenciometriuli titvra, titvra `Zabvis srul
Sewyvetamde~) an Sida indikatorebisa da gare indikatorebis
meSveobiT (iodsaxameblis qaRaldi).
potenciometruli titvrisas indikatoruli eleqtrodis
saxiT iyeneben platinis eletrods, xolo Sesadari eleqtro-
dis saxiT ki – vercxlis qloridis an kalomelis najer
eleqtrods.
gatitvras meTodiT `denis srul Sewyvetamde~ atareben
saerTo statiis `eletrometruli meTodi~ Sesabamisad modi-
ficirebuli sqemis gamoyenebisas eleqtrodebze modebulia
potencialTa sxvaoba 0,3-0,4v.
Sida indikatorebis saxiT iyeneben tropeolin 00-s (4 wv
xsnari). tropeolin 00-isa da meTilenis lurjis narevs (4 wv
tropeolinis xsnari da 2 wv meTilenis lurjis xsnari) an
neitralur wiTels (dasawyisSi 2 wv xsnaris, xolo gatitvris
bolos 2 wveTs). tropeolin 00-Tan gatitvras atareben wiTeli
Seferilobis yviTel ferSi gadasvlamde, tropeolin 00-is me-
Tilen-lurjTan nareviT – iisfer-wiTelidan cisfer Seferi-
lobamde, xolo tropeolin 00-is neitralur wiTelTan nare-
viT – mowiTalo-iisferidan lurj Seferilobamde. gatitvris
bolos ayovneben 2 wuTamde.
iodsaxameblis qaRaldis TanaobiT gatitvras atareben sa-
nam gasatitri xsnaris wveTi, aRebuli 1 wuTis Semdeg natrium
nitritis xsnaris mimatebidan, ar gamoiwvevs qaRaldze lurji
Seferilobis laqas. paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi dayovneba SeiZleba gaizardos, ris Se-
saxebac unda iyos miTiTebuli kerZo statiaSi.
nitritometriuli titvris reaqciis toloba:

181
 R R
+
NaNO2 Cl‐

HCl

NH2 N N
+

azotis gansazRvra organul naerTebSi

azotis gansasazRvravi xelsawyo Sedgeba damcavmiliani 2
orTqlwarmomqmnelisagan (1), maRalyeliani, msxvilformiani
cvladi kolbebisagan (3), momWeriani an onkaniani Zabrisagan (5),
tutis Casasxmeli (4), SxefdamWerisagan (6), pirdapiri macivri-
sagan (7) da cvladi konusuri kolbis-mimRebisagan (8)
ix.suraTi.
kolbSi (3) aTavseben 0,014-0,035 g azotis eqvivalenturi
nivTierebis zust wonas, umateben 1 g kaliumis sulfatisa da
spilenZis sulfatis mosresil narevs (10 :1) da 7 ml koncen-
trirebul gogirdmJavas, kolbs (3) aTavseben daxrilad 450-iani
kuTxiT, axuraven minis Zabrs da aduReben Ria mwvane feris mi-
Rebamde, Semdeg duRils agrZeleben isev 30 wT. zogierT SemT-
xvevaSi Ria xsnaris miRebis Semdeg ufro xangrZlivi wvaa sa-
Wiro, razec miTiTebuli unda iyos Sesabamis kerZo statiaSi.
gaciebisTanave kolbSi (3) frTxilad, moreviT asxamen 20 ml
wyals, isev acieben da aerTeben kolbis xelsawyosTan. orT-
qwarmomqmnelSi (1) asxamen gogirdmJaviT SemJavebul wyals,
raTa uzrnvelyon Tanabari duRili, orTqlwarmomqmnelSi (1)
aTavseben minis burTulakebs. gamoxdis dawyebamde mimRebSi (8)
asxamen 20 ml boris mJavas xsnars da umateben 5 wveT Sereul
indikators. macivris Sida milis (7) qveda bolo CaSvebuli
unda iyos bormJavas xsnarSi, xelsawyos awyobis damTavrebis
182
Semdeg macivarSi (7) uSveben wyals da orTqlwarmomqmnelSi (1)
moTavsebuli wyali miyavT aduRebamde. Semdeg Zabridan kolbSi
(3) nel-nela umateben 40 ml 30% na-
triumis hidroqsidis xsnars momWe-
ris an onkanis daxmarebiT. xsnari
kolbSi (3) aucileblad energiulad
unda ireodes orTqlis dinebis meS-
veobiT. xelsawyos didi hermetulo-
bisaTvis saWiroa, ZabrSi (4) Catove-
bul iqnas 30% natriumis hidroqsi-
dis xsnaris siWarbe. 100 ml ga-
monaxads agroveben. gamoxdisas
azotis gansazRvris kolbs (3) acxeleben, ise, rom siTxis
xelsawyo
moculoba masSi iyos mudmivi.
gamoxdis damTavrebisas mimRebs xsnian. macivris mili
amoaqvT xsnaridan, garedan avleben wyals, ise, rom orTqlis
miwodebas kolbSi (3) agrZeleben 1-2 wT-is ganmavlobaSi. Ca-
narecx wyals agroveben imave mimRebSi, xolo Semdeg wyveten
orTqlwarmomqmnelis (1) gaxurebas da saswrafod xsnian kolbs
xelsawyodan.
gamonaxads titraven qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnariT (0,1
mol/l).
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas.
1 ml qlorwyalbadmJavas (0,1 mol/l) xsnari Seesabameba
0,001401 g azots.

SeniSvna.
1. Zneladwvad nivTierebaTa mineralizaciisaTvis
SesaZlebelia damJangvelebis gamoyeneba. gamoiyeneba: 0,05 g
metaluri seleni da 0,3 vercxliswylis yviTeli Jangi, razec
miTiTebuli unda iyos specialur statiaSi.

183
 2. xelsawyos gamoyenebis dros, sadac sxvadasxva
nawilebis SesaerTeblad gamoyenebulia rezinis milebi da sa-
cobebi, pirveli gamoyenebis win aucilebelia maTi gamoxarSva
10 wT-is ganmavlobaSi 5% natriumis hidroqsidis xsnarSi da
Semdeg wyliT Carecxva.

nacris ganszRvra
1 g-mde gamosakvlev nivTierebas an 3-5 g dawvrilmanebul
mcenareul nedleuls (zusti wona) aTavseben winaswar ga-
momwvar faifuris, kvarcis an platinis tigelSi ise rom Tana-
brad iqnes ganawilebuli tigelis fskerze. Semdeg tigels
frTxilad acxeleben, aZleven SesaZleblobas nivTierebas
bolomde daiwvas an aqroldes SeZlebisdagvarad dabal tem-
peraturaze. darCenili naxSiric unda daiwvas SesaZlo dabal
temperaturaze. rodesac naxSiri daiwveba bolomde, als
aZliereben.
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac naxSiri bolomde ar daiwveba,
narCens acieben, asveleben wyliT an amoniumis nitratis najeri
xsnariT, aorTqleben wylis abazanaze da narCens ga-
mowvlilaven. saWiroebisamebr am operacias imeoreben ramden-
jerme.
gamowva mimdinareobs susti gavarvarebiT (5000 C-mde) er-
Tiani masis miRebamde; unda moveridoT nacris galRobas da
mis SeduRebas tigelis kedelze. gamowvis damTvrebis Semdeg
tigels aciveben eqsikatorSi da wonian.

qlorwyalbadmJavaSi uxsnadi nacris gansazRvra

narCens tigelSi, romelic miRebulia preparatis an wam-
lis mcenareuli nedleulis dawvisas, umateben 15 ml 10%
qlorwyalbadmJavas. tigels axuraven saaTis minas da acxele-
ben 10 wT. mduRare wylis abazanaze. tigelSi moTvsebul Se-
184
madgenlobas umateben 5 ml cxel wyals, amiTive Carecxen
saaTis minasac. xsnars filtraven unacro filtrSi. narCeni
gadaqvT cxeli wylis meSveobiT. filtrts narCeniT Carecxen
cxeli wyliT sanam ar miiReben uaryofiT reaqcias qlo-
ridebze; gadaaqvT imave tigelSi, gamoaSroben, wvaven, gaavar-
vareben, rogorc aRwerilia zemoT da wonian.

sulfaturi nacris gansazRvra

nimuSis zust wonas (1 g-mde, Tu Sesabamis kerZo statiaSi

ar aris sxva SeniSvna) aTavseben winaswar gamomwvar, zustad
awonil faifuris, kvarcis an platinis tigelSi. asveleben 1
ml koncentrirebuli gogirdmJaviT da frTxilad acxeleben
cxaurze an qviSis abazanaze, sanam ar Sewydeba gogirdmJavas
orTqli. Semdeg gamowvaven (5000) sanam mudmiv masas ar miaR-
weven, unda eridon nacris galRobas an SeduRabebas tigelis
kedlebze. gamowvis damTavrebisas tigels acieben eqsikatorSi
da wonian.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu nimuSi iwvis, umateben koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavas da gamowvas imeoreben.

siTxeebis Seferilobis gansazRvra

siTxeebis Seferilobas gansazRvraven vizualurad, Sesa-

bamis eTalonebTan SedarebiT. sakvlev xsnarsa da eTalons
Sesadareblad iReben Tanabari raodenobiT. adareben erTnairi
minisa da diametris sinjarebSi, dRis sinaTleze, TeTr fonze.
sakvlevi nimuSis Seferiloba eTalonis identuri unda
iyos an misi Seferilobis intensivoba ar unda aRematebodes
eTalonis tons. siTxes, romelic ufero unda iyos, aTvaliere-
ben zemodan, siTxis mTel fenaSi, TeTr fonze. uferod

185
iTvleba siTxe, romlis feri ar gansxvavdeba wylisagan,
xsnarebis SemTxvevaSi ki – Sesabamisi gamxsnelisagan.

sawyisi xsnarebis momzadeba

xsnari a. mosresili kobaltis qloridis (CoCl 2 ·6H2O m.m.

237,73) daaxloebiT 6.00 g (zusti wona) aTavseben 100 ml Camteo-
bis gamzom kolbSi, xsnian gogirdmJavaSi (0,1 mol/l) da
Seavseben Wdemde.
xsnarSi kobaltis qloridis raodenobas sazRvraven Sem-
degnairad: kobaltis qloridis xsnaris 5 ml aTavseben mile-
silsacobian 250 ml Camteobis konusur kolbSi, umateben 5 ml
wyalbadis zeJangis 3% xsnars, 30 ml natriumis hidroqsidis
xsnars, narevs aduReben ukumacivriT 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi,
acieben oTaxis temperaturamde, umateben 2 g kaliumis iodids
da 15 ml gogirdmJavas 50% xsnars. gamoyofil iods titraven
natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnariT (0,1 mol/l) indikatori –
saxamebeli.
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas.
natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnaris (0,1 mol/l) 1 ml Seesa-
bameba 0,02379 g kobaltis qlorids.
kobaltis qloridis xsnaris moculobas ise amzadeben,
rom miRebuli xsnaris 1 ml-Si iyos 0,060 g kobaltis qloridi.
xsnari b. mosresili kaliumis biqromatis (KK2Cr2∙O7 m.m.
294,18) 0,4900 g xsnian gogirdmJavaSi (0,1 mol/l) 100 ml Camteo-
bis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas gogirdmJaviT (0,1 mol/l)
Seavseben Wdemde. miRebuli xsnaris 1 ml unda Seicavdes 0,0049g
kaliumis biqromats.
xsnarSi kaliumis biqromatis Semcvelobas Semdegnairad
sazRvraven: kaliumis biqromatis xsnaris 20 ml aTavseben
milesilsacobian, 250 ml Camteobis konusur kolbSi, umateben

186
30 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas, 1 g kaliumis iodids,
ayovneben sibneleSi 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg umateben 80
ml wyals da gamoyofil iods titraven natriumis Tiosul-
fatis xsnariT (0,1 mol/l), (indikatori – saxamebeli), Seferi-
lobis mwvane ferSi gadasvlamde.
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas.
natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnaris (0,1 mol/l) 1 ml Seesa-
bameba 0,004903 g kaliumis biqromats.
xsnari g. mosresili spilenZis sulfatis (CuSO4 ∙5H2O m.m.
249,68) daaxloebiT 6,00 g (zusti wona) xsnian gogirdmJavaSi (0,1
mol/l) 100 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas
gogirdmJaviT (0,1 mol/l) Seavseben Wdemde).
xsnarSi spilenZis sulfatis Semcvelobas sazRvraven
Semdegnairad: spilenZis sulfatis xsnaris 10 ml aTavseben
milesilsacobian, 250 ml Camteobis kolbSi, umateben 40 ml
wyals, 4 ml ganzavebul ZmarmJavas, 3 g kaliumis iodids,
Seureven gamoyofil iods titraven natriumis Tiosulfatis
xsnariT (0,1 mol/l), (indikatori – saxamebeli).
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas.
natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnaris (0,1 mol/l) 1 ml Seesa-
bameba 0,02497 g spilenZis sulfats. spilenZis sulfatis
xsnaris moculobas ganazaveben ise, rom miRebuli xsnaris 1
ml-Si iyos 0,060 g spilenZis sulfati.
xsnari d. rkinis qloridis (FeCl3·6H2O m.m. 270,30) daaxloe-
biT 4,50 g (zusti wona) xsnian gogirdmJavaSi (0,1 mol/l) 100
ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas gogirdmJaviT 0,1
mol/l) Seavseben Wdemde.
xsnarSi rkinis qloridis Semcvelobas gansazRvraven Sem-
degnairad: rkinis qloridis xsnaris 10 ml moaTavseben mile-
silsacobian, 250 ml Camteobis konusur kolbSi, umateben 4 g
kaliumis iodids, ayovneben 15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, bnel

187
adgilze, Semdeg umateben 100 ml wyals da gamoyofil iods
titraven natriumis Tiosulfatis (0,1 mol/l) xsnariT, (indi-
katori – saxamebeli).
natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnaris (0,1 mol/l) 1 ml Seesa-
bameba 0,02703 g rkinis qlorids.
rkinis qloridis xsnaris moculobas ganazaveben ise, rom
miRebuli xsnaris 1 ml-Si iyos 0,045 g rkinis qloridi.
sawyisi xsnarebi vargisia 1 weli.

ZiriTadi xsnarebis momzadeba

ZiriTad xsnarebs Rebuloben sawyisi xsnarebis – kobal-
tis qloridis (a), kaliumis biqromatis (b), spilenZis sul-
fatis (g) da rkinis qloridis (d) gogirdmJavasTan (0,1 mol/l)
Semdegi TanafardobiT SereviT:

gogirdmJava
ZiriTadi a xsnari b xsnari g xsnari d xsnari
(0,1 mol/l),
xsnari ml ml ml ml
ml
I 35,00 8,00 17,00 40,00 -
II 9,50 10,70 1,90 4,00 73,90
III 40,50 6,30 6,10 12,00 35,10
IV 3,50 10,40 20,10 4,00 62,00

ZiriTadi xsnarebi vargiasia 1 weli

eTalonebis momzadeba

Sesadar eTalonebs amzadeben ZiriTadi xsnarebis

gogirdmJaviT (0,1 mol/l) ganzavebiT. eTalonebi unda
inaxebodes 5-5 ml, ufero, hermetulad Tavdaxurul sinjarebSi
an 5 ml-ian mirCilul ampulebSi, sinaTlisagan mofrTxilebiT.
#1,2,3,4 – eTalonebi vargisia 4 dRe; #5,6,7 eTalonebi
mxolod axladmomzadebuli.
188
 yavisferi yviTeli tonis vardisferi mwvane tonis
tonis eTalonebi tonis eTalonebi
eTalonebi eTalonebi
eTalonis nomeri

Skala a Skala b Skala v Skala g

xsnari I, ml

gogirdmJava
gogirdmJava

gogirdmJava
gogirdmJava

(0,1 mol/l)
(0,1 mol/l)

(0,1 mol/l)
(0,1 mol/l)

xsnari IV,
xsnari III,
xsnari II,

ZiriTadi

ZiriTadi
ZiriTadi
ZiriTadi

ml
ml

ml

ml
ml

ml

ml
1 100,00 - 100,00 - 100,00 - 100,00 -
2 50,00 50,00 50,00 50,00 50,00 50,00 50,00 50,00
3 25,00 75,00 25,00 75,00 25,00 75,00 25,00 75,00
4 12,50 87,50 12,50 87,50 12,50 87,50 12,50 87,50
5 6,30 93,70 6,30 93,70 6,30 93,70 6,30 93,70
6 3,10 96,90 3,10 96,90 3,10 96,90 3,10 96,90
7 1,60 98,40 1,60 98,40 1,60 98,40 1,60 98,40

sakvlevi xsnaris eTalonTan Sedarebis dros eTalonis

nomris garda uTiTeben Skalasac. mag. xsnaris Seferiloba ar
unda aRematebodes #5 b eTalons.
SeniSvna: gogirdmJavas xsnari (0,1 mol/l): nela da
frTxilad, mudmivi SereviT 6ml koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas
Caasxamen 1020 ml wyalSi.

siTxeebis gamWvirvalobisa da simRvrivis gansazRvra

siTxeebis gamWvirvalobasa da simRvrives gansazRvraven
sakvlevi siTxis gamxsnelTan an eTalonTan SedarebiT.
gansazRvras axdenen 40 vt simZlavris eleqtronaTuris
sinaTleze, Sav fonze, vertikalurad ganlagebul sinjarebSi.
siTxes miiCneven gamWvirvaled, Tu misi SeuiaraRebeli
TvaliT daTvalierebisas ar SeiniSneba gauxsneli nawilakebi
calkeuli erTeul boWkoebs garda. Sesadareblad iyeneben
siTxis mosamzadeblad aRebul gamxsnels.
189
 simRvrivis gansasazRvrav eTalonebs amzadeben hidrazinis
sulfatis an heqsameTilentatraminisagan.
1. hidrazinis sulfatis xsnaris momzadeba. hidrazinis
sulfatis 0,50 g aTavseben 50 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi,
xsnian 40 ml wyalSi, Seureven, moculobas wyliT Seavseben
Wdemde da ayovneben 6 sT.
2. heqsameTilentetraminis xsnaris momzadeba. 3,00 g
heqsameTilentetramins xsnian pipetiT an biuretiT aRebul 30
ml wyalSi.
3. sawyisi eTalonis momzadeba. hidrazinis sulfatis
xsnaris 25 ml umateben heqsameTilentetraminis xsnaris 25 ml,
gulmodgined Seureven da ayovneben 24 sT. hidrazinis sul-
fatis da heqsameTilentetraminis xsnarebs aiReben pipetiT an
biuretiT.
sawyisi eTaloni vargisia 2 Tve. milesilsacobian kolbSi
Senaxvisas.
SeniSvna. gamoyenebis win sawyis eTalons, ZiriTad eTa-
lons da eTalonur xsnarebs gulmodgined Seureven 3 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi.
4. ZiriTadi eTalonis momzadeba. sawyisi eTalonis 15 ml
aiReben pipetiT, aTavseben 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi,
moculobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde da Seureven.
5. eTalonuri xsnarebis momzadeba. I,II,III,IV eTalonuri
xsnarebis mosamzadeblad ZiriTad eTalons aiReben pipetiT an
biuretiT, aTavseben 100 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da
moculobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde.

eTalonuri xsnarebi
I II III IV
ZiriTadi 5 10 30 50
eTaloni, ml
wyali, ml 95 90 70 50

190
 I, II, III, IV eTalonuri xsnarebi unda iyos axladmomzade-
buli. Sesadareblad aiReben eTalonuri xsnarisa da sakvlevi
siTxis Tanabar raodenobas (5 ml an 10 ml). adareben ufero
minis an erTnairi tonis, erTnairi diamteris mqone milesil-
sacobian sinjaraSi.
Seferili siTxeebis simRvrives gansazRvraven kompara-
torSi. sakvlevi siTxis nawils filtraven qaRaldis
filtrSi, komparatorSi gverdisgverd aTavseben sinjarebs
gafiltruli da gaufiltravi siTxiT; gaufiltravi siTxis
ukan aTavseben sinjaras gamxsneliT, gafiltruli siTxis ukan
– rigrigobiT aTavseben simRvrivis eTalonebs gaufiltravi
siTxis simRvrivis Sesaferisi eTalonis SerCevamde. sinjarebs
aTvaliereben 40 vt siZlieris naTuris sinaTleze.

indikatorebi

indikatorebi qimiuri nivTierebebia, romlebic

titriometruli analizis dros gviCvenebs, rom gasatitr niv-
Tierebas damatebuli aqvs titrantis eqvivalenturi raodenoba.
eqvivalentur wertilSi indikatoris cvlileba ganisazRvreba
vizualurad an instrumentuli meTodebiT.
reaqciidan gamomdinare, romelsac emyareba titri-
ometruli meTodebi, indikatorebs arCeven: mJavur-fuZovani,
wyliani da uwylo aresaTvis; metaloqromuli (kompleqsono-
metriaSi); adsorbciuli (naleqis warmomqmneli) da Jangva-
aRdgeniTi.
xsnarebs da indikatorul naerTebs amzadeben kargad mos-
resil indikatorebisa da `qimiurad sufTa~ an `analizisaTvis
sufTa~ damxmare nivTierebisagan. indikatoris wonaks iReben
0,001 g sizustiT da xsnian gamzom kolbSi, an Seureven
rodinSi mosresviT damxmare nivTierebebTan erTad.

191
 indikatoris tutiani xsnaris mosamzadeblad, indikatoris
wonaks xsnian natriumis hidroqsidis xsnarSi (0,02 mol/l) da
gadaaqvT gamzom kolbSi.
wyalSi xsnadi indikatorebisagan amzadeben 0,04% wylian
xsnars. titvrisaTvis saWiro individualuri raodenoba miT-
iTebuli unda iyos kerZo statiaSi.
indikatorTa xsnarebis da mSrali narevebis momzadeba
unda moxdes amwov karadaSi indikatorebisagan Tavdacvis
saSualebaTa gamoyenebiT (respiratori, damcavi saTvale, rez-
inis xelTaTmanebi) indikatorebi da maTi xsnarebi inaxeba si-
naTlisagan mofrTxilebiT narinjisfer qilebSi an fla-
konebSi.

alizarin yviTeli p
5-(N-nitrofenil) azosalicilmJava natriumi
C13H8N3NaO5 m.w. 309.2100
moyviTalo – an mowiTalo yavisferi kristaluri fxvnili
an agurisfer-wiTeli mbrwyinavi kristalebia. mcired ixsneba
wyalsa da spirtSi, advilad ixsneba gacxelebiT.
pH 10,0-12,0 intervalSi Seferiloba gadadis yviTlidan
narinjisfer-wiTelSi.
indikatoris xsnari. mosresili indikatoris 0,1 g xsnian
wyalSi wylis abazanaze gacxelebiT. acieben da Seavseben 100
ml-mde.

alizarin wiTeli C
1,2 – dihidroqsiantraqinon-3-sulfonat-natriumis mono-
hidrati
C14H7NaO7S ∙ H2O m.w. 360.27

192
 monarinjisfero-yviTeli nemsisebri kristalebi an
fxvnilia. advilad ixsneba wyalSi da cxel spirtSi; praqti-
kulad uxsnadia benzolsa da qloroformSi.
pH 4,6-6,0 farglebSi yviTeli Seferiloba gadadis alis-
fer-wiTelSi.
indikatoris xsnari. 0,1% xsnari.

bromkrezol mwvane (lurji)

3′,3′′,5′,5′′ – tetrabrom –m-krezolsulfoftaleini
C14H7NaO7S ∙ H2O m.w. 698.00
Ria yavisferi kristaluri fxvnilia. mcired ixsneba
wyalSi, xsnadia spirtSi, ixsneba tuteTa ganzavebul
xsnarebSi; ar ixsneba eTerSi.
pH 3,8 – 5,4 farglebSi Seferiloba yviTlidan gadadis
lurjSi.
indikatoris xsnari. 1. indikatoris 0,1 g rodinSi mosresen
7,15 ml natriumis hidroqsidis 0,025 mol xsnarTan. gaxsnis
Semdeg axladanaduRari da gaciebuli wyliT Seavseben 250 ml-
mde.
2. 0,1% xsnari 47%-ian spirtSi.

bromTimol lurji
3′,3′′ – dibromTimolsulfoftaleini
C27H28Br2O5S m.w. 624.4
movardisfro-iisfer wvrilkristaluri fxvnilia. praqti-
kulad uxsnadia wyalSi, advilad – spirtSi, eTerSi, mwvave
tuteebsa da amiakSi.
pH 6,0-7,6 farglebSi Seferiloba yviTlidan gadadis
lurjSi.
indikatoris xsnari.

193
 1. mosresili indikatoris 0,1 g xsnian 50 ml Tbil
spirtSi. aciveben da wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.
2. indikatoris 0,1 g rodinSi mosresen 3,2 ml natriumis
hidroqsidis 0,05 m xsnarTan. gaxsnis Semdeg axladanaduRari
da gacivebuli wyliT Seavseben 250 ml-mde.

bromfenol lurji
3′,3′′,5′,5′′ – tetrabromfenolsulfoftaleini
C19H10Br4O5S m.w. 670.0
movardisfero-yavisferi wvrilkristaluri fxvnilia. mci-
red ixsneba wyalSi, advilad – spirtSi, tuteTa xsnarebSi.
pH 3,0-4,6 farglebSi Seferiloba yviTelidan gadadis
lurjSi.
indikatoris xsnari. 1. mosresili indikatoris 0,1 g xsnian
50 ml Tbil spirtSi. aciveben da wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.
2. indikatoris 0,1 g rodinSi mosresen 7,5 ml natriumis
hidroqsidis 0,02 m xsnarTan. gaxsnis Semdeg axladaduRari da
gacivebuli wyliT Seavseben 250 ml-mde.

dimeTil yviTeli
4-dimeTilaminoazobenzoli
C14H15N3 m.w. 225.23
yviTeli kristaluri fxvnili an oqrosferi forfitebia.
praqtikulad ar ixsneba wyalSi, ixsneba spirtSi. qloro-
formSi, eTerSi da mineralur mJavebSi.
pH 2,9-4,0 farglebSi Seferiloba monarinjisfro wiTli-
dan gadadis yviTelSi.
indikatoris xsnari. 1. mosresili indikatoris 0,1 g xsnian
spirtSi da spirtiTve Seavseben 100 ml-mde.
2. indikatoris 0,1 g xsnian benzolSi da benzoliTve
Seavseben 100 ml-mde.

194
 meTil lurji
Timolsulfoftaleini
C27H30O5S m.w. 466.6
yavisferi kristaluri fxvnilia. ixsneba wyalSi yviTeli
feris xsnaris warmoqmniT, romelic gacxelebiT gadadis
wiTelSi. ixsneba spirtSi, eTerSi da yinulovan ZmarmJavaSi,
advilad ixsneba tuteTa ganzavebul xsnarebSi muqi lurji
feris warmoqmniT.
pH 1,2 – 2,8 farglebSi Seferiloba wiTlidan gadadis
yviTelSi da pH 8,0-9,6 farglebSi – yviTlidan lurjSi.
indikatoris xsnari. indikatoris 0,1 g mosresen rodinSi
10,75 ml natriumis hidroqsidis 0,02 mol xsnarTan. gaxsnis
Semdeg Seavseben 250 ml-mde axladanaduRari da gaciebuli
wyliT.
indikatoris xsnari meTilis spirtSi. indikatoris 0,3 g
xsnian meTilis spirtSi da meTilis spirtiT Seavseben 100 ml-
mde.

Timolftaleini
2,2' – dimeTil -5,5'-di-izopropilfenolftaleini
C28H30O4 m.w. 430,5
TeTri an odnav moyviTalo wvrilkristaluri fxvnilia.
praqtikulad ar ixsneba wyalSi, ixsneba spirtsa da acetonSi.
pH 9,4-10,6 farglebSi Seferiloba uferodan gadadis
lurjSi.
indikatoris xsnari. mosresili indikatoris 0,1 g xsnian
spirtSi da spirtiTve Seavseben 100 ml-mde.
Timolftaleiniani qaRaldi. indikatoris xsnariT gaJRen-
Ten TeTr filtris qaRalds da aSroben haerze sibneleSi,
haerSi ar unda iyos MmJavebisa da amiakis orTqli. qaRalds
Wrian 50 mm sigrZisa da 6 mm siganis zolebad.
195
 inaxaven narinjisfer milesilsacobian qilebSi sinaT-
lisagan dacul adgilas.

indigokarmini
indigo -5,5'-disulfonat-dinatriumi
C16H8N2Na2O8S2 m.w. 466,6
lurji wvrilkristaluri fxvnilia, mcired ixsneba civ
wyalSi, ixsneba cxel wyalSi, praqtikulad ar ixsneba spirtSi.
aRmdegenebis moqmedebiT uferuldeba. gamoiyeneba rogorc
Jangva-aRdgeniTi indikatori.
Seferiloba lurjidan gadadis yviTelSi. pH 11,6-14 far-
glebSi.
indikatoris xsnari. 1. mosresili indikatoris 0,25 g
xsnian cxel wyalSi. aciveben da wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.
2. 0,1% xsnari.

kaliumis qromati
K2CrO4 m.w. 194.20
yviTeli kristalebia. advilad ixsneba wyalSi, praqtiku-
lad uxsnadia spirtSi. vercxlis nitratis xsnarTan neitra-
lur areSi iZleva wiTel naleqs.
indikatoris xsnari. kaliumis qromatis 5 g xsnian wyalSi
da wyliTve Seavseben 100 ml-mde. gasatitri xsnaris 100 ml-ze
iReben indikatoris xsnaris 1-2 ml.

kalcioni
C30H15N4Na5O22S6 ⋅ H2O m.w. 1108,8
reaqtivi Seicavs 15%-mde higroskopul tens da 4-8@% na-
triumis qlorids. Savi fxvnilia iisferi toniT. advilad ixs-
neba wyalSi da praqtikulad uxsnadia organul gamxsnelebSi.
tute areSi (optimalurad 11-13) aqvs lurji Seferiloba, amave
areSi mis kompleqsnaerTebs aqvs vardisferi Seferiloba.
196
 pirdapiri titvrisas Seferiloba vardisferidan gadadis
lurjSi.
indikatoris xsnari. indikatoris 0,1 g xsnian 100 ml
wyalSi. xsnari vargisia 1 Tvis ganmavlobaSi.

kongo wiTeli
difenil-4,4′-bis-(2-azo-1-naftilamin-sufonat natriumi)
C32H22N6Na2O6S2 m.w. 696,7
muqi-wiTeli fxvnilia. Znelad ixsneba civ wyalSi,
tuteebSi, advilad ixsneba spirtsa da cxel wyalSi, praqti-
kulad uxsnadia umetes organul gamxsnelSi.
indikatoris xsnari. indikatoris 0,1 g xsnian 20 ml
spirtSi da wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.

kristal iisferi
heqsameTil-prozalinis qloridi
C25H30CIN3 m.w. 403.0
liToniseburi brwyinvalebis muqi-mwvane feris
kristalebi an kristaluri fxvnilia. ixsneba wyalSi, spirtSi
da uwylo ZmarmJavaSi.
uwylo areSi titvrisas Seferiloba iisferidan (tute)
molurjo-mwvanes (neitraluri) gavliT gadadis moyviTalo-
mwvaneSi (mJave).
indikatoris xsnari uwylo ZmarmJavaSi. 0,1% xsnari uwylo
ZmarmJavaSi.

kurkuma
saRebavi, romelsac gamoyofen mcenare Curcuma longa L–is
fesvuridan (oj. zigiberaceae.)
kurkumas nayeni. 20 g gamomSral da wvrilad dafqul fes-
vuras daayeneben 4 ulufa wyalze (TiToeuli 100 ml). yovel

197
ulufa gamWvirvale siTxes gadaRvrian. naSTs gamoaSroben 100-
1050, Semdeg daasxamen 100 ml spirts, toveben 3 dRe da fil-
traven.
kurkumis qaRaldi. TeTr, mkvriv filtris qaRalds ga-
JRenTaven kurkumis nayeniT da aSroben haerze, romelic ar
Seicavs mJavebisa da amiakis orTqls, sinaTlisagan mofrTx-
ilebiT. qaRalds Wrian 50 mm sigrZis da 6 mm siganis zolebad.
qaRaldis mgrZnobelobas sazRvraven Semdegnairad:
bormJavas 0,001g xsnian 5 ml wylisa da 1 ml qlorwyal-
badmJavas narevSi. miRebul xsnarSi Cayusaven kurkumis qaR-
aldis zols. 1 wuTis Semdeg qaRalds siTxidan amoiReben da
aSroben. yviTeli Seferiloba gadadis yavisferSi. Semdeg qaR-
alds Seasveleben amiakis xsnariT. Seferiloba gadadis
momwvano-SavSi.

lakmusi
mcenareuli lurji pigmenti.
muqi lurji feris, mcire zomis naWrebi, nawilobriv
ixsneba wyalSi da spirtSi lurji feris xsnarebis war-
moqmniT. mJavis mimatebiT xsnari iRebs wiTel Sefervas, ro-
melic tutis xsnaris Warbi mimatebiT kvlav gadadis lurjSi
pH 5,8-8,0.
indikatoris xsnari. 10 g mosresili lakmusisa da 40 ml
spirtis narevs acxeleben ukumacivriT 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
daayovneben, siTxes daacileben naleqs da gadaRvrian. am oper-
acias imeoreben kidev orjer, 30-30 ml spirtiT. amgvarad, ga-
recxil lakmuss daayovneben Tanabar raodenoba wyalTan da
siTxes kvlav gadaRvrian.
naSTs gamowvlilaven 50 ml wyalTan duRiliT, aciveben
da filtraven.

198
 50 ml wyals umateben 5 wveTi indikatoris xsnars. miRe-
bul xsnars umateben 1 wveT 0,1 m mJavas an tutes. Seferiloba
unda Seicvalos.
lakmusis lurji qaRaldi. lakmusis lurj xsnars umate-
ben 0,1 mol qlorwyalbadmJavas, vidre wveTi nayenis gaSrobis
Semdeg filtris qaraldze datanili ar datovebs cisfer da
ara wiTel laqas. miRebuli xsnariT gaJRinTaven filtris
TeTr qaRalds da Semdeg aSroben SenobaSi sinaTlis, mJavebis
da amiakis orTqlisagan mofrTxilebiT. qaRalds Wrian 50 mm
sigrZisa da 6 mm siganis zolebad.
0,01 mol mJavas xsnariT Sesvelebuli qaRaldis zoli
maSinve unda Seiferos wiTlad.
lakmusis wiTeli qaRaldi. lakmusis xsnars umateben 0,1
mol mJavas xsnars da im raodenobiT, rom miiRon susti vard-
isferi Seferiloba. miRebuli xsnariT gaJRenTen zemoT miT-
iTebul filtris qaRalds da amowmeben mgrZnobelobaze. qaR-
aldis zolma 1 wveTi 0,01 mol tutis xsnariT Sesvelebisas
maSinve unda miiRos lurji feri.
lurji da wiTeli lakmusis qaRaldebi unda inaxebodes
kargad Tavdaxurul minis qilebSi.

mJava qrom muqi-lurji

1,8-dioqsi-2-(2-oqsifenilazo)-naftalin-3,6-disulfonat na-
triumi.
C16H10N2Na2O9S2 m.w. 484,4
muqi-yavisferi erTgvarovani fxvnilia. tute areSi (pH 9,5‐
10,0) aqvs molurjo-iisferi Seferiloba; imave pirobebSi indi-
katorebis kompleqsnaerTebs kalciumTan, magniumsa da Tu-
TiasTan aqvs wiTeli feri.
pirdapiri titvrisas Seferiloba wiTelidan gadadis
molurjo-iisferSi.

199
 indikatoruli narevi. indikatoris 0,25 g da qimiurad
sufTa natriumis qloridis 25 g mosresen rodinSi da kargad
Seureven.
indikatoris xsnari. indikatoris 0,5 g xsnian 10 ml amia-
kur buferul xsnarSi (pH 9,5‐10,0) da spirtiT Seavseben 100 ml-
mde. 50 ml gasatitr xsnarze iReben daaxloeben 0,1 g indika-
torul narevs an indikatoris xsnaris 6-7 wveTs.

mJava qrom-Savi specialuri

qromogen Savi specialuri T-00, erioqrom Savi t 1-[(1-
hidroqsinaftilazo-2)]-nitro-2)-6-nitro-2-naftalin-4-
sulfonatnatriumi.
C22H12N3NaO7S m.w. 461,4
muqi yavisferi erTgvarovani fxvnilia. ixsneba spirtSi,
mcired ixsneba wyalSi. tute (pH 9,5‐10,0) areSi aqvs lurji
Seferiloba. indikatoris kalciumTan, magniumsa da TuTiasTan
kompleqsebs imave pirobebSi aqvs moiisfro-wiTeli feri.
pirdapiri titvrisas iisfer-wiTeli Seferiloba gadadis
lurjSi.
indikatoruli narevi. indikatoris 0,25 g da qimiurad
sufTa natriumis qlorids 25 g rodinSi mosresen da kargad
Seureven.
indikatoris xsnari. indikatoris 0,5 g xsnian 100 ml
spirtSi.

magnezoni
2-hidroqsi-3[(2-hidroqsi-1-naftil)azo]-5-
qlorbenzolsulfomJavanatriumis monohidrati
C16H10CIN2NaO5S ⋅ H2O m.w. 418.8
moyavisfro-wiTeli wvrilkristaluri fxvnilia. mcired
ixsneba wyalSi, eTilis, izoamilis spirtebsa da acetonSi.
200
praqtikulad uxsnadia qlorifirmSi, benzolSi, tolulosa da
eTerSi. tute areSi (pH 9,8‐11,2) areSi aqvs molurjo-iisferi
Seferiloba, magniumTan mis kompleqss imave pirobebSi aqvs
mkveTri-wiTeli feri.
pirdapiri titvrisas Seferva mkveTri wiTelidan gadadis
molurjo iisferSi.
indikatoris xsnari. indikatoris 0,01 g xsnian 100 ml ace-
tonSi.
xsnari mdgradia 2 Tvis ganmavlobaSi.

meTil wiTeli
4′-dimeTilaminoazobenzol-2-karbonmJava
C15H15N3O2 m.w. 269.29
mowiTalo-iisferi mbrwyinavi kristalebi an muqi-wiTeli
kristaluri fxvnili. mcired ixsneba wyalSi, ixsneba spirtSi,
advilad - mduRare spirtSi, xsnadia mwvave tuteebSi da karbo-
natebSi.
pH 4,2-6,2 farglebSi Seferiloba wiTlidan gadadis
yviTelSi.
indikatoris xsnarebi. 1. mosresili indikatoris 0,1 g
xsnian 60 ml spirtSi da wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.
2. indikatoris 0,1 g rodinSi mosresen 18,6, ml 0,02 mol
natriumiis hidroqsidis xsnarTan, gaxsnis Semdeg ax-
ladanaduRari da gacivebuli wyliT Seavseben 250 ml-mde.

meTil narinji
p-dimeTilaminoazobenzol-sulfomJavas natriumis marili
C14H14N3NaO3S m.w. 327.34
narinjisferi, zogjer moyavisfro tonis kristaluri
fxvnilia. ixsneba wyalSi, advilad _ cxel wyalSi, praqtiku-
lad uxsnadia spirtSi.

201
 pH 3,0-4,4 farglebSi Seferiloba wiTlidan narinjis-
feris gavliT gadadis yviTelSi.
indikatoris xsnari. 0,1% xsnari, xsnian cxel wyalSi.
indikatoris najeri xsnari acetonSi. indikatoris 0,025 g
umateben 100 ml acetons da drodadro anjRreven; 1 saaTis
Semdeg filtraven.

meTil iisferi
tetra-, penta- da heqsameTil p-rozanilinis hidroqlo-
ridebis narevi
C24H28ClN3 m.w. 393.96
mwvane feris fxvnilia liTonuri bzinvarebiT. ixsneba
wyalSi, spirtSi, mJavebsa da tuteebSi.
pH 0,1-1,5 farglebSi Seferiloba – mwvanedan gadadis iis-
ferSi.
indikatoris xsnari. indikatoris 0,1% xsnari.
indikatoris xsnari uwylo ZmarmJavaSi. indikatoris 0,1%
xsnari uwylo ZmarmJavaSi. iyeneben axladmomzadebul xsnars.

meTiwiTelisa da meTillurjis narevi 2:1

indikatoris xsnari. meTil wiTelis 0,1% spirtiani
xsnaris 100 ml Seureven meTilen lurjis 0,1% spirtiani
xsnaris 50 ml.
pH 5,4 pirobebSi indikatori icvlis fers moiisfro-
wiTelidan mwvaned.

mureqsidi
Zowis mJavas amoniumis marilis hidrati
C8H8N6O6 ⋅ H2O m.w. 302.20

202
 muqi wiTeli fxvnilia. mcired ixsneba wyalSi. tute areSi
(pH 11,0) mureqsidis xsnars aqvs iisferi Seferiloba; kal-
ciumTan mis kompleqss imave pirobebSi aqvs narinjisferi.
pirdapiri titvrisas Seferiloba narinjisferidan
gadadis iisferSi.
indikatoris narevi. indikatoris 0,25 g da qimiurad sufTa
natriumis qloridis 25 g mosresen rodinSi da Seureven.
indikatoris xsnari. indikatoris 0,25 g xsnian 100 ml
wyalSi. iyeneben axladmomzadebul xsnars.
gasatitri siTxis 50 ml-ze iReben daaxloebiT 0,1 g indi-
katorul narevs an indikatoris xsnaris 3-5 wveTs.

neitral wiTeli
3-amino-7-dimeTilamino-2-meTilfenazinis hidroqloridi.
C15H16N4 ⋅ HCl H m.w. 288.78
mbrwyinavi moSavo-mwvane fxvnilia. advilad ixsneba
wyalSi, ixsneba spirtSi.
pH 6,8 – 8,0 farglebSi Seferiloba wiTlidan gadadis
yviTelSi.
indikatoris xsnari. indikatoris 0,1 g xsnian wyalSi da
wyliTve Seavseben 100 ml-mde.
indikatoris xsnari uwylo ZmarmJavaSi. indikatoris 0,1g
xsnian uwylo ZmarmJavaSi da imave mJaviT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.

natriumis eozinati
tetrabromfluorescein-natriumi
C20H6Br4Na2O5 H m.w. 691.9
agurisfer-wiTeli fxvnilia. advilad ixsneba wyalSi,
Znelad – spirtSi, praqtikulad uxsnadia eTerSi. gamoiyeneba
rogorc adsorbciuli indikatori.

203
 indikatoris xsnarebi. 1. mosresili indikatoris 0,1 g
xsnian 100 ml wyalSi.
2. mosresili indikatoris 0,5 g xsnian 100 ml wyalSi.

pirokatexin iisferi
pirokatexinsulfoftaleini
C19H14O7S H m.w. 386.37
moyavisfro-wiTeli fxvnilia. advilad ixsneba wyalsa da
spirtSi, Znelad – yinulovan ZmarmJavaSi, praqtikulad ar
ixsneba arapolarul gamxsnelebSi. mJave pH 2‐3 areSi indika-
tors aqvs yviTeli Seferiloba; bismuTTan mis kompleqss imave
pirobebSi aqvs lurji feri.
bismuTis titvrisas Seferiloba lurjidan gadadis
yviTelSi. tute areSi indikators aqvs mowiTalo-iisferi Se-
feriloba, magniumsa da TuTiasTan mis kompleqsebs imave pi-
robebSi aqvs momwvano-lurji feri.
magniumisa da TuTiis titvrisas Seferiloba momwvano
lurjidan gadadis mowaTalo iisferSi.
indikatori xsnari. indikatoris 0,1 g xsnian 100 ml
wyalSi. vargisia 1 Tve.
100 ml xsnaris gasatitrad iReben indikatoris xsnaris 0,3
ml.

rkinaamoniumis Sabi
FeNH4(SO4)2 ⋅12H2O H m.w. 482,2
Ria iisferi kristalebia, haerze gamoqarwyldeba. ixsneba
3 nawil wyalSi, praqtikulad ar ixsneba spirtSi. wyalxsnars
aqvs mJava reaqcia. rodanidis xsnarebTan iZleva muq-wiTel Se-
ferilobas.

204
 indikatoris xsnari. rkinaamoniumis Sabis 30 g xsnian 100
ml wyalSi; xsnars umateben ganzavebul azotmJavas yavisferi
Seferilobis moyviTalo-mwvaneSi gadasvlamde.
xsnars inaxaven sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.

saxamebeli
TeTri, nazi fxvnilia, sunisa da gemos gareSe. qvemoT aR-
werili meTodiT momzadebuli 1% xsnaris 5 ml ganzavebuli
100 ml wyliT iodis 0,1 mol xsnaris 2 wveTTan unda iZleodes
mkveTr lurj Sefervas.
indikatoris xsnari. saxameblis 1 g rodinSi mosresen 5
ml wyalTan fafiseburi masis miRebamde da narevs frTxilad,
mudmivi moreviT Caasxamen 100 ml mduRare wyalSi aduReben 2-3
wuTi odnav opalescirebuli siTxis miRebamde.
xsnari vargisia 3 dRe.

SeniSvna: kartofilis saxameblis bubkos momzadebisas,

zemoT aRwerili meTodiT momzadebul xsnars avtoklavSi acx-
eleben 1200-ze 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
saxameblis xsnari kaliumis iodidiT. kaliumis iodidis
0,5 g xsnian 100 ml axladmomzadebuli saxameblis xsnarSi.
xsnari vargisia mxolod 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
iodsaxamebliani qaRaldi. forovan unacro filtris qaR-
alds gaJRenTen saxameblis kaliumis iodidiani xsnariT da
aSroben bnel adgilas, haerze, romelic ar Seicavs mJavaTa
orTqls. qaRalds Wrian 50 mm sigrZis da 6 mm siganis zole-
bad.
iodsaxamebliani qaRaldis zoli 1 wveTi 0,1 mol qlor-
wyalbadmJavas xsnariT Sesvelebisas maSinve ar unda galur-
jdes. iodsaxameblian qaRalds inaxaven narinjisfer minis
qilebSi milesilsacobiani TavsaxuriT, bnel adgilas.

205
 sulfarsazeni
plumbon UPEA
(2-arsono-4-nitrofenil)1,4 diazoaminoazobenzol-4-
sulfonat natriumi
C18H14 AsN6NaO3S H m.w. 572.3
agurisfer-wiTeli fxvnilia. ixsneba wyalSi, advilad
ixsneba boraqsis xsnarSi, mcired ixsneba eTilis spirtSi,
praqtikulad ar ixsneba organul gamxsnelebSi.
boratul buferul xsnarSi (pH 9,2) indikators aqvs
yviTeli Seferiloba; tyviasTan mis kompleqss imave pirobebSi
aqvs vardisferi.
indikatoris xsnari. indikatoris 0,05 g xsnian 100 ml bo-
raqsis 0,05 mol xsnarSi.
vargisia 15 dRe.

tropeolin 00
4-[(anilinofenil)azo]-benzol-sulfomJava kaliumi an na-
triumi
C18H14KN3O3S H m.w. 391.47
narinjisfer-yviTeli fxvnilia an oqrosferi mbrwyinavi
kristalebi, ixsneba cxel wyalsa da spirtSi.
pH 1,4-3,2 farglebSi Seferiloba wiTlidan gadadis
yviTelSi.
indikatoris xsnari. mosresili indikatoris 0,1 g gacx-
elebiT xsnian wyalSi. acieben da wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.
indikatoris xsnari meTilis spirtSi. indikatoris 0,2 g
umateben 100 ml meTilis spirts da drodadro anjRreven
(daaxloebiT erT saaTs) Semdeg filtraven.

206
 tropeolin 000-II
narinj′′, β-naftolnarinj, β-oqsinaftalin-1-azo-p-
benzosulfonat natriumi.
C16H11N2NaO4S H m.w. 350.33
narinjisferi fxvnilia. ixsneba civ wyalSi, ukeT –
cxelSi, kargad ixsneba spirtSi. 105-1100-ze gamoSrobis Semdeg
wonaSi danakargi ar unda iyos 2%-ze meti.

universaluri indikatori
momzadeba. bromTimollurjis 0,1 g meTil wiTelis 0,1 g,
α- nafTolftaleinis 0,1 g, Timolftaleinis 0,1 g da fenolf-
taleinis 0,1 g xsnian mcire raodenoba spirtSi da Semdeg
spirtiTve Seavseben 500 ml-mde.
indikatori fers icvlis pH 4-11 farglebSi.
pH Seferva pH Seferva
4 wiTeli 8 mwvane
5 narinjisferi 9 molurjo-mwvane
6 yviTeli 10 molurjo-iisferi
7 momwvano-yviTeli 11 mowiTalo-iisferi
universaluri indikatoris feris cvlilebas amowmeben
buferuli nerevebiT.

fenol wiTeli
fenolsulfoftaleini
C 19 H 14 O 5 SH m.w. 354.38
wiTeli fxvnilia. Znelad ixsneba wyalSi, spirtsa da ace-
tonSi, advilad ixsneba mwvave da naxSirmJava tuteTa
xsnarebSi.
indikatoris xsnari. indikatoris 0,1 g mosresen rodinSi
14,27 ml natriumis hidroqsidis 0,02 mol xsnarTan.

207
 gaxsnis Semdeg axladanaduRari da gaciebuli wyliT
Seavseben 250 ml-mde.

fenolftaleini
3,3′ – bis(hidroqsifenil) ftalidi
C20H14O4 H m.w. 752.5
pH 8,2-10,00 farglebSi Seferiloba uferodan gadadis
wiTelSi.
fenolftaleini TeTri fxvnilia, wyalSi uxsnadi, spirtSi
ixsneba.
indikatoris xsnari. indikatoris 1 g xsnian spirtSi da
spirtiTve Seavseben 100 ml-mde.

pH-is intervalebi da indikatorTa feris cvlileba

indikatori feris cvlileba feris cvlileba
pH-is intervalebSi

meTil iisferi 0,1 – 1,5 yviTeli-mwvane

krezol-wiTeli 0,5 – 2,5 wiTeli-yviTeli
Timol lurji 1,2 – 2,8 wiTeli-yviTeli
tropeolin 00 1,3 – 3,2 wiTeli-yviTeli
meTil iisferi 1,5 – 3,2 mwvane-iisferi
dimeTil yviTeli 2,9 – 4,0 wiTeli-yviTeli
meTil narinji 3,0 – 4,4 wiTeli-yviTeli
bromfenol lurji 3,0 – 4,6 yviTeli-lurji
kongo wiTeli 3,0 – 5,2 molurjo-iisfer-
wiTeli
bromkrezol mwvane 3,8 – 5,4 yviTeli-lurji
(lurji)
alizarin wiTeli C 3,7 – 5,2 yviTeli-iisferi
meTil wiTeli 4,2 – 6,3 wiTeli-yviTeli
lakmoidi 4,0 – 6,4 wiTeli-lurji
bromkrezol Zowis- 5,2 – 6,8 yviTeli-Zowisferi
feri

208
 bromTimollurji 6,0 – 7,6 yviTeli-lurji
neitral wiTeli 6,8 – 8,0 wiTeli-yviTeli
fenol wiTeli 6,8 – 8,4 yviTeli-wiTeli
krezol wiTeli 7,2 – 8,8 yviTeli-Jolosfer-
wiTeli
α-naftolftaleini 7,3 – 8,7 Riavardisferi-
momwvano-lurji
krezolZowisferi 7,6 – 9,2 yviTeli-Zowisfer-
wiTeli
Timollurji 8,0 – 9,6 yviTeli-lurji
fenolftaleini 8,2 – 10,0 ufero-wiTeli
Timoftaleini 9,3 – 10,5 ufero-lurji
alizarin yviTeli P 10,1 – 12,1 yviTeli-lilisferi
narinjisferi Ж 11,5 _ 14,0 yviTeli-
narinjisfer-wiTeli

titriani xsnarebi

zogadi SeniSvnebi
statia `titriani xsnarebi~ gadamuSavebulia si
erTeulTa sistemis moqmedebaSi Setanisa da ИЮПАК-is reko-
mendaciebis safuZvelze. radgan si sistemaSi nivTierebis
raodenobis ZiriTadi erTeuli aris moli, normaluri
xsnarebi gadayvanilia molurSi da Sesabamisad `SeniSvnaSi~
ganmartebulia `pirobiTi nawilakis~ cnebac.

titriani ewodeba moculobiT analizSi gamoyenebuli

zusti koncentraciis xsnarebs.
titriani xsnaris (titranti) koncentracia gamoisaxeba
molarobiT, titriT an gansazRvruli nivTierebis mimarT ti-
triT.

209
 molaroba, es aris erT litr xsnarSi nivTierebis raode-
noba, gamosaxuli molebSi. molaroba gamoiTvleba rogorc
gaxsnili nivTierebis raodenobis fardoba xsnaris moculo-
basTan (ganzomileba – mol/l)
titri, es aris erT mililitr xsnarSi nivTierebis rao-
denoba gamosaxuli gramebSi. titri gamoiTvleba rogorc gaxs-
nili nivTierebis masis fardoba xsnaris moculobasTan (gan-
zomileba – g/ml).
gansazRvruli nivTierebis mimarT titrantis titri, es
aris gansasazRvravi nivTierebis mocemuli titrantis 1 ml-is
eqvivalenturi raodenoba, gamosaxuli gramebSi. gansazRvruli
nivTierebis mimarT titrs gamoiTvlian titrantis molarobis
an titris mixedviT, titraciis dros mimdinare reaqciis ste-
qiometruli tolobis koeficientis da reagirebad nivTiereba-
Ta moluri masebis gaTvaliswinebiT (ganzomileba – g/ml).

SeniSvna: moli aris nivTierebis raodenoba, romelic Sei-

cavs imden specifiur struqturul erTeuls, ramdeni atomic
aris naxSirbadis izotopis (12) 0,012 kg-Si (12) e.i. erTi moli
Seicavs nivTierebis 6,022⋅1023 (avogadros ricxvi) specifiur
struqturul erTeuls. specifiur struqturul erTeulad
SeirCeva elementaluri nawilebi. analizur qimiaSi am nawile-
bis sidides ise SearCeven, rom yoveli maTganiT ganpirobebuli
iyos eleqtronis gadacema an muxtis erTi erTeulis gadatana
im Jangva-aRdgeniT reaqciebis dros, romlebic safuZvlad
udevs analizis mocemul meTods. ionis aseT nawilis, atomis
an molekulis aRsaniSnavad miRebulia termini `pirobiTi na-
wilaki~ (p.n.)
specifikuri struqturuli erTeulebis da pirobiTi na-
wilakebis sazomi erTeulia naxSirbaderTeuli. 6,022⋅1023 masis
atomuri erTeuli Seesabameba 1g; Sesabamisad, nivTierebis 1

210
molis masa, gamosaxuli gramebSi, ricxobrivad masis atomur
erTeulebSi (naxSirbaderTeuli) gamosaxuli, SerCeuli speci-
fiuri struqturuli erTeulis tolia.
titriani xsnarebis mosamzadeblad iyeneben qimiurad
sufTa nivTierebebs. aseTi nivTierebebis wonaks xsnian gan-
sazRvruli moculobis axladanaduRar da gacivebul gamox-
dil wyalSi an sxva gamxsnelSi da gulmodgined Seureven.
titriani xsnarebis momzadeba SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi
fiqsonalebiTac.
Tu nivTierebis sakmaod sufTa saxiT miReba ar xerxdeba,
an misi koncentracia icvleba xsnaris Senaxvisas, maSin amza-
deben miaxloebiTi, cotaTi meti koncentraciis xsnars vidre
gamoTvlebis mixedviT aris saWiro.
miRebuli xsnaris titrs adgenen standartuli titriani
xsnaris (fiqsonali), an sxva qimiurad sufTa, Senaxvisas
mdgradi nivTierebis zusti wonakis mixedviT.
titris dadgenisas gasatitr xsnars iReben pipetiT da
amasTanave aucileblad atareben sakontrolo cdas.
xsnaris koncentracias gamoiTvlian qvemoT aRwerili
erT-erTi meTodiT.

I meTodi.
qimiurad sufTa nivTierebis wonakis mixedviiT, moluro-
bas (M mol/l) gamoiTvlian formuliT:
a ⋅1000
M=
∃ ⋅V
sadac;
a ‐ qimiurad sufTa nivTierebis wonaki gramebSi;
∃ - qimiurad sufTa nivierebis pirobiTi nawilakebis
moluri masa g/mol-ebSi;

211
 V ‐ wonakis gatitvraze daxarjuli xsnaris moculoba
mililitrebSi;
1000 - xsnaris 1 l-Si mililitrebis raodenoba.

II meTodi
cnobili koncentraciis mqone titriani xsnaris mixediT.
molurobas gamoiTvlian formuliT:
M 0 ⋅ V0
M=
V
sadac:
M0 ‐ im nivTierebis molarobaa, romlis mixedviTac dgin-
deba titri, mol/l
V0 ‐ im xsnaris moculoba, romlis mixedviTac dgindeba
titri, ml;
V ‐ im xsnaris moculobaa, romlis molurobasac adgenen
mililitrebSi.
momzadebuli titriani xsnarebisaTvis gamoiTvlian
Sesworebis koeficients molurobisaTvis (K), romelic war-
moadgens titriani xsnaris realurad miRebuli koncentraciis
Sefardebas TeoriulTan. koeficienti unda iyos 0,98-dan 1,02
farglebSi. Tu K ar eteva normebSi, xsnari Sesabamisad unda
ganzavdes an gaizardos koncentracia.
yoveli titriani xsnaris aRwerisas uTiTeben xsnaris 1
ml-Si qimiurad sufTa nivTierebis Teoriul Semcvelobas.
titrian xsnarebs inaxaven oTaxis temperaturaze, saWiroe-
bis SemTxvevaSi haeris sinestis, naxSirJangis da mzis pir-
dapiri sxivebisagan mofrTxilebiT.

212
 amoniumis rodanidis xsnari (0,1 mol/l)
NHNH4SCN m.w. 76,12
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,007612 g amoniumis rodanids.
momzadeba. amoniumis rodanidis 7,7 g xsnian wyalSi 1 l
Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT Seavseben
Wdemde.
titris dadgena. vercxlis nitratis xsnaris (0,1 mol/l)
25 ml umateben 50 ml wyals, 2 ml azotmJavas, 2 ml rkina-
amonoimis Sabis xsnars da titraven amoniumis rodanidis
momzadebuli xsnariT moyviTalo-vardisfer Seferilobamde.
xsnaris moculobas gamoiTvlian meore meTodiT.

gogirdmJavas xsnari (0,05 mol/l)

p. n. [1/2 H2SO4]
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,002452 g gogirdmJavas.
momzadeba. gogirdmJavas xsnaris (0,1 mol/l) 100 ml aTav-
seben 200 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT
Seavseben Wdemde.
titris dadgena. daaxloebiT 0,1 g (zusti wona) natriumis
karbonats, romelic gamowrTobilia ise, rogorc miTiTebulia
gogirdmJavas xsnaris (1 mol/l) titris dadgenisas, xsnian 50
ml wyalSi da titraven gogirdmJavas momzadebuli xsnariT
movardisfero-narinjisfer Seferilobamde (indikatori meTil-
narinji).
molurobas gamoiTvlian pirveli meTodiT.
xsnars maragad ar amzadeben.

gogirdmJavas xsnari (0,01 mol/l)

xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,0004904 g gogirdmJavas.
momzadeba. gogirdmJavas xsnaris (0,1 mol/l) 100 ml aTav-
seben 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT
Seavseben Wdemde.
213
 titris dadgena. daaxloebiT 0,015 g (zusti wona) natriu-
mis karbonats, romelic gamowrTobilia ise, rogorc miTiTe-
bulia gogirdmJavas xsnaris (1 mol/l) titris dadgenisas,
xsnian 50 ml wyalSi da titraven gogirdmJavas momzadebuli
xsnariT movardisfero-narinjisfer Seferilobamde (indikato-
ri meTilnarinji).
molurobas gamoiTvlian pirveli meTodiT.
xsnars maragad ar amzadeben.

vercxlis nitratis xsnari (0,1 mol/l)

NHAgNO3 m.w. 169,87
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,01699 g vercxlis nitrats.
momzadeba. vercxlis nitratis 17 g xsnian wyalSi 1 l
Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT Seavseben
Wdemde.
titris dadgena. daaxloebiT 0,15 g (zusti wona) natriumis
qlorids, romelic orjer aris gadakristalebuli wylidan
da gamowrTobilia tigelSi 250-dan 3000-mde, xsnian 59 ml
wyalSi da titraven vercxlis nitratis momzadebuli xsnariT
wiTeli naleqis warmoqmnamde (indikatori – kaliumis qromati).
molurobas gamoiTvlian pirveli meTodiT.
inaxeba muqi feris, milesilsacobian minis WurWelSi, si-
naTlisagan dacul adgilas.

vercxlis nitratis xsnari (0,05 mol/l)

NHAgNO3
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,008495 g vercxlis nitrats.
momzadeba. vercxlis nitratis xsnaris (0,1 mol/l) 100 ml
aTavseben 200 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wy-
liT Seavseben Wdemde.
titris dadgena. daaxloebiT 0,08 g (zusti wona) natriu-
mis qlorids, romelic orjer aris gadakristalebuli, wyli-
214
dan da gamowrTobilia tigelSi 250-dan 3000-mde, xsnian 50 ml
wyalSi da titraven vercxlis nitratis momzadebuli xsnariT
mowiTalo naleqis warmoqmnamde (indikatori – kaliumis qro-
mati).
molurobas gamoiTvlian pirveli meTodiT.

vercxliswylis Jangis nitratis xsnari (0,1 mol/l)

p.n. [1/2 Hg(NO3)2]
Hg(NO3)2 m.w. 324.60
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,01623 g vercxliswylis Jangis ni-
trats.
momzadeba. vercxliswylis Jangis nitratis 17,2 g xsnian 2
ml koncentrirebul azotmJavasa da 50 ml wyalSi 1 l Camteo-
bis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde.
titris dadgena. daaxloebiT 0,15 g (zusti wona) natriumis
qlorids, romelic orjer aris gadakristalebuli wylidan
da gamowrTobilia tigelSi 250-dan 3000 – mde, xsnian 50 ml
wyalSi da titraven vercliswylis Jangis nitratis momzade-
buli xsnariT movardisfero-yviTeli Seferilobis Ria-
iasamnisferSi gadasvlamde (indikator-difenilkarbazoni).
molurobas gamoiTvlian pirveli meTodiT.
iodis xsnari (0,1 mol/l)
p.n. [1/2 J2]
J2 m.w. 253.80
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,01269 g iods.
momzadeba. kristaluri iodis 13 g xsnian 36 g kaliumis
iodidisa da 50 ml wyalSi 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da
moculobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde.
titris dadgena. natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnaris (0,1
mol/l) 25 ml umateben 25 ml wyals da titraven iodis momza-

215
debuli xsnariT lurj Seferilobamde. (indikatori – saxame-
beli)
molurobas gamoiTvlian meore meTodiT.
titrs adgenen xsnaris yoveli gamoyenebis win.
inaxeba milesilsacobian, muqi feris minis WurWelSi, si-
naTlisagan dacul adgilas.

iodis xsnari (0,01 mol/l)

J2
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,001269 g iods.
momzadeba. iodis xsnaris (0,1 mol.l) 100 ml aTavseben 1 l
Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT Seavseben
Wdemde.
titris dadgena. natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnaris (0,01
mol/l) 25 ml umateben 25 ml wyals da Semdeg iqcevian ise,
rom rogorc miTiTebulia iodis xsnaris (0,1 mol/l) titris
dadgenisas.
xsnari maragad ar mzaddeba.

iodmonoqloridis xsnari (0,1 mol/l)

p.n. [1/2 JCl]
JCl m.w. 162.36
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,008118 g iodmonoqlorids.
momzadeba. kaliumis iodidis 5,53 g, kaliumis iodatis
3,55g aTavseben milesilsacobian minis WurWelSi, umateben 50
ml wyals, 40 ml koncentrirebul qlorwyalbadmJavas da
SeanjRreven reaqciis dros gamoyofili iodis mTlianad gaxs-
namde; Semdeg umateben 10 ml qloroforms, gadaaqvT gamyof
ZabrSi da kvlav SeanjRreven. Tu qloroformiani Sre Seifera
iisfrad, wveTobiT umateben 1% kaliumis iodatis xsnars da
Zlierad anjRreven qloroformiani Sris gauferulebamde. Tu

216
qloroformis fena ufero darCa, wveTobiT umateben 1% kaliu-
mis iodidis xsnars xisti vardisferis warmoqmnamde. daayovne-
ben ganSrevebamde, wylian fenas gadaitanen 1 l Camteobis
gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde. xsnars
unda hqondes limonisfer-yviTeli feri.
titris dadgena. iodmonoqloridis momzadebuli xsnaris
25 ml aTavseben miolesilsacobian kolbSi, umateben 1 g ka-
liumis iodids da 15 wuTiT aTavseben sibneleSi. gamoyofil
iods titraven natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnariT (0,1 mol/l)
titrs adgenen xsnaris yoveli gamoyenebis win.
inaxeba milesilsacobian, muqi feris minis WurWelSi, si-
naTlisagan dacul adgilas.

kaliumis hidroqsidis spirtiani xsnari (0,5 mol/l)

KOH m.w. 56.11
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,02806 g kaliumis hidroqsids.
momzadeba. kaliumis hidroqsidis 33 g xsnian 20 ml wyalSi
1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas Wdemde Seavseben
gasufTavebuli spirtiT. ayovneben 24 sT. xsnars dekantaciiT
gadaitanen kargad morgebul, rezinis sacobian minis Wur-
WelSi.

SeniSvna.
gasufTavebuli spirtis momzadeba.
1 l. 95% spirtisa da 10 g kaliumis hidroqsidis narevs
aduReben ukumacivriT 30 wT-is ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg spirts
gadadenian.
titris dadgena. qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnaris (0,5 mol/l)
25 ml titraven kaliumis hidroqsidis momzadebuli xsnariT
Ria vardisfer Seferilobamde (indikatori – fenolftaleini)
xsnaris moculobas gamoiTvlian meore meTodiT.

217
 xsnaris titrs adgenen yoveli gamoyenebis win.
inaxeba rezinis sacobian kolbSi, sinaTlisagan dacul
adgilas.

kaliumis hidroqsidis spirtiani xsnari (0,1 mol/l)

xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,005611 g kaliumis hidroqsids.
momzadeba. kaliumis hidroqsidis xsnaris (0,5 mol/l) 200
ml aTavseben 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas
Wdemde Seavseben gasufTavebuli spirtiT.
titris dadgena. qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnaris (0,1 mol/l)
25 ml titraven kaliumis hidroqsidis momzadebuli xsnariT
sust-vardisfer Seferilobamde (indikatori - fenolftaleini).
xsnaris moculobas gamoiTvlian meore meTodiT.
xsnaris titrs adgenen yoveli gamoyenebis win.
inaxeba rezinis sacobian kolbSi, sinaTlisagan dacul
adgilas.

kaliumis hidroqsidis wyal-spirtiani xsnari (0,1mol/l)

xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,005611 g kaliumis hidroqsids.
momzadeba. kaliumis hidroqsidis 66 g xsnian 450 ml
wyalSi 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas Seavseben
Wdemde gasufTavebuli spirtiT. xsnars ayovneben 24 sT, Semdeg
siTxes dekantaciiT gadaitanen rezinis sacobian minis Wur-
WelSi.
titris dadgena. qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnaris (1 mol/l) 25
ml titraven kaliumis hidroqsidis momzadebuli xsnariT.
sust-vardisfer Seferilobamde (indikatori- fenolftaleini).
xsnaris molurobas gamoiTvlioan meore meTodiT.
titrs adgenen xsnaris yoveli gamoyenebis win.
inaxeba rezinis sacobian minis kolbSi, sinaTlisagan
dacul adgilas.

218
 kaliumis hidroqsidis wyal-spirtiani xsnari (0,05
mol/l)
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,002806 g kaliumis hidroqsids.
momzadeba. kaliumis hidroqsidis spirtiani xsnaris (0,5
mol/l) 100 ml aTavseben 1 l Camteobis minis kolbSi, umateben
400 ml wyals da moculobas Wdemde avseben gasufTavebuli
spirtiT.
titris dadgena. qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnaris (0,05 mol/l)
25 ml titraven kaliumis hidroqsidis momzadebuli xsnariT
sust-vardisfer Seferilobamde (indikatori fenolftaleini).
molurobas gamoiTvlian meore meTodiT.
xsnars iyeneben axladmomzadebuls.

kaliumis bromatis xsnari (0,1 mol/l)

p.n. [1/6 KBrO3]
KBrO3 m.w. 167.00
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,002784 g kaliumis bromats.
momzadeba. kaliumis bromatis 2,80 g xsnian wyalSi 1 l
Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT Seavseben
Wdemde.
titris dadgena. kaliumis bromatis momzadebuli xsnaris
25 ml aTavseben milesilsacobian kolbSi, maSinve axuraven
kolbs sacobs da SeanjRreven. Semdeg umateben 2 g kaliumis
iodids, romelic gaxsnilia 10 ml wyalSi, kvlav daaxuraven
sacobs, SeanjRreven da 5 wuTiT moaTavseben bnel adgilas,
gamoyofil iods titraven natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnariT
(0,1 mol/l) (indikatori saxamebeli). xsnaris moculobas ga-
moiTvlian meore meTodiT.
inaxeba muqi feris, milesilsacobian minis WurWelSi, si-
naTlisagan dacul adgilas.

219
 kaliumis biqromatis xsnari (0,1 mol/l)
p.n. [1/6 K2Cr2O7]
K2Cr2O7 m.w. 294.18
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,004903 g kaliumis biqromats.
momzadeba. kaliumis biqromatis daaxloebiT 4,903 g (zusti
wona), romelic gadakristalebulia cxeli wylidan, kargad
aris mosresili da gamomSralia 130-dan 1500-mde mudmiv wo-
namde, xsnian wyalSi 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da mocu-
lobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde. xsnaris moculobas gamoiT-
vlian wonakis mixedviT.

kaliumis iodatis xsnari (0,1 mol/l)

p.n. [1/6 KJO3]
KJO3 m.w. 214.00
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,003567g kaliumis oidats.
momzadeba. qimiurad sufTa kaliumis iodatis daaxloebiT
3,567 g (zusti wona), romelic winaswar gammSralia 1100-ze mud-
miv wonamde da kargad aris mosresili, xsnian wyalSi 1 l Cam-
teobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde.
titris dadgena. kaliumis iodatis momzadebuli xsnaris
20 ml aTavseben milesilsacobian kolbSi, umateben 100 ml
wyals, 25 ml ganzavebul gogirdmJavas, 2 g kaliumis iodids
da 10 wT-iT aTavseben bnel adgilas. gamoyofil iods titra-
ven natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnariT (0,1 mol/l) (indikatori –
saxamebeli). xsnaris moculobas gamoiTvlian meore meTodiT.
inaxeba muqi feris, milesilsacobian minis WurWelSi, si-
naTlisagan dacul adgilas.

220
 kaliumis permanganatis xsnari (0,1 mol/l)
p.n. [1/5 KMnO4]
KMnO4 m.w. 158.03
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,003161 g kaliumis permanganats.
momzadeba. kaliumis permanganatis 3,3 g xsnian 1 l wyal-
Si 2 l Camteobis konusur kolbSi da xsnars aduReben 10 wu-
Tis ganmavlobaSi. kolbs axuraven sacobs, toveben 2 dRe-Rame
da Semdeg filtraven #2 minis filtrSi.
titris dadgena. natriumis oqsalatis daaxloebiT 0,2 g
(zusti wona), romelic gamomSralia 1100-ze mudmiv wonamde,
xsnian 80 ml ganzavebul gogirdmJavaSi, acxeleben 700-mde da
frTxilad titraven kaliumis permanganatis momzadebuli
xsnariT susti vardisfer Seferilobamde. gatitvris bolos
xsnaris temperatura ar unda iyos 600-ze naklebi. molurobas
gamoiTvlian pirveli meTodiT.
titrs adgenen xsnaris yoveli gamoyenebis win.
inaxeba muqi feris, milesilsacobian minis WurWelSi, si-
naTlisagan dacul adgilas.

natriumis nitritis xsnari (0,1 mol/l)

NaNO2 m.w. 69.00
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,0069 natriumis nitrits.
momzadeba. natriumis nitritis 7,3 g xsnian wyalSi 1 l
Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT Seavseben
Wdemde.
titris dadgena. sulfanilmJavas daaxloebiT 0,2 g (zusti
wona), romelic orjer aris gadakristalebuli wylidan da
mudmiv wonamde gamomSrali 1200-ze, aTavseben sqelkedlian Wi-
qaSi, umateben 0,1 g natriumis hidrokarbonats, xsnian 10 ml
wyalSi, umateben 60 ml wyals, 10 ml ganzavebul qlorwyal-

221
badmJavas, 1g kaliumis bromids da titraven natriumis nitri-
tis momzadebuli xsnariT 15-200 temperaturamde.
Sinagan indikatorebad iyeneben tropeolin 00 da
meTilenis lurjis narevs. Tu Sesabamis kerZo statiaSi miT-
iTebulia neitral wiTeli, maSin natriumis nitritis titrs
adgenen amave indikatoriT. xsnaris molurobas gamoiTvlian
pirveli meTodiT.
titrs amowmeben TveSi erTjer.
inaxeba muqi feris, milesilsacobian minis WurWelSi, si-
naTlisagan dacul adgilas.

natriumis nitritis xsnari (0,05 mol/l)

NaNO2 m.w. 69.00
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,00345 natriumis nitrits.
momzadeba. natriumis nitrits 3,65 g xsnian wyalSi 1 l
Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT Seavseben
Wdemde.
titris dadgena. sulfanilmJavas daaxloebiT 0,15 g
(zusti wona), romelic orjer aris gadakristalebuli wyli-
dan da mudmiv wonamdea gamomSrali 1200-ze, aTavseben
sqelkedlian WiqaSi da Semdeg iqcevian ise rogorc miTiTebu-
lia natriumis nitritis xsnaris (0,1 mol/l) titris dadgeni-
sas.
molurobas gamoiTvlian pirveli meTodiT.
titrs amowmeben or kviraSi erTjer.
inaxeba muqi feris, milesilsacobian minis WurWelSi, si-
naTlisagan dacul adgilas.

natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnari (0,1 mol/l)

Na2S2O3 ⋅ 5H2O m.w. 248.17
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,02482 g natriumis Tiosulfats.

222
 momzadeba. natriumis Tiosulfatis 26 g da uwylo natri-
umis karbonatis 0,1 g xsnian wyalSi 1 l Camteobis gamzom
kolbSi da moculobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde. xsnars toveben
2 dRe-Rame bnel adgilze. naleqis warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi,
xsnars dekantaciiT daacileben.
titris dadgena. kaliumis biqromatis daaxloebiT 0,15 g
(zusti wona), romelic gadakristalebulia civi wylidan, kar-
gad mosresili da gamomSralia mudmiv wonamde 130-dan 1500-mde,
xsnian 50 ml wyalSi molesilsacobian kolbSi, umateben 2 g
kaliumis iodids, 5 ml qlorwyalbadmJavas, axuraven sacobs,
romelic Sesvelebulia kaliumis iodidis xsnariT aTavseben
bnel adgilas momwvano-yviTel Seferilobamde. Semdeg umate-
ben 2 ml saxameblis xsnars da gatitvras agrZeleben cisferi
Seferilobis Ria-mwvaneSi gadasvlamde. molurobas ga-
moiTvlian pirveli meTodiT.
inaxeba muqi feris, milesilsacobian minis WurWelSi; si-
naTlisagan dacul adgilas.

natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnari (0,02 mol/l)

Na2S2O3 ⋅ 5H2O
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,004964 g natriumis Tiosulfats.
momzadeba. natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnaris (0,1 mol/l) 20
ml aTavseben 100 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas
wyliT Seavseben Wdemde.
titris dadgena. kaliumis biqromatis daaxloebiT 0,3 g
(zusti wona), romelic gadakristalebulia cxeli wylidan,
kargad aris mosresili da gamomSralia mudmiv wonamde 1300-
1500-mde, xsnian wyalSi 250 Camteobis gamzom kolbSi, umateben
0,2 g kaliumis iodids, 3 ml qlorwyalbadmJavas, kolbs
axuraven sacobs, romelic Sesvelebulia kaliumis iodidis
xsnariT da aTavseben bnel adgilas 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi;
umateben 50 ml wyals, sacobs Carecxaven wyliT da titraven
223
ise, rogorc aRwerilia natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnaris (0,1
mol/l) titris dadgenisas, molurobas gamoiTvlian pirveli
meTodiT.
xsnars maragad ar amzadeben.

natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnari (0,01 mol/l)

Na2S2O3 ⋅ 5H2O
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,002482 g natriumis Tiosulfats.
momzadeba. natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnaris (0,1 mol/l) 10
ml aTavseben 100 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas
wyliT Seavseben Wdemde.
titris dadgena. rogorc aRwerilia natriumis Tiosul-
fatis xsnaris (0,02 mol/l) tiris dadgenisas.
xsnars maragad ar amzadeben.
natriumis hidroqsidis xsnari (1 mol/l)
NaOH m.w. 40.00
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,0400 g natriumis hidroqsids.
sawyisi xsnaris momzadeba. natriumis hidroqsidis 160 g
xsnian 300 ml wyalSi, WurWels daaxuraven kargad morgebul
rezinis sacobs da toveben 1 dRe-Rame. Semdeg gamWvirvale
siTxes dekantaciiT daacileben da iyeneben natriumis hidro-
qsidis xsnarebis mosamzadeblad.
inaxeba kargad Tavdaxurul, rezinis sacobian minis Wur-
WelSi.
natriumis hidroqsidis xsnaris momzadeba (1 mol/l).
natriumis hidroqsidis sawyisi xsnaris 80 ml aTavseben 1
l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT Seavseben
Wdemde.
Semowmeba karbonatebis Semcvelobaze.
qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnaris (1 mol/l) 45 ml titraven na-
triumis hidroqsidis momzadebuli xsnariT (indikatori –
fenolftaleini). gatitrul xsnars wveTobiT umateben qlor-
224
wyalbadmJavas xsnars (1 mol/l) vardisferis gaqrobamde da
aduReben moculobis 20 ml-mde Semcirebamde. Tu duRilis
procesSi xsnari miiRebs vardisfers, unda daematos qlor-
wyalbadmJava (1 mol/l) gauferulebamde. xsnars aciveben, Tu
kvlav warmoiqmna vardisferi Seferiloba, umateben qlor-
wyalbadmJavas gauferulebamde. daxarjuli qlorwyalbadmJavas
xsnaris raodenobas Seajameben. jami ar unda aRematebodes 0,1
ml.
titris dadgena. kaliumis hidroftalatis daaxloebiT 5
g (zusti wona), romelic winaswar mosresili da gamomSralia
1200-ze 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, xsnian 75 ml wyalSi da titra-
ven natriumis hidroqsidis momzadebuli xsnariT (indikatori
– fenolftaleini).
titrs adgenen yoveli gamoyenebis win.
inaxeba kargad Tavdaxurul, rezinis sacobian minis Wur-
WelSi, romelic biuretidan mierTebulia da aRWurvilia
qlorkalciumiani miliT.

natriumis hidroqsidis xsnari (0,5 mol/l)

NaOH
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,0200 g natriumis hidroqsids.
momzadeba. natriumis hidroqsidis sawyisi xsnaris 40 ml
aTavseben 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT
Seavseben Wdemde.
Semowmeba karbonatebis Semcvelobaze. gansazRvras axdenen
ise, rom rogorc aRwerilia natriumis hidroqsidis xsnarisaT-
vis (1 mol/l). gansazRvrisaTvis iReben qlorwyalbadmJavas
xsnaris (0,5 mol/l) 45 ml.
titris dadgena. kaliumis hidroftalatis daaxloebiT 2,5
g (zusti wona), romelic winaswar mosresili da gamomSralia
1200-ze 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, xsnian 50 ml wyalSi da Semdeg

225
iqcevian ise rogorc aRwerialia natriumis hidroqsidis
xsnaris (1 mol/l) titris dadgenisas.

natriumis hidroqsidis xsnari (0,1 mol/l)

NaOH
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,0040 g natriumis hidroqsids.
momzadeba. natriumis hidroqsidis sawyisi xsnaris 8 ml
aTavseben 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT
Seavseben Wdemde.
Semowmeba karbonatebis Semcvelobaze.
gansazRvras axdenen ise, rogorc aRwerilia natriumis
hidroqsidis xsnarisaTvis (1 mol/l). gansazRvrisaTvis iReben
45 ml qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnars (0,1 mol/l)
titris dadgena. kaliumis hidroftalatis daaxloebiT 0,5
g (zusti wona), romelic winaswar mosresili da gamomSralia
1200-ze 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, xsnian 30 ml wyalSi da Semdeg
iqcevian ise rogorc aRwerialia natriumis hidroqsidis
xsnaris (1 mol/l) titris dadgenisas.
natriumis hidroqsidis xsnari (0,05 mol/l)
NaOH
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,0020 g natriumis hidroqsids.
momzadeba. natriumis hidroqsidis sawyisi xsnaris 4 ml
aTavseben 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT
Seavseben Wdemde.
Semowmeba karbonatebis Semcvelobaze.
gansazRvras axdenen ise, rogorc aRwerilia natriumis
hidroqsidis xsnarisaTvis (1 mol/l). gansazRvrisaTvis iReben
45 ml qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnars (0,05 mol/l).
titris dadgena. kaliumis hidroftalatis daaxloebiT
0,25 g (zusti wona), romelic winaswar mosresili da ga-
momSralia 1200-ze 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, xsnian 30 ml wyalSi

226
da Semdeg iqcevian ise rogorc aRwerialia natriumis hidro-
qsidis xsnaris (1 mol/l) titris dadgenisas.
xsnars maragad ar amzadeben.
natriumis hidroqsidis xsnari (0,02 mol/l)
NaOH
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,0008 g natriumis hidroqsids.
momzadeba. natriumis hidroqsidis sawyisi xsnaris 1,6 ml
aTavseben 1l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT
Seavseben Wdemde.
Semowmeba karbonatebis Semcvelobaze.
gansazRvras axdenen ise, rogorc aRwerilia natriumis
hidroqsidis xsnarisaTvis (1 mol/l). gansazRvrisaTvis iReben
45 ml qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnars (0,02 mol/l).
titris dadgena. kaliumis hidroftalatis daaxloebiT 0,1
g (zusti wona), romelic winaswar mosresili da gamomSralia
1200-ze 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, xsnian 30 ml wyalSi da Semdeg
iqcevian ise rogorc aRwerilia natriumis hidroqsidis
xsnaris (1 mol/l) titris dadgenisas.
xsnars maragad ar amzadeben.
natriumis hidroqsidis xsnari (0,01 mol/l)
NaOH
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,0004 g natriumis hidroqsids.
momzadeba. natriumis hidroqsidis sawyisi xsnaris 0,8 ml
aTavseben 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT
Seavseben Wdemde.
Semowmeba karbonatebis Semcvelobaze.
gansazRvras axdenen ise, rogorc aRwerilia natriumis
hidroqsidis xsnarisaTvis (1 mol/l). gansazRvrisaTvis iReben
45 ml qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnars (0,01 mol/l).
titris dadgena. kaliumis hidroftalatis daaxloebiT
0,05 g (zusti wona), romelic winaswar mosresili da ga-
227
momSralia 1200-ze 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, xsnian 30 ml wyalSi
da Semdeg iqcevian ise rogorc aRwerialia natriumis hidro-
qsidis xsnaris (1 mol/l) titris dadgenisas.
xsnars maragad ar amzadeben.
natriumis hidroqsidis xsnari meTilis spirtsa da ben-
zolis narevSi (0,1 mol/l)
NaOH
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,0040 g natriumis hidroqsids.
momzadeba. natriumis hidroqsidis 4,2 g xsnian 100 ml
meTilis spirtSi 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi. moculobas
Wdemde Seavseben mudmivi moreviT benzolisa da meTilis spir-
tis nareviT. (1:4)
SeniSvna. mRvrie xsnaris miRebis SemTxvevaSi mas ayovneben
12 saaTis ganmavlobaSi da Semdeg gamWvirvale xsnars daac-
ileben dekantaciiT.
titris dadgena. qimiurad sufTa benzoes mJavas daaxloe-
biT 0,1g (zusti wona) xsnian 20ml dimeTilformamidSi, ro-
melic ganeitralebulia gatitvris win meTil lurjis di-
meTilformamidiani xsnaris mimarT da titraven natriumis
hidroqsidis momzadebuli xsnariT imave indikatoris TanaobiT
yviTeli Seferilobis cisferSi gadasvlamde. molurobas ga-
moiTvlian pirveli meTodiT.
titrs adgenen xsnaris yoveli gamoyenebis win.
SeniSvna. titris dadgena unda moxdes kargad Tavdaxurul
WurWelSi. rekomendebulia gatitvra warmoebdes inertuli
airis atmosferoSi.

natriumis meTilatis xsnari (0,1 mol/l)

CH3ONa m.w. 54.02
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,005402 g natriumis meTilats.

228
 momzadeba. Jangis afskisagan axlad gasufTavebul liTo-
nuri natriumis daaxloebiT 2,3 g mcire ulufobiT xsnian 300
ml meTilis spirtSi 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi; kolbs Tan
aciveben yinulian wyalSi. liTonis mTlianad gaxsnis Semdeg
xsnaris moculobas mudmivi moreviT Seavseben Wdemde benzo-
liT an toluoliT.
titris dadgena. adgenen ise rogorc miTiTebulia natriu-
mis hidroqsidis xsnarisaTvis meTilis spirtisa da benzolis
narevSi (0,1 mol/l).

trilon b xsnari (0,1 mol/l)

C10H14N2Na2O8 ∙H2O m.w. 372.24
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,01862 g eTilendiamin N, N N′ N′′ ‐
tetraZmarmJavas dinatriumis marilis dihidrats.
momzadeba. trilon b 18,8 g xsnian wyalSi 1 l Camteobis
gamzom kolbSi, moculobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde da fil-
traven.
titris dadgena. daaxloebiT 3,27 g (zusti wona) liTonur
TuTias xsnian 40 ml ganzavebul gogirdmJavaSi 1 l Camteobis
gamzom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde.
TuTiis momzadebuli xsnaris 25 ml umateben 5 ml amiakur
buferul xsnars, 0,1 g erioqrom Savi t indikatorul narevs,
70 ml wyals, Seureven indikatoris gaxsnamde da titraven
trilon b xsnariT iisferi Seferilobis Ria lurjSi gadas-
vlamde (iisferi tonis gareSe). molurobas gamoiTvlian pir-
veli meTodiT.

qlormJavas xsnari (0,1 mol/l)

HClO4 m.w. 100.46
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,01005 g qlormJavas.

229
 momzadeba. 11 ml 60% an 8,5 ml 70% qlormJavas aTavseben 1
l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da umateben 500 ml yinulovan
ZmarmJavas.
kolbs aTavseben civ wyalSi da nel-nela, mudmivi moreviT
umateben 30 ml an 21 ml (Sesabamisad) ZmarmJavas anhidrids. ga-
civebis Semdeg moculobas Wdemde Seavseben yinulovani Zmarm-
JaviT da toveben 24 sT. wylis Semcvelobas gansazRvraven
k.fiSeris meTodiT, Tu aucilebelia umateben wyals an Zmarm-
Javas anihrids wylis 0,01-dan 0,2% Semcvelobamde da toveben 24
sT.
titris dadgena. daaxloebiT 0,15 g (zusti wona) kaliumis
hidroftalats, romelic winaswar dawvrilmanebulia da ga-
momSrali 1200 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, xsnian 20 ml yinulovan
ZmarmJavaSi da titraven qlormJavas momzadebuli xsnariT 2
wveTi kristal-iisferis TanaobiT, iisferi Seferilobis mona-
crisfro-mwvaneSi gadasvlamde. molurobas gamoiTvlian pir-
veli meTodiT.

qlormJavas xsnari (0,05 mol/l)

HClO4
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,005025 g qlormJavas.
momzadeba. qlormJavas (0,1 mol/l) 50 ml aTavseben 100 ml
Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas yinulovani ZmarmJaviT
Seavseben Wdemde.
titris dadgena. adgenen ise, rogorc miTiTebulia
qlormJavas (0,1 mol/l) xsnarisaTvis. kaliumis hidroftalatis
wonaks iReben 0,08 g (zusti wona).

qlormJavas xsnari (0,02 mol/l)

HClO4
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,002010 g qlormJavas.

230
 momzadeba. qlormJavas xsnaris (0,1 mol/l) 20 ml aTavseben
100 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas yinulovani
ZmarmJaviT Seavseben Wdemde.
titris dadgena. daaxloebiT 0,15 g (zustu wona) kaliumis
hidroftalats, romelic winaswar dawvrilmanebulia da ga-
momSrali 1200 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, aTavseben 100 ml Camteo-
bis gamzom kolbSi, xsnian yinulovan ZmarmJavaSi da moculo-
bas Wdemde Seavseben imave mJaviT.
miRebuli xsnaris 10 ml umateben 10 ml yinulovan Zmarm-
Javas da titraven ise, rogorc miTiTebulia qlormJavas (0,1
mol/l) xsnaris titris dadgenisas.
molurobas ganzavebis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoiTvlian pir-
veli meTodiT.

qlormJavas xsnari (0,01 mol/l)

xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,001005 g qlormJavas.
momzadeba. qlormJavas xsnaris (0,1 mol/l) 20 ml aTavseben
100 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas yinulovani
ZmarmJaviT Seavseben Wdemde.
titris dadgena. daaxloebiT 0,15 g (zustu wona) kaliumis
hidroftalats, romelic winaswar dawvrilmanebulia da ga-
momSrali 1200 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, aTavseben 100 ml Camteo-
bis gamzom kolbSi, xsnian yinulovan ZmarmJavaSi da moculo-
bas Wdemde Seavseben imave mJaviT.
miRebuli xsnaris 5 ml umateben 10 ml yinulovan ZmarmJa-
vas da titraven ise, rogorc miTiTebulia qlormJavas (0,1
mol/l) xsnaris titris dadgenisas.
molurobas ganzavebis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoiTvlian pir-
veli meTodiT.

231
 qlormJavas xsnari meTilis spirtSi (0,1 mol/l)
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,001005 g qlormJavas.
momzadeba. 11 ml 60% an 8,5 ml 70% qlormJavas xsnars
aTavseben 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi, umateben 500 ml meTi-
lis spirts da moculobas meTilis spirtiT Seavseben Wdemde.
titris dadgena. daaxloebiT 0,1 g natriumis salicilats
(zusti wona), romelic winaswar orjer aris gadakristalebu-
li 95% spirtidan gamomSralia mudmiv wonamde, xsnian 10 ml
meTilis spirtSi, umateben Tanabar raodenoba acetons, 2 wveT
Timol-lurjis xsnars meTilis spirtSi da titraven momzade-
buli qlormJavas xsnariT Seferilobis yviTlidan vardisfer-
Si gadasvlamde. molurobas gamoiTvlian pirveli meTodiT.

qlormJavas xsnari nitromeTanSi (0,1 mol/l)

xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,001005 g qlormJavas.
momzadeba. 11 ml 60% an 8,5 ml 70% qlormJavas aTavseben 1
l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi, umateben 500 ml nitromeTans da
moculobas Wdemde Seavseben nitromeTaniT.
titris dadgena. adgenen ise, rogorc miTiTebulia qlorm-
Javas (0,1 mol/l) xsnarisaTvis.

qlormJavas xsnari nitromeTanSi (0,05 mol/l)

xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,005025 g qlormJavas.
momzadeba. nitromeTanSi qlormJavas xsnaris (0,1 mol/l)
50 ml aTavseben 100 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da moculo-
bas Wdemde Seavseben nitromeTaniT.
titris dadgena. adgenen ise, rogorc miTiTebulia qlorm-
Javas (0,1 mol/l) xsnarisaTvis. natriumis hidroftalatis wo-
naks iReben 0,08 g (zusti wona).
qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnari (1 mol/l)
HCl m.w. 36.46
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,03646 g qlorwyalbads.

232
 momzadeba. koncentrirebuli qlorwyalbadmJavas (simk-
vrive 1,19) 85 ml aTavseben 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi, mo-
culobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde da gulmodgined Seureven.
titris dadgena. qviSis abazanaze platinis tigelSi 2800-
dan 3000-ze mudmiv wonamde gaaxureben natriumis hidrokarbo-
natis daaxloebiT 5 g.
miRebuli natriumis karbonatis daaxloebiT 1 g (zusti
wona) xsnian 100 ml wyalSi da titraven qlorwyalbadmJavas
momzadebuli xsnariT movardisfero-narinjisfer Seferilo-
bamde (indikatori – meTilnarinji). molurobas gamoiTvlian
pirveli meTodiT.
qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnari (0,5 mol/l)
HCl
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,01823 g qlorwyalbads.
momzadeba. koncentrirebuli qlorwyalbadmJavas (simk-
vrive 1,19) 42 ml aTavseben 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi, mo-
culobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde da gulmodgined Seureven.
titris dadgena. gamowrTobili natriumis karbonatis daa-
xloebiT 0,6 g (zusti wona) xsnian 100 ml wyalSi da titraven
qlorwyalbadmJavas momzadebuli xsnariT movardisfero-
narinjisfer Seferilobamde (indikatori – meTilnarinji).
molurobas gamoiTvlian pirveli meTodiT.
qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnari (0,1 mol/l)
HCl
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,003646 g qlorwyalbads.
momzadeba. koncentrirebuli qlorwyalbadmJavas (simk-
vrive 1,19) 8,5 ml aTavseben 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi, mo-
culobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde da gulmodgined Seureven.
titris dadgena. gamowrTobili natriumis karbonatis daa-
xloebiT 0,15 g (zusti wona) xsnian 50 ml wyalSi da titraven
qlorwyalbadmJavas momzadebuli xsnariT movardisfero-

233
narinjisfer Seferilobamde (indikatori – meTilnarinji).
molurobas gamoiTvlian pirveli meTodiT.
qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnari (0,05 mol/l)
HCl
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,001823 g qlorwyalbads.
momzadeba. qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnaris (0,1 mol/l) 100 ml
aTavseben 200 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi, moculobas wyliT
Seavseben Wdemde.
titris dadgena. gamowrTobili natriumis karbonatis daa-
xloebiT 0,1 g (zusti wona) xsnian 50 ml wyalSi da titraven
qlorwyalbadmJavas momzadebuli xsnariT movardisfero-
narinjisfer Seferilobamde (indikatori – meTilnarinji).
molurobas gamoiTvlian pirveli meTodiT.
xsnars maragad ar amzadeben.

qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnari (0,02 mol/l)

HCl
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,0007292 g qlorwyalbads.
momzadeba. qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnaris (0,1 mol/l) 100 ml
aTavseben 500 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi, moculobas wyliT
Seavseben Wdemde da gulmodgined Seureven.
titris dadgena. gamowrTobili natriumis karbonatis daa-
xloebiT 0,05 g (zusti wona) xsnian 50 ml wyalSi da titraven
qlorwyalbadmJavas momzadebuli xsnariT movardisfero-
narinjisfer Seferilobamde (indikatori – meTilnarinji).
molurobas gamoiTvlian pirveli meTodiT.
xsnars maragad ar amzadeben.

qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnari (0,01 mol/l)

HCl
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,0003646 g qlorwyalbads.

234
 momzadeba. qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnaris (0,1 mol/l) 100 ml
aTavseben 1 l Camteobis gamzom kolbSi, moculobas wyliT
Seavseben Wdemde da gulmodgined Seureven.
titris dadgena. gamowrTobili natriumis karbonatis daa-
xloebiT 0,25 g (zusti wona) xsnian 50 ml wyalSi da titraven
qlorwyalbadmJavas momzadebuli xsnariT movardisfero-
narinjisfer Seferilobamde (indikatori – meTilnarinji).
molurobas gamoiTvlian pirveli meTodiT.
xsnars maragad ar amzadeben.

ceriumis sulfatis (0,1 mol/l)

Ce(SO4)2 ∙4H2O m.w. 404.3
uwylod m.w. 332.24
[Ce(SO4)2 ∙2(NH4)2 ∙ SO4] ∙ H2O m.w. 632.5
uwylod m.w. 596.5
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,03322 g ceriumis sulfats.
momzadeba. ceriumis sulfatis 42 g xsnian 500 ml wyalSi,
romelsac damatebuli aqvs 28 ml koncentrirebuli
gogirdmJava, Tu aucilebelia, SeaTboben. Semdeg aciveben da
moculobas wyliT Seavseben 2 l-mde.
ceriumis sulfatis (0,1 mol/l) xsnars amzadeben agreTve
65 g ceriumis sulfatis gogirdmJavas (1mol/l) xsnarSi
gaxsniT da Semdeg imave gogirdmJaviT 1 l-mde SevsebiT.
titris dadgena. ceriumis sulfatis momzadebuli xsnaris
25 ml umateben 20 ml ganzavebuli gogirdmJavas, 20 ml wyals
da 10 ml kaliumis iodidis xsnars. gamoyofil iods titraven
natriumis Tiosulfatis (0,1 mol/l) xsnariT.
(indikatori – saxamebeli).
molurobas gamoiTvlian meore meTodiT.

235
 ceriumis sulfatis (0,01 mol/l)
Ce(SO4)2 ∙4H2O m.w. 404.3
uwylod m.w. 332.24
[Ce(SO4)2 ∙2(NH4)2 ∙ SO4] ∙ H2O m.w. 632.5
uwylod m.w. 596.5
xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0,003322 g ceriumis sulfats.
momzadeba. ceriumis sulfatis (0,1 mol/l) xsnaris 50 ml
aTavseben 500 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi, umateben 250 ml
gogirdmJavas (1 mol/l) xsnars da moculobas imave mJaviT
Seavseben Wdemde.
titris dadgena. ceriumis sulfatis momzadebuli xsnaris
25 ml umateben 2 ml ganzavebuli gogirdmJavas, 10 ml wyals
da 2 ml kaliumis iodidis xsnars. gamoyofil iods titraven
natriumis Tiosulfatis (0,1 mol/l) xsnariT.
(indikatori – saxamebeli).
molurobas gamoiTvlian meore meTodiT.

reaqtivebi
azotmJava koncentrirebuli
HNO3 m.w. 63.01
ufero an odnav moyviTalo gamWvirvale siTxe. simkvrive
ara nakleb 1,40. azotmJavas Semcveloba ara nakleb 65%.

azotmJava ganzavebuli
HNO3 m.w. 63.01
1 wil azotmJavas ureven 2 wil wyals. simkvrive 1,087-1,096.
azotmJavas Semcveloba 15,5-17,0%.

aluminis Jangi qromatografiisaTvis (I da II xarisxis

aqtivobisaTvis)
Al2O3 m.w. 101.96
TeTri kristaluri fxvnilia, higroskopuli.
236
 amiakis koncentrirebuli xsnari
NH4OH m.w. 35.05
ufero gamJvirvale siTxea, damaxasiaTebeli mZafri suniT.
saWiroebs frTxilad mopyrobas. amiakis Semcvelobaa 25%-dan
28%-mde.

amiakis xsnari 10%-iani

NH4OH m.w. 35.05
440 ml amiakis koncentrirebul xsnars anzaveben wyliT
l-mde. amiakis Semcvelobaa 9,5%-dan 10,5%-mde.

amiakis 5% xsnari.
500 ml amiakis xsnars anzaveben wyliT 1 l mde.

amiakis buferuli xsnari.

54 g amoniumis qlorids xsnian wyalSi, 1 l tevadobis
gamzom kolbSi. amateben 350 ml amiakis koncentrirebul
xsnars da wyliT moculoba mihyavT Wdemde. miRebuli xsnaris
pH 9,5 -10,0 farglebSia.

amoniumis acetatis najeri xsnari

sakmarisi raodenobis amoniumis acetats xsnian wyalSi,
sanam ar miiReben najer xsnars, amoniumis acetatis Semcvelo-
baa 61,5%.
amoniumis vanadatis xsnari
0,05 g amoniumis vanadats xsnian 10 ml koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavaSi.
amoniumis karbonatis xsnari
10 g amoniumis karbonats xsnian 30 ml wyalSi, amateben 10
ml amiakis xsnars da moculobas avseben wyliT 100 ml-mde.

237
 amoniumis molibdatis xsnari
10 g amoniumis molibdats xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
wyliT avseben 100 ml-mde. inaxaven narinjisfer qilebSi.
vargisobis vada 6 Tve.
amoniumis molibdatis xsnari azotmJavaSi
6,5 g molibdenmJavas xsnian 14 ml wylisa da 14,5 ml ami-
akis koncentrirebuli xsnaris narevSi. xsnars acieben da Tan-
daTan, moreviT amateben 32 ml. gaciebuli azotmJavas koncen-
trirebuli xsnarisa da 40 ml wylis narevs. ayovneben 48 sT-
iT, Semdeg xsnars filtraven. Tu DSenaxvisas xsnarSi gamoiy-
ofa naleqi, am ukanasknels acileben dekantaciiT.

amoniumis molibdatis xsnari koncentrirebul go-

girdmJavaSi
(fredes resqtivi). 0,1 g amoniumis molibdats xsnian 10 ml.
koncentrirebul gogirdmJavaSi. inaxaven narinjisfer qilebSi.
vargisobis vada 6 Tve.

amoniumis oqsalatis xsnari

4 g amoniumis oqsalats gacxelebiT xsnian wyalSi da
moculobas avseben wyliT 100 ml-mde. xsnars filtraven.

amoniumis persulfatis xsnari

20 g amoniumis persulfats xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
avseben wyliT 100 ml-mde.

amoniumis rodanidis xsnari

5 g amoniumis rodanids xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
avseben wyliT 100 ml-mde.
amoniumis qloridis xsnari
10 g amoniumis qlorids xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
wyliT avseben 100 ml-mde.

238
 amoniumceriumsulfati
Ce(SO4)2 ⋅ 2(NH4)2SO4 ⋅ 2H2O m.w. 632.6
narinjisferi kristalebia. sufTa analizisaTvis.
anilini
C6H5NH2 m.w. 93.13
zeTismagvari gamWvirvale, Ria yviTeli an Ria yavisferi
siTxea. moepyariT sifrTxiliT. sufTa analizisaTvis.

acetil qloridi
CH3COCL m.w. 78.50
ufero, gamWvirvale siTxea, mkveTri suniT. moepyariT
frTxilad. sufTa analizisaTvis.
acetoni
CH3COCH3 m.w. 58.08
ufero, gamWvirvale, adviladaalebadi siTxea, damax-
asiaTebeli suniT. sufTa analizisaTvis.
saWiroebisas iyeneben gansakuTrebuli sisufTavis ace-
tons.

acetoni uwylo
acetons aSroben uwylo natriumis sulfatze 12 sT-is
ganmavlobaSi.

bariumis nitratis xsnari

5 g bariumis nitrats xsnian wyalSi da moculobas avseben
wyliT 100 ml-mde. xsnars filtraven. Sxamia.

bariumis qloridis xsnari

5 g bariumis qlorids xsnian wyalSi da moculobas avse-
ben wyliT 100 ml-mde. xsnars filtraven. Sxamia.

239
 bariumis hidroqsidis xsnari. bariumis hidroJangis
xsnari. baritis wyali.
5 g bariumis hidroJangs SeanjRreven 100 ml ax-
ladanaduRari da gaciebul wyalSi. xsnars iyeneben axlad-
momzadebuls. Sxamia.

benzaldehidis najeri xsnari.

sinjaraSi 1 ml benzaldeis SeanjRreven 250 ml wyalTan.
ayovneben meore dRemde, periodulad anjRreven. iyeneben ax-
ladmomzadebul xsnars
benzidini
NH2C6H4 ⋅ C6H4NH2 m.w. 184.24
TeTri an odnav moyviTalo wvrili nemsiseburi kristale-
bia. moepyariT frTxilad. sufTa analizisaTvis.

benzilqloridi
C6H5COCl m.w. 140.57
ufero, haerze odnac mbolavi siTxe, mkveTri Taviseburi
suniT. nela ixsneba wyalSi da spirtSi. moepyariT frTxilad.
sufTa analizisaTvis.

benzoes mJava
C6H5COOH m.w. 122.12
ufero nemsiseburi kristalebi an TeTri wvrilkrista-
luri fxvnili.

benzini (saaviacio sufTa)

ufero, gamWvirvale, msubuqi siTxe. damaxasiaTebeli
suniT, advilad qroldeba, aalebadia.

bismuTis nitrati
Bi(No3)3 ⋅ 5H2O m.w. 485.1
gamWvirvale,ufero kristalebi, masaSi TeTri feris.

240
 bormJavas xsnari
4 g boris mJavas xsnian wyalSi gacxelebiT da moculobas
wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.

bromiani wyali
amzadeben 3 ml bromis 100 ml wyalTan SenjRreviT.
gamoyenebis win siTxes anjRreven da ayovneben. iyeneben
gamWvirvale xsnars. inaxaven milesilsacobian narinjisfer
qilaSi.
bromis spirtiani xsnari
250 ml tevadobis konusur kolbSi aTavseben 90 ml 95%
spirts, moreviT, TandaTanobiT amateben cilindrSi azomil 10
ml broms. paralelurad kolbs acieben garedan yinuliT.
inaxaven milesilsacobian narinjisfer qilaSi, bnel,
gril adgilas.

glikoli
ix. aminoglikoli.

glicerini
CH2OH‐CHOH‐CH2OH m.w. 92.10
ufero, gamWvirvale, blanti siTxe. ereva wyals. hi-
groskopulia. qimiurad sufTa.

gogirdmJava koncentrirebuli
HH2SO4 m.w. 98.08
ufero zeTiseburi siTxe. qimiurad sufTa. simkvrive 1,8300-
1,8350.
gogirdmJavas Semcveloba 93,56-95,68%. sxva siTxeebs kon-
centrirebuli gogirgmJava unda Seerios frTxilad, Tan-
daTanobiT, am siTxeebSi gogirdmJavas CasxmiT da ara piriqiT.

241
 gogirdmJava ganzavebuli
1 wili konccentrirebuli gogirdmJava, 5 nawili wyali.
faifuris an minis WurWelSi wonian wyals da TandaTan
morevis qveS amateben mJavas. ufero gamWvirvale siTxea.
H2SO4 -is Semcveloba aranakleb 15,5 da araumates 16,5%.
gogirdmJavas hidroqsilamini, hidroqsilaminis sul-
fati.
(NH2OH)2 ⋅ H2SO4 m.w. 164.14
ufero kristalebia.

gogirdovanmJavas xsnari
gogirdovani mJava aramdgradia Senaxvisas, amitom cno-
bilia mxolod misi wyalxsnarebi, romelTac amzadeben uSu-
alod moxmarebis win Semdegi meTodiT:
gogirdovan airs, romelic miRebulia natriumis sul-
fitze an bisulfitze koncentrirebuli gogirdmJavas Tan-
daTanobiT damatebiT, atareben airsavali miliT 50-100 ml
wyalSi gajerebamde. gogirdovani mJavas najeri xsnari 200 Sei-
cavs 6% SO2, misi simkvrive daaxloebiT 1,0328. aseT xsnars an-
zaveben wyliT 10-jer da iyeneben iodis gasasufTaveblad.

diazoreqtirvi
5 ml sulfanilis mJavas xsnars (4,5 g sulfanilis mJava
da 45 ml koncentrirebuli qlorwyalbadmJava 50 ml wyalSi)
aTavseben 100 ml tevadobis gamzom kolbSi, romelic moTavse-
bulia yinulze. amateben 2,5 ml natriumis nitritis xsnars.
narevs ayovneben yinulze 5 wT-is ganmavl;obaSi, Semdeg amate-
ben kidev 10 ml natriumis nitritis xsnars, anjRreven, toveben
yinulze 5 wT da moculobas avseben wyliT Wdemde.
inaxaven sayinuleSi. iyeneben axladmomzadebulxsnars.

242
 dieTilamini
(C2H5)2NH
ufero siTxea, advilad aalebadi, sufTa analizisaTvis.
p-(dimeTilamino) benzaldehidi.
p-dimeTilaminobenzaldehidi.
(CH3)2NC6H4CHO m.w. 149.2
Ria yviTeli an yviTeli kristaluri fxvnili. qimiurad
sufTa.
p-dimeTilaminobenzaldehidis xsnari (ilportis reaqtivi)
0,125 g p-dimeTilaminobenzaldehids xsnian 100 ml 65%
gogirdmJavaSi, romelic Seicavs 0,1 ml rkinis Jangis qlo-
ridis xsnars. reaqtivs iyeneben momzadebidan erTi dRe-Ramis
Semdeg.
inaxaven sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas. vargisia 7 dRe-
Rame.
p-dimeTilaminobenzaldehidis xsnari koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavaSi
1 g p-dimeTilaminobenzaldehids Seasveleben 4 wveT
wyliT da amateben 3 ml koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas.

dimeTilformamidi
HCON(CH3)2 m.w. 73.10
ufero siTxe. qimiurad sufTa.

m-dinitrobenzolis xsnari spirtSi

1 g m-dinitrobenzolis xsnian 100 ml 95%^ spirtSi.

2,4 – dihidrofenilhidrazinis xsnari qlorwyal-

badmJavaSi
0,1 g 2,4-dihidrofenilhidrazins umateben 4 ml koncen-
trirebul qlorwyalbadmJavas. narevs xsnian 20 ml cxel
wyalSi. iyeneben axladmomzadebul xsnars.

243
 2,4 – dihidrofenilhidrazinis spirtiani xsnari
0,5 g 2,4-dihidrofenilhidrazins aTavseben 100 ml tevado-
bis gamzom kolbSi, umateben 6 ml koncentrirebul qlor-
wyalbadmJavas da ureven, sanam naleqis narinjisfer-wiTeli
Seferiloba ar gaqreba. umateben 20 ml absolitur spirts,
acxeleben wylis abazanaze gamWvirvale xsnaris miRebamde,
aciveben da imave spirtiT moculobas avseben Wdemde.
miRebul xsnars inaxaven gril adgilas. vargisia 3 Tve.
2,4 – dinitroqlorbenzoli
ix. 1-qlor-2,4-dinitrobenzoli.
1,4 –dioqsani
C4H8O2 m.w. 88.11
ufero siTxea, susti sasiamovno suniT. qimiurad sufTa.

ditizoni
C13H12N4S m.w. 256.33
Savi wvrilkristaluri fxvnili. qimiurad sufTa.

difenilaminis xsnari
0,05 g difenilamins xsnian 10 ml koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavas da 2 ml wylis narevSi.

1,2-diqloreTani
C2H4Cl2 m.w. 98.96
ufero, gamWvirvale siTxea, ar ereva wyals. 1,2-
diqloreTani qromatografiisaTvis. 1,2 diqloreTani
speqtroskopiisaTvis.

2,6 –diqlorfenolindofenolat natriumi

C12H6Cl2NnaO2 m.w. 290.08
muqi mwvane. TiTqmis Savi fxvnilia. qimiurad sufTa.
244
 2,6 –diqlorqinonqlorimidis xsnari
0,02 g acetonidan gadakristalebul 2,6 – diqlorqinon-
qlorimids xsnian 50 ml axladgamoxdil buTilis an izo-
propilis spirtSi.
inaxaven sayinuleSi narinjisferi qiliT.
vardisferi Seferiloba miuTiTebs imaze, rom xsnari ga-
mosayeneblad uvargisia.
eTeri uwylo
eTers anjRreven kalciumis qloridis najer xsnarTan
umateben uwylo kalciumqlorids, toveben 24 saaTis ganmavlo-
baSi, SeanjRreven da filtraven.
eTilacetati
CH3COOC2H5 m.w. 88.11
ufero, gamWvirvale siTxea, xilis suniT. advilad aale-
badi. qimiurad sufTa.
eTilendiamin-tetraZmarmJavas dinatriumis marili.
trilon-b
C10H14N2Na2O8 ⋅ 2H2O m.w. 74.12
TeTri kristaluri fxvnilia. sufTa analizisaTvis.
eTilis eTeri. eTeri
C2H5OC2H5 m.w. 74.12
ufero, gamWvirvale, moZravi, advilad aalebadi, aqoladi
siTxea, Taviseburi suniT. eTeris orTqli haerTan, JangbadTan
da azotis oqsiddTan warmoqmnis feTqebad narevs.
vanilis xsnari gogirdmJavaSi
0,1g vanilins xsnian 10 ml koncentrirebul gogirdmJavaSi.
iyeneben axladmomzadebul xsnars.

245
 vanilis xsnari qlorwyalbadmJavaSi
0,1 g vanilins xsnian 10 ml koncentrirebul qlorwyal-
badmJavaSi. iyeneben axladmomzadebul xsnars.

vercxlis nitrati
AgNO3 m.w. 169.87
ufero gamWvirvale kristalebia, firfitebi an TeTri ci-
lindriseburi Cxirebi. sinaTlis moqmedebiT muqdeba. iSleba.
qimiurad sufTa.

vercxlis nitratis amiakuri xsnari

5 g vercxlis nitrats xsnian 100 ml wyalSi. xsnars mud-
mivi morevisas wveTobiT umateben amiakis xsnars sanam naleqi
TiTqmis (ara mTlianad) ar gaixsneba. inaxaven mWidrod Tav-
daxurul ferad qilaSi. sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.
vercxlis nitratis xsnari
2 g vercxlis nitrats xsnian wyalSi da moculobas wy-
liT avseben 100 ml-mde. inaxaven milesilsacobian narinjisfer
an Sav qilebSi.

vercxlis nitratis xsnari spirtSi

2 g vercxlis nitrats xsnian 95% spirtSi da avseben igive
spirtiT 100 ml-mde. inaxaven narinjisfer qilebSi, sinaTlisa-
gan dacul adgilas.

Timoli
C10H14O m.w. 150.22
msxvili ufero kristalebia. damaxasiaTebeli suniT, qi-
miurad sufTa.

TioSardovana. Tiokarbamidi
CS(NH2)2 m.w. 76.12
ufero gamWvirvale kristalebia. qimiurad sufTa.

246
 Tirozini. L- Tirozini
C9H11NO3 m.w. 181.19
TeTri amorfuli fxvnilia. qimiurad sufTa.

iodi kristaluri
J2 m.w. 253.80
mSarali, mZime, moisfro-Savi kristaluri firfitebi an
natexebi liTonuri brwyinvalebiT.

iodmonoqloridis xsnari
iodmonoqloridis xsnars amzadeben qvemoT aRwerili me-
TodebiT:
13 g wvrilad dafqvil da mosresil iods SenjRreviT
xsnian 300 ml oTxqlorCanacvlebul naxSirbadisa da 700 ml
yinulovani ZmarmJavas narevSi. am xsnaris 20 ml-s umateben 15
ml kaliumis iodidis xsnars, 100 ml wyals da titraven na-
triumis Tiosulfatis xsnariT (0,1 mol/l). Semdeg xsnarSi
gaatareben mSral, airad qlors vidre 20 ml xsnaris gatit-
vraze ar daixarjeba ara umetes orjer meti natriumis Tio-
sulfati.
2. 8 g triqloriods xsnian 200 ml yinulovan ZmarmJavaSi.
9g iods xsnian 300 ml oTxqlornaxSirbadSi. orive xsnars
ureven erTmaneTSi da yinulovani ZmarmJavis damatebiT mocu-
loba mihyavT 1 l-mde.
iodmonoqloridis xsnars inaxaven kargad Tavdaxurul
WurWelSi, gril adgilas.
miTiTeba. triqloriodis momzadeba: iodze, romelic ga-
ciebulia mSrali yinulisa da acetonis nareviT (-780) atareben
airad qlors, sanam ar gamoCndeba kidev ramdenime saaTiT aba-
zanaSi, romlis meSveobiTac is civdeba. Semdeg gamoxdian
oTaxis temperaturaze meore WurWelSi.

247
 kaliumis acetati
CH3CO2K m.w. 98.15
ufero kristalebi, Zlier higroskopuli. qimiurad sufTa.

kaliumis biqromatis xsnari

5 g kaliumis biqromats xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.

kaliumis biqromatis xsnari gogirdmJavaSi

1 g kaliumis biqromats xsnian 60 ml wyalSi da frTxi-
lad umateben 7,5 ml koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas.

kaliumis bromati
KBrO3 m.w. 167.01
TeTri kristaluri fxvnili an kristalebi. qimiurad
sufTa.

kaliumis bromidis xsnari

KBr m.w. 118.99
10 g kaliumis bromids xsnian wyalSi da moculobas wy-
liT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.
inaxaven milesilsacobian qilebSi, sinaTlisagan dacul
adgilas.

kaliumis iodatis xsnari

KIO3
10 g kaliumis iodats xsnian wyalSi da xsnaris moculo-
bas wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.

kaliumis iodidi
KJ m.w. 166.00
TeTri kristalebi. qimiurad sufTa.
248
 kaliumis iodidis xsnari
10 g kaliumis iodids xsnian axladaduRebul da gacive-
bul wyalSi da moculoba wyliT mihyavT 100 ml-mde. xsnari
unda iyos ufero.
inaxaven milesilsacobian narinjisfer qilebSi, sinaT-
lisagan dacul adgilas.
kaliumis karbonati
K2CO3 m.w. 138.21
TeTri, wvrili an marcvliseburi fxvnili. higroskopuli.
qimiurad sufTa.
kaliumis nitrati
KNO3 m.w. 101.11
ufero gamWvirvale kristalebi. qimiurad sufTa.
kaliumis permanganatis xsnari
KMnO4
10 g kaliumis permanganats xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.
inaxaven milesilsacobian minis qilebSi, sinaTlisagan
daculk adgilas.
kaliumis permanganatis xsnari fosformJavaSi
3 g kaliumis permanganats gacxelebiT xsnian 100 ml gan-
zavebul fosformJavaSi.
kaliumis sulfati
K2SO4 m.w. 174.27
ufero, gamWvirvale kristalebi. qimiurad sufTa.
kaliumis tetraiodomerkuratis (II) fuZe xsnari
nesleris reaqtivi
1. 10 g kaliumis iodidisa da 10 ml wylisagan momzade-
biul xsnars moreviT TandaTan amateben vercxliswylis
diqloridis najer xsnars mdgradi wiTeli feris naleqis
249
miRebamde; amateben 30 g kaliumis hidroqsids da misi gaxsnis
Semdeg kidev 1 ml vercxliswylis diqloridis najer xsnars.
anzaveben wyliT 200 ml-mde. ayovneben da gamWvirvale xsnars
gadaasxamen Sesabamis WurWelSi.
2. 21,5 g kaliumis iodids xsnian 50 ml wyalSi 300-500 ml
tevadobis kolbSi. amateben 39 g vercxliswylis iodids da
ureven srul gaxsnamde. calke kolbSi 150 g kaliumis hidro-
qsids xsnian 200 ml wyalSi. orive xsnars frTxilad Seureven
erTmaneTs, aciveben, gadaasxamen 1 l tevadobis narinjisfer
qilaSi da moculobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde. ayovneben 7
dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi da gafermkrTalebamde.
3. 10 ml amiakis eTalonur xsnars (statia `sisufTaveze da
minarevebze gamokvleva~) amateben 3 wv nesleris reaqtivs – im
wuTSi unda Seiferos yviTlad.
inaxaven milesilsacobian narinjisfer qilSi, sinaTlisa-
gan dacul adgilas.
kaliumis fericianidis xsnari
K3Fe(CN)6 ⋅3H2O m.w. 329.26
sisxlis wiTeli marilis xsnari. 5 g kaliumis feri-
cianids xsnian wyalSi da moculobas wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-
mde.
kaliumis ferocianidis xsnari
K4Fe(CN)6
sisxlis yviTeli marilis xsnari. 5 g kaliumis fero-
cianids xsnian wyalSi da moculobas wyliT avseben 100 ml-
mde.
kaliumis fosfatis xsnari
K4HPO4 ·3H2O
1 g orCanacvlebuli kaliumis fosfats xsnian 33 nawil
wyalSi.

250
 kaliumis fosfatis (erTCanacvlebuli) xsnari (0,1
mol/l)
KH2PO4
erTCanacvlebul kaliumis fosfats orjer gadaakrista-
leben wylidan da gamoaSroben 1100C mudmiv wonamde. 1,36 g ga-
dakristalebul erTCanacvlebul kaliumis fosfats xsnian
wyalSi da moculobas wyliT avseben 100 ml-mde.

kaliumis qloratis xsnari

KClO3
5 g kaliumis qlorats xsnian wyalSi da moculobas wy-
liT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.

kaliumis qloridi
KCl m.w. 74.56
TeTri kristaluri fxvnilia. qimiurad sufTa.

kaliumis qromati
K2CrO4 m.w. 194.20
oqrosferi-yviTeli wvrili kristalebi. qimiurad sufTa.

kaliumis hidrokarbonatisa da kaliumis karbonatis

xsnari
4 g kaliumis hidrokaronats xsnian 15 ml wyalSi (gacxe-
lebiT). amateben 2,5 g kristaluri kaliumis karbonats da mo-
culobas wyliT Seavseben 20 ml-mde.

kaliumis hidroJangi. kaliumis hidroqsidi. kaliumis

tute.
KOH m.w. 56.11
TeTri natexebi, cilindruli Cxirebi da granulebi, gada-
natexze kristaluri struqturebiT. higroskopuli.

251
 kaliumis hidrosulfatis xsnari
KHSO4
10 g kaliumis hidrosulfats xsnian wyalSi da moculo-
bas wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.

kaliumis hidroqsidis xsnari

10 g kaliumis hidroqsids xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde. inaxaven kauCukis sacobian Wur-
WelSi.
kalciumis Jangi. kalciumis oqsidi.
CaO m.w. 56.08.
TaeTri natexebi an fxvnilia, haerze STanTqavs wyals da
naxSirorJangs.

kalciumis sulfati
CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O m.w. 172.17
TeTri wvrilkristaluri fxvnilia. sufTa.

kalciumis sulfatis najeri xsnari

0,4 g kalciumis sulfats anJRreven 100 ml wyalTan da
toveben 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. drodadro SeanjRreven. gamo-
yenebis win axdenen xsnaris dekantacias.

kalciumis qloridis xsnari

20 g kalciumis qlorids xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
wyliT avseben 1000 ml-mde.

kalciumis hidroJangis xsnari

fafisfeburi masa gadaaqvT boTlSi, amateben 15 wil
wyals, Zlier anJRreven da ayovneben 4-5 sT. Semdeg wyals
gadaRvrian. narCens daasxamen 50 wil civ wyals, anjRreven,
boTls Tavs axuraven da inaxaven gril adgilas ramdenime
dRiT. drodadro anjRreven.

252
 kobaltis nitratis xsnari
Co(NO3)2
5 g kobaltis nitrats xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.

kobaltis qloridis xsnari

CoCl2
5 g kobaltis qlorids xsnian wyalSi, amateben 0,2 ml
qlorwyalbadmJavas da moculobas wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.

limonmJava
C6H8O7 ⋅ H2O m.w. 210.14
2-oqsipropan-1,2,3-trikarbonmJava. ufero gamWvirvale
kristalebia. higroskopuli. qimiurad sufTa.

maacetilirebeli narevi
1 wil ZmarmJavas anhidrids Seureven 3 wil gamoxdil
piridins (fraqcia duRs 114-dan 1150)
narevi unda iyos ufero. narevis gamoyeneba SeiZleba, Tu
is axladmomzadebulia. moepyariT frTxilad!

magneziuri narevi
5 g magniumis qlorids da 7 g amoniumis qloriods xsnian
wyalSi, amateben 35 ml amiakis xsnars da wyals 100 ml-mde. ay-
ovneben 3-5 dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi. filtraven.

magniumis Jangi. magniumis oqsidi.

MgO m.w. 40.31.
TeTri, wvrili, msubuqi fxvnili, usuno. sufTa.

253
 magniumis sulfatis najeri xsnari
MgSO4
10 g magniumis sulfats asxamen 100 ml wyals da ayovneben
24 sT. xSiri SenjRreviT. xsnars filtraven.

magniumis sulfatis xsnari

100 g magniumis sulfats xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.

magniumis qloridis xsnari

MgCl2
100 g magniumis qlorids xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.

manganumis (IV) Jangi. manganumis orJangi

MnO2 m.w. 86.94
muqi yavisferi fxvnilia.

mJaunmJavas xsnari
COOH
COOH
5 g mJaunmJavas xsnian wyalSi da ganazaveben wyliT 100
ml-mde.

mJaunmJavas xsnari gogirdmJavaSi

5 g mJaunmJavas xsnian 75 ml wyalsa da 50 ml koncentri-
rebul gogirdmJavas gacivebul narevSi.

natriumis acetatis xsnari

CH3COONa
10 g natriumis acetats xsnian wyalSi da moculobas wy-
liT avseben 100 ml-mde. iyeneben axladmomzadebul xsnars.

254
 natriumis benzoati
C6H5COONa m.w. 144.11
TeTri kristaluri fxvnilia. sufTa.

natriumis bisulfiti
NaHSO3 m.w. 104.06
TeTri feris kristaluri fxvnilia.

natriumis bisulfitis najeri xsnari meTilis spirtis

gansazRvrisTvis
natriumis bisulfitis najer xsnars amzadeben misi
wyalSi gaxsniT.

natriumis volframati
Na2WO4 ⋅ 2H2O m.w. 329.87
TeTri kristaluri fxvnili. saanalizod sufTa.
natriumis karbonatis xsnari
Na2CO3
10 g uwylo natriumis karbonats xsnian wyalSi da mocu-
lobas wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.

natriumis kobaltnitritis xsnari

10 g natriumis kobaltnitrits xsnian 50 ml wyalSi da Tu
saWiroa, filtraven.

natriumis metabisulfiti
Na2S2O5 m.w. 190.10
TeTri kristaluri fxvnilia. qimiurad sufTa.

natriumis molibdati
Na2MoO4 ⋅ 2H2O m.w. 241.95
TeTri kristaluri fxvnilia. saanalizod sufTa.

255
 natriumis nitrati
NaNO3 m.w. 84.99
ufero, gamWvirvale kristalebia. notio haerze ganiTxeva.
qimiurad sufTa, saanalizod sufTa.

natriumis nitriti
NaNO2 m.w. 69.00
TeTri an odnav moyviTalo tonis kristalebia. hi-
groskopulia. qimiurad sufTa.

natriumis nitritis xsnari

10 g natriumis nitrits xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
wyliT avseben 100 ml-mde.

natriumis nitroprusidis xsnari

1 g natriumis nitroprusids xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
wyliT avseben 100 ml-mde.

natriumis nitroprusidis SemJavebuli xsnari

10 g natriumis nitroprusids xsnian 100 ml wyalSi, amate-
ben 5 ml kaliumis permanganatis xsnars 1:30 da 2 ml natriumis
hidroqsidis xsnars. miRebul narevs filtraven da ayovneben 24
sT.
vargisobis vada 2 Tve.

natriumis oqsalati
(COONa)2 m.w. 134.00
TeTri kristaluri fxvnili. qimiurad sufTa.

natriumis pikratis neitraluri xsnari

1 g pikrinmJavas aTavseben 100 ml tevadobis gamzom kol-
bSi, amateben 25 ml wyals, 4,36 ml natriumis hidroqsidis
xsnars (1 mol/l) (zustad eqvivalenturi raodenoba) da mocu-
256
lobas wyliT avseben Wdemde. miRebuli xsnaris 5 ml-s titra-
ven natriumis hidroqsidis (0,1 mol/l) an qlorwyalbadmJavas
xsnariT (0,1 mol/l) (indikatori-fenolftaleini).
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu miiReben natriumis pikratis tute an
mJava xsnars, saWiroa daematos gamoangariSebuli raodenobis
natriumis hidroqsidis (0,1 mol/l) an qlorwyalbadmJavas
xsnari.

natriumis salicilati
C6H4(OH)COONa m.w. 160.11
TeTri kristaluri fxvnili an wvrili kristalebi.

natriumis sulfatis xsnari

Na2SO4
20 g natriumis sulfats xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
wyliT avseben 100 ml-mde.
natriumis sulfati uwylo
Na2SO4 m.w. 142.04
TeTri kristaluri fxvnili. saanalizod sufTa.

natriumis sulfidi
Na2S ⋅ 9H2O m.w. 240.18
ufero an Ria-yviTeli kristalebi, haerze ganiTxeva.
saanalizod sufTa.

natriumis sulfidis xsnari

2 g natriumis sulfids xsnian wyalSi, amateben 2-3 wveT
glicerins da moculobas wyliT avseben 100 ml-mde.
inaxaven kargad moxuful, piramde Sevsebul patara minis
WurWelSi, gril, sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.

257
 natriumis sulfiti
Na2SO3 ⋅ 7H2O m.w. 252.18
ufero kristalebi. haerze advilad kargavs wyals da
iJangeba.
inaxaven milesilsacobian, moparafinebul qilebSi.

natriumis sulfitis xsnari

NaSO3
30 g natriumis sulfits xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
wyliT avseben 100 ml-mde.

natriumis tetraboratis najeri xsnari

Na2B4O 10 · H2O
5 g wvrilad mosresil natriumis tetraborats daasxamen
100 ml wyals da toveben 24 sT. xSirad ureven. xsnars fil-
traven.

natriumis fosfati erTCanacvlebuli

NaH2PO4 ⋅2H2O m.w. 156.01
ufero an TeTri kristaluri fxvnili. saanalizod sufTa.

natriumis fosfati orCanacvlebuli

Na2HPO4 ⋅12H2O m.w. 358.17
ufero gamWvirvale kristaluri fxvnili, mSral haerze
qarwyldeba.

natriumis fosfatis xsnari

5 g orCanacvlebul natriumis fosfats xsnian wyalSi da
moculobas wyliT Seavseben 100 ml-mde.

natriumis fosformolibdati
Na3H4[P(Mo2O7)6 ⋅19H2O m.w. 2269.5
yviTeli wvrilkristaluri fxvnili. sufTa.

258
 natriumis qloridi
NaCl m.w. 58.44
TeTri kubisebri kristalebi, an TeTri kristaluri
fxvnili. qimiurad sufTa.

natriumis qloridis najeri xsnari

40 g natriumis qlorids daasxamen 100 ml wyals da ayov-
neben 24 sT. xSirad anjRreven. xsnars filtraven.

natriumis citrati. samCanacvlebuli

C6H5Na3O7 ⋅5 ½ H2O m.w. 357.16
TeTri kristaluri fxvnili.

natriumis hidrogenkarbonati
NaHCO3 m.w. 84.01
TeTri kristaluri fxvnili.
natriumis hidrogenkarbonatis xsnari
5 g natriumis hidrogenkarbonas xsnian wyalSi 100 ml te-
vadobis sazom kolbSi da moculobas wyliT avseben Wdemde.

natriumis hipofosfiti
NaH2PO2 ⋅ H2O m.w.
106.01
TeTri kristaluri fxvnili. higroskopuli. sufTa.

natriumis hipofosfitis xsnari (tiles reaqtivi)

20 g natriumis hipofosfits xsnian 40 ml wyalSi. xsnarSi
Caasxamen 180 ml koncentrirebul qlorwyalbadmJavas. toveben
24 sT. xsnars ganacalkeveben naleqisagan. xsnari unda iyos
ufero.
inaxaven milesilsacobian minis WurWelSi.

259
 natriumis hidroqsidi
NaOH m.w. 40.00
TeTri natexebi an cilindruli Cxirebia, higroskopuli,
mwvave tutea. saanalizod sufTa.

natriumis hidroqsidis xsnari

10 g natriumis hidroqsids xsnian wyalSi da moculoba
wyliT mihyavT 100 ml-mde. ayovneben da gamWvirvale siTxes
daacileben naleqs. inaxaven rezinis sacobian minis WurWelSi.

l‐naftilamini. β‐naftilamini.
C10H7NH2 m.w. 143.19.
TeTri an moyviTalo-vardisferi tonis kristaluri
fxvnili, arasasiamovno suniT. saanalizod sufTa.

l‐naftolis (α-naftoli) xsnari

0,05 g α=naftols xsnian 40% spirtSi da imave spirtiT
moculobas avseben 100 ml-mde.
2‐naftoli. (β-naftoli).
C10H7OH m.w. 144.17.
TeTri an Ria nacrisferi kristaluri fxvnili. saanal-
izod sufTa.

2‐naftolis (β-naftoli) tute xsnari

2g β-naftols xsnian 40 ml natriumis hidroqsidis
xsnarSi da moculobas wyliT avseben 100 ml-mde.
iyeneben axladmomzadebuls.

ninhidrinis xsnari
0,25 g ninhidrins xsnian wyalSi da moculoba wyliT mi-
hyavT 100 ml-mde.

260
 p-nitroanilinis xsnari
0,015 g p-nitroanilins xsnian 20 ml qlorwyalbadmJavas
xsnarSi (1mol/l) da moculoba 95% spirtiT ahyavT 10 mlo-mde.
reaqtivs iyeneben momzdebidan 24 sT-is Semdeg.

nitrozo ‐ p ‐marili
C10H4(NO)(OH)(SO3Na)2 m.w.
377.26
yviTeli an momwvano-yviTeli kristalebia.

orTofosformJava koncentrirebuli. orTofosform-

Java.
H3PO4 m.w. 98.00
ufero gamWvirvale siTxe an ufero kristalebi, haerze
ganTxevadi. sufTa analizisaTvis. orTofosformJavas Semcve-
loba aranakleb 85%.

orqloriani kala-2-wyalTan dakristalebuli. kalas

Jangis qloridi.
SnCl2 ∙2H2O m.w. 377.26
ufero kristalebi, masaSi TeTri feris, advilad iJangeba
haerze. saanalizod sufTa.
8-oqsiqinolinis xsnari
5 g 8-oqsiqinolins xsnian 100 ml ZmarmJavaSi (2 mol/l)

perhidroli
ix. wyalbadis zeJangi.

pikrinmJavas najeri xsnari

12,3 g pikrinmJavas daasxamen 1 l wyals da toveben 24 sT
xSiri morevis qveS.
inaxaven milesilsacobian minis WurWelSi, sinaTlisagan
dacul adgilas.

261
 piperidini
C5H11N m.w. 85.15
ufero gamWvirvale siTxe. mkveTri suniT.

piridini
C5H5N m.w. 79.10
ufero gamWvirvale siTxe. damaxasiaTebeli arasasiamovno
mkveTri suniT. higroskopuli. advilad aalebadi. Sxamia.
saanalizod sufTa.
miTiTeba. Tu miTiTebulia uwylo piridini, maSin iyeneben
piridins, romelic Seicavs ara umetes 0,1% wyals. aSroben na-
triumis tuteze.

rezorcini. m-dioqsibenzoli.
C6H4(OH)2 m.w. 110.711
TeTri an susti moyviTalo kristaluri fxvnili. sinaT-
lisa da haeris moqmedebiT TandaTan ifereba vardisfrad.

rezorcinis xsnari.
50 g rezorcins amateben 50 ml wyals da toveben 24 sT.
xSirad anjRreven. xsnars filtraven.
inaxaven kargad SefuTul narinjisfer qilebSi, sinaT-
lisagan daculad.

rezorcinis xsnari benzolSi

1,5 g rezorcins amateben 1 l benzols da toveben 24 sT.
xSirad anjRreven. gamWvirvale xsnars moacileben naleqs.
inaxaven milesilsacobian minis qilaSi, sinaTlisagan
dacul adgilas.

262
 reikenat-amoniumis xsnari
8 g amoniumis reinekats xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
wyliT avseben 100 ml-mde. iyeneben axladmomzadebul xsnars.

rkinaamoniumis Sabis xsnari

30 g rkinaamoniumis Sabs xsnian 100 ml wyalSi; xsnars
amateben ganzavebul azotmJavas yavisferi Seferilobis moyvi-
Talo-mwvaneSi gadasvlamde.
xsnars inaxaven sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.

rkinaamoniumis Sabis mJava xsnari

0,2 g rkinaamoniumis Sabs xsnian wyalSi, SeamJaveben 6 ml
ganzavebuli azotmJaviT da moculobas wyliT avseben 100 ml-
mde.

rkinis Jangis nitratis xsnari

Fe(NO3)3·9H2O
5 g rkinis Jangis nitrats xsnian wyalSi da anzaveben 100
ml-mde wyliT.

rkina (II)-is sulfati 7-wyliT. rkinis qveJangis sul-

fati.
FeSO4 ∙ 7H2O m.w. 278.02
momwvano-monacrisfro kristalebi.

rkinis Jangis sulfatis 5% xsnari

5 g rkinis Jangis sulfats xsnian 90 ml axladaduRebul
da gaciebul wyalSi da umateben 10 ml koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavas. iyeneben axladmomzadebul xsnars.

263
 rkinis Jangis qloridi
FeCl3 ∙ 6H2O m.w. 270.30
kristaluri masa an moyviTalo-ruxi feris natexebi.
haerze Cqara ganiTxeva.

rkinis Jangis qloridis xsnari

3 g rkinis Jangis qlorids xsnian wyalSi da anzaveben
wyliT 100 ml-mde.

rkinis Jangis qloridis spirtiani xsnari

1 g rkinis Jangis qlorids xsnian 100 ml 95% spirtSi.

salicilmJava
C6H4(OH)COOH m.w. 138.12
TeTri, wvrili nemsiseburi kristalebi an msubuqi
kristaluri fxvnilia.

samqlorZmarmJava
CCl3COOH m.w. 163.39
ufero kristalebia, higroskopuli. qimiurad sufTa.

saqaroza. Saqari
C12H22O11 m.w. 342.30
wvrilkristaluri fxvnilia. qimiurad sufTa.

silikovolframis mJava dakristalebuli n molekula

wyalTan
H8[Si(WoO2)7)6 ∙ nH2O
Ria yviTeli kristaluri fxvnili. sufTa.

264
 silikovolframis mJava xsnari
H8[Si(Wo2)7)6 ∙ nH2O
1 g silikovolframis mJavas xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
wyliT avseben 100 ml-mde.

sindiyis Jangis acetati

(CH3COO)2Hg m.w. 318.68
ufero kristalebia. Sxamia. saanalizod sufTa.

sindiyis Jangis acetatis xsnari

5 g vercxliswylis Jangis acetats aTavseben 100 ml teva-
dobis sazom kolbSi da xsnian Tbil yinulovan ZmarmJavaSi.
gacivebis Semdeg xsnaris moculoba yinulovani ZmarmJaviT
ahyavT Wdemde.
inaxaven narinjisfer qilebSi, sinaTlisagan dacul ad-
gilas. iyeneben axladmomzadebul xsnars.

spilenZis acetatis xsnari

(CH3COO)2Cu · H2O
5 g spilenZis acetats xsnian wyalSi, romelic SemJavebu-
lia ramdenime mililitri ZmarmJaviT da moculoba wyliT mi-
hyavT Wdemde.

spilenZis Jangis qloridis xsnari

CuCl2
0,75 g spilenZis Jangis qlorids da 1,5 g amoniumis qlo-
rids xsnian mcire raodenoba wyalSi. xsnars amateben 1,5 ml
koncentrirebuli amiakis xsnars da moculobas wyliT avseben
25 ml-mde.
spilenZis sulfatis xsnari
CuSO4 · 5H2O
10 g spilenZis sulfats xsnian wyalSi da moculobas
wyliT avseben 10 ml-mde.
265
 spirti n-amilis
CH3(CH2)3CH2OH m.w. 88.15
ufero siTxe damaxasiaTebeli suniT. advilad iwvis.

spirti n-buTilis
CH3(CH2)2CH2OH m.w. 74.12.
gamWvirvale ufero siTxea, raxis zeTebis susti suniT.
saanalizod sufTa.

spirti eTilis absoluturi. eTanoli.

C2H5OH m.w. 46.07
ufero gamWvirvale siTxe ucxo nawilebisa da simRvrivis
gareSe. dasaSvebia benzolis suni.
eTilis spirtis Semcveloba aranakleb 99,8% moculobis
mixedviT. inaxaven milesilsacoiban minis qilebSi.

spirtiAeTilis.Aabsoluturi. speqtrofotometriisaT-
vis.
absolutur spirts, romelsac ar aqvs benzolis suni, ga-
moxdian myar natriumis an kaliumis hidroqsidze (10 g tute
1l spirtze) gamonaxadis sawyis da saboloo ulufebs daac-
ileben. gamoxdil absolutur spirts unda hqondes optikuri
simkvrivis sidide, ara umetes 0,01 320-dan 350 nm-mde farglebSi
da 0,05 280-dan 300-nm-mde farglebSi.

spirti eTilis reqtifikati. spirti 96%. eTanoli.

C2H5OH m.w. 46.07
gamWvirvale, ufero, moZravi, aqroladi siTxea, damaxasia-
Tebeli suniT. advilad aalebadi.

266
 spirti izoamilis
(CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH m.w. 88.15
ufero gamWvirvale siTxe, advilad aalebadi. damaxasiaTe-
beli suniT.

spirti meTilis. meTanoli.

CH3OH m.w. 32.04
gamWvirvale ufero siTxe. meTanoli Sxamia, qimiurad
sufTa.
spirti meTilis gasufTavebuli minarevebisagan
1 l meTilis spirts mduRare wylis abazanaze acxeleben 3
sT 10 g 2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazinTan da 2 ml koncentrire-
bul qlorwyalbadmJavasTan uku macivriT. Semdeg meTilis
spirts 2-jer gamoxdian, agroveben fraqciebs, romelic duRs
64,50.
25 ml spirts aTavseben 300 ml tevadobis kolbSi, amateben
75 ml 2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazinis xsnars, acxeleben wylis
abazanaze ukumacivriT 24 sT, spirts gamoxdian, ganazaveben 200
ml 2% gogirdmJavas xsnariT da toveben 24 sT. ar unda war-
moiqmnas kristalebi (aldehidebi).

stibiumis qloridis xsnari

SbCl3
stibiumis qlorids recxaven sufTa qloroformiT (sanam
Casarecxi qloroformi ufero ar iqneba). sufTa qloroforms
200 gaajereben garecxili stibiumis qloridiT.
1 ml stibiumis qloridis xsnars umateben 2 g senetovis
marils da titraven 0,1 mol/l iodis xsnariT yviTlad Sefer-
vamde.
1 ml iodis 0,1 mol/l xsnari Seesabameba 0,01141 g SbCl3,
romelic xsnarSi unda iyos ara nakleb 21% da araumetes 23%.

267
 sulfaminmJava
NH2SO3H m.w. 97.09
ufero kristalebi, masaSi TeTri feris, odnav moruxo
kristaluri fxvnili. qimiurad sufTa.

sulfosalicislis mJava 2-wyalTan dakristalebuli.

sulfosalicilis mJava.
C6H3(OHO)(SO3)HCOOH ∙ 2H2O m.w.
254.22
TeTri feris kristaluri fxvnili an ufero
naxevradgamWvirvale nemsiseburi kristalebi. qimiurad sufTa.

sulfosalicislis mJavas xsnari

10 g sulfosaliscilis mJavas xsnian wyalSi da anzaveben
wyliT 100 ml-mde.
inaxaven narinjisferi qilebiT, sinaTlisagan dacul
adgilas.

titanis orJangis xsnari

TiO2
0,1 g titanis orJangs badeze acxeleben 100 ml koncen-
trirebul gogirdmJavasTan erTad. periodulad ureven, sanam
mTlianad ar gaixsneba.
inaxaven milesilsacobian minis WurWelSi.

toluoli
C6H5CH3 m.w. 92.14
ufero gamWvirvale siTxe, advilad aalebadi. saanalizod
sufTa.
tyviis acetatis xsnari
(CH3COO)2Pb
10 g tyviis acetats xsnian wyalSi, amateben ZmarmJavas
gamWvirvale xsnaris miRebamde da anzaveben wyliT 100 ml-mde.
268
 tyviis nitratis xsnari
Pb(NO3)2
10 g tyviis nitrats xsnian wyalSi, da anzaveben wyliT 100
ml-mde.

tyviis Jangi
PbO m.w. 223.19
wvrilkristaluri amorfuli fxvnili, fxvnili moyviTa-
lo-mwavnidan rux-wiTel feramde.

tyviis fuZeacetatiani qaRaldi

unacro filtris qaRalds asveleben tyviis fuZe aceta-
tis xsnariT. aclian gaJRenTvas da aSroben bnel SenobaSi,
sadac ar unda iyos mJvas an tutis orTqli. qaRalds Wrian 5
sm sigrZis da 6 mm siganis naWrebad.
inaxaven milesilsacobian qilebSi, sinaTlisagan dacu-
lad.

tyviis fuZeacetatis xsnari

momzadeba: 3 wil tyviis acetats ureven 1 wil tyviis
Jangs da 1 wil wyals. narevs acxeleben wylis abazanaze Te-
Tri masis miRebamde. narevs umateben axladaduRebul cxel
wyals 14 wili siTxis miRebamde. narevs gadaasxamen WurWelSi,
romelic kargad ixufeba da toveben 2-3 dRe naleqis warmo-
saqmnelad. xsnars filtraven ise, rom haerTan ar moxdes Sexe-
ba, Semdeg anzaveben axladaduRebuli cxeli wyliT sanam ar
miiReben 1,223-1,228 simkvrivis mqone xsnars da maSinve Caasxamen
patara minis WurWelSi, romelsac avseben piramde da xufaven
sacobiT.

269
 fenilhidrazinis hidroqloridi
C6H5NH‐NH2 ∙ HCl m.w. 144.61
ufero an vardisferi kristalebi, firfitebis saxiT.
saanalizod sufTa.

fenilhidrazinis sulfatis xsnari

0,1 g fenilhidrazinis hidroqlorids xsnian 100 ml gacie-
bul narevSi, romelic Seicavs Tanabari raodenobiT koncen-
trirebul gogirdmJavasa da wyals. iyeneben axladmomzadebul
xsnars.

fenoli Txevadi
100 wil fenols, romelic galRobilia wylis abazanaze,
amateben 10 wil wyals da kargad Seureven.

fluoresceini
C20H12O5 m.w. 332.30
kristaluri fxvnili moyviTalo-yavisferidan mowiTalo-
yavisferamde. sufTa.

fluoroglucinis xsnari
1,5 g fluoroglucins xsnian eTerSi da ganazaveben
eTeriT 100 ml-mde. iyeneben axladmomzadebul xsnars.

fluoroglucinis xsnari gogirdmJavaSi

1,5 g fluoroglucins wylis abazanaze gacxelebiT xsnian
75 g wylis da 50 g koncentrirebuli gogirdmJavas narevSi.

formaldehidis xsnari gogirdmJavaSi

HCOH
0,2 ml formalins xsnian 100 ml koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavaSi. Senaxvis vada 1 Tve.

270
 formamidi. WianWvelmJavas amidi.
HCONH2 m.w. 45.04
ufero siTxe. sufTa.

fosforvolframis mJavas xsnari

H7P(W2O7)6 · H2O
0,3 g fosforvolframis mJavas xsnian 0,8 ml ganzavebul
qlorwyalbadmJavaSi da anzaveben wyliT 10 ml-mde. mRvrie
xsnaris miRebis SemTxvevaSi xsnars filtraven ormag fil-
trSi.
fosforis xuTJangi. fosforis anhidridi
P2O5 m.w. 141.94
TeTri kristaluri fxvnilia yviTeli an mwvane toniT. qi-
miurad sufTa. bolavs da haerze ganiTxeva, STanTqavs wyals.
inaxaven milesilsacobian qilebSi.

fuqsingogirdovanmJavas xsnari
1 g fuZe fuqsins fuqsingogirdovan mJavasTan gacxelebiT
xsnian 600 ml wyalSi, filtraven 1 l tevadobis gamzom kolb-
Si da acieben yinulovan abazanaze.
gaciebul filtrats nel-nela amateben 100 ml 20% na-
triumis sulfatis xsnars. yoveli ulufis mimatebisas kolbs
axuraven sacobs da anjRreven. Semdeg xsnars kvlav aciveben
yinulovan abazanaze da TandaTan amateben mcire ulufobiT
qlorwyalbadmJavas (simkvrive 1,12) vardisferi Seferilobis
gauferulebamde. (daaxloebiT 10-13 ml). xsnaris moculoba wy-
liT mihyavT Wdemde da kargad ureven. odnav Seferil xsnars
aTavseben sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas. gamoiyeneba momzade-
bidan meore dRes, roca xsnari gaxdeba ufero.
inaxaven sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.

271
 miTiTeba: Tu qlorwyalbadmJavas mimatebisas xsnari rCeba
Seferili, mas anjRreven 0,2-0,3 g gaaqtivebul naxSirTan da
maSinve filtraven.

fuZe fuqsini fuqsingogirdovanmJavasaTvis, rozalinisa

da p-rozalinis hidroqloridebis narevi
C20H20ClN3 ∙ 4H2O da C19H18ClN3 ∙ 4H2O m.w. 409.9 da
395.88
muqi mwvane kristalebi an kristaluri fxvnili liTonuri
brwyinvalebiT. higroskopuli.
inaxaven narinjisferi qilebiT sinaTlisagan dacul
adgilas. saanalizod sufTa.

qarvis mJava.
(CH2COOH)2 m.w. 118.09
ufero gamWvirvale kristalebi. qimiurad sufTa.

qafuri
C10H16O m.w. 152.24
ufero gamWvirvale kristaluri fxvnili, Zlieri damax-
asiaTebeli suniT.

qloralhidrati
CCl3CH(OH)2 m.w. 165.40
ufero gamWvirvale kristalebi an wvrilkristaluri
fxvnili, sinestis momatebisas higroskopuli, sufTa farmako-
peuli.

qloramini. qloramin b.
C6H5ClNNaO2 ∙ 3H2O m.w.
267.63

272
 TeTri an odnav moyviTalo kristalebi an kristaluri
fxvnili qloris susti suniT. sufTa, farmakopeuli.

qloraminis xsnari.
5 g qloramins xsnian 100 ml wyalSi. iyeneben axlad-
momzadebul xsnars.

qloriani kiris xsnari

1 g qlorian kirs mosresen 9 ml wyalTan. xsnars
naleqTan erTad gadaitanen milesilsacobian kolbSi. ayovneben
1 sT, Semdeg filtraven. iyeneben axladmomzadebul xsnars.

qloriani wyali
qloris najeri xsnari wyalSi. miiReben qloris gatarebiT
wyalSi.
inaxaven milesilsacobian patara narinjisferi qilebiT,
sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas. qilas avseben piramde,

qlormJava
HClO4 m.w. 100.45
ufero an odnav moyviTalo gamWvirvale siTxea.
simkvrive 1,54. qlormJavas Semcveloba ara nakleb 60%.

qloroformi. triqlormeTani.
CHCl3 m.w. 119.38
ufero gamWvirvale, mZime, moZravi, aqroladi siTxe, da-
maxasiaTebeli suniT. farmakopeuli.

qloroformi uwylo
1 l qloroforms amateben 10 g uwylo kalciumis qlo-
rids, energiulad ureven da toveben 24 sT. gamWvirvale siTxes
asxamen milesilsacobian mSral kolbSi.

273
 qlorwyalbadmJava ganzavebuli
HCl m.w. 36.46
ureven 1 nawil qlorwyalbadmJavas da 2 nawil wyals.
simkvrive 1,038-1,039. qlorwyalbadmJavas Semcveloba 8,2-8,4%.
qlorwyalbadmJava. marilmJava koncentrirebuli
HCl m.w. 36.46
ureven 1 nawil qlorwyalbadmJavas da 2 nawil wyals.
simkvrive 1,038-1,039. qlorwyalbadmJavas Semcveloba 8,2-8,4%.

qromis (IV) Jangi. qromis anhidridi

CrO3 m.w. 99.99
muqi yavisferi nemsisebri an prizmuli kristalebi.
saanalizod sufTa.

qromotropis mJavas dinatriumis marili

C10H4(OH)2(SO3Na)2 m.w. 364.27
monacrisfro-TeTri fxvnili. saanalizod sufTa.

qsanthidrolis reaqtivi
10 ml qsanthidrols xsnian 100 ml yinulovan ZmarmJavaSi
da amateben 1 ml koncentrirebul qlorwyalbadmJavas. iyeneben
axladmomzadebul reaqtivs.

qsiloli. dimeTilbenzoli. o-m-p- qsilolebis narevi

C6H4(CH3)2 m.w. 106.17
ufero gamWvirvale siTxea. sufTa.

Rvinis mJava
(CHOHCOOH)2 m.w. 150.09
ufero kristalebia. qimiurad sufTa.

274
 Rvinis mJavas xsnari
2 g Rvinis mJavas xsnian 10 ml wyalSi. iyeneben axlad-
momzadebul xsnars.

Sardovana karbamidi
CO(NH2)2 m.w. 60.60
ufero kristalebia an TeTri kristaluri fxvnilia. qimi-
urad sufTa.

ceriumis sulfati
Ce(SO4)2 ∙ 4H2O m.w. 404.3
yviTeli an narinjisferi-yviTeli kristalebia an krista-
luri fxvnili. analizisaTvis sufTa.

cikloheqsani speqtrofotometriisaTvis
cikloheqsanis optikuri simkvrive speqtrofotometriiT
gazomvisas wyalTan SefardebiT, kiuvetSi, romlis fenis sisqe
1 sm-ia, ar unda aRematebodes 0,01-s 300-dan 360 nm-mde. inaxeba
flakonebSi.

cikloheqsani qromatografiisaTvis
C6H12 m.w. 84.16
gamWvirvale ufero siTxe damaxasiaTebeli suniT. qimi-
urad sufTa.

ZmarmJava
CH3COOH m.w. 60.05
ufero gamWvirvale siTxe mkveTri specifikuri suniT.
ZmarmJavas Semcveloba ara nakleb 98%, qimiurad sufTa.

ZmarmJava qimiurad sufTa yinulovani

ufero gamWvirvale siTxe mkveTri specifiuri suniT.
ZmarmJavas Semcveloba ara nakleb 98,8% qimiurad sufTa.
275
 ZmarmJava ganzavebuli
ureven 31,3 wil yinulovan ZmarmJavas da 68,7 wil wyals
ZmarmJavas Semcveloba 29,5-30,5%/
ZmarmJava 3%
10 ml ganzavebul ZmarmJavas ganazaveben wyliT 100 ml-mde.

ZmarmJavas anhidridi
(CH3CO)2O m.w. 102.09
ufero gamWvirvale siTxe mkveTri specifiuri suniT.
reaqtivis wyalSi gaxsnisas warmoiqmneba ZmarmJava. amasTan
Tavdapirvelad reaqcia midis nela, Semdeg ki Cqardeba
(SesaZlebelia moxdes amoSxefebac). sWiroa frTxilad mopy-
roba. analizisaTvis sufTa.

ZmarmJavas anhidridis xsnari uwylo piridinSi

12 ml ZmarmJavas anhidrids ureven 88 ml uwylo piridin-
Tan. inaxaven narinjisfer qilebSi milesili sacobebiT.

wyalbadis zeJangi. perhidroli.

H2O2 m.w. 34.01
ufero gamWvirvale siTxe. usuno an susti (damaxasiaTe-
beli) Taviseburi suniT, susti mJava reaqciiT, advilad iSleba
Jangbadis gamoyofiT. qimiurad sufTa reaqtivSi zeJangis Sem-
cveloba 30-35%, saanalizod sufTa reaqtivSi – 29-32% sufTaSi
– ara nakleb 29%.

wyalbadis zeJangis xsnari

10 g perhidrols xsnian wyalSi 100 ml tevadobis gamzom
kolbSi. moculoba wyliT mihyavT Wdemde.

276
 hidrazinis sulfati
NH2‐NH2 ∙ H2SO4 m.w. 130.12
TeTri kristaluri fxvnili. Sxamia.

hidrazinis hidroqloridi
NH2‐NH2 ∙ 2HCl m.w. 104.96
TeTri kristaluri fxvnili. Sxamia.

hidroqsilaminis hidroqloridi
NH2OH ∙ HCl m.w. 69.49
ufero higroskopuli kristalebi.

hidroqsilaminis hidroqloridis xsnari (1 mol/l)

6,95 g hidroqsilaminis hidroqlorids aTavseben 100 ml
tevadobis gamzom kolbSi, xsnian 90 ml 60% spirtSi, amateen 10
wveT meTilnarinjis xsnars, aneitraleben kaliumis hidroqsi-
dis xsnariT (0,5 mol/l) da moculobas avseben Wdemde 60%-iani
spirtiT.

avtoriseuli reaqtivebi

reaqtivi dragendorfis
xsnari I. 0,85 g bismutis fuZenitrats amateben 40 ml
wyals, 10 ml ZmarmJavas da anjRreven 15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
xsnari II. 8 g kaliumis iodids xsnian 20 ml wyalSi.
I da II xsnaris Tanabar moculobebs Seureven. miRebuli
narevis 10 ml-s umateben 10 ml wyals da 20 ml ZmarmJavas.

reaqtivi nesleris
ix. kaliumis tetraiodmerkurati (II). tute xsnari.

277
 reaqtivi olportis
ix. p-dimeTilaminobenzaldehidis xsnari.

reaqtivi tiles
ix. natriumis hipofosfatis xsnari.
reaqtivi felingis
Sedgeba ori xsnarisagan. 1. 34,66 g gadakristalebul
spilenZis sulfats xsnian wyalSi, romelic SemJavebulia 2-3
wv ganzavebuli gogirdmJaviT da moculobas wyliT avseben 500
ml-mde.
2. 173 g senetovis marils da 50 g natriumis hidroqsids
xsnian 400 ml wyalSi da gaciebis Semdeg moculobas avseben
500 ml-mde.
reaqtivi warmoadgens orive xsnaris Tanabari moculobis
narevs. xsnars amzadeben gamoyenebis win.
5 ml felingis raqtivs ganazaveben 5 ml wyliT da acxel-
eben aduRebamde. xsnari unda darCes gamWvirvale, ar unda
SeiniSnebodes naleqis kvalic ki.

reaqtivi fiSeris
ix. statia `aqroladi nivTierebebisa da wylis gansaz-
Rvra~.

reaqtivi folinis
mrgvalZirian kolbSi aTavseben 70 ml wyals, 10 g natri-
umis volframats, 2,5 g fosformolibdenis mJavas, 5 ml orTo-
fosformJavas. aduReben ukumacivriT 2 sT-is ganmavlobaSi.
Semdeg aciveben, anzaveben wyliT 100 ml-mde. kargad ureven.
inaxaven milesilsacobian narinjisferi qilebiT.

278
 reaqtivi fredes
ix. amoniumis molibdatis xsnari koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavaSi.

reaqtivi Sveiceris
10 g spilenZis sulfats xsnian 100 ml wyalSi, amateben
spilenZis Jangis hidratis dasaleqad saWiro raodenoba na-
triumis hidroqsidis xsnars, am ukanasknels agroveben fil-
trze, Carecxaven wyliT sulfatebze uaryofiT reaqciamde.
nestian naleqs xsnian amiakis xsnaris im minimalur
raodenobaSi, romelic saWiroa naleqis sruli gaxsnisaTvis.
inaxaven milesilsacobian minis WurWelSi.

qimiuri eqsperimentis Sedegebis statistikuri

damuSaveba

winamdebare statiaSi gamoyenebulia Semdegi aRniSvnebi:

Α-gasazomi sidide;
a‐wrfivi damokidebulebis Tavisufali wevri;
b‐wrfivi damokidebulebis sakuTxo koeficienti;
D0 , D ‐ standartuli da sakvlevi preparatebis dozebi;
F- fiSeris kriteriumi;
f- Tavisuflebis xarisxis ricxvi;
i-variantis rigiTi nomeri;
L-faqtori, romelic gamoiyeneba palalelur gansazRvraTa
Sedegebis Tanxvedris Sesafaseblad;
m,n-SerCevis moculoba;
P,P-sandoobis albaToba, amocanis Sesabamisad calmxrivi an
ormxrivi dayenebis SemTxvevaSi;

279
Q1 Qn - uxeS SecdomaTa identifikaciis sakontrolo kriteri-
umi;
R-varirebis are;
r-korelaciis koeficienti;
S-standartuli gadaxra;
S2-dispersia;
S x – saSualo Sedegis standartuli gadaxra;
S lg - logariTmuli standartuli gadaxra;
S 2 lg - logariTmuli dispersia;
S lg X g - saSualo Sedegis logariTmuli standartuli gad-
axra;
S02 , Sa2, Sb2 - saerTo dispersia da wrfivi damokidebulebis
koeficientTa dispersia;
t - stiudentis kriteriumi;
U- saanalizo produqtis xarisxis garantiis saSualo Sede-
gebis gamosaTvleli koeficienti;
x,y - wrfivi damokidebulebis gantolebaSi mimdinare koor-
dinatebi;
_

y - preparatis aqtivoba;
X1,Y1 - wrfivi damokidebulebis tolobis mixedviT ga-
moTvlili x,y cvladebis mniSvnelobebi;
− _

x, y - saSualo SerCevebi (wrfivi damokidebulebis centris

koordinatebi);
xi,yi-i -uri varianti (x da y eqsperimentul mniSvnelobaTa i –
uri wyvili);
x ± Δx - saSualo mniSvnelobaTa sandoobis intervalis saz-
Rvrebis mniSvnelobebi;

280
 xi ± Δx calkeuli gansazRvris Sedegebis sandoobis inter-
valis sazRvrebis mniSvnelobebi;
Δ-zogierT sidideTa sxvaoba;
a - mniSvnelobis done, sandoobis xarisxi;
Δx - sididis sandoobis intervalis naxevarsigane;
δ - sistematuri cdomilebebis fardobiTi sidide;
ε, ε - calkeuli gansazRvriT miRebuli saSualo Sedegebis
fardobiTi cdomilebebi (Sesabamisad);
μ-gasazomi sididis WeSmariti mniSvneloba;
Σ - jamis niSani (jami);
ℵ2 -kriteriumi hi-kvadrati;

1. qimiuri eqsperimentis Sedegebis statistikuri da-

muSaveba

eqsperimentis statistikuri damuSavebis Sedegad miRebuli

meTodebis metrologiuri maxasiaTeblebi da Sedegebi saSua-
lebas iZleva Sefasdes rogorc eqsperimentis meTodebi, aseve
Seswavlili obieqtebi da amis safuZvelze gadawydes gamoyene-
biTi sakiTxebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia kvlevis Sedegebis
statistikur sandoobasTan.

1.1. erTgvarovani SerCevis ZiriTadi statistikuri maxasia-

Teblebi da maTi gamoTvla

SerCevis erTgvarovnebis Semowmeba. gamovardnaTa gamo-

ricxva.
terminiT `SerCeva~ aRniSnaven statistikurad eqvivalen-
turi Sedegebis (variantebis) erTobliobas. aseT erToblioba-
Ta magaliTad SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes Sedegebi, romlebic

281
miRebulia SemadgenlobiT erTgvarovan sinjSi raime nivTiere-
bis paraleluri gansazRvris Sedegad.
davuSvaT, rom n moculobis SerCevis variantTa calkeuli
mniSvnelobebi aRniSnulia x i (1≤ i ≤ n) da ganlagebulia zrdis
mixedviT:
X1;X2;.......; Xi ;....... Xn‐1 ; Xn (1.1.1)
SerCevis statistikuri damuSavebis Sedegad miRebuli Se-
degebi sando iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SerCeva erT-
gvarovania, e.i. Tu masSi Semavali variantebi gansazRvris an
gamoTvlis dros daSvebuli uxeSi SecdomiT ar aris damZime-
buli. aseTi variantebi unda gmoiricxos SerCevidan misi sta-
tistikuri maxasiaTeblebis saboloo gamoTvlis win. mcire
moculobis SerCevisaTvis (n<10), uxeSi SecdomebiT damZimebu-
li variantis identifikacia SeiZleba Sesruldes varirebis
aris (R) sidididan gamomdinare (ix. toloba 1.1.12; 1.1.13) didi
moculobis SerCevisaTvis (n≥10) aseT variantTa identifikacii-
saTvis mizanSewonilia Catardes mTeli SerCevis winaswari
statistikuri damuSaveba misi erTgvarovnebis varaudiT da
Semdeg ukve gamoTvlili statistikuri maxasiaTeblebis safuZ-
velze gadawydes erTgvarovnebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli varaudis
samarTlianoba (1.1.14).
umetes SemTxvevaSi SerCevis saSualo x warmoadgens gasa-
zomi sididis μ WeSmariti mniSvnelobis saukeTeso Sefasebas,
Tu mas gamoiTvlian rogorc yvela variantis saSualo ariT-
metikuls.
n
∑ xi
x= l
(1.1.2)
n
amasTanave, saSualos garSemo xi variantTa ganbneva xa-
siaTdeba S standartuli gadaxris sididiT. raodenobriv qi-

282
miur analizSi sidide S xSirad ganixileba rogorc analizis
am meTodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SemTxveviTi cdomilebis Se-
faseba. am sididis kvadrati S2 iwodeba dispersiad. dispersiis
sidide SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc Sedegebis asaxvisunaria-
noba mocemuli SerCevisaTvis. S da S2 sidideebs gamoiTvlian
formuliT 1.1.5. da 1.1.6. zogjer, am gamoTvlebisaTvis winaswar
gansazRvraven gadaxris mniSvnelobas di da Tavisuflebis xa-
risxis ricxvs (damoukidebel variantTa ricxvi) f :
d i = xi − x (1.1.3)
f = n −1 (1.1.4)
n n

∑d ∑x
2 2
i 2 1 −n x
S2 = l
= l
(1.1.5)
f f

S = S 2 (1.1.6)

saSualod Sedegis standartul gadaxras S x gamoiTvlian

formuliT:
S
Sx = (1.1.7)
n
SeniSvna: 1.1.1 g SerCevidan k(1 ≤ k ≤ g) rigiTi nomrebis mqone
rigis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi dispersiis S2 gamoTvla mizanSe-
wonilia Catardes Semdegi formulis mixedviT:
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟
k = g i = nk
∑ ⎜ ∑ xi k − nk x k ⎟
2

[ ]
k = g i = nk k=g
∑ ∑ d i2 k ∑ (nk − 1)S k2 k =1
⎜ i =1 ⎟
S =
2 k =1 i −1
⋅ k =1 = ⎝ ⎠ (1.1.8)
f f f
am dros Tavisuflebis xarixis ricxvi tolia:

283
 k=g
f = ∑ (nk − 1) (1.1.9)
k =1

sadac:
xk‐k ‐ SerCevis saSualoa;
nk‐k ‐ SerCevis variantis ricxvi;
xik‐k ‐ SerCevis i varianti
Sk2 ‐k ‐ SerCevis dispersia;
dik ‐k ‐ SerCevis i variantis gadaxra;
1.1.7 da 1.1.8 tolobaTa gamoyenebis aucilebeli pirobaa
Sk2 calkeul mniSvnelobaTa Soris sxvaobis statistikurad
sando ararseboba. umartives SemTxvevaSi Sk2 napira
mniSvnelobebis Sedarebas axdenen kriteriumis F sidideze
dayrdnobiT, romelsac gamoiTvlian 1.3.4. formuliT da inter-
pretacias akeTeben ise, rogorc miTiTebulia 1.3. qveTavSi.
SeniSvna. 1.1.2. Tu gazomvebis dros Rebuloben saZiebel
variantTa logariTmebs, SerCevis saSualos gamoiTvlian
rogorc saSualo geometriuls da iyeneben variantis loga-
riTms:
n

∑ lg x1
lg x g = 1
(1.1.10)
n
saidanac
xg = n x1 ⋅ x2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ xn = anti lg(lg xg ) (1.1.11)
am SemTxvevaSi S2, S da S x mniSvnelobebs gamoiTvlian vari-
antis logariTmis mixedviT da aRniSnaven Sesabamisad S2 lg, Slg
da Slgxg.
magaliTi. 1.1.1.
linimentis nimuSSi streptocidis Semcve-
lobis gansazRvris dros miRebulia Semdegi monacemebi:

284
 cdis nomeri 1 2 3 4 5
xi, % 9,52 9,55 9,83 10,12 10,33
n=5; f=n‐1=5‐1=4
n

∑ xi
9,52 + 9,55 + 9,83 + 10,12 + 10,33
x= 1
= 9,87
n 5
d i xi − x = xi − 9,87 e.i. d1 = 9,52 − 9,87 = 0,35 da a.S.
n n

∑ di ∑ xi2 − nx 2
(9,52 2 + 9,55 2 + 9,832 + 10,12 2 + 10,332 ) − 5 ⋅ 9,87 2
S =
2 l
= l
= = 0,1252
f f 4

S = S 2 = 0,1252 = 0,3538
S 0,3538
Sx = = 0,1582
n 5
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, miTiTebuli iyo, x, S2,S da Sx
mniSvnelobebi, sandod SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tu SerCevis arc
erTi varianti damZimebuli ar aris uxeSi SecdomebiT, e.i. Tu
SerCeva erTgvarovania. mcire moculobis SerCevis (n<10)
erTgvarovnebis Semowmeba xdeba statistikuri maxasiaTeblebis
winaswari gamoTvlis gareSe. am mizniT, SerCevis 1.1.1. saxiT
warmodgenis Semdeg napira variantebisaTvis - x1 da xn – ga-
moiTvlian sakontrolo kriteriumis mniSvnelobas varirebis
aris R sididis mixedviT:
R = x1 − xn (1.1.12) (a )

x1 − x2
Q1 = (1.1.13) (a)
R
xn − xn −1
Qn = (1.1.13) (b)
R

285
 SerCeva CaiTvleba araerTgvarovnad, Tu Q gamoTvlili
mniSvnelobebidan erTi mainc aWarbebs Q(P,n) cxriliT
mocemul mniSvnelobebs, romlebic gamoTvlilia P sando T
albaTobebisaTvis. (ix. cxrili 1)
cxrili 1.
sakontrolo kriteriumis ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi
Q
n
p=90% p=95% p=99%
3 0,89 0,94 0,99
4 0,68 0.77 0,89
5 0,56 0,64 0,76
6 0,48 0,56 0,70
7 0,43 0,51 0,64
8 0,40 0,48 0,58
9 0,38 0,46 0,55
x1 da xn variantebi, romelsac Seesabameba Q Q> Q(p,n), mxed-
velobaSi ar miiReba da miRebuli Semcirebuli moculobis
SerCevisaTvis tardeba gamoTvlaTa axali cikli 1.1.12 da 1.1.13
formulebis mixedviT, misi erTgvarovnebis Sesamowmeblad.
sabolood miRebuli erTgvarovani SerCeva gamoiyeneba x, S2, S da
Sx gamosaTvlelad.
SeniSvna: 1.1.3. rodesac ⏐x1 – x2⏐< ⏐x2 – x3⏐ da⏐xn – xn‐1⏐< ⏐xn‐1 –
xn‐2⏐ toloba 1.1.13 da 1.1.13 b Rebulobs Sesabamis saxes:
xn −1 − xn − 2 x2 − x3
Qn = Q1 =
R R

286
 magaliTi. 1.1.2. virTxebis sisxlis plazmaSi saerTo azotis
Semcvelobis gansazRvrisaTvis Catarda 9 cda:
i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x i, % 0,62 0,81 0,83 0,86 0,87 0,90 0,94 0,98 0,90

1.1.12 da 1.1.13 a tolobebis mixedviT vangariSobT:

R = x1 − xn = 0,62 − 0,99 = 0,37
x1 − x2 0,62 − 0,81
Q1 = = = 0,51
R 0,37
cxrili 1-is mixedviT vnaxavT, rom:
Q(9;95%) = 0,46 <Q1 = 0,51
Q(9;99%) = 0,55 >Q1 = 0,51
amdenad hipoTeza imis Sesaxeb, rom mniSvneloba x1=0,62
unda gamoiricxos gazomvaTa Sedegebis gansaxilveli erTo-
bliobidan, rogorc uxeSi SecdomiT damZimebuli, SeiZleba
miRebul iqnes 95% sandoobis albaTobiT, magram unda uar-
vyoT, Tu sandoobis albaTobis SerCeuli mniSvnelobaa 99%.
didi moculobis SerCevebisaTvis (n≥10) erTgvarovnebas
amowmeben statistikur maxasiaTebelTa x,S2,S da Sx winaswari ga-
moTvlis Semdeg. amasTan, SerCeva CaiTvleba erTgvarovnad, Tu
yvela variantisaTvis sruldeba piroba:
⏐d1⏐≤⏐3S⏐ (1.1.14)
Tu SerCeva CaiTvala araerTgvarovnad, maSin variantebi,
romelTaTvisac ⏐d1⏐<3S ugulebelyofili iqneba, rogorc uxeSi
SecdomebiT damZimebuli, sandoobis albaTobiT p>99,0%. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, miRebuli Semcirebuli moculobis SerCevisaTvis
imeoreben statistikur maxasiaTebelTa gamoTvlis cikls 1.1.2.,
1.1.5, 1.1.6, 1.1.9 tolobebis mixedviT da kvlav amowmeben erTgva-
rovnebas. statistikur maxasiaTebelTa gamoTvlas dasrule-

287
bulad Tvlian maSin, roca Semcirebuli moculobis SerCeva
erTgvarovani iqneba.
SeniSvna: 1.1.4. mcire moculobis konkretuli SerCevis
erTgvarovnebis gansasazRvravad SeiZleba agreTve 1,1,14 tolo-
bis gamoyeneba, Tu cnobilia S sididis Sefaseba cdebis dros
gamoyenebuli meTodebisaTvis.

1.2. sandoobis intervalebi da maTi sidideebis Se-

faseba

Tu saboloo n moculobis SemTxveviTi erTgvarovani Ser-

Ceva miRebulia μ WeSmariti mniSvnelobebis mqone A sididis
TanmimdevrobiTi gazomvebis Sedegad, maSin am SerCevis saSu-
alo x SeiZleba ganvixiloT mxolod rogorc A miaxloebiTi
Sefaseba. am Sefsebis sarwmunooba xasiaTdeba sandoobis in-
tervalis sididiT romelTaTvisac mocemuli sandoobis alba-
TobiT x − Δx sruldeba pirobebi:
( x − Δx ) ≤ μ ≤ ( x + Δx ) (1.2.1.)
sandoobis intervalis sazRvrebis mniSvnelobebs ga-
moiTvlian stiudentis kriteriumis mixedviT, varaudoben ra,
rom SerCevaSi variantebi ganawilebulia normalurad:
t(P ⋅ f ) ⋅ S
( x ± Δx ) = x ± (1.2.2)
n
sadac t(P,f) cxrili 2-dan aRebuli stiudentis kriteri-
umia.

288
 cxrili 2.
stiudentis da x kriteriumebis ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi
2

t (P,f) da t (P,f) stiudentis kriteriumebi

x2(P,f)
f P
(p=95%)
50% 90% 95% 98% 99%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 3,84 1,000 6,31 12,70 31,82 63,70
2 5,99 0,816 2,92 4,30 6,97 9,92
3 7,82 0,765 2,35 3,18 4,45 5,84
4 9,49 0,741 2,13 2,78 3,75 4,60
5 11,07 0,727 2,01 2,57 3,37 4,03
6 12,59 0,718 1,94 2.45 3,14 3,71
7 14,07 0,711 1,89 2,36 3,00 3,50
8 15,51 0,711 1,89 2,36 3,00 3,50
9 16,92 0,703 1,83 2,26 2,82 3,25
10 18,31 0,700 1,81 2,23 2,76 3,17
15 25,00 0,691 1,75 2,13 2,60 2,95
20 31,4 0,687 1,73 2,09 2,53 2,85
30 _ 0,683 1,70 2,04 2,46 2,75
40 _ 0,681 1,68 2,02 2,42 2,70
60 _ 0,679 1,67 2,00 2,39 2,66
120 _ 0,677 1,66 1,98 2,36 2,62
∞ _ 0,674 1,64 1,96 2,33 2,58
f x2(P,f) 75% 95% 97,5% 99% 99,5%
(p=95%) p
Tu erTi da imave meTodiT gansazRvrisas A mniSvnelobas-
Tan axlos miRebulia ori SemTxveviTi erTgvarovani SerCeva
moculobebiT n da m, maSin roca m < n, m moculobis SerCe-
visaTvis marTebulia toloba:
t ( P, f ( n ) ) ⋅ S ( n )
x( m ) ± Δx( m ) = x( m ) ± (1,2,3)
m

289
 (indeqsi miuTiTebs sidideebis n an m SerCevis moculo-
bisaTvis mikuTvnebaze).
gamosaxuleba 1.2.3 saSualebas iZleva Sefades sandoobis
intervalis sidide x(m) saSualosaTvis, romelic gansaz-
Rvrulia m moculobis SerCevidan. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
SerCevis saSualo x(m)-is sandoobis intervali m SedarebiT
mcire moculobis dros SeiZleba Seviwrovdes S(n) da t(Pf(n)) cno-
bili sidideebis gamoyenebiT, es sidideebi gamoTvlilia wi-
naswar, SerCevis didi moculobisaTvis (SemdgomSi n indeqsi
gamotovebuli iqneba).
SeniSvna. 1.2.1. Tu n ≤ 15, a m + n >1,5 , sidideebi S da f mizan-
n
Sewonilia gamoiTvalos ise, rogorc miTiTebulia SeniSvnaSi
1.1.1.
Tu 1.2.2.-Si CavsvamT n = 1, 1.2.3-Si ki, m = 1 miviRebT:
xi ± Δx = xi ± t (P,f) ⋅ S (1,2,4)
es intervali warmoadgens calkeuli gansazRvris Sedegis
sandoobis intervals. misTvis p sarwmuno albaTobiT srulde-
ba urTierTdakavSirebuli pirobebi:
xi - Δx ≤ μ ≤ xi ± Δx (1,2,5)
μ - Δx ≤ xi ≤ μ ± Δx (1,2,6)
1.2.2. da 1.2.3. tolobebidan Δx da Δx mniSvnelobebi ga-
moiyeneba calkeuli variantebis (ε) da sSualo Sedegebis (ε)
procentebSi gamosaxuli cdomilebis gamosaTvlelad:
Δx
ε= ⋅ 100% (1.2.7)
x

Δx
ε= ⋅100% (1.2.8)
x

290
 magaliTi. 1.2.1. qinhidronis standartul nimuSSi qinonis
gansazRvris Sedegad miRebulia Semdegi monacemebi (n=10)

i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Xi, % 49,80 49,83 49,87 49,87 49,92 50,01 50,05 50,06 50,10 50,11

1.1.2, 1.1.4, 1.1.5, 1.1.6, 1.1.9 formulebiT gamoTvlis mixedviT

miRebulia Semdegi monacemebi:
x = 49,96; f = 9; S 2 = 0,01366
S = 0,1169 S x = 0,03696
1.2.4 da 1.2.2 mixedviT calkeuli gansazRvrisa da saSualo
Sedegis sandoobis intervalebi p=90%-ze:
xi ± Δ x = xi ± t (P,f) ⋅ S = xi ± t (90%,9) ⋅ S = xi ± 1,83 ⋅ 0,1169 = xi + 0,21
t ( p, f ) ⋅ S 1,83 ⋅ 0,1169
x ± Δx = x ± = 49,96 ± = 49,96 ± 0,07
n 10
maSin 1,2,7 da 1,2,8 mixedviT fardobiTi cdomileba ε da ε
toli iqneba:
Δx 0,21
ε= ⋅100% = 100% = 0,42%
x 49,96
Δx 0,07
ε= ⋅100% = 100% = 0,14%
x 49,96
Tu qinhidronSi qinonis WeSmarit Semcvlobas avRniSnavT
μ–iT maSin SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom 96%-iani sarwmuno alba-
TobiT marTebulia uTanabroba:
μ − 0,21 ≤ x1 ≤ μ + 0,21 i nebismieri mniSvnelobisaTvis

xi − 0,21 ≤ μ ≤ xi + 0,21
μ − 0,07 ≤ x ≤ μ + 0,07
x − 0,07 ≤ μ ≤ x + 0,07 roca n=10
291
 SeniSvna: 1.2.2.
SeniSvna 1.1.2-Si aRweril SemTxvevaSi,
sarwmuno intervalebis gamoTvlas axdenen variantis loga-
riTmidan gamomdinare. maSin gamosaxulebebi 1.2.2. da 1.2.4. Re-
bulobs Semdeg saxes:
t ( P, f ) ⋅ Slg
lg x ± Δ lg x = lg x ± (1.2.9)
n
lg xi ± Δ lg x = lg xi ± ( P, f ) ⋅ Slg (1.2.10)

1.2.9 da 1.2.10 gamosaxulebaTa potencirebas mivyavarT x da

x mniSvnelobis arasimetriul sarwmuno intervalamde.

anti lg(lg x − Δ lg x ) ≤ x ≤ anti lg(lg x + Δ lg x ) (1.2.11)

anti lg(lg xi − Δ lg xi ) ≤ xi ≤ anti lg(lg xi + Δ lg xi ); (1.2.12)

sadac,
t ( P, f ) ⋅ S lg
Δ lg x =
n
Δ lg x1 = t ( p, f ) ⋅ S lg
amasTan x da x sarwmuno intervalis zeda da qveda saz-
RvrebisaTvis gveqneba:
⎡ anti lg(lg x ± Δ lg x ) − x ⎤
ε =⎢ ⎥ ⋅100%; (1.2.12) a)
⎣ x ⎦
⎡ anti lg(lg xi ± Δ lg x) − xi ⎤
ε =⎢ ⎥ ⋅100%; (1.2.12) (b)
⎣ xi ⎦

292
 1.3. analizis meTodis metrologiuri daxasiaTeba.
analizis ori meTodis asaxvisunarianobis Sedareba

meTodis metrologiuri daxasiaTebis mizniT axdenen gan-

sasazRvravi μ komponentis cnobili Semadgenlobis mqone sin-
jis analizisas miRebuli erTi an ramdenime SerCevis erTo-
bliv statistikur damuSavebas. statistikuri SerCevis Sede-
gebi mocemulia 1.3.1. cxrilis saxiT.
cxrili 1.3.1.
analizis meTodis metrologiuri maxasiaTeblebi
μ f x S2 S P t(P,f) Δx ε δ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10*
10* grafa Seivseba im SemTxvevaSi Tu sruldeba 1.3.2.
utoloba.

SeniSvna 1.3.1. iseTi SerCevis erToblivi statistikuri da-

muSavebisas, romlebic miiReba gansasazRvravi μ komponentis
gansxvavebuli Semadgenlobis sinjebis analizisas, cxrili
1.3.1-is 1,2,3,4,9 da 10 grafebis monacemebi calkeuli SerCevisaT-
vis cal-calke moicema. amasTan 2,4,5,7,8 grafebSi bolo
striqonSi xazis qveS moicema f, S2, S, t, Δx-is ganzogadebuli
mniSvnelobebi gamoTvlili 1.1.1. SeniSvnis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tu
m moculobis SerCevisaTvis sidide ⏐μ-x⏐>0, unda gairkves sis-
tematuri cdomilebis arsebobis Tu ar arsebobis sakiTxi.
amisaTvis iTvlian stiudentis kriteriumebs T.
μ−x m
T= (1.3.1)
S
Tu magaliTad p=95% da f=m‐1 adgili aqvs utolobas:
t > t(P,f) (1.3.2)

293
 maSin, mocemuli meTodiT miRebuli Sedegebi damZimebulia
sistematuri cdomilebebiT, romlis fardobiTi sidide δ ga-
moiTvleba formuliT:
x−μ
δ= ⋅100%; (1.3.3)
μ
unda gvaxsovdes, rom Tu sidide A gansazRvrulia, ro-
gorc eTalonuri meTodiT miRebuli raRac SerCevis x saSua-
lo, maSin stiudentis kriteriumi t SeiZleba gamoTvlili iqnas
1.4.5. gantolebiT.
analizis ori meTodis asaxvisunarianobis Sedarebisas
dispersiis SefasebebiT S21 da S21 ( S21 > S22 ) gamoiTvlian fiSeris
kriteriumebs F:
S12
F= 2; (1.3.4)
S2
F kriteriumi, roca S21 > S22 axasiaTebs S21 da S22 Soris
sxvaobis sandoobas.
gamoTvlil F mniSvnelobas adareben cxrilis F(P,f1,f2)
mniSvnelobas, roca p=99% (ix. danarTis cxrili 3).
Tu F > F (P,f1,f2) (1.3.5. )
maSin dispersiaTa S21 da S22 Soris gansxvaveba gamoiTvleba
statistikurad arsebiTad P albaTobiT, rac gvaZlevs daskvnis
gakeTebis saSualebas, rom meore meTodi ufro maRal asaxvis-
unariania, roca F≤F(P,f1,f2) (1.3.5. a)
maSin, S21 da S22 mniSvnelobas Soris sxvaoba ar SeiZleba
CaiTvalos arsebiTad da daskvnis gamotana meTodTa asaxvisu-
narianobis gansxvavebis Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba arasakmarisi in-
formaciis gamo.

294
 SeniSvna 1.3.2. 1.1.2. SeniSvnaSi aRwerili SemTxvevisaTvis
1.3.1. cxrilSi μ, x, S21 da S sidideebis magivrad moyavT lgμ, lgxg,
S2lg, Slg amasTan 8 grafaSi, 1.2.2. SeniSvnis Tanaxmad SeaqvT Δ lgx,
xolo 9 grafaSi ⏐ε⏐ sididis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba. analo-
giuri cvlilebebi SeaqvT 1.3.1. formuliT t–s gamoTvlisas da
1.3.4. formuliT F–is gamoTvlisas.
analizis ori meTodis SedarebisTvis statistikuri damu-
Savebis Sedegebi mocemulia 1.3.2. cxrilSi.
cxrili 1.3.2
monacemebi analizis ori meTodis Sedarebis metrologiuri
SefasebisaTvis.
meTodi t(P,f) t F
μ f x S2 S P Δx ε δ SeniSvna
N cxrilSi gamoT gamoT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1
2

cxrili 3.
F(P,f 1,f2) fiSeris kriteriumis ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi
p=99%-sTvis
f1
f2
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20
1 4052 4999 5403 5625 5764 5859 5981 6056 6106 6169 6208
2 98.49 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.23 99.33 99.36 99.40 99.42 99.44 99.45
3 34.12 30.81 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.49 27.23 27.05 26.83 26.65
4 21.20 18.20 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.80 14.54 14.37 14.15 14.02
5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.77 10.27 10.05 9.89 9.68 9.55
6 13.74 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.10 7.87 7.72 7.52 7.39
7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.84 6.62 6.47 6.27 6.15
8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.03 5.82 5.67 5.48 5.36
9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.58 5.47 5.26 5.11 4.92 4.80

295
 10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.06 4.85 4.71 4.52 4.41
11 9.65 7.20 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.74 4.54 4.40 4.21 4.10
12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.50 4.30 4.16 3.98 3.86
13 9.07 7.70 5.74 5.20 4.86 4.62 4.30 4.10 3.96 3.78 3.67
14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.03 4.60 4.46 4.14 3.94 3.80 3.62 3.51
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.00 3.80 3.67 3.48 3.36
16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 3.89 3.69 3.55 3.37 3.25
17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.79 3.59 3.45 3.27 3.16
18 8.28 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.71 3.51 3.37 3.19 3.07
19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.63 3.43 3.30 3.12 3.00
20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.56 3.37 3.23 3.05 2.94
25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.86 3.63 3.32 3.13 2.99 2.81 2.70
30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.17 2.93 2.84 2.66 2.55
40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 2.99 2.80 2.60 2.49 2.37
60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.82 2.63 2.50 2.32 2.20

analizis meTodebis metrologiuri Sedareba sasurvelia

Catardes roca μ1 = μ2; f1 > 10 da f2 > 10. Tu μ1 da μ2 – is
zusti mniSvnelobebi cnobili ar aris, maSin δ da tgamoT
sidideebs ar gansazRvraven.

SeniSvna 1.3.1. vTqvaT analizuri monacemebis (1 da 2) ori

SerCevisaTvis, romlebic axasiaTeben, magaliTad analizis
sxvadasxva meTods, miRebulia metrologiuri maxasiaTeblebi
mocemuli 1.3.3. cxrilis 1-10 grafebSi.
cxrili 1.3.3.
t(P,f) F(P,f1,f2)
SerCevis
normebi

Δ F
μ f x% S2 S P% cxri- ε t (cxr) δ
x gamoT
li p=99%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
100,1 0,215 0,46 -
1 100 20 95 2,09 0,97 0,97 1,28 3,36 17,92
3 0,01 4 1,9
2 100 15 95 2,13 0,23 0,24 72,36 - -
98,01 2 0,110 9

296
 11 grafis Sesavsebad gamoiTvlian t 1 da t 2;
μ − x1 m1 100 − 100,13 20 + 1
t1 = = = 1,28
S1 0,464

μ − x 2 m2 100 − 98,01 15 + 1
t1 = = = 72,36
S2 0,110

radgan t1 =1,28 < (95%,20) = 2,09 hipoTeza ⏐μ1 – x1 ⏐≠ 0 SeiZle-

ba uaryofil iqnas, rac uflebas gvaZlevs CavTvaloT, rom 1
SerCevis Sedegebi Tavisufalia sistemuri cdomilebebisagan.
piriqiT, radgan t2 = 72,36 > t2(95%,15) = 2,13 amitom hipoTeza⏐μ1 –
x1 ⏐≠ 0 unda CaiTvalos statistikurad sarwmunod, rac imis
maCvenebelia, rom 2 SerCevis Sedegebi sistemuri cdomilebebi-
Taa aRniSnuli. 14 grafaSi Segvaqvs:
μ1 − x1 100 − 98,01
δ2 = ⋅100% = ⋅100% = 1,99%
μ 100
SevavsoT 12 da 13 grafa:
F(99%;20,15) = 3,36
S12 0,215
F= = = 17,92
S 22 0,012
F=17,92>> F(99%;20,15) = 3,36
aqedan, roca P=99% S12 da S 22 dispersiaTa gansxvavebis Se-
saxeb hipoTeza unda CaiTvalos statistikurad sarwmunod.
Sedegi:
a) pirveli meTodiT miRebuli Sedegebi sworia, e.i. ar
arian damZimebuli sistematiuri cdomilebebiT.
b) meore meTodiT miRebuli Sedegebi damZimebulia sis-
tematiuri cdomilebebiT.
g) asaxvisunarianobiT meore meTodi arsebiTad ukeTesia
pirvelze.

297
 1.4. Sedegis saSualo metrologiuri daxasiaTeba.
ori SerCevis saSualoebis Sedareba

Tu analizis (gazomvis) mocemuli meTodis meSveobiT

SesaZlebelia raRac A sididis mniSvnelobis gansazRvra, maSin
miRebuli m moculobis eqsperimentuli erTgvarovani SerCevi-
saTvis gamoiTvlian 1.4.1. cxrilis Sesavsebad aucilebel
sidideebs.
ase iqcevian im SemTxvevaSi, Tu analizis (gazomvis) ga-
moyenebuli meTodi ar iyo adre atestirebuli metrologiu-
rad. Tu am meTods ukve aqvs metrologiuri atestacia, maSin
2,4,5,7,8 da 9 grafebi 1.4.1. cxrilSi ivseba atestaciis dros mi-
Rebuli 1.3.1. cxrilis monacemebis safuZvelze. 1.4.1. cxrilis
Sevsebisas aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas
miRebuli 1.2.1. da 1.3.1. SeniSvnebi.

cxrili 1.4.1
saSualo Sedegis metrologiuri maxasiaTeblebi
Δx
m f x S2 S Sx P t(P,f) Δx ε
x±Δ x

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

amgvarad, A gasazomi sididisaTvis, im daSvebiT, rom sis-

tematur cdomilebas adgili ar aqvs, 1.2.1. gamosaxulebaze
daydnobiT da P albaTobiT sruldeba piroba:
x ‐ Δx ≤ A ≤ x + Δ x (1.4.1)
e.i. A = x + Δ x (1.4.2.)

298
 SeniSvna 1.4.1. 1.1.2. SeniSvnaSi gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevis
dros 1.4.1. cxrilis 9 grafaSi mohyavT sidide Δ lg x da 3,10 da
11 grafebidan TiToeuls yofen orad (a,b,) grafaSi 3a SeaqvT xg
mniSvneloba. grafaSi 3b - lgxg, grafaSi 10a da 10b – Sesabamisad
xg – sTvis ndobis intervalis qveda da zeda sazRvrebis
mniSvnelobebi (ix. 1.2.11 da 1.2.12 gantolebebi). bolos 11
grafaSi mohyavT ε sididis maqsimaluri absoluturi
mniSvneloba (ix. gantoleba 1.2.12). Tu erTi da igive A sididis
gazomvaTa SedegebiT miRebulia ori n1 da n2 moculobis Ser-
Ceva, amasTan x1 ≠ x2 SeiZleba aRiZras, x1 = x2 (1.4.3.) hipoTezis
statistikuri WeSmaritebis Semowmebis aucilebloba, e.i. (x1 ‐
x2) sxvaobis arsebiToba. aseTi Semowmeba aucilebelia, Tu A
sidide ganisazRvreboda ori meTodiT maTi Sedarebis mizniT,
an Tu sidide ganisazRvreboda erTi da igive meTodiT ori
sxvadasxva obieqtisaTvis, romelTa identurobac dasamtkice-
belia. 1.4.3. hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad saWiroa dadgindes, arse-
bobs Tu ara statistikurad arsebiTi gansxvaveba da disper-
siebs Soris. es Semowmeba mimdinareobs ise, rogorc miTiTe-
bulia 1.3. nawilSi (ix. 1.3.4; 1.3.5; 1.3.5a gamosaxulebebi) gan-
vixiloT sami SemTxveva:
1. S12 da S 22 dispersiaTa sxvaoba statistikurad ar aris
arwmuno (samarTliania 1.3.5a utoloba). am SemTxvevaSi S2–is
wonis saSualo mniSvneloba 1.1.7 gantolebis mixedviT ga-
moiTvleba, xolo ⏐ x1 ‐ x2⏐sxvaobis dispersia gamoiTvleba
1.4.4..... S 2p gantolebiT.

S 2 (n1 + n2 )
S p2 = ; (1.4.4) (a)
n1 ⋅ n2
Semdeg gamoiTvlian stiudentis kriteriums:

299
 S p = S p2 (1.4.4.)

x1 − x2 x1 − x2 n1n2
t= = ⋅ ; (1.4.5)
Sp S n1 + n2
f = n1 + n2 − 2; (1.4.5.a)
Tu P‐s amorCeuli mniSvnelobisaTvis (magaliTad, roca P
= 95%)
t > t(p,f) (1.4.6.)
maSin Semowmebis Sedegi dadebiTia – ( x1 ‐ x 2 ) sxvaobis
mniSvneloba warmoadgens arsebiTs da x1 ‐ x2 hipoTeza uaryo-
filia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi unda CaiTvalos, rom hipoTeza
ar ewinaRmdegeba eqsperimentul monacemebs.
2. S12 da S 22 mniSvnelobebs Soris sxvaoba statistikurad
sarwmunoa (samarTliania 1.3.5. utoloba).
Tu S12 > S 22 maSin (x1 ‐ x2) sxvaobis dispersias S 22 pouloben
1.4.7. gantolebiT. xolo Tavisuflebis xarisxis ricxviT mniSv-
nelobas f′– 1.4.8. gantolebiT.
S12 S 22
S p2 = + ; (1.4.7)
n1 n2
⎛ S2 ⋅S2 ⎞
f ′ = (n1 + n2 − 2) ⋅ ⎜ 0,5 + 41 24 ⎟; (1.4.8)
⎜ S1 + S 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
amrigad, mocemul SemTxvevaSi:
x1 − x2 x1 − x2 ⋅ n1 ⋅ n2
t= = ; (1.4.9)
Sp n2 S12 + n1S 22
1.4.9. gantolebiT gamoTvlil t mniSvnelobas adareben
cxriliT t (p,f) mocemul mniSvnelobas, ise, rogorc aRwerilia
zemoT 1 SemTxvevaSi.

300
 problemis ganxilva martivdeba, roca n1 ≈ n2 Tu S12 >> S 22 da
maSin, sistematuri cdomilebebis ararseobis SemTxvevaSi, n2
moculobis mqone SerCevis saSualos x2 -s miiCneven sididis
sakmaod zust Sefasebad. e.i. miiCneva, x2 = μ rom 1.4.3. hipoTezis
evivalentur hipoTezis samarTlianobas amowmeben 1.3.1 da 1.3.2.
gamosaxulebebis saSualebiT, miiCneven ra, rom f1 = n1 − 1 hi-
poTeza 1.4.3. ugulebelyofil iqneba, rogorc araWeSmariti, Tu
sruldeba 1.3.2. utoloba.
3. cnobilia sididis zusti mniSvneloba Tu A = μ , amowme-
ben or hipoTezas:
x1 = μ ; (1 . 4 . 6 )
x 2 = μ ; (1 . 4 . 7 )
Semowmeba xdeba ise, rom rogorc aRwerilia 1.3. nawilSi.
1.3.1. da 1.3.2. gamosaxulebebis saSualebiT TiToeuli hipo-
TezisaTvis cal-calke.
Tu 1.4.6 da 1.4.7 hipoTezebi statistikurad WeSmaritia, ma-
Sin unda miviRoT 1.4.3. hipoTezis WeSmaritebac. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi 1.4.3. hipoTeza unda uaryofil iqnas, rogorc
mcdari.
SeniSvna 1.4.2. im SemTxvevaSi, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia
1.1.2 SeniSvniT, saSualoTa Sedarebisas gamoiyeneba lg x g , S lg2
da S lg ;
roca ( x1 − x2 ) sxvaoba aRmoCndeba arsebiTi, sandoobis in-
tervals gansazRvraven Sesabamisi generaluri saSualebebis
( xˆ 1 da xˆ 2 ) sxvaobisaTvis.

x1 − x 2 − t ( P , f ) ⋅ S p ≤ xˆ1 − xˆ 2 ≤ x1 − x 2 + t ( p , f ) ⋅ S p (1 .4 .10 )

magaliTi 1.4.1.
sxvadasxva teqnologiiT damzadebuli
preparatis or sinjSi ZiriTadi nivTierebebis Semcvelobis
301
dasadgenad miRebuli saSualo Sedegebis metrologiuri
maxasiaTeblebi mocemulia 1.4.2. cxrilSi. gadasawyvetia aris
Tu ara pirveli sinji, mocemuli maxasiaTebeliT, meoresTan
SedarebiT ukeTesi.
S 22 0,31
radgan F= = = 1,24∠F (99%;5,7) = 7,46
S12 0,25
2 2
amitom 1.3.5a utolobis Tanaxmad S1 da S 2 sidideebs So-
ris statistikuri sarwmuno sxvaoba ar aris.
cxrili 1.4.2

sinjis
n f x% S2 S Sx P% t(P,f) Δx Δx ε%
nomeri

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 8 7 99,10 0,25 0,50 0,18 95 2,36 1,18 0,42 0,42
2 6 5 98,33 0,31 0,56 0,23 95 2,57 1,44 0,59 0,60

aqedan gamomdinare, hipoTeza x1 = x2 (1,4,3) Semowmdeba 1.1.7;

1.1.8; 1.4.4 da 1.4.5 gantolebebiT.

∑ [(n ]
k =g
− 1) S k2
k
f1 S12 + f 2 S 22 7 ⋅ 0,25 + 5 ⋅ 0,31
S= k =1
k =g
= = = 0,275
f1 + f 2 7+5
∑ (n
k =1
k − 1)

S = S 2 = 0,275 = 0,524
S 2 (n1 + n2 ) 0,275(8 + 6)
S p2 = = = 0,0802
n1 ⋅ n2 8⋅6
f = n1 + n 2 − 2 = 8 + 6 − 2 = 12
x1 − x 2 99,10 − 98,33
t= = = 2,72
Sp 0,283
302
 f = n1 + n 2 − 2 = 8 + 6 − 2 = 12
x1 − x 2 99,10 − 98,33
t= = = 2,72
Sp 0,283
t = 2,72〈t (99%;12) = 3,08
t = 2,72〈t (99%;12) = 3,08
amgvarad, 95% ndobis albaTobiT x1 ≠ x2 hipoTeza
SesaZlebelia miRebul iqnas, t = 2,72〉 t (95%;12) = 2,18 magram 99%
ndobis albaTobiT am hipoTezis miReba ar SeiZleba informa-
ciis ukmarisobis gamo. Tu x1 ≠ x2 hipoTezas miviRebT, maSin
) )
gansazRvraven x da x 2 generaluri saSualebis (1.4.10 gan-
toleba) sxvaobis sandoobis intervals.
x1 − x2 − t ( P, S ) ⋅ S p ≤ xˆ1 − xˆ 2 ≤ x1 − x2 + t ( P, f ) ⋅ S p
p=95% f = 12
99,10 − 98,33 − 2,18 ⋅ 0,283 ≤ xˆ1 − xˆ 2 ≤ 99,10 − 98,33 = 2,18 ⋅ 0,283
0,15 ≤ xˆ1 − xˆ 2 ≤ 1,39

1.5. analizis Sedegebis interpretacia. paraleluri

gansazRvriT miRebuli Sedegebis Tanxvedris Sefaseba

rigiTi gamokvlevis dros analitikosi awarmoebs 2,3 iS-

viaTad 4 paralelur gansazRvras. am dros miRebuli m mocu-
lobis mowesrigebuli SerCevis variantebi, rogorc wesi sak-
maod mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTimeorisagan. Tu analizis
meTodi metrologiurad atestirebulia, maSin ori parale-
luri gansazRvris Sedegebis maqsimaluri sxvaoba unda akmayo-
filebdes utolobas:
x1 − xn ∠L( P, m) ⋅ s; (1.5.1)

303
 sadac L = ( P, m) pirsonis mixedviT gamoTvlili faqtoria,
roca P = 95%.
m 2 3 4
L 2,77 3,31 3,65
Tu utoloba ar sruldeba, aucilebelia Catardes
damatebiTi gansazRvra da xelaxla Semowmdes akmayofilebs
Tu ara ⏐ X1 ‐Xn⏐ sidide 1.5.1 utolobas.
Tu oTxi paraleluri gansazRvriT miRebuli SedegebisaT-
vis utoloba 1.5.1. ar sruldeba, erT-erTi varianti (X1 an X3)
unda ugulebelyofil iqnas da Seicvalos axliT.
Tu SeuZlebelia 1.5.1. utolobis dakmayofilebis miRweva,
maSin unda CaiTvalos, rom analizis konkretulma pirobebma
gamoiwvia meTodis asaxvisunarianobis Semcireba da S sididis
is Sefaseba romelic miRebulia saerTod, am SemTxvevaSi iqneba
Semcirebuli. maSin iqcevian ise, rogorc 1.1 nawilSi.

paralelur gansazRvraTa aucileblobis

raodenobis dadgena

Tu aucilebelia miviRoT x saSualo Sedegi ε ≤ φ fardo-

biTi cdomilebiT, maSin, amasTan analizis meTodi metrologi-
urad atestirebulia, paralelur gansazRvraTa aucilebel m
raodenobas eZeben 1.2.3 gantolebidan gamomdinare.
2
⎛ Δx ⋅ 100 ⎞
m ≥ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; (1,5,2)
⎝ φ⋅x ⎠
produqciis xarisxis garantia.
CavTvaloT, rom produqciis xarisxi reglamentirebulia
A sididis amin da amax zRvruli mniSvnelobebiT. A sidides gan-
sazRvraven analizis SedegebiT. miviRoT, rom produqris

304
xarisxis amin < A < amax pirobasTan Sesabamisobis albaToba unda
iyos P%.
vTqvaT, A sidides pouloben eqsperimentulad, rogorc m
moculobis SerCevis saSualos, xolo gansazRvris meTodi
metrologiurad aucilebelia. maSin 1.5.3. piroba Sesruldeba
P albaTobiT, Tu x = A iqneba moTavsebuli sazRvrebSi
−
amin + Δ A ∠A∠a max − ΔA ; (1,5,4)

sadac
U (P ) ⋅ S
ΔA = ; (1,5,5, )
m
U koeficientis mniSvneloba P = 95% da P = 99%
albaTobebisaTvis Sesabamisad aris 1,65 da 2,33. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, xarisxis garantiisaTvis A sididis cvlilebis
sazRvrebi praqtikulad unda SemoisazRvros mniSvnelobebiT:
U (P ) ⋅ S
Amin = a min + ΔA = amin + ; (1.5.6)
m
U (P ) ⋅ S
Amin = a min − ΔA = a min + ; (1.5.7)
m
piriqiT Tu mocemulia Amin da Amax mniSvnelobebi, maSin
1.5.3 utolobaSi Semavali a min da amax mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba
1.5.6. da 1.5.7. gantolebaTa amoxsniT iqnas miRebuli.
bolos, Tu mocemulia Amin , amin da Amax , amax mniSvnelo-
baTa wyvilebi, maSin 1.5.6. da 1.5.7. gantolebebi SeiZleba
amoixsnas m–is mimarT.
es SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas A sididis paralelur gan-
sazRvraTa aucilebeli raodenobis Sesafaseblad.

305
 SeniSvna 1.5.1. gantolebebSi 1.5.5.; 15.6. da 1.5.7. U (P ) koefi-
cientis sidide unda Seicvalos t ( P , f ) sididiT, Tu f-is
mniSvneloba gansazRvruli 1.1.4 an 1.1.8 gantolebiT <15.
SeniSvna 1.5.2. im SemTxvevaSi, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia
1.5. nawilis 1.1.2 SeniSvnaSi, gamoTvlebi tardeba lg x g , lg xi , S lg
da a.S. sidideebis gamoyenebiT.
magaliTi 1.5.1. ganvixiloT 1.3.3. cxrilis monacemebi, ro-
melic ekuTvnis 1 SerCevas, rogorc gamoyenebuli analizis me-
Todis metrologiuri maxasiaTeblebi.
a) vTqvaT, amin = 98 %, amax = 100 ,50 % . maSin sami paraleluri
gansazRvris Catarebis Sedegad miRebuli ( m = 3) produqtis
sacdeli sinjis analizis saSualo Sedegi A unda moTavsdes
sazRvrebSi
U ( P) ⋅ S U (P ) ⋅ S
amin + ∠A∠amax −
m m
roca P = 99%
2,33 ⋅ 0,464 2,33 ⋅ 0,464
98 + ∠A∠100,5 −
3 3
98 , 62 〈 A 〈 99 , 98
roca P = 95%
1,65 ⋅ 0,464 1,65 ⋅ 0,464
98 + ∠A∠100,5 −
3 3
98,44〈 A〈106,06

b) sacdeli produqtis sinjis analizis realuri saSualo

Sedegi A = 99% (roca m = 3 ). maSin amin da amax sazRvrebis
gamoTvla, romlebic mocemuli sinjis garantirebuli
xarisxis maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenen, mocemuli P sandoobis

306
albaTobiT, xdeba 1.5.6. da 1.5.7. gantolebebidan gamomdinare,
CavTvliT ra rom Amin = Amax = A
U (P ) ⋅ S
a min = A −
m
U (P ) ⋅ S
amin = A +
m
roca P = 99%
2,33 ⋅ 0,464
amin = 99 − = 98,38%
3
2,33 ⋅ 0,464
amax = 99 + = 99,62%
3
roca P = 95%
1,65 ⋅ 0,464
amin = 99 − = 98,56%
3
1,65 ⋅ 0,464
amax = 99 + = 99,44%
3
miRebuli Sedegebi amin da amax axloa sandoobis inter-
valis sazRvrebTan
Δx 0,97
A ± Δx = A ± = 99 ± = 99 ± 0,56
m m
rac Seesabameba 1.5.1. SeniSvnas.

1.6. wrfivi damokidebulebebis parametrebis gamoT-

vla da statistikuri Sefaseba

raodenobrivi analizis rigi fizikuri da fizikur-

qimiuri meTodebis gamoyenebisas, uSualo gazomvas emorCileba
raRac y sidide, romelic wrfivi funqciaa gansasazRvravi niv-

307
Tierebebis an elementis x saZiebeli koncentraciisa (raode-
noba). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, analizis am meTods sa-
fuZvlad udevs y = bx + a (1.6.1.) wrfivi damokidebuleba, sadac y‐
gasazomi sididea, x-gansasazRvravi nivTierebebis an elementis
koncentracia (raodenoba); b-wrfivi damokidebulebebis sa-
kuTxo koeficienti, a‐wrfivi damokidebulebis Tavisufali
wevri. analizuri miznebisaTvis (1.6.1.) damokidebulebis gamo-
sayeneblad, e.i. y gazomili sididis mixedviT x–is konkretuli
sididis gansasazRvravad, aucilebelia winaswar napovni iqnas
b da a mudmivebis ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi. zogjer (1.6.1.) fun-
qciis mudmivebs aqvT esa Tu is fizikuri azri da maTi
mniSvnelobebi unda Sefasdes Sesabamisi sandoobis intervalis
gaTvaliswinebiT. Tu a da b mudmivebi napovnia, maSin sidides
vpoulobT yi gazomili sididis mniSvnelobis saSualebiT.
1 a
x1 = yi − ; (1.6.2)
b b
a da b mudmivebis povnisas x ganixilaven, rogorc argu-
ments, xolo y sidides, rogorc funqcias. x da y cvladebs
Soris wrfivi damokidebuleba yovelTvis ar Cans cxadad. amis
gamo eqsperimentul monacemebs upirveles yovlisa iyeneben
wrfivobis simtkicis Sesafaseblad e.i. x da y sidideebs Soris
wrfivi damokidebulebebis araSemTxveviTobis rigis Sesafase-
blad da mxolod amis Semdeg gansazRvraven mudmiv a da b
sidideebs da maTi ndobis intervalebs. Tu ramdenad wrfivia
damokidebulebebi x da y sidideebs Soris, pirveli miaxloe-
biT SegviZlia vimsjeloT korelaciis z koeficientis sididis
mixedviT, romelic gamoiTvleba gantolebiT:

308
 m m m
m ∑
1
xi y i − ∑ ∑y
1
xi
1
i
Z= m
(1.6.3.)
⎡ m ⎛ m ⎞
2⎤⎡
m ⎛ m ⎞
2⎤
⎢m
⎢ ∑ x12 − ⎜
⎜ ∑ xi ⎟
⎟
⎥ ⎢m
⎥⎢ ∑ yi2 − ⎜
⎜ ∑ yi ⎟
⎟
⎥
⎥
⎣ 1 ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎦⎣ 1 ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎦

1.6.1. cxrilSi moyvanili eqsperimentuli monacemebidan ga-

momdinare, rac ufro axloa erTTan ⏐z⏐, miT naklebad
SemTxveviTia x da y cvladebs Soris dasakvirvebeli wrfivi
damokidebuleba. analizur qimiaSi umetes SemTxvevaSi sarge-
bloben wrfivi damokidebulebebiT, romelTa koleraciis koe-
ficientia ⏐z⏐≥0,98. mxolod kvalis arsebobis dros anal-
izisas ganixilaven wrfiv damokidebulebas koleraciis koefi-
cientiT⏐z⏐≥0,9.
1.6.2. gantolebis gamoyeneba gamarTlebulia mxolod
⏐z⏐≥0,95 dros.
a da b koeficientebs da 1.6.1. damokidebulebebis sxva
metrologiur maxasiaTeblebs gamoiTvlian umcires kvadratTa
meTodiT eqsperimentulad gansazRvruli y-is mniSvnelobebis
mixedviT, mocemuli x argumentis mniSvnelobebisaTvis. vTqvaT
eqsperimentis Sedegad miRebulia 1.6.1. cxrilSi mocemuli x
argumentisa da y funqciis mniSvnelobaTa wyvilebi.

cxrili 1.6.1.
m xi yi
1 x1 y1
2 x2 y2
.... ...... ......
m xm ym

309
 maSin:
m m m
m ∑x y −∑x ∑ y
1
i i
1
i
1
i
b= (1.6.4.)
⎡ m ⎛ m ⎞
2⎤
⎢m
⎢ ∑
1
yi2 −⎜
⎜
⎝
∑ 1
xi ⎟
⎟
⎠
⎥
⎥
⎣ ⎦
m m

∑ y − b∑ x
1
i
1
i
a= (1.6.5.)
m

f = m − 2; (1.6.6.)
Tu a da b koeficientTa miRebul mniSvnelobebs
gamoviyenebT 1.6.1. cxriliT mocemuli x argumentis
mniSvnelobebis mixedviT maSin y-is gamoTvlili mniSvnelobebi,
aRiniSneba Y1, Y2,..... Yi,...... Yn. y1 mniSvnelobaTa gafantvas Y1
mniSvnelobebis mimarT, axasiaTebs S 02 dispersia, romelic ga-
moiTvleba gantolebiT:
m m m m

∑ ( yi − Yi ) 2 ∑ yi2 − a∑ yi − b∑ xi yi
a= 1
= 1 1 1
(1.6.7)
f f
Tavis mxriv a da b mudmivebis dispersiebs gamoiTvlian
gantolebiT:
m ⋅ S 02
S b2 = 2
(1.6.8)
m ⎛ m ⎞
m ∑ 1
x12 − ⎜
⎜
⎝
∑ 1
xi ⎟
⎟
⎠
Sb2
m
S a2 =
m
⋅ ∑x 1
2
(1.6.9)

310
 mudmivaTa sandoobis intervalebis SemTxvevisaTvis au-
cilebeli Sb da Sa standartuli gadaxrebi da Δb da Δa
sidideebi gamoiTvleba gantolebebiT:

Sb = Sb2 (1.6.10)

S = S2 (1.6.11)
Δb = t ( P; F ) ⋅ Sb ; (1.6.12)
Δa = t ( P; F ) ⋅ S a ; (1.6.13)
1.6.1. gantolebas a da b mudmivebiT, aucileblad akmayo-
filebs wertili x da y koordinatebiT, romelsac miRebuli
grafikis centri ewodeba.
m

∑x
1
i
x= ; (1.6.14)
m
m

∑y
1
j
y= ; (1.6.15)
m
Yi mniSvnelobidan umciresi yi gadaxra aRiniSneba grafikis
centris midamoSi. y da x sidideebis Sy da Sx standartuli
gadaxrebi gamoiTvleba Sesabamisad 1.6.1. da 1.6.2. gantolebebiT,
gamomdinare x da y‐is cnobili mniSvnelobebidan,
ganisazRvrebian am ukanasknelTa grafikis centris
koordinatebisagan daSorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
2⎜ 1 m( x − x ) 2 ⎟
S y = S0 ⎜ + 2 ⎟
(1.6.16)
⎜ m m x 2 − ⎛⎜ x ⎞⎟ ⎟
m m

⎜ ∑1 i ⎝ ∑1 i ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠

311
 ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
2 ⎜ 2 ⎟
S0 ⎜ 1 1 m( y − y ) ⎟
Sx = + + 2 ⎟
(1.6.17)
b2 ⎜ n j m m ⎛ m ⎞
⎜
⎜ ∑
b 2 m xi2 − ⎜
⎜
⎝ 1
⎟∑
xi ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎠ ⎠
⎝ 1

sadac yi -saSualo mniSvnelobaa; ni -variantTa ricxvi, ro-

melic gamoiyeneba yi gansasazRvravad.
roca x = x da yi = y

S 02
Sy = ; (1.6.16) (a)
m

S 02 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
Sx = ⎢ + ⎥ ; (1.6.17)
b 2 ⎢⎣ n j m ⎥⎦

Sy da S x mniSvnelobebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba

Δy da Δx sidideebis gamoTvla.
Δy = S y ⋅ t ( P; F ); (1.6.18)
Δx = S x ⋅ t ( P; F )
S x da Δx mniSvnelobebi, napovni roca n j = 1 warmoadgenen
analizis meTodis asaxvisunarianobis maxasiaTebels, Tu x
aris koncentracia, xolo y − x -is funqcia. Cveulebriv umcires
kvadratTa meTodiT statistikuri damuSavebis Sedegebi dayavT
cxrilamde (cxrili 1.6.2).

312
 cxrili 1.6.2
y = bx + a saxis wrfivi damokidebulebebis SeswavliT miRe-
buli eqsperimentuli monacemebis statistikuri damuSavebis
Sedegebi

Sx
t(P,f) Δx ⋅ 100
roca
f x y b a roca Δb Δa S 02 z Δx x
n1=1y
p=99%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

SeniSvna 1.6.1. Tu eqsperimentis mizans warmoadgens a da b mud-

mivebis gansazRvra, maSin 11,12 da 13 grafikebi
ar Seivseba.
SeniSvna 1.6.2. Tu y = b lg x + a , maSin gamoTvlebi romelic aR-
werilia 1.6. nawilSi, Sesruldeba 1.1.2 da 1.2.2.
SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
SeniSvna 1.6.3. ori wrfivi damokidebulebisaTvis gansxvavebul
pirobebSi miRebuli S 02 dispersiebis Sedareba
SeiZleba Catardes ise, rogorc miTiTebulia 1.3.
nawilSi (ix. gamosaxuleba 1.3.4, 1.3.5 da 1.3.5a).

farmacevtuli preparatebis standartebi

aloes Txevadi eqstraqti sainieqcio

Extractum Aloes Fluidum pro injectionibus
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semadgenloba: aloes mSrali eqstraqtis moqmedi
nivTiereba (antracenis nawarmebze
gadaangariSebiT) aranakleb 0,01g
natriumis qloridi 8,6g
wyali sainieqcio 1l-mde

313
 aRwera: Ria yviTlidan mowiTalo - yavisframde feris
siTxe, damaxasiaTebeli xilis suniT.
SeniSvna: preparatSi dasaSvebia naleqis warmoqmna, ro-
melic Senaxvisas ileqeba, ampulis SenjRrevis Sedegad naleqi
gadadis Tanabar simRvriveSi.
igiveoba: preparatis 25 ml-s gamyof ZabrSi SeanjRreven
Tanabar moculoba benzolTan an eTerTan, warmoqmnil emul-
sias Slian mcire raodenoba spirtis damatebiT. wylis fenas
gadaRvrian, darCenili benzolis an eTeris fenas umateben 2,5
ml 0.5 mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnars da SeanjRreven.
warmoiqmneba vardisferi Seferiloba (oqsimeTilantraqinoni).
optikuri simkvrive: preparatis 10 ml-s acentrifugeben,
3000 br/wT, 20-30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. centrifugatis 5 ml um-
teben 5 ml wyals, Seureven da optikur simkvrives sazRvraven
speqtrofotometriT 460 nm sigrZis talRaze, 10 mm fenis
sisqis kiuvetSi. Sesadareblad iyeneben wyals.Ooptikuri
simkvrive unda iyos ara umetes 0,60.
pH: 5,0-6,8 (potenciometriulad)
steriloba: unda iyos steriluri da akmayofilebdes s.f.
tomi 2, gv. 111 moTxovnebs.
nominaluri moculobis gansazRvra: preparati unda akmay-
ofilebdes s.f. t.2. gv. 77 moTxovnebs.
meqanikuri minarevebi: unda akmayofilebdes s.f. t 2, gv 78
moTxovnebs.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: eqstraqtis 2 ml-s wyliT an-
zaveben 100 ml-mde, momzadebuli xsnaris 20 ml gadaaqvT 200
ml Camteobis kolbSi, romelSic moTavsebulia damJangveli
nivTierebebisagan ganTavisuflebuli 100 ml cxeli wyali,
umateben 0,01 mol 20 ml kaliumis permanganatis xsnars da
aduReben 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. dros aiTvlian siTxis
aduRebis momentidan. cxel xsnars umateben 20 ml 0,01 mol
314
mJaunmJavas xsnars da titraven 0,01 mol kaliumis permanga-
natis xsnariT, susti vardisferis miRebamde.
sxvaoba gatitvraze daxarjuli 0,01 mol kaliumis perman-
ganatis xsnaris mililitrebis raodenobasa da mJaunmJavas 0,01
mol xsnaris ml raodenobas Soris ar unda iyos 7 ml-ze nak-
lebi da 9 ml-ze meti.
1 ml 0,01 mol kaliumis permanganatis xsnari Seesabameba
0.00008 g Jangbads (damJangveloba). damJangveloba 1 l-ze unda
Seadgendes 1400-1800mg.
SeniSvna: damJangveli nivTierebebisagan ganTavisuflebuli
Ggamoxdili wylis miReba:
100 ml wyals umateben 5 ml 25% gogirdmJavas, 0,6-0,8 ml
0,01 mol kaliumis permanganatis xsnars da aduReben badeze 10
wuTis ganmavlobaSi. dros aiTvlian siTxis aduRebis momenti-
dan. cxel xsnars morevis dros wveTobiT umateben 0,01 mol
mJaumJavas xsnars gaferulebamde.
natriumis qloridis gansazRvra: preparatis 2 ml ga-
nazaveben wyliT 50 ml-mde da titraven 0,1 mol vercxlis ni-
tratis xsnariT monarinjisfro-yviTel Seferilobamde.
(indikatori-kaliumis qromati).
1 ml 0,1 mol vercxli nitratis xsnari Seesabameba
0,005844g natriumis qlorids, romlis raodenoba unda iyos 0.82
- 0,88%.
Senaxva: sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.
biostimulatori.

315
 ampicilinis trihidratis kafsulebi 0,25 g
Ampicillini trihydrati in capsulis 0,25

erTi kafsulis
Semadgenloba: ampicilinis trihidrati 0,250 g
kartofilis saxamebeli
Saqari 0,37 g wonis
mqone sakaf-
sule masis
miRebamde

aRwera: kafsulis SigTavsi _ TeTri an moyviTalo feris

granulebi. garegnuli aRwerilobiT kafsulebi unda akmayo-
filebdes s.f. t.2 moTxovnebs.
igiveoba: 0,02 g mosresili granulebis fxvnils xsnian 5
ml wyalSi 30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg xsnars filtraven
(xsnari1). 0,006 g ampicilinis trihidratis sax. standartul
nimuSs xsnian 2 ml wyalSi (xsnari2).
heqsanSi vazelinis zeTis 5%-ian xsnariT gaJRenTil
,,Sorbfil”-is (an analogiuri) firfitis startis xazze SeaqvT 1,5;
1,5 mkl 1 da 2 xsnari.
firfitas Setanili sinjebiT aSroben haerze 15 wT-is gan-
mavlobaSi,Semdeg aTavseben gamxsnelTa sistemaSi: acetoni-
fosfaturi buferi (PH-7,4) - 15:85 da qromatografirebas axde-
nen aRmavali meTodiT. rodesac gamxsnelTa fronti startis
xazidan gaivlis 10sm-s, qromatogramas iReben sistemidan,
aSroben haerze 10 wuTis ganmalobaSi, xolo Semdeg maSrob
karadaSi (105±5)0C temperaturamde 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
gacivebis Semdeg qromatogramas amJRaveben iodis orT-
qliT. preparatsa da standartul nimuSs unda hqondeT erTi
da igive qromatografiuli Zvradoba (Rf)

316
 SeniSvna 1.” Sorbfil”-is firfitis impregnireba.
“Sorbfil”-is firfitas aTavseben heqsanSi vazelinis zeTis
5%-iani xsnariT Sevsebul kiuvetSi, ise rom xsnari faravdes
firfitas, Semdeg aSroben (40±1)0C temperaturaze gamxsnelis
sunis mocilebamde.
2. fosfaturi buferis momzadeba pH-7.4
1,84g erTCanacvlebul fosformJava natriumsHxsnian
wyalSi 500ml moculobis mqone gamzom kolbSi da xsnaris
moculoba wyliT ahyavT Wdemde.
19.1g orCanacvlebul fosformJava natriums xsnian wyalSi
500ml moculobis mqone gamzom kolbSi da xsnaris moculoba
ahyavT Wdemde. miRebul xsnars ureven fosfatur bufers (pH -
7,4±0,1) miRebamde.
pH sazRvraven potenciometriulad.
xsnari vargisia 3 dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi.
SuqmSTanTqmeli minarevebi: daaxlobiT 0,185g (z.w.) kafsu-
laTa SigTavs xsnian wyalSi 50 ml moculobis mqone gamzom
kolbSi da xsnaris moculoba ahyavT Wdemde, miRebul xsnars
filtraven lurjzoliani, mWidro qaRaldis filtris saSua-
lebiT, gadaRvrian filtratis pirvel 10 ml-s. sazRvraven mi-
Rebuli xsnaris optikur simkvrives speqtrofotometriT 220nm
sigrZis talRaze, 10 mm fenis sisqis kiuvetSi. Sesadarebelad
gamoiyeneba wyali.
optikuri simkvrive ar unda aRematebodes 0,5.
optikuri simkvrivis gansazRvras awarmoeben xsnaris
momzadebisTanave.
saSualo masis gansazRvras awarmoeben s.f. t. 2, gv. 70
moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. kafsulis wonidan gadaxra ar unda
aRematebodes ± 10%-s
daSlis siCqare: wyalSi ara umetes 20 wuTi. s.f. t.2, gv. 71
mixedviT.

317
 xsnadoba: gansazRvras awarmoeben sf t 2, gv. 71 da 90
Sesabamisad. xsnadobis are – wyali, xsnaris moculoba – 1l.
“kalaTis” brunvis siCqare – 100 brun/wT. xsnadobis dro-
45wT.
5 ml filtrati gadaaqvT 100 ml moculobis mqone sazom
kolbSi da xsnaris moculoba spilenZis sulfatis buferuli
xsnariT ahyavT Wdemde. (ix. SeniSvna “raodenobiT gansazRvra”).
paralelurad sazRvraven ampicilinis trihidratis sax.
standartuli nimuSis xsnaris optikur simkvrives.
daaxloebiT 0,05 g (z.w.) ampicilinis trihidratis sax.
standartul nimuSs, xsnian wyalSi 200 ml moculobis
mqone sazom kolbSi; miRebuli xsnaris 5 ml gadaaqvT 100 ml
moculobis mqone sazom kolbSi. Semdeg gansazRvras awarmoe-
ben “raodenobiTi gansazRvris” Sesabamisad.
kafsulidan xsnarSi gadasul C16H19N3O4S raodenobas pro-
centebSi, etiketze miTiTebul raodenobasTan mimarTebaSi ga-
moiTvlian formuliT:
D1 ⋅ a0 ⋅ b ⋅ 5
X=
D0 ⋅ 0,25
sadac:
D1- sakvlevi preparatis xsnaris optikuri simkvrive;
D0- ampicilinis trihidratis sax. standartuli nimuSis
xsnaris optikuri simkvrive;
a0-ampicilinis trihidratis sax. standartuli nimuSis wo-
naki g-Si;
0,25-etiketze mTiTebuli ampicilinis Semcveloba kafsu-
lebSi;
b- C16H19N3O4S%-uli Semcveloba, ampicilinis trihidratis
sax. standartul nimuSSi;

318
 5-koeficienti, romelic miRebulia ampicilinis trihidra-
tis sax. standartuli nimuSisa da sakvlevi preparatis wonake-
bis ganzavebiT gamowveuli Semcirebis Sedegad.
45 wuTis Semdeg kafsulidan xsnarSi gadasuli
C16H19N3O4S-is raodenoba unda iyos etiketze miTiTebuli rao-
denobis aranakleb 75%
mikrobiologiuri siwminde; antibiotikis TiToeuli se-
riidan, miuxedavad misi moculobisa, iReben saSualo sinjs
(aranakleb 15 g aranakleb 10 sxvadasxva SefuTvidan).
9g preparatis nimuSi (gayofili sam Tanabar nimuSad, 3-3 g)
gadaaqvT 100 ml buferuli xsnariT pH-7,0-100 ml niadag #3-
Si da 100 ml niadag #8-Si awarmoeben gamokvlevas s.f. t2 gv
119 moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.
preparatis antimikrobuli moqmedebis mosaxsnelad ga-
mioyeneba inaqtivatori (penicilinaza), romelic SeaqvT asepti-
kurad gaangariSebiT 1000 moq. erT/ml niadagze fosfatur bu-
ferul xsnarSi da Txevad sakveb #3 da#8 niadagebSi.
1g nimuSSi dasaSvebia jamurad ara umetes 1000 baqteriisa
da 100 safuaris da obis sokos arseboba.
dauSvebelia Enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas aeruginosa da staphylo-
coccus aureus ojaxis baqteriebis arseboba.
wyali. Aaranakleb 8% da ara umetes 13% -isa. sazRvraven
k.fiSeris meTodiT titriT 0,25-0,3 g wyali 1 ml-ze – prepara-
tis daaxloebiT 0,09 g-ze (z.w.). (s.f t 1).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: daaxloebiT 0,3g (z.w.) kafsulis
SigTavss xsnian wyalSi 250 ml moculobis sazom kolbSi,
Seavseben xazamde da filtraven. filtratis pirvel ulufas
gadaRvrian, Semdeg, filtratis 2 ml gadaaqvT 100 ml moculo-
bis sazom kolbaSi da moculobas Wdemde Seavseben buferuli
xsnariT (pH -5,2).
miRebuli xsnaris 23 ml gadaaqvT 25 ml moculobis mqone
sazom kolbaSi, mWidrod axuraven Tavs da acxeleben wylis
319
abazanaze (80±1)0C temperaturaze, 30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg
swrafad aciveben oTaxis tempereturamde da kolbis SigTavsis
moculobas avseben Wdemde. miRebuli xsnaris optikur simkvri-
ves sazRvraven speqtromfotometriT 320 nm sigrZis talRaze 10
mm fenis sisqis kiuvetSi.
Sesadareblad iyeneben preparatis 0,3 %-ian gaucxelebel
xsnars buferul xsnarSi (pH -5,2).
pralelurad sazRvraven ampicilinis trihidratis sax.
standartuli nimuSis xsnaris optikur simkvrives, romelic
damuSavebulia iseve, iseve rogorc preparatis sakvlevi nimuSi.
C16H19N3O4S-is Semcveobas erT kafsulaSi, gramebSi (X) ga-
moiTvlian formuliT:
D1 ⋅ a0 ⋅ b ⋅ B
X=
D0 ⋅ a1 ⋅100
sadac:
D1 – sakvlevi preparatis xsnaris optikuri simkvrive;
D0 – ampicilinis trihidratis sax. standartuli nimuSis
xsnaris optikuri simkvrive;
a0D- ampicilinis trihidratis sax. standartuli nimuSis
wonaki gramebSi;
a1-sakvlevi preparitis wonaki gramebSi.
b- C16H19N3O4S-is Semcveloba ampicilinis trihidratis sax.
standartuli nimuSSi %-Si;
B- kafsulis SigTavsis saSualo wona g-Si.
TiToeuli kafsulaSi C16H19N3O4S-is Semcveloba unda iyos
etiketze miTiTebuli raodenobis aranakleb 90% da araumetes
110%.
SeniSvna 1. spilenZis sulfatis xsnaris momzadeba: 3,93g
spilenZis sulfats aTavseben 1 l moculobis mqone gamzom
kolbSi, xsnian wyalSi da xsnaris moculoba ahyavT Wdemde.
xsnari vargisia 2 Tvis ganmavlobaSi.

320
 2. 0,1 mol limonmJavas xsnaris momzadeba: 21,0 g li-
monmJava SeaqvT 1 l moculobis gamzom kolbSi, xsnian wyalSi
da xsnaris moculoba ahyavT Wdemde.
xsnars amzadeben uSualod buferuli xsnaris (pH-5,2)
momzadebis win.
3. buferuli xsnaris momzadeba (PH-5,2): 464 ml 0,1 mol
limonmJavas xsnars aTavseben 1 l moculobis gamzom kolbSi
da umateben 536 ml 0,2 mol orCanacvlebul fosformJavana-
triumis xsnars. miRebuli xsnaris pH unda iyos (5,2±0,05).
xsnars inaxaven 3 dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi.
4. spilenZis sulfatis buferuli xsnaris momzadeba: 15
ml spilenZis sulfatis xsnars aTavseben 1 ml Camteobis
gamzom kolbSi da xsnaris moculoba buferuli xsnariT (pH-
5,2) ahyavT Wdemde.
xsnars amzadeben gansazRvris dRes.
Senaxva: grilad, sinaTlisagan mofrTxilebiT.
antibiotiki

askorbinis mJavas sainieqcio xsnari 5%

OSolutio Acidi ascorbinici pro injectionibus 5%

erTi tabletis
Semadgenloba: askorbinis mJava 50 g
natriumis hidrokarbonati 23,85 g
uwylo natriumis sulfati 2,0 g
naxSirorJangiT gajerebuli
wyali sainieqcio, 1l xsnaris
miRebamde

xsnars filtraven masterilebel filtrSi, romlis fore-

bis sidide ar unda aRematebodes 0,22 mkm-s, Camoasxamen nei-

321
traluri minis ns-3 markis 1 ml ampulebSi naxSirorJangis na-
kadis qveS da asterileben 100°C temperaturaze, 15 wuTis gan-
mavlobaSi.
aRwera: gamWvirvale, ufero an moyviTalo feris xsnari.
igiveoba: preparatis 1 ml umateben 0,5 ml vercxlis ni-
tratis xsnars; gamoiyofa muqi-ruxi feris naleqi (askor-
binmJava)
preparatis 0,2 ml anzaveben 10 ml wyliT da wveTobiT
umateben 2,6 – diqlorfenolindofenolnatriumis xsnars;
ukanasknelis luji Seferiloba qreba (askorbinmJava).
Seferiloba: xsnaris Seferiloba ar unda iyos #6 eTa-
lonis Seferilobaze intensiuri s.f. tomi I
pH: 6,0 dan 7,0 mde (potenciometriulad sf. tomiI)
nominaluri moculoba da sxva moTxovnebi: unda Seesa-
bamebodes sf. tomi II, gv77 moTxovnebs.
meqanikuri minarevebi: unda akmayofilebdes instruqcias,
“saineqcio xsnarebSi meqanikuri minarevebis kontroli”-
moTxovnebs.
sf. t II gv78.
steriloba: unda iyos steriluri da akmayofilebdes sf.
tomi II, gv.111 moTxovnebs.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: preparatis 5ml umateben 0,25ml
1%formaldehidis xsnars, 4ml 2% qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnars,
0,5ml 1% kaliumis iodidis xsnars, 2ml saxamlis xsnars
molurjo Seferilobis warmoqmnamde da titraven kaliumis
iodatis 0,1 mol xsnariT Ria cisfer Seferilobamde.
1ml 0,1mol kaliumis iodatis xsnari Seesabameba 0,008806g
askorbinmJavas (C6HO6), romlis 1ml xsnarSi unda iyos 0,0475g-
dan 0,0525g-mde.
Senaxva: gril, sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.
vitamini.M

322
 askofenis tabletebi
Tabulettae Ascopheni
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
erTi tabletis
Sedgeniloba: acetilsalicilmJava 0,2g
kofeini 0,04g
fenacetini 0,2g
damxmare
nivTierebebi: saxamebeli, talki, kalciumis stearati
limonmJava 0,5 g
tabletis miRebamde
aRwera: TeTri tabletebi. Ggaregnulad unda Seesabame-
bodes s.f. t. 2 moTxovnebs.
igiveoba: mosresili tabletebis fxvnilis 0,1 g aTavseben
faifuris fialaze, Seasveleben 2-3 wveTi formaldehidis
xsnariT gogirdmJavaSi. wylis abazanaze susti SeTbobisas
warmoiqmneba wiTeli Seferiloba; Semdgom gacxelebiT Sei-
grZnoba ZmarmJavis suni (acetilsalicilis mJava).
mosresili tabletebis fxvnilis 0,1 g umateben 10 ml
ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas da aduReben 3 wuTis ganmav-
lobaSi. aciveben, filtraven da umateben kaliumis biqromatis
xsnaris 1 wveTs. warmoiqmneba molurjo _ iisferi Seferiloba.
(fenacetini).
mosresili tabletebis fxvnilis 0,1g umateben 5ml gan-
zavebul azotmJavas da SeanjRreven. xsnari TandaTan ifereba
yviTlad.
mosresili tabletebis fxvnilis 0,2g umateben 5ml wyals,
SeanjRreven da filtraven. Ffiltrats TandaTan umateben tan-
inis 0,1% xsnars; warmoiqmneba naleqi (kofeini).
saSualo wonis, daSladobis gansazRvra da sxva moTxov-
nebi:
unda Seesabamebodes s.f. t 2, gv 86 da 88.
323
 raodenobrivi gansazRvra: 1. mosresili tabletebis
fxvnilis daaxloebiT 0,5g (z.w.) aTavseben 100ml Camteobis
konusur kolbaSi umateben 10 ml. fenolftaleinis mimarT
ganeitralebul spirts, anjRreven 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi da
titraven imave indikatoris TanaobiT natriumis hidroqsidis
0,1 mol xsnariT vardisfer Seferilobamde.
natriumis hidroqsidis 0,1 mol xsnaris 1ml Seesabameba
0,01802g acetilsalicilmJavas, romelic unda iyos 0,190-0,210g
tabletebis saSualo wonaze gadaangariSebiT.
2. mosresili tabletebis fxvnilis daaxloebiT 1g (z.w)
aTavseben konusur kolbSi, umateben 20 ml wyals, anjRreven
15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi da Cafiltraven mSral kolbSi. fil-
tratis 10 ml gadaaqvT 50 ml Camteobis sazom kolbSi, umate-
ben iodis 0,1 mol xsnaris 20ml, ganzavebul gogirdmJavas 5ml,
moculobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde da gulmodgined Seureven.
15 wuTis dayovnebis Semdeg xsnars swrafad Cafiltraven bam-
biT mSral kolbSi. filtratis pirvel 10 ml gadaRvrian. Sem-
deg iReben filtratis 25 ml da Warb iods titraven nartiumis
Tiosulfatis 0,1 mol xsnariT (indikatori saxamebeli).
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas:
iodis 0,1 mol xsnaris 1ml Seesabameba 0,004855g uwylo
kofeins, romelic unda iyos 0,035-0,045g tabletis saSualo wo-
naze gadaangariSebiT.
mosresili tabletebis fxvnilis daaxloebiT 0,5g (z.w.)
aTavseben 100 ml Camteobis konusur kolbSi, umateben 20ml
ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas da ukumacivriT aduReben
30wuTis ganmavlobaSi, xsnars aciveben 15-20°-mde, umateben
10ml wyals, 0,2 kaliumis bromids, tropeolin 00–is 2 wveTs,
meTilenlurjis xsnaris 2 wveTs, titraven natriumis nitratis
0,1mol xsnariT. titraciis dasasruls gansazRvraven

324
mowiTalo-iisferi Seferilobis monacrisfro-mwvaneSi
gadasvliT.
nartiumis nitritis 0,1 mol xsnaris 1ml Seesabameba
0,01792g fenacetins, romelic unda iyos 0,190- 0,210g tabletebis
saSualo wonaze gadaangariSebiT.
Senaxva: sia b. mSral adgilas.
analgeziuri, sicxis damwevi da anTebis sawinaaRmdego
saSualeba.

acetilsalicilmJavas tabletebi 0,5 g

Tabulettae Acidi acetylsalicylici 0,5
erTi tabletis
Semadgenloba: acetilsalicilmJava 0,5g;
damxmare
nivTierebebi: (kartofilis saxamebeli, 0,6 g-iani
stearinis mJava, tab-is miRebamde
limonmJava, talki)

aRwera: TeTri feris, susti momJavo gemos mqone, brtyel-

cilindruli formis tabletebi.
igiveoba: dafxvnili tabletis 0,5g umateben 5 ml natri-
umis hidroqsidis xsnars da aduReben 3 wuTis ganmavlobaSi,
Semdeg aciveben da SeamJaveben ganzavebuli gogirdmJaviT. ga-
moiyofa TeTri kristaluri naleqi. naleqzeda siTxes gadaita-
nen sxva sinjaraSi, umateben 2 ml spirts da 2 ml koncentri-
rebul gogirdmJavas; SeigrZnoba ZmarmJavaeTileTeris suni.
naleqs ki umateben 1-2 wveT samqlorrkinis xsnars, warmoiqm-
neba iisferi Seferiloba (salicilmJava).
dafxvnili tabletis 0,2 g aTavseben faifuris fialaze,
umateben 0,5 ml koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas, Seureven da
umateben 1-2 wveT wyals. SeigrZnoba ZmarmJavis suni. Semdeg
325
umateben 1-2wveT formalins, warmoiqmneba vardisferi Sefer-
iloba (salicilmJava).
saSualo masis daSladobis, talkis gansazRvra da
sxva moTxovnebi: unda Seesabamebodes s.f. tomi 2, gv 86-is
moTxovnebs.
xsnadoba: gansazRvras awarmoeben s.f. tomi 2 gv. 90-is
Sesabamisad. are-500ml wyali, kalaTis brunvis siCqare-100
br/wT.
1 tablets aTavseben kalaTaSi da xsnian 60 wuTis ganmav-
lobaSi. xsnars filtraven 0,45 mkm diametris forebis mqone “
miliporis”an “vladiporis” filrtSi da aciveben 20°C –mde.
filtratis 100ml aTavseben 200 ml Camteobis kolbSi da ti-
traven 0,1 mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnariT vardisfer Se-
ferilobamde (indikatori-fenolftaleini).
1 ml 0,1 mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnari Sesabameba
0,01802 g C9H8O4 (acetilsalicilmJava).
xsnarSi gadasuli acetilsalicilmJavis raodenobas
procentebSi (X) gamoiTvlian formuliT:
(VΦ − 0,39) ⋅0,01802 ⋅ 500 ⋅100 (VF − 0,39) ⋅ 9,01
X− =
1⋅100 ⋅ B B
sadac, V-0,1 mol nartiumis hidroqsidis xsnaris moculo-
baa, romelic daixarja acetilsalicilmJavisa da limonmJavis
gatitraze, ml-Si.
0,39 – Sesworebis koeficienti limonmJavisaTvis.
F- 0,1 moli natriumis hidroqsidis xsnaris faqtori.
B- erTFtabletSi acetilsalicilmJavis Semcveloba, (gan-
sazRvris dros miRebuli).
60 wuTis Semdeg xsnarSi unda gadavides araumcires 75%
acetilsalicilmJava.
mikrobiologiuri siwminde: preparati unda Seesabame-
bodes s.f. tomi 2, gv. 119 moTxovnebs.

326
 preparatis 1 g-Si dasaSvebia jamuri ara umetes 1000
baqteriis da 100 obis da safuaris sokos (Sejamebuli) arse-
boba.
dauSvebelia Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa da Staphy-
lococcus aurus –is ojaxis baqteriebis arseboba.
Tavisufali salicilmJava: tabletebis fxvnilis wonaks,
romelic Seesabameba 0,3 g acetilsalicilmJavas, xsnian 5 ml
spirtSi da anzaveben 25 ml wyliT (sakvlevi xsnari). erT cil-
indrSi aTavseben am xsnaris 15 ml-s, meoreSi imave xsnaris 5
ml-s, 0,5 ml 0,01% salicilmJavis wyalxsnars, 2ml spirts da
moculobas Seavseben wyliT 15 ml-mde (eTalonuri xsnari).
Semdeg orive cilindris SigTavs umateben TiTo ml 0,2 % rki-
naamoniumis Sabis mJava xsnars. sakvlevi xsnaris Seferiloba
ar unda iyos eTalonur xsnarze intensiuri (preparatSi ara
umetes 0,05%).
Tavisufali salicilmJavas Semcveloba ar unda iyos
0,00125g-ze meti erTi tabletis saSualo wonaze gadaangariSe-
biT.
raodenobravi gansazRvra: tabletis fxvnilis daaxloe-
biT 0,3g (zusti wona) SeanjRreven 10 ml fenoftaleinis mimarT
ganeitra-lebuli spirtTan 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg
siTxes aciveben 10°C-mde da titraven 0,1 mol natriumis hidro-
qsilis xsnariT vardisfer Seferilobamde (indikatori
fenolftaleini).
1 ml 0,1 mol natriumis hidroqsidi Seesabameba 0,01802g
C9H8O4, romelic preparatSi unda iyos 0,475g-dan 0,525g-mde erTi
tabletis saSualo wonaze gaangariSebiT.
Senaxva: “b” sia mSral, sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.
sicxis damwevi, tkivilgamayuCebeli, anTebis sawinaaRmdego
saSualeba.

327
 acikloviris kafsulebi 0,2g
Aciclovir in capulis 0,2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tabletis
Semadgenloba: acikloviri 0,2g
rZis Saqari 0,146g
kartofilis saxamebeli 0,0305g
magniumis stearati 0,004g

aRwera: kafsulis SigTavsi: TeTri feris fxvnili. kaf-

sulebi: Ria mwvane feris garegnuli saxiT unda Seesabamebodes
s.f. moTxovnebs.
igiveoba: ucxo minarevebis gansazRvris dros, gamo-
sakvlevi xsnaris qromatogramaze ZiriTadi laqa unda iyos
mowmis laqis doneze.
saSualo masis, daSladobis gansazRvra da sxva moTxov-
nebi:
unda akmayofilebdes sf. tomi 2. gv. 86 moTxovnebs.
ucxo minarevebi: gamokvleva tardeba Txelfenovani qro-
matografiuli meTodiT.
I xsnari-kafsulis SigTavsis 0,2 g-s aTavseben milesilsa-
cobian kolbSi, umateben 10ml dimeTilsulfoqsids, anjRreven
5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi da Ffiltraven qaRaldis filtris
saSualebiT.
II xsnari –0,1 g standartuli acikloviris fxvnils xsnian
10ml dimeTilsulfoqsidSi.
orive xsnaris 8-8 mkl SeaqvT SILUFOL UF254 markis fir-
fitaze
startis xazze (firfitis zoma-10X15sm). firfitas aSroben
haerze 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi da Semdeg aTavseben qroma-
tografiul kameraSi gamxsnelTa sistemaSi: qloroformi-
meTanoli-amoniumis hidroqsidis 25 % xsnari 50:20:2.

328
 rodesac gamxsnelis fronti gaivlis 10 sm-s, firfita
amoaqvT kameridan da aSroben haerze gamxsnelis srul
aorTqlebamde. Semdeg aSuqeben ultraiisfer, sinaTliT 254nm
sigrZis talRaze.
Sefaseba: nebismieri damatebiTi laqa saanalizo nimuSis (I
xsnari) qromatogramaze zomisa da Seferilobis intensivobis
mixedviT ar unda aRematebodes mowmis (II xsnari) Sesabamis
laqebs.
mikrobiologiuri siwminde: preparati unda akmayofileb-
des sax.farmakopeis moTxovnebs mikrobiologiuri siwmindis
mimarT (s.f. t. 2, gv 119).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: kafsulis SigTavsis 0,3g (zusti
wona) umateben 60ml uwylo ZmarmJavas da titraven qlormJavas
0,1 mol xsnariT molurjo-mwvane Seferilobis miRebamde. indi-
katori-kristaliisferi.
qlormJavis 0,1 mol xsnaris 1ml Seesabameba 22,52 mg
aciklo-virs (C5H11N5O3), romlis Semcveloba erT tabletSi
unda iyos 0,19 g-dan – 0,21 g-mde.
Senaxva: “ b“ sia. mSral, sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.
antivirusuli saSualeba.

bariumis sulfati rentgenoskopiisaTvis

Barii sulfas pro roentgeno
BaSO4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
aRwera: TeTri, wvrildispersuli, fxvieri fxvnilia,
usuno da ugemo.
xsnadoba: wyalSi ar ixsneba, praqtikulad uxsnadia gan-
zavebul mJavebSi, tuteebSi da organul gamxsnelebSi.
igiveoba: 1g fxvnils umateben 10 ml natriumis karbonatis
xsnars da aduReben. naleqs filtraven da Carecxaven wyliT.

329
qlorwyalbadmJaviT ganeitralebuli filtrati iZleva damaxa-
siaTebel reaqcias sulfatebze.
filtratze darCenil naleqs amuSaveben ganzavebuli
qlorwyabadmJaviT da xsnars filtraven. filtratze ganzave-
buli gogirdmJavis damatebisas gamoiyofeba TeTri naleqi.
sulfidebi: 10g fxvnils umateben 30 ml wyals, 10 ml
qlorwyalbadmJavas da TandaTanobiT gacxelebiT mihyavT
aduRebamde kolbSi, romelsac Tavze dafarebuli aqvs tyviis
acetatis xsnarSi Sesvelebuli filtris qaRaldi. qaRaldi ar
unda gamuqdes.
bariumis xsnadi marilebi da bariumis karbonati: 10g
obieqts umateben 90 ml yinulovan ZmarmJavas acxeleben da
xSiri SenjRreviT mihyavT aduRebamde. aclian gacivebas da
filtraven. 50 ml filtrats aorTqleben wylis abazanaze
srul amoSrobamde. narCens amuSaveben 20 ml wyliT da acxel-
eben. Semdeg filtraven da gamWvirvale filtrats umateben 3-4
wveT ganzavebul gogirdmJavas. siTxe 1 sT-is ganmavlobaSi
unda darCes gamWvirvale.
mZime metalebi: 10 ml igive filtrati ar unda Seicavdes
mZime liTonebs dasaSveb normaze mets (ara umetes 0,0005% pre-
paratSi).
gamonawvlilis reaqcia: 10 g obieqts SeanjRreven 20 ml
axlad aduRebul wyalTan da filtraven. filtrats unda
hqondes neitraluri reaqcia.
qloridebi: filtrats umateben 80 ml wyals. miRebuli
xsnaris 10 ml ar unda Seicavdes qloridebis dasaSveb nor-
maze mets (araumetes 0,02% obieqtSi).
sulfatebi: imave filtratis 10 ml ar unda Seicavdes
sulfatebs dasaSveb normaze mets (ara umetes 0,1 % obieqtSi).
rkina: 2 g obieqts umateben 15 ml wyals, 5 ml qlorwyal-
badmJavas, acxeleben aduRebamde da filtraven. am filtratis

330
10 ml ar unda Seicavdes rkinas dasaSveb normaze mets (ara
umetes 0,003%).
fosfatebi: 2 g obieqts umateben 10 ml azotmJavas, acxel-
eben aduRebamde, aciveben da filtraven. filtrats umateben 5
ml amoniumis molibdatis xsnars. 1 sT-is ganmavlobaSi ar
unda warmoiqmnas yviTeli naleqi.
sulfatebi da sxva aRmdgeni nivTierebebi: 1 g obieqts
Seureven 1 ml wyalSi, umateben 1 ml ganzavebul gogirdmJavas
da 2 wveT kaliumis permanganatis xsnars. 10 wT-is ganmavlo-
baSi ar unda SeimCnes xsnaris gauferuleba.
dariSxani: obieqtis 1 g ar unda Seicavdes dariSxans (ara
umetes 0,0005% obieqtSi). s.f. t I, gv. 156.
dispersiulobis xarisxi: 50 ml tevadobis milesilsaco-
biani sazom cilindrSi, romelsac danayofi 50 ml aqvs
fskeridan 11,5sm simaRleze, aTavseben 5g obieqts da umateben
50 ml wyals. 1 wT-is ganmavlobaSi Zlier anjRreven da ayovne-
ben. 15 wT-is Semdeg naleqis zRvari ar unda iyos danayofi “12
ml”-is qvemoT.
rentgenoskopiisaTvis

glukozis xsnari sainieqcio 40%

Solutio Glucosi pro injectionibus 40%
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semadgenloba: glukoza uwylo 400g
qlorwyalbadmJavas 0,1 mol
xsnari PpH 3,0-4,0-mde
natriumis qloridi 0,26g
wyali sainieqcio 1l-mde.

xsnars filtraven 0,22 mkm diametris forebis mqone fil-

trSi, asxamen 10 ml nm-1 an nm-3 markis neitralur minis ampu-

331
lebSi da asterileben gamdinare orTqliT 60 wuTis ganma-
vlobaSi, an najeri orTqliT 119-121°C temperaturaze 7wT-is
ganmavlobaSi.
aRweriloba: ufero an odnav moyviTalo gamWvirvale
siTxe.
igiveoba: 1 ml preparats umateben 5 ml felingis reaqtivs
da mihyavT aduRebamde. warmoiqmneba agurisfer-wiTeli naleqi.
Seferiloba: preparatis Seferiloba ar unda iyos eTa-
lon 5a-ze intensiuri.
pH. 3,0-4,0 (potenciometriulad).
nominaluri moculoba: unda akmayofilebdes s.f. t 2. gv.77
moTxovnebs.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: gamosakvlev preparats da Wiqas
gamoxdili wyliT aTavseben 20° C temperaturis mqone wylis
abazanaSi refraqtometris axlos da ayovneben 30 wT-is gan-
mavlobaSi.
gazomvamde 30 wT adre iwyeben refraqtometrSi 20°C -ian
wylis gatarebas da am process agrZeleben gazomvis proce-
siT.
refreqtometris prizmaze daaqvT ramodenime wveTi ga-
moxdili wyali da Skalis mixedviT pouloben gardatexis
maCvenebels. prizmas amSraleben, daaqvT masze ramodenime wveTi
gamosakvlevi xsnari da pouloben gardatexis maCvenebels, ro-
melsac sazRvraven 3-4-jer. gaangariSebisaTvis iReben saSualo
mniSvnelobas yvela gansazRvridan.
glukozis Semcvelobs (X) 1 ml preparatSi gamoiTvlian
formuliT:
n − n0
X=
0,00142 ⋅100
sadac: n - preparatis gardatexis maCvenebeli.
n0 - wylis gardatexis maCvenebeli.
332
 0,00142- gardatexis maCveneblis namati glukozis koncen-
traciis 1%-iT gadidebisas.
glukozis (C 6 H12O6 ) Semcveloba 1 ml preparatSi unda
iyos 0,388-0,412 g farglebSi.
gamokvleva pirogenobaze: unda iyos apirogenuli.
gamosakvlev xsnars apirogenuli wyliT anzaveben 5%
koncentraciamde da SehyavT angariSiT 10-10 ml cxovelis
yovel kg wonaze. (sf. t. 2 gv. 106.)
steriluroba: preparati unda iyos steriluri (sf. t. 2
gv. 111)
meqanikuri minarevebi: preparati ar unda Seicavdes
meqanikur minarevebs. (s.f. t 2, gv 78.)
Senaxva: oTaxis temperaturaze.

dibazolis xsnari sainieqcio 1,0 %

Solutio Dibazoli pro injectionibus 1,0%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sedgeniloba: dibazoli 10,0g
eTilis spirti 100,0ml
glicerini 100,0 ml
qlorwyalbadmJava 0,1 mol 10,0 ml
wyali sainieqcio 1000,0ml-mde

xsnars filtraven 0,22 mkm diametris forebis mqone fi-

ltrSi, asxamen neitraluri minisagan damzadebul, ns-1 markis
1ml, 2 ml an 5 ml ampulaSi da asterileben najeri orTqliT
100°C temperaturaze 30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
aRwera: ufero, ganWvirvale siTxe.
igiveoba: raodenobrivi gansazRvrisaTvis momzadebuli
preparatis xsnaris ultraiisfer speqtrSi STanTqmis maqsimumi
aRiniSneba 244±2nm, 275±2nm da 280±1nm; STanTqmis minimumi aRi-
niSneba 230±2nm, 259±2nm da 279±1nm.
333
 pH: 2,8-3,3 (potenciometriulad)
meqanikuri minarevebi: preparati unda akmayofilebdes (sf.
t.2 gv.78) moTxovnebs.
nominaluri moculobis gansazRvra: preparati unda ak-
mayofilebdes sf. t 2 gv 77. moTxovnebs.
pirogenoba: preparati unda iyos apirogenuli (s.f.t. 2gv
106).
steriluroba: preparati unda iyos steriluri. (s.f.t 2,
gv. 111).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: preparatis 2 ml aTavseben
100ml Camteobis sazom kolbSi, moculobas 96% spirtiT
Seavseben Wdemde da Seureven. miRebuli xsnaris 5 ml gadaaqvT
50 ml Camteobis sazom kolbSi, umateben 30 ml 96 % spirts, 1
ml 0,1 mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnars da moculobas 96%
spirtiT Seavseben Wdemde. miRebuli xsnaris optikur
simkvrives sazRvraven speqtrofotometriT 244 nm sigrZis
talRaze 10mm fenis sisqis kiuvetSi. Sesadareblad iyeneben
96% spirts.
preparatis Semcvelobas gramebSi (X) gamoTvlian formu-
liT:
D1 ⋅ a ⋅ 22 ⋅100 ⋅ 50 D1 ⋅ a
X= =
D0 ⋅ 2 ⋅100 ⋅ 50 ⋅ 5 D0 ⋅ 5
sadac: D1- sakvlevi xsnaris optikuri simkvrive;
D0- standartuli nimuSis xsnaris optikuri simkvrive;
a- standartuli nimuSis wonaki;
preparatis 1 ml-Si unda iyos 0,009-0,011 g dibazoli.
SeniSvna: dibazolis standartuli nimuSis xsnaris
momzadeba:
0,05g (z.w.) dibazols aTavseben 100 ml sazom kolbSi,
xsnian 96% spirtSi da Seureven. miRebuli xsnaris 2 ml
gadaaqvT 50 ml sazom kolbSi, umateben 30 ml 96% spirts, 1

334
ml 0,1 mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnars da moculobas
96% spirtiT Seavseben Wdemde.
standartuli nimuSis xsnari vargisia 1 Tve.
standartuli xsnaris 1 ml – Si unda iyos 0,0045-0,0055g
dibazoli.
Senaxva: sia b.
hipotenziuri saSualeba

dindgelis malamo
Ungentum Propolisi
U------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sedgeniloba: dindgeli 25,0g
futkris sanTeli 5,0 g
vazelini 80,0 g

aRwera: moyviTalo feris aromatuli suni mqone malamo.

igiveoba: 1 g malamos umateben 10 ml 95 % spirts, narevs
acxeleben aduRebamde, Semdeg aciveben oTaxis temperaturamde
da filtraven qaRaldis filtriT.
2 ml filtrats umateben 0,25 ml tyviis fuZe acetatis
xsnars, gamoiyofa yviTeli naleqi (polifenolebi).
2 ml filtrats umateben 0,05 g magniumis fxvnils da wve-
TobiT 0,5 ml koncentrirebul qlorwyalbadmJavas; xsnari
Seifereba moyviTalo-narinjisferidan wiTlamde (fla-
vanoidebi).
erTgvarovneba da sxva moTxovnebi: unda Seesabamebodes
(sf. t. 2 gv 73 moTxovnebs).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: daaxloebiT 0,3 g (zusti wona)
malamos aTavseben 50 ml-ian qimiur WiqaSi, umateben 30 ml 95%
spirts da Seureven. narevs acxeleben fuZis galRobamde, Sem-
deg aciveben da Cafiltraven qaRaldis sqeli filtriT 50 ml
Camteobis sazom kolbSi. filrtis qaRalds imave kolbSi
335
Carecxaven orjer 5-5 ml 95% spirtiT. kolbis SigTavss imave
spirtiT Seavseben Wdemde da Seureven.
momzadebuli xsnaris 1 ml gadaaqvT 25 ml Camteobis sa-
zom kolbSi da mculobas Wdemde Seavseben 95% spirtiT.
momzadebuli xsnaris optikur simkvrives sazRvraven
speqtrofotometriT 290 nm sigrZis talRaze 10 mm fanis sisqis
kiuvetSi. Sesadareblad iyeneben 95% spirts.
polifenolebis procentul Semcvelobas (X) gamoiTvlian
formuliT:
D ⋅ 25 ⋅ 50
X =
510 ⋅ a
sadac:
a- malamos wonaki g-Si;
D – sakvlevi xsnaris optikuri simkvrive;
510- xsnaris optikuri simkvrivis da dindgelSi polife-
nolebis jamis koncentraciis proporciulobis koeficienti.
malamoSi polifenolebis jamis Semcveloba unda iyos
aranakleb 10%.
Senaxva: gril adgilze.
antiseptikuri, sadezinfeqcio saSualeba.

dindgelis spirtiani xsnari

Solutio Propolisi spirituosa
--------------------------------------------------------------
Semadgemloba: dindgeli 300g
eTilis spirti 95% 1kg spirtiani
xsnaris misaRebad
aRwera: yavisferi siTxe, Taviseburi suniT.
xsnadoba: ixsneba spirtSi. wyalTan Serevisas warmiqmneba
emulsia.

336
 igiveoba: 1 ml xsnars umateben 9 ml tyviis fuZe acetatis
xsnars, gamoiyofa yviTeli naleqi (polifenoli).
5 ml xsnars umateben 0,2 g magniumis fxvnils da wveTobiT
1 ml koncentrirebul ZmarmJavas; xsnari ifereba moyviTalo –
narinjisfridan wiTelamde (flavanoidebi).
cvili da uxsnadi minarevebi: 10 ml xsnars acxeleben
wylis abazanaze aduRebamde, aciveben oTaxis temperaturamde.
xsnarSi ar unda warmoiqmnas naleqi.
simkvrive: 0,80-1,03 s.f. t. 1, gv 26 mixedviT.
mSrali naSTi: aranakleb 16 % s.f. t. 1, mixedviT.
mZime liTonebi: araumetes 0.01%.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: 0,1 g obieqts (z.w.) aTavseben
biuqsSi: spirtis daxmarebiT raodenobrivad gadaaqvT 50 ml
Camteobis sazom kolbSi da xsnaris moculoba ahyavT Wdemde
95% spirtiT. am xsnaris 1ml aTavseben 25 ml Camteobis sazom
kolbSi da xsnaris moculoba ahyavT Wdemde 95% spirtiT.
xsnaris optikuri simkvrives sazRvraven. speqtrofotometriT
290 nm-ze; 10 mm sisqis mqone kiuvetSi. Sesadareblad iyeneben
95% eTilis spirts.
dindgelSi polifenolebis procentul Semcvelobas (X)
sazRvraven formuliT:
D ⋅ 25 ⋅ 50
X =
510 ⋅ a
sadac: D – gamosakvlevi xsnaris optikuri simkvrive;
510 – proporciulobis koeficientia xsnaris optikuri
simkvrivisa da dindgelis polifenolebis jamis koncen-
traciisa 290 nm sigrZis talRaze.
a – obieqtis wonaki gramebSi.
polifenolebis raodenoba aranakleb 25% mSral wonaze
gadaangariSebiT.
Senaxva: bnel, gril adgilas.
antimikrobuli, anTebis sawinaaRmdego saSualeba.
337
 eTilis spirti 95% (Rvinis spirti 95%)
Spiritus Aethylicus 95% (spiritus vini 95%)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

aRweriloba: gamWvirvale, ufero, moZravi, aqroladi

siTxe, spiritis damaxasiaTebeli suniT da mwveli gemoTi.
duRs 78°C-ze. advilad aalebadia. iwvis odnav mnaTi, mocisfe-
ro aliT.
xsnadoba: nebismieri TanafardobiT ereva wyals, eTers,
qloroforms, acetons da glicerins.
igiveoba: 2 ml spirts ureven 0,5 ml yinulovan ZmarmJavas
1 ml koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas da acxeleben aduRebamde.
warmoiqmneba eTilacetatis damaxasiaTebeli suni.
0,5 ml spirts ureven natriumis hidroqsidis xsnars, uma-
teben 2 ml 0,1 mol iodis xsnars, warmoiqmneba iodoformis
suni da gamoiyofa iodoformis yviTeli naleqi.
simkvrive: 0,812-0,808, rac Seesabameba C2H5OH-is 95-96% Sem-
cvelobas.
wyalSi uxsnadi nivTierebebi: EeTilis spirtisa da ga-
moxdili wylis Tanabari moculobebis Serevisas xsnari
gamWvirvale unda iyos.
mJavianoba: 20ml spirts umateben 25 ml axaladuRebul da
gacivebul wyals da 5 wveT fenolftaleinis xsnars. miRebuli
xsnari 0,2 ml 0,05 mol nartiumis hidroqsidis xsnaris mimate-
bisas unda Seiferos vardisfrad da feri unda SenarCundes
30 wT-is ganmavlobaSi.
organuli fuZeebi: 10 ml spirts SeamJaveben ori wveTi
ganzavebuli gogirdmJavavis xsnariT da aorTqleben wylis
abazanaze. narCens xsnian ramdenime wveT wyalSi da umateben 1
ml nartiumis hidroqsidis xsnars. ar unda SevigrZnoT amiakis
da organuli fuZeebis damaxasiaTebeli suni.

338
 qloridebi, sulfatebi, mZime metalebi: 6 ml spirts an-
zaveben wyliT 30 ml-mde. miRebuli xsnaris 10-10 ml ar unda
iZleodes reaqcias qloridebze, sulfatebze da mZime
metalebze.
aldehidebi: 10 ml spirtis, 10 ml wylis da 1 ml
vercxlis nitratis xsnaris narevs wveTobiT umateben amiakis
xsnars Tavidan warmoiqmnili TeTri feris naleqis gaxsnamde
narevi ufero da gamWvirvale unda darCes 12 saaTis ganmavlo-
baSi bnel adgilze dayovnebisas.
aRmdgeni nivTierebebi: milesilsacobian cilindrSi, ro-
melsac gamovlebuli aqvs gamosakvlevi spirti, Caasxamen 50
ml spirts da ayovneben 10 wT-is ganmavlobaSi 15°-ian wylis
abazanaSi, ise rom wylis fena idges cilindrSi arsebuli
spirtis fenaze maRla. 10 wT-is Semdeg cilindrSi umateben 1
ml 0,02%-ian kaliumis permanganatis xsnars. cilindrs
axuraven sacobs, xsnars kvlav dgamen 15°-ian wyalSi da
anjRreven. dayovnebis Sedegad narevis mowiTalo-iasamnisferi
TandaTanobiT icvleba da 20 wT-is ganmavlobaSi man unda mi-
aRwios eTalonis fers.
SeniSvna: 1. mzis sxivebis pirdapiri moqmedebis Tavidan
asacileblad, cdis win, spirts ayovneben sibneleSi 3-4 sT-is
ganmavlobaSi.
2. etalonis momzadeba: 100 ml-ian sazom kolbaSi aTavse-
ben 5ml kobaltis qloridis xsnars da umateben 7ml uranil-
nitratis 4%ian xsnars. moculobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde.
raxis zeTebi: filtris qaRaldis zols Seasveleben nare-
viT, romelic Seicavs 10 ml spirts, 5 ml wyals da 1 ml
glicerins. siTxis aorTqlebis Semdeg ar unda igrZnobodes
ucxo suni.

339
 raxis zeTebi da sxva organuli nivTierebebi: 10 ml
spirts aTavseben mcire zomis kolbSi, romelSic winawar ga-
movlebulia saanalizo spirti. mudmivi morevis pirobebSi,
ramdenime ulufad umateben 9 ml koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavas, narevs acxeleben qafis buStebis warmoqmnamde
da aciveben. xsnari unda darCes ufero.
mTrimlavi da eqstraqciuli nivTierebebi: 4 ml spirts
umateben 0,8 ml amiakis xsnars. xsnari ar unda Seiferos.
araaqroladi nivTierebebi: 10 ml spirts mTlianad
aorTqleben wylis abazanaze da aSroben 100-105°-ze mudmiv wo-
namde. naSTi ar unda aRematebodes 0,01%-s.
meTilis spirti: pipetiT azomil 0,5 ml spirts aTavseben
50 ml-ian konusur kolbaSi. pipetiTve umateben 4,5 ml wyals
da anjRreven. 5 wT-is Semdeg umateben 2 ml kaliumis permanga-
natis xsnars fosformJavaSi. 10 wT-is Semdeg wveT-wveTobiT
umateben natriumis bisulfatis najer xsnars gauferulebamde
da 1 ml axladmomzadebul 2%-ian qromotropis mJavis dina-
triumis marilis xsnars. Semdeg TandaTanobiT (1 ml/wT) umate-
ben 10 ml koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas da ureven. ar unda
warmoqmnas iisferi Seferadeba.
furfuroli: milesilsacobian sazom cilindrSi SeaqvT 10
wveTi axladgamoxdili anilini, 3 wveTi koncentrirebuli
qlorwyalbadmJava da umateben sakvlev spirts 10 ml moculo-
bamde, 10-wT-is ganmavlobaSi xsnari unda darCes ufro.
Senaxva: gril adgilas, kargad moxuful taraSi.
antiseptikuri.

340
 eufilinis tabletebi 0,15 g
Tabulettae Euphyllini 0,15
------------------------------------------------------------
erTi tabletis
Sedgeniloba: eufilini 0,15 g
laqtoza 0,0685 g
saxamebeli 0,13 g
magniumis stearati 0,0015 g

aRwera: TeTri feris, ormxrivamoburculi tabletebi,

naWdevis gareSe. garegnulad unda Seesabamebodes sf. moTxov-
nebs.
daSladoba: sazRvraven s.f. 2 t gv. 86 mixedviT. tableti
unda daiSalis 15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
igiveoba: a) mosresili tabletebis 0,25 g xsnian 10 ml
wyalSi, umateben 1 ml qlorwyalbadmJavas 0,1 mol xsnars da
filtraven. filtrats aTavseben faifuris fialaze, umateben
10 wveT wyalbadis zeJangs da wylis abazanaze aorTqleben
mSrali naSTis mRebamde. naSTze 1-2 wveTi amoniumis
hidroqsidis xsnaris mimatebiT unda warmoiqmnas mkveTri
wiTeli Seferiloba.
b) mosresili tabletebis 0,15 g xsnian 2 ml wyalSi da
umateben spilenZis sulfatis xsnars. miiReba iisferi
Seferiloba.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: 1) mosresili tabletebis 0,8000g
xsnian 25 ml axladaduRebul da gacivebul wyalSi, titraven
0,1 mol qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnariT; indikatori – para-dimeTi-
laminoazobenzosulfomJava natriumi.
1 ml 0,1 mol qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnari Seesabameba
0,003005g eTilendiamins, romelic preparatSi unda iyos 0,02g-
0,0283g.

341
 2) mosresili tabletebis 1 g aTavseben 250 ml –ian
kolbSi da dgamen maSrob karadaSi 125-130°C 30wuTis
ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg umateben 100 ml axladaduRebul wyals,
25 ml 0,1 mol vercxlis nitratis xsnars, 10 wveT
fenolftaleinis xsnars da titraven 0,1 mol natriumis
hidroqsidis xsnariT.
1 ml 0,1 mol nartiumis hidroqsidis xsnari Seesabameba
0,01802g uwylo Teofilins, romelic tabletSi unda iyos 0,114-
0,1339 g.
1 da 2 gansazRvris Sedegebis jami (Teofilinisa da
eTilendiaminis jami) unda Seadgendes 0,1425-0,1575 g.
Senaxva: mSral sinaTlisagan dacul adgilze, oTaxis
temperaturaze.
spazmolizuri

eufilinis xsnari sainieqcio 2,4 %

Solutio Euphyllini pro injectionibus 2,4%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semadgenloba: Teofilini (mSral nivTierebaze
gadaangariSebiT 19,2g
eTilendiamini (mSral nivTierebaze 4,8g
gadaangariSebiT
wyali sainieqcio 1l-mde

xsnars filtraven 0,22 mkm forebian membranul filtrSi,

Camoasxamen 5 ml an 10 ml neitraluri minis (marka HC-3)
ampulebSi, mirCilaven da asterileben gamdinare orTqliT 30
wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
aRwera: gamWvirvale, ufero an odnav Seferili siTxe.

342
 igiveoba: preparatis 0,001% xsnars, 220-dan 320nm-mde
ubanSi, STanTqmis maqsimumi aReniSneba 274±2 nm-ze, minimumi ki -
244±4 nm-ze.
preparatis 1 ml aTavseben faifuris fialaze, umateben
0,25 ml ganzavebul qlordwyalbadmJavas 0,5 ml perhidrols
da wylis abazanaze aorTqleben mSrali naSTis miRebamde.
naSTis Sesvelebisas 0,1 ml amoniumis hidroqsidis xsnariT,
warmoiqmneba Zowisfer – wiTeli Seferiloba.
preparatis 3 ml umateben spilenZis sulfatis xsnaris
0,25 ml warmoiqmneba mkveTri - iisferi Seferiloba
SeniSvna: eufilinis 0,001% xsnaris momzadeba: preparatis 1
ml aTavseben 200 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi moculobas
wyliT Seavseben Wdemde da Seureven. miRebuli xsnaris 10 ml
aTavseben 100 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi, moculobas wyliT
Seavseben Wdemde da Seureven.
pH – 9,0 – 9,7 (potenciometriulad)
Seferiloba: preparati unda iyos ufero an Seferva ar
aRematebodes eTalon #7 b.
nominaluri moculobis gansazRvra: preparati unda Seesa-
bamebodes s.f. tomi 2 gv 77 moTxovnebs.
meqanikuri minarevebi: preparati unda Seesabamebodes s.f.
t 2. 78. moTxovnebs.
steriluroba: preparati unda iyos steriluri. gansaz-
Rvras axdenen pirdapiri moTesvis an membranuli filtraciis
meTodiT (s.f tomi 2 gv 111 mixedviT)
pirogenoba: test-doza – 0,5 ml cxovelis 1 kg masaze Sey-
vanis siCqare 1 ml 1 wT-Si (s.f. tomi 2, gv. 106) unda iyos api-
rogenuli.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: preparatis 2 ml umateben 10 ml
aduRebul wyals da titraven qlorwyalbadmJavis 0,1 mol
xsnariT yviTel Seferilobamde (indikatori wyalSi xsnadi

343
brombenzol-mwvanes xsnaris 0,5 ml) qlorwyalbadmJavas 0,1
mol xsnaris 1 ml Seesabameba 0,003005g C2H8N2 (eTilendiamini),
romelic preparatis 1 ml-Si unda iyos 0,0042-dan 0,0054 g-mde.
gatitrul xsnars umateben vercxlis nitratis 0,1 mol
xsnaris 10 ml da titraven natriumis hidroqsidis 0,1 mol
xsnariT cisfer Seferilobamde.
natriumis hidroqsidis 0,1 mol xsnaris 1 ml Seesabameba
0,01802 g C7H8N4O2 U(uwylo eufilini), romelic preparatis 1ml-
Si unda iyos 0,0173-0,0211g.
Senaxva: sia b. sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.
spazmolizuri (sisxlZarRvebis da bronqebis gamafar-
Toebeli saSualeba).

validolis tabletebi 0,06 g

Tabulettae Validoli 0,06
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
erTi tabletis
Sedgeniloba: validoli 0,06 g
Saqari 1,158 g
kalciumis stearati 0,005 g

aRwera: TeTri feris an ruxwinwklebiani tabletebi, men-

Tolis damaxasiaTebeli suniT, gamagrilebeli gemoTi. gareg-
nuli aRweriT unda Seesabamebodes s.f. moTxovnebs.
igiveoba: dafxvnili tabletis 5 g amuSaveben 20 ml
eTeriT da filtraven # 2 minis filtriT. 5 ml eTerian ga-
monawvlils aorTqleben wylis abazanaze 45°C temperaturaze
0,5-1 ml-mde; naSTs umateben 1 ml koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavas, 1 ml vanilis xsnars gogirdmJavaSi da anzaveben
1 ml wyliT. miiReba mowiTalo-Jolisferi Seferiloba, ro-

344
melic gadadis iisferSi (menToli) da SeigrZnoba izovaleri-
anmJavis suni.
5 ml filtrats aorTqleben wylis abazanaze 0,5-1,0 ml-
mde, naSTs umateben 1 ml wyals, 1 ml koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavas da acxeleben wylis abazanaze 5 wuTis ganmavlo-
baSi. SeigrZnoba izovalerianmJavas suni (izovalerianmJava
menTilis eTeri).
saSualo masis, daSladobis gansazRvra da sxva moTxov-
nebi:
unda Seesabamerbodes s.f. tomi 2, gv. 86 moTxovnebs.
mikrobiologiuri siwminde: gansazRvras awarmoeben s.f.t2.
gv. 119 mixedviT.
1 g preparatSi dasaSvebia jamurad ara umetes 1000
baqteriisa da 100 obis da safuaris sokoebis arseboba.
duSvebulia Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa da
Staphylo-coccus aureus ojaxis baqteriebis arseboba.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: mosresili tabletis daaxloe-
biT 15 g (zusti wona) aTavseben 100 ml Camteobis kolbSi,
umateben 15-20 ml pertoleinis eTers da SeanjRreven 5 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi, ayovneben da dekantaciiT frTxilad Cafiltra-
ven xsnars # 2 minis filtriT 50 ml Camteobis sazom kolbSi.
naleqs xelaxla umateben 6 ml petroleinis eTers da kolbis
SigTavs Seureven 3 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. daayovneben da fil-
traven imave kolbSi.
gamowvlilvas awarmoeben kidev samjer, 10-10 ml
petroleinis eTeriT. filtratis moculobas sazom kolbSi
miiyvanen Wdemde petroleinis eTeriT.
xsnarSi sazRvraven polarizaciis sibrtyis brunvis
kuTxes. polarimetris Cvenebas akvirdebian xuTjer da iReben
xuTi gazomvidan saSualo sidides.

345
 erT tabletSi validolis Semcvelobas gramebSi (X) ga-
moiTvlian formuliT:
L ⋅ 50 ⋅1,1 ⋅ B L ⋅ B ⋅ 27,5
X= =
1 ⋅ 51,82 ⋅ a 1 ⋅ a ⋅ 25,91
sadac : L –polarimetris Skalis Cveneba
50 - validolis sakvlevi xsnaris moculoba ml-ebSi
1,1- petroleinis eTerSi validolis xsnarisaTvis Skalis
Cvenebis Sesworebis koeficienti (empiriuli). 1-2% - konce
ntraciis sazRvrebSi;
l - polarimetris milis sigrZe, decimetrSi.
_51,82-1% - iani validolis xsnaris xvedriTi brunva.
a - wonaki gramebSi.
B – tabletebis saSualo wona gramebSi.
validolis Semcveloba 1 tabletis saSualo wonaze
gadaangariSebiT unda iyos 0,054-dan 0,066 g-mde.
Senaxva: mSral, gril adgilas.
spazmolizuri, sisxlZarRvTa gamafarToebeli saSualeba.

vikasolis xsnari sainieqcio 1%

Solutio Vicasoli pro injectionibus 1%
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sedgeniloba: vikasoli 10 g
natriumis metabisulfiti 1 g
an natriumis bisulfiti 2 g
wyali saineqcio 1-l-mde
xsnars filtraven 0,22 mkm diametris forebis mqone fil-
trSi, Camoasxamen 1 ml nm-1 an nm- 3 markis neitraluri minis
ampulebSi da asterileben gamdinare orTqliT 100°C 15 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi.
aRwera: ufero an sustad Sferili gamWvirvale siTxe.
346
 igiveoba: preparatis 5 ml umateben 0,1 mol natriumis
hidroqsidis xsnaris 1 ml gamoiyofa yviTeli feris fifqise-
buri naleqi.
Seferva: preparatis Seferilobis intensivoba ar unda
aRematebodes eTalon 5a-s.
pH: 2,5 – 3,5 (potenciometriulad)
steriloba: preparati unda iyos steriluri. (s.f.t2 gv.111).
meqanikuri minarevebi: unda Seesabamebodes s.f.t. 2. gv. 78.
moTxovnebs.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: preparatis 10 ml aTavseben ga-
myof ZabrSi, umateben 10 ml wyals, natriumis hidroqsidis 0,1
mol xsnaris 5 ml da gamowvlilaven qloroformiT (3-jer 20
– 20 ml). qloroformian eqstraqtebs SeaerTeben, Carecxaven 10
ml wyliT, filtraven qloroformiT dasvelebul qaRaldis
filrtSi, filtrs Carecxaven 5 ml qloroformiT, oTaxis ten-
peraturaze, vakuumis qveS da acileben qloroforms mSral
naSTamde; naSTs xsnian 15 ml yinulovan ZmarmJavaSi, umateben
15 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas, 3 g TuTiis fxvnils da
ayovneben bnel adgilas 30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg kolbis
SigTavss swrafad Cafiltraven sxva kolbSi bambiT, Carecxaven
wyliT (3-jer 10-10 ml). miRebul filtrats umateben
0-fenantrolinis xsnaris 2-3 wveTs da titraven ceriumis sul-
fatis 0,1 mol xsnariT mwvane Seferilobis miRebamde.
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas.
ceriumis sulfatis 0,1 mol xsnaris 1 ml Seesabameba
0,01652g C11H9NaO5S3H2O (vikasoli ), romlis Semcveloba 1 ml
preparatSi unda iyos 0,0095-0,0105g.
Senaxva: b sia, sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.
koagulanti.

347
 iodis spirtiani xsnari 5%
Solutio lodi spirituosa 5%

Semadgenloba: iodi 50,0 g

kaliumis iodidi 20,0 g
wyali da 95% spiriti Tanabrad 1:1
1l xsnaris
miRebamde
aRwera: gamWvirvale, mura-wiTeli feris siTxe, damaxasia-
Tebeli suniT.
igiveoba: 1 wveT preparats anzaveben 10 ml wyliT da uma-
teben 1ml saxameblis xsnars, warmoiqmneba mocisfero-lurji
Seferloba
spirti:Aaranakleb 46% (s.f. t. 1)
raodenobrivi gansazrvra: 200 ml-ian milesilsacobiani
konusur kolbSi aTvseben 2 ml obieqtis da titraven 0,1 mol
nartiumis Tiosulfatis xsnariT gauferulebamde (indika-
toris gareSe).
1 ml 0,1 mol natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnari Seesabameba
0,01269g I-s, romelic preparatSi unda iyos 4,9-dan 5,25-mde.
miRebul xsnars umateben 25 ml wyals, 2 ml ganzavebul
ZmarmJavas, 5 wveT natriumis eozinats da titraven 0,1 mol
vercxlis nitratis xsnariT Seferilobis yviTlidan vardis-
ferSi gadasvlamde.
vercxlis nitratis xsnaris mililitrebis raodenobisa
da natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnaris mililitrebis raodenobis
sxvaobiT DgamoiTvlian kaliumis iodidis raodenobas.
1 ml 0,1 mol vercxlis nitratis xsnari Seesabameba
0,01660g KKI-s, romelic preparatSi unda iyos 1,9-dan 2,15-mde.
Senaxvis pirobebi: b sia, sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.
antiseptikuri saSualeba.

348
 katabalaxas nayeni
Tinctura Valerianae
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sedgeniloba: katabalaxas daqucmacebuli
fesvebi da fesurebi 200g
spirti 70% 1l nayenis
miRebamde.

aRwera: gamWvirvale muqi mowiTalo siTxe, damaxasiaTe-

beli aromatuli suniT, momwaro motkbo gemoTi.
mSrali naSTi: nayenis 5 ml aTavseben 5-7 sm diametris
mqone awonil biuqsSi, wylis abazanaze amoaSroben 2saaTis
ganmavlobaSi 102,5±2,5°C; acieben eqsikatorSi da wonian. mSrali
naSTi ar unda iyos 3%-ze naklebi
spirti: ara umcires 65% (s.f.t.1 an ix. am sax-
elmZRvaneloSi).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: nayenis 10ml umateben 150 ml ga-
moxdil wyals da titraven 0,1 mol nartiumis hirdroqsidis
xsnariT (indikatori-fenolftaleini - 10 wveTi).
1 ml 0,1 mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnari Seesabameba
0,01021 g valerianmJavas, romelic preparatSi unda iyos ara
umcires 0,2%.
mZime liTonebi: ara umetes 0,001 %
Senaxva: gril, sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.
damamSvidebeli saSualeba.

kordiaminis wveTebi
Guttae Cordiamini
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semadgenloba:
nikotinmJavas DdieTilamidi 250,0 g
wyali sainieqcio 1 l-mde.
xsnars filtraven da Caasxamen narinjisfer minis qilebSi.
349
 aRwera: ufero an odnav moyviTalo feris siTxe, damax-
asiaTebeli suniT.
igiveoba: preparatis 2-3 wveTs umateben natriumis hidro-
qsidis xsnaris 3 ml-s, acxeleben da aduReben. SeigrZnoba di-
eTilamidis damaxasiaTebeli suni.
preparatis 2-3 wveTs umateben 0,05 g 2,4-
dinitroqlorbenzols da 3 ml 95% spirts. aduReben 1 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi. xsnari Seifereba yviTlad, gacivebis Semdeg
umateben 1 wveT natriumis hidroqsidis xsnars, warmoiqmneba
iisferi Seferiloba, romelic natriumis hidroqsidis xsnaris
wveTebis Semdgomi damatebiT TandaTan gadadis mura-wiTel
ferSi.
mJavuroba: preparatis 2 ml-s umateben 2 ml wyals da 3
wveT fenolftaleinis xsnars. xsnari unda darCes ufero;
vardisferi Seferadeba unda warmoiqmnas ara umetes 0,1 ml 0,1
mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnaris mimatebisas.
Seferiloba: preparatis Seferiloba ar unda iyos # 5a an
# 5 g eTalonze intensiuri.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: preparats da Wiqas gamoxdili
wyliT aTavseben refraqtometris gverdiT 20° C temperaturis
mqone wylian WurWelSi 1 sT ganmavlobaSi. refraqtometrSi,
gansazRvris dawyebamde 1 sT ganmavlobaSi da gansazRvris
procesSi atareben 20°C temperaturis wyals. refraqtometris
prizmaze daaqvT ramdenime wveTi wyali da sazRvraven gar-
datexis mCvenebels. prizmas amSraleben, zed aTavseben ramden-
ime wveT preparats da sazRvraven gardatexis maCvenebels,
cdas imeoreben 3-4-jer, preparatis axali ulufebiT. angariSi-
saTvis iReben yvela gansazRvris saSualo mniSvnelobas.
nikotinis mJavas dieTilamidis raodenobas 1 ml prepa-
ratSi (X) gamoiTvlian formuliT:

350
 n − n0
X=
0,002 ⋅100
sadac: n – preparatis gardatexis maCvenebeli;
no – wylis gardatexis maCvenebeli;
0,002 _ gardatexis maCveneblis zrdis sidide nikot-
inmJavas dieTilamidis xsnaris koncentraciis 1%-iT gazrdisas.
C10H14N2O Semcveloba 1 ml preparatSi unda iyos 0,240 -
0,258 g
Senaxva: b sia. sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.
centraluri nervuli sistemis stimulatori, analeptiki.

natriumis qloridis sainieqcio xsnari 0,9%

Solutio Natrii chloridi pro injectionibius 0,9%
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semadgenloba: natriumis qloridi 9,0 g
wyali sainieqcio 1000,0 ml-mde

aRwera: gamWvirvale, ufero, mariliani gemos siTxe.

igiveoba: preparatis 5 ml-s aorTqleben 1 ml-mde naSTi
iZleva damaxasiaTebel reaqcias natriumze.
preparatis 2 ml-s aorTqleben 1 ml-mde. naSTi iZleva
damaxasiaTebel reaqcias qloridebze.
pH: 5,0-7,0 potenciometriulad.
nominaluri moculobis gansazRvra: preparati unda -
akmayofilebdes s.f. t.2 gv. 77 moTxovnebs.
steriluroba: preparati unda iyos steriluri. (s.f.t. 2.
gv. 111)
pirogenoba: preparati unda iyos apirogenuli. (s.f.t. 2. gv.
10,6)
meqanikuri minarevebi: preparati ar unda Seicavdes meqani-
kur minarevebs. s.f.t. 2 gv 78.

351
 raodenobrivi gansazRvra: preparatis 10 ml-s titraven
vercxlis nitratis 0,1 mol xsnariT narinjisfer-yviTel Se-
ferilobamde (indikatori kaliumis qromati).
vercxlis nitratis 0,1 mol xsnaris 1 ml Seesabameba
0,005844g natriumis qlorids, romelic preparatis 1 ml-Si
unda iyos 0,0087-0,0093 grami.
Senaxva: Cveulebriv pirobebSi.
sadetoqsikacio saSualeba; gamxsneli zogierTi samkur-
nalo saSualebisaTvis.

novokainis (prokainis) sainieqcio xsnari

0.25%, 0.5%, 1% an 2%
Solutio Novocaini (Procaini) 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% aut 2%
pro injectionibus

Semadgenloba: prokaini (novokaini) 2.5g; 5g; 10g an 20g.

qlorwyalbadmJavas 0.1 mol
xsnari pH – 3,8-4,5 mde
wyali sainieqcio 1l xsnaris miRebamde.

xsnars filtraven, Camoasxamen neitraluri minis ampu-

lebSi 1ml, 2ml, 5ml an 10ml-s da asterileben 1000C tempera-
turaze gamdinare orTqliT 30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
aRwera: ufero, gamWvirvale siTxe.
igiveoba: 2ml preparati iZleva damaxasiaTebel reaqcias
pirvelad aromatul aminebze (sf. tomi 1, gv. 139).
preparatis 2 ml umateben 3 wveT ganzavebul gogirdmJavas
da kaliumis permanganatis 0.1 mol xsnaris 1 ml; iisferi Se-
feriloba myisierad qreba (sovkainisagan gansxvaveba).
pH: 3,8 _ 4,5.

352
 nominaluri moculoba da sxva moTxovnebi: unda Seesa-
bamebodes s.f., tomi 2, gv. 77 moTxovnebs.
meqanikuri minarevebi: unda akmayofilebdes s.f. t 2. gv 78
moTxovnebs.
steriloba: unda iyos steriluri da akmayofilebdes s.f.
tomi 2, gv. 111 moTxovnebs.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: 25 ml 0.25 % an 0.5%, 10ml 1%
an 5ml 2% xsnars umateben 10 ml ganzavebul qlorwyal-
badmJavas da Semdeg moqmedeben ise, rogorc miTiTebulia
statiaSi `nitritometria~ (s.f. tomi1, gv. 179).
Sinagani indikatoris gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi iyeneben nei-
tral wiTels an tropeolin 00 narevs meTilis lurjTan.
1ml 0.05 mol natriumis nitritis xsnari Seesabameba
0.01364g C13H20N2O2HCl, romelic preparatis 1 ml-Si unda iyos
0.00242-0.00258g, 0.00485-0.00515g, 0.0097-0.0103g an 0.0194-0.0206g.
Senaxva: b. sia, sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.
adgilobrivi saanesTezio saSualeba.

papaverinis hidroqloridis sainieqcio xsnari 2%

Solutio Papaverini hydrochloridi pro injectionibus 2%

(st. 417/95)
Semadgenloba: papaverinis hidroqloridi 20g
eTilendiamintetraZmarmJavas
dinatriumis marili 0.05g
meTionini 0.1g
wyali sainieqcio 1l-mde

xsnars filtraven 0.22 mkm diametris forebis mqone fil-

trSi, Camoasxamen 1ml nm-2 an nm-3 markis neitraluri minis am-

353
pulebSi da miarCilaven inertuli airis nakadSi. asterileben
1200C temperaturaze 8-10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
aRwera: gamWvirvale, susti moyviTalo feris siTxe.
igiveoba: preparatis 1 ml aTavseben faifuris fialaze,
mduRare wylis abazanaze; aorTqleben amoSrobamde, aciveben,
umateben 2 wveT koncentrirebul azotmJavas. warmoiqmneba
yviTeli Seferiloba, romelic wylis abazanaze gacxelebisas
gadadis narinjisferSi (papaverini).
preparatis 2 ml aTavseben 100 ml moculobis sazom kol-
bSi da qlorwyalbadmJavas 0.1 mol xsnariT moculoba mihyavT
Wdemde. miRebuli xsnaris 5 ml aTavseben 100 ml moculobis
gamzom kolbSi da qlorwyalbadmJavas 0.1 mol xsnariT mocu-
loba mihyavT Wdemde.
momzadebuli xsnaris ultraiisfer speqtrs aqvs
STanTqmis 2 maqsimumi 284 ± 2 nm da 309 ± 2 nm sigrZis talRebze.
preparatis 4 ml aTavseben faifuris fialaze, umateben
0.005 g ninhidrins, moureven da acxeleben mduRare wylis aba-
zanaze 5 wT ganmavlobaSi. warmoiqmneba iisfer-lurji Sefer-
iloba (meTionini).
preparats umateben rkinis sulfatis 0.01% xsnaris 1 ml, 3
wveT qsilenol narinjisfers; preparatis iisfer-wiTeli Se-
feriloba gadadis yviTelSi (eTilendiamintetraZmarmJavas di-
natriumis marili).
pH. (potenciometriulad) 3.0-4.0
xsnaris Seferiloba: (s.f. tomi 1) preparatis Seferiloba
ar unda aRematebodes 5b. eTalons.
nominaluri moculobis gansazRvra: preparati unda akmay-
ofilebdes s.f. moTxovnebs. t. 2, gv. 77.
steriloba: preparati unda iyos steriluri. (s.f.t.2gv. 111).
meqanikuri minarevebi: unda akmayofilebdes s.f. t 2 gv 78
moTxovnebs.

354
 gareSe minarevebi: silufol UF-254 markis, 150X150mm zomis
qromatografiuli firfitis startis xazze, mikropipetiT an
mikroSpriciT daaqvT: marcxnidan 0.005ml (100mkg) nimuSis
xsnari, xolo marjvnidan standartuli mowme nivTierebis 0.005
ml (100mkg). firfitas aSroben 5 wT da atareben qroma-
tografirebas aRmavali meTodiT gamxsnelTa sistemaSi –
qloroformi –acetoni – amiakis 25% xsnari (75:25:1). rodesac
gamxsnelis fronti miaRwevs firfitis bolomde, kameridan
amoiReben da aSroben haerze 10wT; Semdeg akvirdebian ul-
traiisfer sinaTleze 254 nm sigrZis talRaze.
standartuli nimuSis laqis doneze unda Candes inten-
siuri, cisfrad fluorescirebadi zona.
gamosakvlevi sinjis fluorescenciis zonaSi ar daiSveba
fluorescenciis are papaverinis qromatografiul zonaze
maRla (papaveraldini). daiSveba damatebiTi areebi ufro da-
bla.
Semdeg firfitas Seatrialeben 900 ise, rom papaverinis
laqa moxvdes startis xazze, marcxnidan daaqvT 0.005 ml
(100mkg) standartuli nimuSis xsnari da aTavseben kameraSi
gamxsnelTa sistemaSi: heqsani-qloroformi-dieTilamini
(50:40:10). rodesac gamxsnelis fronti miaRwevs firfitis bo-
los, amoiReben kameridan da AaSroben haerze 10wT. akvirdebian
ultraiisfer sinaTleze 254 nm sigrZis talRaze.
firfitaze unda iyos mxolod standartuli nimuSis Sesa-
bamisi adsorbciis zona. ar daiSveba adsorbciis damatebiTi
zonebis arseboba (papaverinoli).
SeniSvna: 1. standartuli nimuSis 1% xsnaris momzadeba:
papaverinis hidroqloridis daaxloebiT 0.2g (zusti wona)
aTavseben 100ml Camteobis sazom kolbSi da moculoba wyliT
mihyavT Wdemde. iyeneben axalmomzadebul xsnars.

355
 2. gamxsnelTa sistema: qloroformi-acetoni-amiakis 25%
xsnari. ar unda Seicavdes wyals, amitom mas gamoyenebis win
filtraven uwylo natriumis sulfatSi.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: preparatis 2 ml aTavseben 100
ml Camteobis sazom kolbSi, qlorwyalbadmJavas 0.1 mol xsna-
riT mihyavT moculoba Wdemde da Seureven.
miRebuli xsnaris 5ml aTavseben 100 ml Camteobis gamzom
kolbSi, qlorwyalbadmJavis 0.1 mol xsnariT moculoba mo-
hyavT Wdemde, Seureven da sazRvraven miRebuli xsnaris opti-
kur simkvrives speqtrofotometriT 309nm sigrZis talRaze, 10
mm fenis sisqis kiuvetSi.
paralelurad sazRvraven papaverinis hidroqloridis sa-
muSao standartuli nimuSis (ssn) xsnaris optikur simkvrives.
gansazRvras axdenen qlorwyalbadmJavas 0.1 mol xsnaris mi-
marT.
papaverinis hidroqloridis Semcvelobas gramebSi 1ml
xsnarSi (X) gamoiTvlian formuliT:
D1·C·100 ⋅ 100 ⋅10 D
X= = 0.4 C 1
D 0 ⋅ 5,0 ⋅ 2,0 ⋅ 250 ⋅100 D0
sadac D1 – sakvlevi xsnaris optikuri simkvrive;
D0 – ssn xsnaris optikuri simkvrive;
C – papaverinis hidroqliridis ssn wona gramebSi.
250,100 – ganzaveba
papaverinis hidroqloridis C20H21NO4HCL Semcveloba 1ml
preparatSi unda iyos 0.019-0.021 g farglebSi.
SeniSvna: papaverinis hidroqloridis ssn xsnaris
momzadeba:
papaverinis hidroqloridis daaxloebiT 0.05 g (zusti
wona) aTavseben 250 ml Camteobis sazom kolbSi, xsnian 200 ml
0.1 mol qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnarSi da imave xsnariT mihyavT
moculoba Wdemde. miRebuli xsnaris 10 ml gadaaqvT 100 ml

356
Camteobis gamzom kolbSi da qlorwyalbadmJavas 0.1 mol
xsnariT moculoba mihyavT Wdemde.
ssn xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs daaxloebiT 0.00002g papaverinis
hidroqlorids.
xsnari vargisia 1 Tve.
SeniSvna: sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.
spazmolizuri saSualeba.

paracetamolis tabletebi 0.5 g

Tabulettae Paracetamoli 0.5

erTi tabletis Semadgenloba: paracetamoli 0.5g.

kartofilis saxamebeli,
stearinmJava 0.55 g-iani
tab-is miRebamde.

aRwera: TeTri an kremisferi brtyelcilindruli formis

tabletebi. garegnuli aRwerilobiT unda Seesabamebodes s.f.
moTxovnebs.
igiveoba: dafxvnili tabletis 0.1 g SeanjRreven 10 ml
wyalTan da umateben samqlorrkinis xsnaris ramdenime wveTs,
warmoiqmneba molurjo-iisferi Seferiloba.
tabletis fxvnilis 0.15 g SeanjRreven 30 ml uwylo ace-
tonTan, filtraven da filtrats aorTqleben mSrali naSTis
miRebamde. mSral naSTs umateben 2 ml ganzavebul qlorwyal-
badmJavas, aduReben erTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi, umateben 10 ml
wyals, acieben da umateben erT wveT kaliumis biqromatis
xsnars; warmoiqmneba iisferi Seferiloba, romelic ar unda
gadavides wiTelSi (fenacetinisagan gansxvavebiT).
tabletis fxvnilis 0.15g SeanjRreven 30 ml uwylo ace-
tonTan, filtraven da filtrats aorTqleben mSrali naSTis
357
miRebamde. mSral naSTs frTxilad acxeleben 2ml
gogirdmJavasTan erTad 2 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. SeigrZnoba
ZmarmJavas suni.
saSualo masis, daSladobis, talkis gansazRvra da sxva
moTxovnebi: unda Seesabamebodes s.f. tomi 2, gv 86 moTxovnebs.
xsnadoba: gansazRvras awarmoeben 545-R-AK-tipis xel-
sawyoze `mbrunavi kalaTa~, s.f. tomi 2, gv. 90 Sesabamisad.
are- 200 ml 0.1 mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnari, mocu-
loba 500 ml, kalaTis brunvis siCqare 100 br/wT.
1 tablets aTavseben kalaTaSi, CatvirTaven arian Wur-
WelSi da mohyavT brunviT moZraobaSi. sinjs iReben 45 wuTis
Semdeg, filtraven, aciveben 200C temperaturamde. filtratis
0.2 ml gadaaqvT 100 ml Camteobis sazom kolbSi, umateben 10
ml 0.1 mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnars, Seureven da xsnaris
moculobas wyliT miiyvanen Wdemde.
optikur simkvrives sazRvraven speqtrofotometriT (ga-
tarebis koeficientis ZiriTadi absoluturi cdomileba 1%)
257 nm sigrZis talRaze, 10 mm fenis sisqis kiuvetiT, Sesadare-
blad iyeneben wyals.
paralelurad sazRvraven paracetamolis standartuli
nimuSis xsnaris optikur simkvrives.
gaxsnili paracetamolis raodenobas procentebSi (X) ga-
moiTvlian formuliT:
D1
X = ⋅100
D0
sadac, D1 – sakvlevi xsnaris optikuri simkvrive;
D0 – paracetamolis standartuli nimuSis xsnaris (snx)
optikuri simkvrive.
45 wuTSi gaxsnili paracetamolis raodenoba unda iyos
erT tabletSi misi Semcvelobis ara umcires 75%.

358
 SeniSvna: paracetamolis standartuli nimuSis xsnars
amzadeben ise, rogorc miTiTebulia `raodenobriv gansaz-
RvraSi~.
mikrobiologiuri siwminde: gansazRvras awarmoeben s.f.
tomi 2, gv. 119 mixedviT.
1g preparatSi dasaSvebia jamurad ara umetes 1000
baqteriis da 100 obis da safuaris sokoebis arseboba.
dauSvebelia Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa da Staphylo-
coccus aureus-is ojaxis baqteriebis arseboba.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: tabletis fxvnilis daaxloebiT
0.17 g (zusti wona) aTavseben 200 ml Camteobis sazom kolbSi,
umateben 100 ml 0.1 mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnars, Se-
anjRreven 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, xsnaris moculoba wyliT
mihyavT Wdemde da filtraven, filtratis 1 ml aTavseben 100
ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi, umateben 10 ml 0.1 mol natriumis
hidroqsidis xsnars, Seureven da xsnaris moculoba mihyavT
Wdemde wyliT.
momzadebuli xsnaris optikur simkvrives sazRvraven
speqtrofotometriT 257 nm sigrZis talRaze 10 mm fenis sisqis
kiuvetSi.
paralelurad sazRvraven paracetamolis standartuli
nimuSis xsnaris optikur simkvrives. Sesadareblad iyeneben
wyals.
paracetamolis Semcvelobas erT tabletSi gramebSi (X)
gamoiTvlian formuliT:
D1 ⋅ 0,100 ⋅ B
X =
D0 ⋅ A
sadac, D1 – sakvlevi xsnaris optikuri simkvrive;
D0 – paracetamolis standartuli nimuSis xsnaris opti-
kuri simkvrive;
A – preparatis wona gramebSi;

359
 B _ tabletis saSualo wona, gramebSi.
C8H9NO2 (paracetamoli) Semcveloba erT tabletSi unda
iyos 0.475g-dan 0.525g-mde, erTi tabletis saSualo masaze
gadaangariSebiT.
SeniSvna: paracetamolis standartuli nimuSis xsnaris
momzadeba:
0.1g (zusti wona) paracetamols (standartuli nimuSi)
aTavseben 200 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi, umateben 100 ml 0.1
mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnars, SeanjRreven 10 wuTis gan-
mavlobaSi da xsnaris moculobas wyliT miiyvanen Wdemde.
miRebuli xsnaris 1 ml aTavseben 100 ml Camteobis sazom kol-
bSi, umateben 10 ml 0.1 mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnars,
Seureven da xsnaris moculoba wyliT mihyavT Wdemde.
paracetamolis xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs daaxloebiT 0.000005g
paracetamols.
xsnari gamoiyeneba axladmomzadebuli.
Senaxva: `b~ sia. mSral, sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.
sicxis damwevi, tkivilgamayuCebeli saSualeba.

piracetami kafsulebSi 0.4 g

Pyracetami in capsulis 0.4

Semadgenloba: piracetami 0.4g

kalciumis stearati 0.0043g
magniumis fuZe karbonati0.43g masis mqone
sakafsule masis
miRebamde.
aRwera: Kkafsulis SigTavsi – TeTri an moTeTro feris
fxvnili. kafsulebi garegnuli aRwerilobiT unda akmayo-
filebdes s.f. moTxovnebs.

360
 igiveoba: daaxloebiT 2g kafsulaTa SigTavss aTavseben
250 ml tevadobis mqone sazom kolbSi, anjRreven 80 ml wyal-
Tan erTad da filtraven (a xsnari).
a xsnaris 2 ml aTavseben sinjaraSi, umateben 1 ml 30%-ian
natriumis hidroqsidis xsnars da acxeleben wylian abazanaze
aduRebamde. gamoyofil amiaks aRmoaCenen suniT da Sesvele-
buli lakmusis wiTeli qaRaldis galurjebiT.
a xsnaris 10 ml aTavseben 25 ml Camteobis sazom kolbSi
da xsnaris moculoba wyliT ahyavT Wdemde (b xsnari).
miRebuli b xsnaris ultraiisferi STanTqmis speqtrs 230-
dan 350 nm talRis sigrZis farglebSi ar gaaCnia gamoxatuli
maqsimumebi.
saSualo wonis gansazRvra: 20 gauxsnel kafsulas wonian
erTad da gamoiTvlian gauxsneli kafsulis saSualo wonas.
Semdeg wonian cal-calke. TiToeuli gauxsneli kafsulis
wonidan gadaxra saSualo wonasTan SedarebiT ar unda aRe-
matebodes ± 10%.
frTxilad xsnian 20kafsulas, TiToeuls danakargis ga-
reSe aTavisufleben SigTavsisagan, wonian da angariSoben kaf-
sulaTa SigTavsis saSualo wonas. TiToeuli kafsulis Sig-
Tavsis wona ar unda gansxvavdebodes nawilSi: ` erTi kafsu-
lis Semadgenloba~ miTiTebuli, gamoTvlili saSualo wonisa
da kafsulis wonisagan ara umetes ± 10%.
20 kafsulis Semadgenlobas iyeneben raodenobrivi gan-
sazRvrisaTvis.
daSlis siCqare: ara umetes 30 wuTi, wyalSi. (s.f.
mixedviT).
minarevebi: 0.22 g kafsulis SigTavss xsnian 5 ml meTilis
spirtSi. miRebuli xsnaris 0.01 ml mikropipetiT SeaqvT UV-254
"silufol"-is firfitis startis xazze. mowmis saxiT SeaqvT 0.01
ml (2mkg) piracetamis standartuli nimuSis 0.02%-iani xsnari

361
meTilis spirtSi. firfitas Setanili sinjebiT aSroben haerze
5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, aTavseben gamxsnelTa sistemaSi:
qloroformi-meTilis spirti _ yinulovani ZmarmJava (70:30:3) da
qromatografirebas awarmoeben aRmavali meTodiT. rodesac
gamxsnelTa fronti miaRwevs firfitis kides, sistemidan
amoiReben, aSroben haerze 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi da Semdeg
qlorirebisaTvis aTavseben narevSi: 1.5%-iani kaliumis
permanganatis xsnari-koncentrirebuli qlorwyalbadmJava (1:1);
10 wuTis Semdeg firfitas narevidan amoiReben, 30 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi aCereben amwov karadaSi da miasxureben o-
Toluidinis xsnars.
minarevebis laqa sididiTa da Seferilobis intensivobiT
ar unda aWarbebdes mowmis laqas ara umetes 0.5%.-iT
SeniSvna: o-Toluidinis xsnaris momzadeba. 0.161 g o-
Toluidins xsnian 30 ml yinulovan ZmarmJavaSi, xsnaris
moculoba miyavT 500 ml-mde da umateben 1g kaliumis iodids.
xsnari vargisia 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
wonaSi danakargi gamoSrobisas: daaxloebiT 1.0g (z.w.)
kafsulis SigTavss aSroben 100-1500C temperaturaze mudmiv
wonamde. wonaSi danakargi ar unda aRematebodes 1%-s.
raodenobiTi gansazRvra: daaxloebiT 0.16g (z.w.) kafsulis
SigTavss aTavseben kieldalis kolbSi. umateben 4 ml wyals
da kolbs miaerTeben kieldalis xelsawyosTan. TandaTan,
gamyofi Zabridan amateben 45 ml natriumis hidroqsidis xsnars
da gamoyofil amiaks gadadenian mimRebSi, romelSic winaswar
moTavsebulia 15 ml boris mJavas xsnari da 10 wveTi Sereuli
indikatori. gadadenas awarmoeben daaxloebiT 150Aml
gadanadenis miRebamde, romelsac titraven 0.1 mol
qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnariT.
paralelurad awarmoeben sakontrolo cdas.

362
 1 ml 0.1 mol qlorwyalbadmJavis xsnari Seesabameba 0.014g
piracetams, romelic unda iyos ara umetes 0.41g da aranakleb
0.39g erTi kafsulis SigTavsis saSualo wonaze
gadaangariSebiT.
Senaxva: mSral, sinaTlisagan dacul adgilze.
fsiqotropiuli, nootropiuli saSualeba.

platifilinis hidrotartratis sainieqcio xsnari 0.2%

Sol. Platyphillini hydrotartratis pro injectionibus 0.2%

Semadgenloba: platifilinis hidrotartrati 2g

wyali saineqcio 1l-mde

xsnars filtraven 22 mkm diametris forebis mqone

filtrSi, Camoasxamen 1ml-ian neitraluri minis nm 1 an nm 3
tipis ampulebSi da asterileben gamdinare orTqliT 1000C
temperaturaze 30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
aRwera: gamWvirvale ufero siTxe.
igiveoba: preparatis 1ml umateben 2-3 wveT maieris
reaqtivs. gamoiyofa TeTri naleqi.
preparatis 1 ml aorTqleben faifuris fialaze. mSral
naSTs xsnian 10 wveT koncentrirebul gogirdmJavaSi, umateben
ramdenime kristal β naftols da acxeleben wylis abazanaze.
warmoiqmneba mwvane Seferiloba.
preparatis 1 ml aorTqleben faifuris fialaze,mSral
naSTs umateben 4 ml koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas, ramdenime
kristal rezorcins da acxeleben wylis abazanaze.
warmoiqmneba Sindisferi Seferiloba (damaxasiaTebeli reaqcia
tartratebze).
pH 3.6 – 4.0 (potenciometriulad).

363
 raodenobrivi gansazRvra: 1 ml preparati SeaqvT 20 ml
moculobis gamyof ZabrSi. umateben 1.5 ml wyals, tropeolin
000-II-is 1% xsnaris 0.2 ml-s, 3 wveT 0.5 mol
qlorwyalbadmJavas, 10 ml qloroforms da anjRreven 1 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi. qloroformis Sre gadaaqvT 50 ml Camteobis
sazom kolbSi. eqstraqcias imeoreben kidev samjer 10-10 ml
qloroformiT. qloroformiani eqstraqtebi gadaaqvT imave
sazom kolbSi, Semdeg moculobas qloroformiT Seavseben
Wdemde.
fotoeleqtrokolorimetrze, sinaTlis lurji filtris
gamoyenebiT, zomaven miRebuli xsnaris optikur simkvrives, 5 mm
fenis sisqis kiuvetSi.
Sesadareblad iyeneben qloroforms.
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas platifilinis
hidrotartratis xsnaris standartuli nimuSis gamoyenebiT.
platifilinis hidrotartratis Semcvelobas gramebSi (X)
1 ml preparatSi gamoiTvlian formuliT:
D1 ⋅ 0,002
X =
D0
sadac D1 – sakvlevi xsnaris optikuri simkvrivea;
D0 - standartuli nimuSis xsnaris optikuri simkvrive;
0.002 – platifilinis hidrotartratis Semcveloba
gramebSi standartuli nimuSis 1 ml xsnarSi.
platifilinis hidrotartratis Semcveloba 1 ml
preparatSi unda iyos 0.0018 -0.0022 g farglebSi.
SeniSvna: platifilinis hidrotartratis standartuli
nimuSis xsnaris momzadeba:
0.1000g platifilinis hidrotartrats (zusti wona) xsnian
wyalSi 50 ml moculobis sazom kolbSi da moculoba wyliT
mihyavT Wdemde.
1 ml xsnari Seicavs 0.002 g platifilinis hdrotartrats.

364
 steriloba: preparati unda iyos steriluri. (s.f.t 2gv. 111)
meqanikuri minarevebi: unda akmayofilebdes s.f. t 2, gv 78
moTxovnebs.
Senaxva: a sia. sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas,
spazmolizuri saSualeba.

riboqsinis tabletebi 0.2

Tabulettae Riboxini 0.2

erTi tabletis Semadgenloba: riboqsini 0.2g

damxmare nivTierebebi: saxamebeli, stearinis mJava, poli-
vinil-pirolidini, Saqari, magniumis kar-
bonati, titanis orJangi, aerosili, tar-
trazini.

aRwera: yviTeli feris garsiani tabletebi, ganiv Wrilze

Cans ormagi fena. garegnulad unda Seesabamebodes s.f. t. 2. gv.
84-90 moTxovnebs.
igiveoba: sakvlev xsnars, romelic momzadebulia raode-
nobrivi gansazRvriasaTvis, ultraiisfer areSi, 210 nm-dan 285
nm-mde, unda hqondes STanTqmis maqsimumi 249 ± 1nm.
optikur simkvrives sazRvraven speqtrofotometrulad 10
mm fenis sisqis kiuvetSi. gamxsnelad gamoyenebulia wyali.
249 ± 1nm da 260 ± 1nm sigrZis talRebze.
mosresili tabletebis 0.2g fxvnils aTavseben 50 ml teva-
dobis kolbSi, SeanjRreven 20 ml wyalTan da filtraven qaR-
aldis filtrSi. miRebuli xsnaris 2 ml umateben 5 ml 0.1%
rkinis Jangis qloridis xsnaris 0.5 ml 10% orcinis xsnars.
miRebul xsnars aTavseben mduRare wylis abazanaze 20 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi. warmoiqmneba mwvane Seferiloba (riboza).

365
 SeniSvna: 1. 0.1% rkinis Jangis qloridis xsnaris
momzadeba. 0.1 g rkinis Jangis qlorids aTavseben 100 ml Cam-
teobis gamzom kolbSi da xsnian koncentrirebul qlorwyal-
badmJavaSi. moculoba ahyavT Wdemde da Seureven. xsnari
vargisia – 1 Tve.
2. 10% orcinis xsnaris momzadeba. 10 g orcins aTavseben
100 ml moculobis sazom kolbSi, xsnian 50 ml 95% spirtSi.
moculobas amave spirtiT Seavseben Wdemde. xsnari vargisia – 1
Tve.
saSualo masa da daSladoba: unda Seesabamebodes s.f. t.2.
gv. 86 moTxovnebs.
mikrobiologiuri siwminde: unda Seesabamebodes s.f. t.2.
gv. 119 moTxovnebs.
1 g preparatSi dasaSvebia ara umetes 1000 baqteriis da 100
safuaris da obis sokos (jamuri) Semcveloba. preparati ar
unda Seicavdes Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas auroginosa da
Staphylococcus aureus-is ojaxis baqteriebs.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: 3 tabletis mosresili fxvnili
200 ml wylis meSveobiT raodenobrivad gadaaqvT 250 ml
moculobis gamzom kolbSi, anjRreven 15 wT, xsnaris
moculoba wyliT ayavT Wdemde, kargad Seureven da filtraven
qaRaldis filtrSi. filtratis pirvel 15 ml gadaRvrian.
filtratis 1 ml aTavseben 250 ml moculobis gamzom
kolbSi, xsnaris moculoba wyliT ayavT Wdemde da kargad
Seureven. miRebuli xsnaris optikur simkvrives sazRvraven
249 ± 1 nm sigrZis talRaze, 10 mm fenis sisqis kiuvetSi.
Sesadareblad iyeneben wyals.
paralelurad sazRvraven riboqsinis standartuli
nimuSis xsnaris optikur simkvrives.
1 tabletSi riboqsinis Semcvelobas (X) gramebSi
gamoiTvlian formuliT:

366
 D 1⋅ m 0 ⋅ 250 ⋅ 250 D1 ⋅ m 0 ⋅ 625
X = =
D 0 ⋅ n ⋅ 100 ⋅100 D 0 ⋅ n ⋅100
sadac: D1 - sakvlevi xsnaris optikuri simkvrivea;
D0 – standartuli xsnaris optikuri simkvrive;
m0 – riboqsinis standartuli nimuSis wona gramebSi;
n – raodenobrivi gansazRvrisaTvis aRebuli tabletebis
raodenoba.
riboqsinis (C10H12N4O5) Semcveloba erT tabletSi unda
iyos 0.19-0.21g.
SeniSvna: riboqsinis standartuli nimuSis xsnaris
momzadeba: 0.1 g (z.w.) riboqsinis standartul nimuSs aTavseben
100 ml tevadobis sazom kolbSi, umateben 80 ml wyals,
anjRreven 10 wT-is ganmavlobaSi. moculoba wyliT ayavT
Wdemde da kargad ureven. miRebuli xsnaris 1 ml aTavseben 100
ml tevadobis sazom kolbSi, Seavseben moculobas wyliT
Wdemde da Seureven. xsnari vargisi 1 dRe-Rame.
Senaxva: grilad, sinaTlisagan mifrTxilebiT.
anaboluri saSualeba.

sibazonis (diazepamis) tabletebi 0.005g

Tabulettae Sibazoni (Diazepam) 0.005

erTi tabletis Semadgenloba: diazepami (sibazoni) 0.005g

rZis Saqari 0.151g
damxmare nivTierebebi: kartofilis saxamebeli,
kalciumis stearati, talki 0.2g-iani
tabletis
miRebamde

aRwera: TeTri an moyviTalo feris tabletebi, garegnuli

aRwerilobiT unda Seesabamebodes s.f. moTxovnebs.
367
 igiveoba: dafxvnili tabletis 0.4 g umateben 2 ml 95%
spirts, SeanjRreven 3 wuTis ganmavlobaSi da filtraven.
filtrats umateben 0.05g ninhidrins, aduReben wylis abazanaze
5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi da acieben.
miRebul xsnars umateben 1 ml 95% spirts da 2 wveT 1%
spilenZis sulfatis xsnars. warmoiqmneba narinjisferi Sefer-
iloba.
raodenobrivi gansazRvrisaTvis momzadebuli xsnaris
ultraiisfer speqtrs 220 nm-dan 400 nm-mde aqvs STanTqvis sami
maqsimumi 240 ± 2 nm, 284 ± 2 nm da 360 ± 2 nm.
saSualo masis, daSladobis, talkis gansazRvra da sxva
moTxovnebi: unda Seesabamebodes s.f. tomi 2, gv. 86-87 moTxov-
nebs.
dozirebis erTgvarovneba: gansazRvras da Sedegebis Se-
fasebas axdenen s.f. tomi 2, gv. 87 mixedviT.
mikrobiologiuri siwminde: preparati unda Seesabamebodes
s.f. tomi 2, gv. 119 moTxovnebs.
preparatis 1g-Si dasaSvebia ara umetes 1000 baqteriis da
100 obis da safuaris sokos (Sejamebuli) arseboba. dauSvebe-
lia Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa da Staphylococcus aureus-is
ojaxis baqteriebis arseboba.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: dafxvnili tabletis 0.2 g
(zusti wona) aTavseben 50 ml Camteobis gamzom kolbSi, xsnian
30 ml 95% spirtSi, SeanjRreven 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi da
xsnaris moculobas Wdemde Seavseben spirtiT. Seureven da
filtraven. pirvel 15 ml-s gadaRvrian.
50 ml Camteobis sazom kolbSi aTavseben filtratis 5 ml,
umateben 20 ml 95% spirts, xsnaris moculoba Wdemde mihyavT
0.1 mol qlorwyalbadmJaviT da SeanjRreven. miRebuli xsnaris
optikur simkvrives sazRvraven speqtrofotometriT 284nm
sigrZis talRaze 10 mm fenis sisqis kiuvetSi.

368
 Sesadareblad iyeneben 95% spirtisa da 0.1 mol qlor-
wyalbadmJavis xsnaris 1:1 narevs.
paralelurad sazRvraven sibazonis standartuli nimuSis
xsnaris optikur simkvrives.
erT tabletSi diazepamis (sibazonis) Semcvelobas grameb-
Si (X) gamoiTvlian formuliT:
D1 ⋅ 0,00001 ⋅ B ⋅ 50 ⋅ 50 D1 ⋅ 0,005 ⋅ B
X = =
D0 ⋅ a ⋅ 5 D0 ⋅ a
sadac, D1 – sakvlevi xsnaris optikuri simkvrive;
D0 – standartuli nimuSis xsnaris optikuri simkvrive.
a – preparatis wonaki gramebSi;
B – erTi tabletis saSualo wona gramebSi.
diazepamis (sibazonis) (C16H13ClN2O) Semcveloba erT ta-
bletSi unda iyos 0.0045g-dan 0.0055 g-mde.
SeniSvna: diazepamis (sibazonis) standartuli xsnaris
momzadeba: 100ml Camteobis sazom kolbSi aTavseben daaxloe-
biT 0.0500g (zusti wona) diazepamis (sibazonis) fxvnils, uma-
teben 30 ml 95% spirts, Seureven gaxsnamde da imave spirtiT
Seavseben Wdemde (xsnari a).
miRebuli xsnaris 1 ml gadaaqvT 50 ml Camteobis sazom
kolbSi, umateben 20ml 95% spirts, xsnaris moculobas Wdemde
Seavseben 0.1 mol qlorwyalbadmJaviT da Seureven (xsnari b).
b xsnaris 1 ml Seicavs 0.00001 g sibazons. a xsnaris Senax-
vis vadaa 6 dRe, b xsnaris – 1 saaTi.
Senaxva: `b~ sia, sinaTlisgan dacul adgilas.
trankvilizatori.

369
 streptocidis malamo 5% da 10%
Unguentum Streptocidi 5% aut 10%

Semadgenloba: streptocidi 5.0g an 10.0g

vazelini 95.0g an 90.0g

aRwera: TeTri feris malamo.

igiveoba: 1. konusur kolbSi aTavseben malamos 2.5g, umate-
ben 10ml wyals, aTavseben mduRare wylis abazanaze mudmivi
morevis qveS 10-15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, aciveben da filtraven.
a) filtratis 1 ml umateben 1 ml wyals, SeamJaveben 3
wveTi qlorwyalbadmJaviT, umateben 3 wveT natriumis nitritis
xsnars da SeanjRreven. miRebul xsnars umateben 3 ml β-
naftolis tutian xsnars. warmoiqmneba alublisfer-wiTeli
Seferiloba an narinjisfer-wiTeli naleqi (pirveladi aro-
matuli amini);
b) filtratis 5 ml aTavseben faifuris fialaze da
aorTqleben mSrali naSTis miRebamde. naSTs acxeleben
sanaTuris alze. warmoiqmneba iisfer-lurji nalRobi da Sei-
grZnoba amiakisa da anilinis suni (streptocidi).
erTgvarovneba: malamo unda iyos erTgvarovani. erTgva-
rovnebis gansazRvrisaTvis iReben malamos 4 sinjs, TiToeuls
0.02 g odenobiT. or-or sinjs aTavseben sasagne minaze,
daafareben meore sasagne minas da dawnexen daaxloebiT 2 sm
diametris mqone laqebis miRebamde.
miRebuli laqebis SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT gasinjvisas
(Tvalidan 30 sm dacilebiT) ar unda Candes TvaliT SesamCnevi
nawilakebi.
steriluroba: cdis pirobebSi malamos ar aqvs antimikro-
buli moqmedeba.
malamos 10g aTavseben sterilur kolbSi, romelSic mo-
Tavsebulia 100 ml fosfaturi buferuli xsnari, 5% tvin-80
370
rogorc emulgatori da 5-6 mm diametris mqone minis burTu-
lakebi (8-10 cali). narevs acxeleben wylis abazanaze 400C-mde
da SeanjRreven homogenuri emulsiis warmoqmnamde. malamos
miRebul ganzavebas 1:10 iyeneben sterilurobis gansasazRvra-
vad (s.f. t. 2. gv. 111).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: daaxloebiT 1g 5% an 0,5g
10% malamos (zusti wona) aTavseben 100 ml Camteobis konusur
kolbSi, umateben 10 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas, 15 ml
wyals da acxeleben wylis abazanaze xSiri SenjRreviT 10
wuTis anmavlobaSi.
gacivebis Semdeg xsnars Cafiltraven 100 ml Camteobis
sazom kolbSi. am proceduras imeoreben pirvelad aromatul
aminebze uaryofiT reaqciamde. miRebul filtratebs agroveben
imave sazom kolbSi da xsnaris moculobas wyliT Seavseben
Wdemde.
momzadebuli xsnaris 25 ml gadaaqvT konusur kolbSi,
umateben 10 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas da Semdeg iqce-
vian ise, rogorc miTiTebulia statiaSi (`nitritometria~). in-
dikatorad iyeneben tropeolin 00-is xsnaris 4 wveTs da
meTilenis lurjas xsnaris 2 wveTs.
natriumis nitritis 0.1 mol xsnaris 1 ml Seesabameba
0.01722g streptocids, romelic preparatSi unda iyos Sesa-
bamisad 4.75 - 5.25% an 9.5 – 10.5%.
Senaxva: grilad, sinaTlisagan mofrTxilebiT.
antimikrobuli.

371
 streptocidis tabletebi 0.3 g an 0.5 g
Tabulettae Streptocidi 0.3 aut 0.5

erTi tabletis Semadgenloba: streptocidi 0.3g an 0.5g

kartofilis saxamebeli, ta lki 0.33g an 0,55g
tabletebis
miRebamde.

aRwera: TeTri feris tabletebi. garegnuli aRweriloba

unda Seesabamebodes s.f. moTxovnebs.
igiveoba: tabletis fxvnilis 0.3 g SeanjRreven 10 ml ace-
tonTan, filtraven da aorTqleben mSrali naSTis miRebamde.
naSTi iZleva pirveladi aromatuli aminebisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
bel reaqcias (gv. 131).
saSualo masis, daSladobis, talkis gansazRvra da sxva
moTxovnebi: unda Seesabamebodes s.f. tomi 2. gv. 86, 87 moTxov-
nebs.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: dafxvnili tabletis daaxloe-
biT 0.25 g (zusti wona) raodenobrivad xsnian 10 ml ganzave-
bul qlorwyalbadmJavaSi, umateben wyals 80 ml moculobamde,
1g kaliumis bromids da mudmivi morevis pirobebSi titraven
natriumis nitritis 0.1 mol xsnariT. Sinagan indikatorad iye-
neben tropeolin 00-is narevs meTilenis lurjTan.
1 ml 0.1 mol natriumis nitritis xsnari Seesabameba
0.01722g C6H8N2O2S, romelic tabletis saSualo wonaze gadaan-
gariSebiT unda iyos 0.285–0.315g an 0.475-0.525 g.
Senaxva: `b~ sia.
antimikrobuli.

372
 taufonis xsnari 4%
Solutio Tauphoni 4%

Semadgenloba: taufoni 40.0g

nipagini 1.0g
wyali saineqcio 1 l-mde

aRwera: ufero, gamWvirvale siTxe.

igiveoba: 1 ml preparats amateben 1 ml natriumis hidroq-
sidis 0.1 mol xsnars da 3 wveT fenolftaleinis xsnars. war-
moiqmneba Jolosferi Seferiloba, romelic qreba fenolfta-
leinis mimarT ganeitralebuli 1 ml formalinis damatebiT
(taufoni).
1 ml preparats aTavseben tigelSi, aorTqleben mSral
naSTamde, amateben 1 ml damJangav xsnars da wvaven Tavdapir-
velad airebis gamoyofis Sewyvetamde, xolo Semdeg ki mufe-
lis RumelSi TeTri naSTis miRebamde. naSTs amateben 2 ml
wyals, tigelis SigTavsi gadaaqvT sinjaraSi, amateben 0.5 ml
ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas da 0.5 ml bariumis qlorids;
warmoiqmneba TeTri naleqi.
SeniSvna: damJangavi xsnaris momzadeba. 0.5g kaliums ni-
trats xsnian 25 ml koncentrirebul azotmJavaSi. xsnari var-
gisia 1 Tve.
pH 5.0-dan 6.5-mde, potenciometriulad (s.f. t. 1 mixedviT).
ucxo minarevebi: 1 ml preparats aTavseben gamzom sinja-
raSi, anzaveben wyliT 8 ml-mde da SeanjRreven.
miRebuli xsnaris 0.01 ml (50 mkg) mikropipetiT SeaqvT
5X15 sm zomis silufolis firfitis startis xazze, mowmis
saxiT SeaqvT 0.01 ml (50 mkg) taufonis standartuli nimuSis
0.5%-iani xsnari.

373
 firfitas Setanili sinjebiT aSroben haerze 10 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi, aTavseben gamxsnelTa sistemaSi 95% eTilis
spirti _ qloroformi _ amiakis koncentrirebuli xsnari Ta-
nafardobiT _ 3:1:2 da qromatografirebas axdenen aRmavali me-
TodiT. rodesac gamxsnelTa fronti gaivlis 10 sm-s, firfitas
sistemidan iReben da aSroben haerze 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi,
Semdeg asxureben ninhidrinis 0.2%-ian xsnars 90%-ian spirtSi
da ayovneben 105-1100C tempereturaze 1 wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
sakvlevi xsnaris qromatogramaze unda gamoCndes mxolod
erTi iisferi laqa mowmis laqis doneze. dasaSvebia laqa
startis xazzec.
SeniSvna: 1. taufonis standartuli nimuSis 0.5%-iani
xsnaris momzadeba. 0.5g (z.w.) taufons aTavseben 100 ml Camteo-
bis gamzom kolbSi, xsnaris moculoba wyliT ahyavT Wdemde da
Seureven.
2. 95% eTilis spirtSi ninhidrinis 0.2%-iani xsnaris mom-
zadeba.
0.2g nihidrins xsnian 100 ml 95% eTilis spirtSi.
sxnari vargisia 1 Tve.
Semowmeba sterilurobaze: preparati unda iyos ster-
iluri. (s.f.t. 2, gv. 111).
meqanikuri minarevebi unda akmayofilebdes s.f. t 2. gv. 78.
moTxovnebs.
raodenobiTi gansazRvra: 5 ml preparats aTavseben 100 ml
Camteobis gamzom kolbSi, umateben 30 ml wyals, 5 ml forma-
lins, Seureven da titraven natriumis hidroqsidis 0.1 mol
xsnariT susti vardisferi Seferilobis miRebamde indikatori
fenolftaleini.
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas.

374
 natriumis hidroqsidis 0.1 mol xsnaris 1 ml Seesabameba
0.01252g C2H2NO3S(taufons), romelic preparatis 1 ml-Si unda
iyos 0.0380g-dan 0.0420g-mde.
Senaxva: sinaTlisagan dacul gril adgilas, oTaxis tem-
peraturaze.
kataraqtis samkurnalo saSualeba.

furacilinis xsnari 0.02%

Solutio Furacilini 0.02%

Semadgenloba: furacilini 0.2g

gamoxdili wyali 1 l
aRwera: gamWvirvale, yviTeli an momwvano-yviTeli feris,
usuno, mware gemos siTxe.
igiveoba: xsnaris 5.0 ml umateben 0.5 ml natriumis hidro-
qsidis xsnars. warmoiqmneba monarinjisfro-wiTeli Seferi-
loba; miRebuli xsnaris gacxelebiT gamoiyofa amiaki.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: 50 ml tevadobis kolbSi
aTavseben 0.01 mol iodis xsnaris 5 ml, natriumis hidroqsidis
xsnaris 0.1 ml da sakvlevi xsnaris 5 ml; 1-2 wuTis Semdeg
umateben 2 ml ganzavebul gogirdmJavas da gamoyofil iods
titraven mikrobiuretidan 0.01 mol natriumis Tiosulfatis
xsnariT gauferulebamde (indikatori saxamebeli).
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas.
1 ml 0.01 mol iodis xsnari Seesabameba 0.0004954 g
furacilins, romelic xsnaris 1 ml-Si unda iyos 0.00019-
0.000210g.
Senaxva: sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.
antiseptikuri saSualeba.

375
 qloramfenikolis (levomicetinis) tabletebi
0.1g; 0.25g da 0.5g
Tabulettae Chloramphenicoli (Laevomycetini) 0.1; 0.25 aut 0.5

erTi tabletis Semadgenloba:

qloramfenikoli 0.1g; 0.25g an 0.5g
kartofilis saxamebeli,
kalciumis stearati an
stearinmJava 0.11g; 0.25g; an 0.5g
aRwera: TeTri an odnav moyviTalo feris tabletebi,
brtyeli zedapiriT. garegnuli aRwerilobiT unda Seesabame-
bodes s.f. moTxovnebs.
igiveoba: raodenobrivi gansazRvrisaTvis momzadebuli
xsnaris STanTqmis maqsimumi ultraiisfer speqtrSi 230 nm-dan
350 nm-mde diapazonSi unda aRiniSnebodes 278 ± 2 nm sigrZis
talRaze.
tabletis fxvnilis 0.1g umateben 5 ml natriumis hidro-
qsidis xsnars da acxeleben; warmoiqmneba yviTeli Seferiloba,
romelic Semdgomi gacxelebiT gadadis mowiTalo-
narinjisferSi. am xsnaris duRilis dros Seferiloba inten-
siuri xdeba, gamoiyofa agurisfer-wiTeli naleqi (qloramfeni-
koli) da gavrceldeba amiakis suni.
miRebul xsnars naleqTan erTad aciveben da filtraven,
filtrati azotmJaviT SemJavebis Semdeg iZleva qloridebisaT-
vis damaxasiaTebel reaqcias.
saSualo masis, daSladobis, talkis gansazRvra da sxva
moTxovnebi: unda Seesabamebodes s.f. tomi 2, gv. 86 moTxovnebs.
mikrobiologiuri siwminde: gansazRvras awarmoebs s.f.
tomi 2, gv. 119. sakveb areze preparats Tesaven membranuli
filtraciis meTodiT.
1g preparatSi dasaSvebia ara umetes 1000 baqteriis da 100
obis da safuaris sokos (Sejamebuli) arseboba.
376
 dauSvebelia Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa da Staphy-
lococcus aureus-is ojaxis mikrobebis arseboba.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra: tabletis fxvnilis daaxloebiT
0.06g (zusti wona) aTavseben 100 ml Camteobis sazom kolbSi,
umateben 5 ml 95%-ian spirts, SeanjRreven 5 wuTis ganmavlo-
baSi, xsnaris moculoba wyliT mihyavT Wdemde. Seureven da
filtraven. filtratis pirvel 15 ml-s gadaRvrian. 2 ml fil-
trati gadaaqvT 100 ml Camteobis sazom kolbSi. xsnaris mo-
culobas wyliT Seavseben Wdemde da Seureven.
miRebuli xsnaris optikur simkvrives sazRvraven speq-
trofotometriT, 278 nm sigrZis talRaze, 10 mm fenis sisqis
kiuvetSi. Sesadareblad iyeneben wyals.
paralelurad sazRvraven qloramfenikolis samuSao
standartuli nimuSis xsnaris optikur simkvrives.
erT tabletSi qloramfenikolis raodenobas gramebSi (X)
gamoiTvlian formuliT:
D ⋅ C ⋅ 100 ⋅ 100 ⋅ 2 ⋅ δ D1 ⋅ C ⋅ δ
x1 = 1 =
D0 ⋅ a ⋅ 2 ⋅ 100 ⋅ 100 D0 ⋅ a
sadac D1 _ sakvlevi xsnaris optikuri simkvrive.
D0 _ standartuli nimuSis xsnaris optikuri simkvrive.
α _ preparatis wona gramebSi.
Δ _ tabletis saSualo wona, gramebSi.
C _ qloramfenikolis standartuli nimuSis wona, grameb-
Si.
C11H12Cl2N2O5 (qloramfenikoli) Semcveloba unda iyos
0.095g-0.105g, 0.238-0.262g an 0.475g-0.525g-mde, erTi tabletis sa-
Sualo masaze gadaangariSebiT.
SeniSvna: qloramfenikolis standartuli nimuSis xsnaris
momzadeba:
daaxloebiT 0.05g (zusti wona) qloramfenikols (saerTa-
Soriso standarti) aTavseben 100 ml Camteobis sazom kolbSi,

377
umateben 5 ml 95% spirts, SeanjRreven 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi
da xsnaris moculoba wyliT mihyavT Wdemde (xsnari `a~).
xsnari `a~ vargisia 14 dRe-Rame.
miRebuli xsnaris 2 ml aTavseben 100 ml Camteobis gamzom
kolbSi da xsnaris moculoba wyliT mihyavT Wdemde. (xsnari
`b~).
sxnari `b~ unda iyos axladmomzadebuli.
Senaxva: `b~ sia. sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.
antibiotiki

wyali gamoxdili
Aqua destillata'

aRwera: ufero, usuno, ugemo gamWvirvale siTxe.

pH: 5.0-7.0 (100 ml wyals umateben 0.3 ml kaliumis qlori-
dis najer xsnars da pH-s sazRvraven potenciometriulad (s.f.
mixedviT).
mSrali naSTi: 100 ml wyals amoaorTqleben wylis abaza-
naze mSrali naSTis miRebamde (100-105)0C mudmiv masamde. naSTi
ar unda iyos 0.0001%-ze meti.
aRmdgeni nivTierebebi: 100 ml wyali mihyavT aduRebamde,
umateben kaliumis permanganatis 0.01 mol xsnaris 1 ml, ganza-
vebuli gogirdmJavis 2 ml da aduReben 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi;
vardisferi Seferiloba unda SenarCundes.
naxSirorJangi: wylis SeanjRreviT Tanabari raodenobis
kirian wyalTan, bolomde Sevsebul da kargad Tavdaxurul
WurWelSi, erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi ar unda warmoiqmnas
simRvrive.
nitratebi da nitritebi: 5 ml wyals frTxilad umateben
axladmomzadebul difenilaminis xsnars; ar unda warmoiqmnas
cisferi Seferiloba.

378
 amiaki: 10 ml wyals umateben 0.2 ml nesleris reaqtivs,
Seureven da 5 wuTis Semdeg adareben 10 ml 0.0002% amiakis
xsnarisa da imave raodenoba reaqtivisagan momzadebul eTa-
lons. sakvlevi nimuSis Seferilobis intensivoba ar unda aRe-
matebodes eTalonis Seferilobas.
gamoxdili wyali ar unda Seicavdes: qloridebs, sulfa-
tebs, kalciums, mZime metalebs.
qloridebi: 10 ml wyals umateben 1 ml azotmJavas. miRe-
bul xsnars gayofen or nawilad. erTs umateben 0.5 ml vercx-
lis nitratis xsnars, Seureven da 5 wuTis Semdeg adareben
erTmaneTs. xsnarebs Soris ar unda iyos SesamCnevi gansxvaveba.
sulfatebi: 10 ml wyals umateben 1 ml ganzavebul
qlorwyalbadmJavas. miRebul xsnars gayofen or nawilad. erTs
umateben 1 ml bariumis qloridis xsnars, Seureven da 5 wuTis
Semdeg adareben erTmaneTs. xsnarebs Soris ar unda iyos Se-
samCnevi gansxvaveba.
kalciumi: 10 ml wyals umateben amoniumis qloridis
xsnaris 1 ml da amiakis xsnaris 1 ml. miRebul xsnars gayofen
or nawilad. erTs umateben amoniumis oqsalatis xsnaris 1
ml, Seureven da 5 wuTis Semdeg adareben erTmaneTs. xsnarebs
Soris ar unda iyos SesamCnevi gansxvaveba.
mZime liTonebi: 10 ml wyals umateben 1 ml ganzavebul
ZmarmJavas. miRebul xsnars gayofen or nawilad. erTs umateben
natriumis sulfidis xsnaris 1 ml, Seureven da 5 wuTis Semdeg
adareben erTmaneTs. xsnarebs Soris ar unda iyos SesamCnevi
gansxvaveba. gamosakvlev wyalSi dasaSvebia mxolod natriumis
sulfididan gamoyofili gogirdis susti opalescencia.
mikrobiologiuri siwminde: unda Seesabamebodes moTxov-
nebs sasmeli wylis mimarT (ara umetes 100 mikroorganizmi 1
ml-Si). dauSvebelia nimuSSi Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
da Staphylococcus aureus-is ojaxis baqteriebis arseboba.

379
 gamoyeneba da Senaxva: gamoiyeneba axladgamoxdili wyali
an inaxeba kargad Tavdaxurul, iseTi masalis WurWelSi, ro-
melic ar cvlis wylis Tvisebebs, icavs ucxo nawilakebisa da
mikrobiologiuri dabinZurebisagan.
SeniSvna: aseptikur pirobebSi mosamzadebeli, steriluri
saineqcio saSualebebis mosamzadeblad, gamoxdil wyals au-
cileblad asterileben da ikvleven pirogenobaze.

wyali sainieqcio
Aqua pro injectionibus

sainieqcio wyali unda akmayofilebdes `gamoxdili wylis~

mimarT wamoyenebul yvela moTxovnas, agreTve unda iyos api-
rogenuli, ar unda Seicavdes antimikrobul nivTierebebs da
sxva danamatebs.
iseTi sainieqcio samkurnalo saSualebebis momzadebisas,
romelic sterilizacias ar eqvemdebareba, gamoiyeneba gaste-
rilebuli sainieqcio wyali.
pH 5,8 – 7, 0 s.f. t 1.
pirogenoba: gamokvlevas atareben s.f. t.2., gv. 106 mixedviT.
meqanikuri minarevebi: gamokvlevas atareben instruqciis
`sainieqcio xsnarebSi meqanikuri minarevebis kontroli~ _
mixedviT. (s.f. t 2 gv 78 )
gamoyeneba da Senaxva: gamoiyeneba axladmomzadebuli sai-
nieqcio wyali, inaxeba 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi 50C-dan 100C-mde
an 800C-dan 950C-mde kargad Tavdaxurul, iseTi masalisagan
momzadebul WurWelSi, romelic ar cvlis wylis Tvisebebs,
icavs meqanikuri minarevebis moxvedris da mikrobiologiuri
dabinZurebisagan.

380
 samkurnalo saSualebaTa saxelmwifo standartebi
anesTezini
Anaesthesinum

para-aminobenzoes mJavas eTilis eTeri

C9H11NO2 m.m. 165,19
aRwera. TeTri kristaluri fxvnili, usuno, odnav mware
gemoTi. iwvevs enis dabuJebas.
xsnadoba. Zalian mcired ixsneba wyalSi, advilad ixsneba
spirtSi, eTerSi, qloroformSi. Znelad ixsneba cximovan ze-
TebSi da ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavaSi.
igiveoba. iZleva damaxasiaTebel reaqcias pirvelad aro-
matul aminebze (gv. 131).
0,05 g obieqts acxeleben 5 ml mwvave natriumis xsnarTan
da umateben 0,1 ml iodis xsnars mdgradi yviTeli Seferilo-
bis warmoqmnamde; SeigrZnoba iodoformis suni.

C2H5OH+4I2+6KOH CHI3 +5KI+HCOOK+5H2O

0,05 g obieqts xsnian 2 ml wylis da 5 wveT ganzavebuli

qlorwyalbadmJavis narevSi, umateben 2 ml qloraminis xsnars.

381
2-3 wT-is Semdeg umateben 2 ml eTers da SeanjRreven. eTeris
fena ifereba narinjisfrad.
lRobis temperatura. 890-91,50
xsnaris gamWvirvaloba da Seferiloba. 1 g obieqtis
xsnari 10 ml fenolftaleinis mimarT ganeitralebul spirtSi
unda iyos gamWvirvale da ufero.
mJavianoba. miRebul xsnars umateben 3wveT fenolftal-
einis xsnars. vardisferi Seferiloba unda warmoiqmnas 0,05
mol natriumis tutis ara umetes 0,1 ml-is damatebiT.
qloridebi. 1 g obieqtis xsnari 10 ml spirtSi ar unda
Seicavdes qloridebs (ara umetes 0,002%).
organuli minarevebi. 0,5 g obieqts xsnian koncentrire-
bul gogirdmJavaSi. miRebuli xsnaris Seferiloba ar unda
iyos #5a eTalonze intensiuri.
sulfaturi nacari da mZime metalebi. obieqtis 0,5 g sul-
faturi nacari ar unda aRematebodes 0,1%-s da ar unda Sei-
cavdes mZime metalebs (ara umetes 0,001%).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. 0,2 g obieqts (zusti wona)
xsnian 10 ml wylis da 10 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavis
narevSi. Semdeg iqcevian ise, rogorc miTiTebulia statiaSi
`nitritometria~ (gv. 181). indikatori _ neitralwiTeli an
tropeolin 00-is narevi meTilenis lurjasTan.

HC

1 ml 0,1 mol natriumis nitrits Seesabameba 0,01652 g

C9H11NO2, romelic obieqtSi unda iyos aranakleb 99,5%.
Senaxva. `b~ sia.

382
 askorbinis mJava
Acidum ascorbinicum
vitaminum C
vitamini C
2,3 dehidro-L-gulonmJavas γ-laqtoni

C6H8O6 m.m. 176,13

aRwera. TeTri kristaluri fxvnili, usuno, mJave gemosi.
xsnadoba. advilad ixneba wyalSi, ixsneba spirtSi, praqti-
kulad uxsnadia eTerSi, benzolSi da qloroformSi.
igiveoba. 0,05 g obieqts xsnian 2 ml wyalSi da umateben
0,5 ml vercxlis nitratis xsnars. gamoiyofa muqi naleqi.

obieqtis (1:1000) xsnarze wveTobiT 2,6 _ diqlorfeno-

lindofenolis xsnaris damatebiT lurji feri uferuldeba.
lRobis temperatura. 1900-1930 (daSliT). obieqti winaswar
unda gamovaSroT 600-ze 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
xvedriTi brunva. +220-dan +240-mde (2% wyliani xsnari).

383
 organuli minarevebi. 0,1 g obieqts umateben 2 ml koncen-
trirebul gogirdmJavas da toveben 30 wuTi. xsnaris Seferi-
loba ar unda aRematebodes orjer ganzavebuli #5b eTalo-
nuri xsnaris Seferilobas.
sulfaturi nacnari da mZime metalebi. 0,5 g obieqtis
sulfaturi nacari ar unda aRematebodes 0,1%-s da ar unda
Seicavdes mZime metalebs (ara umetes 0,001%).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 0,5 preparats (zus-
ti wona) xsnian wyalSi 50 ml gamzom kolbSi, Seureven da mo-
culoba wyliT ahyavT Wdemde. momzadebuli xsnaris 10 ml-s
umateben 0,5 ml 1% kaliumis iodidis xsnars, 2 ml saxamebels
da 1 ml 2% qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnars. titraven 0,1 mol ka-
liumis iodatiT mdgradi lurji feris miRebamde.
1 ml 0,1 mol kaliumis iodatis xsnari Seesabameba 0,008806
g C6H8O6, romelic preparatSi 99,0%-ze naklebi ar unda iyos.

askorbinis mJavas tabletebi 0,05 g

Tabulettae Acidi ascorbinici 0,05

Tabulettae Vitamini C 0,05

vitamin C tabletebi 0,05 g

erTi tabletis Semadgenloba:

askorbinis mJava 0,05 g
damxmare nivTierebebi 0,2 g tabletis misaRebad
aRwera. TeTri feris tabletebi.
igiveoba. 0,5 g gasresili tabletebis fxvnils anjRreven 5
ml wyalTan da filtraven; filtrati iZleva igiveobis
reaqciebs, romelic aRwerilia statiaSi `askorbinis mJava~.
tabletis saSualo masa. preparati unda akmayofilebdes s.
f. t. II gv. 86 moTxovnas.
384
 daSladoba. preparati unda daiSalos ara umetes 15 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi (s.f.t. II gv. 86).
raodenobiTi gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 0,4 g (zusti wona)
gasresili tabletebis fxvnils aTavseben kolbSi, umateben 10
ml wyals, kargad Seureven. umateben 0,5 ml 1% kaliumis io-
didis xsnars da Semdeg iqcevian ise, rogorc miTiTebulia
statiaSi `askorbinis mJava~.
1 ml 0,1 mol. kaliumis iodatis xsnari Seesabameba 0,008806
g C6H8O6, romelic preparatSi unda iyos 0,0475_0,0525 g, erTi
tabletis saSualo wonaze gadaangariSebiT.
Senaxva. mSral, gril, sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.

aspirini (acetilsalicilmJava)
Acidum acetylsalicylicum
ZmarmJavasa da salicilmJavas eTeri

C9H8O4 m.m. 180,16

aRwera. ufero kristalebi an TeTri kristaluri fxvnili,
usuno an susti suniT, susti momJavo gemoTi. acetil-
salicilis mJava mdgradia mSral pirobebSi, teniani haeris
gavleniT ki TandaTan hidrolizdeba ZmarmJavis da salicilm-
Javis warmoqmniT.
xsnadoba. mcired ixsneba wyalSi, advilad _ spirtSi,
ixsneba qloroformSi, eTerSi, tuteTa xsnarebSi.
igiveoba. obieqtis 0,5 g aduReben 5 ml natriumis hidro-
qsidis xsnarTan 3 wT-is ganmavlobaSi. aciveben, SeamJaveben
385
ganzavebuli gogirdmJaviT. gamoiyofa TeTri kristaluri
naleqi (salicilis mJava). xsnars gadaitanen sxva sinjaraSi,
umateben 2 ml spirts da 2 ml koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas.
warmoiqmneba ZmarmJava eTileTeris damaxasiaTebeli suni.
naleqs umateben 1-2 wveT rkinis (III) qloridis xsnars. war-
moiqmneba iisferi Seferiloba.

obieqtis 0,2 g aTavseben faifuris fialaSi, umateben 0,5

ml koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas, Seureven kargad da umate-
ben 1-2 wveT wyals. SeigrZnoba ZmarmJavis suni. Semdeg umateben
1-2 wveT formalins. warmoiqmneba vardisferi Seferiloba.
lRobis temperatura. 133-1380 (temperaturis matebis siC-
qare 4-60 wuTSi).
qloridebi. 1,5g obieqts SeanjRreven 30 ml wyalTan da
filtraven. filtratis 10 ml ar unda Seicavdes qloridebs
(ara umetes 0,004%).
sulfatebi. igive filtratis 10 ml ar unda Seicavdes
sulfatebs (ara umetes 0,02%).

386
 organuli minarevebi. 0,5 g obieqts xsnian 5 ml koncen-
trirebul gogirdmJavaSi. xsnaris Seferiloba ar unda iyos
#5 a eTalonze intensiuri.
Tavisufali salicilmJava. 0,3 g obieqts xsnian 5 ml
spirtSi da umateben 25 ml wyals (sakvlevi xsnari). erT cil-
indrSi aTavseben sakvlevi xsnaris 15 ml-s, meoreSi ki igive
xsnaris 5 ml-s, 0,5 ml 0,01%-ian salicilmJavis wyalxsnars, 2
ml spirts da moculobas Seavseben wyliT 15 ml-mde (eTalon-
uri xsnari). Semdeg orive cilindrSi amateben 1 ml rkinaamo-
niumis Sabis 0,2%-ian mJave xsnars. sakvlevi xsnaris Seferi-
loba ar unda iyos eTalonuri xsnaris Seferilobaze inten-
siuri (ara umetes 0,05%).
sulfaturi nacari da mZime metalebi. 0,5 g preparatis
sulfaturi nacari ar unda aRematebodes 0,1%-s da ar unda
Seicavdes mZime metalebs (ara umetes 0,001%).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. obieqtis 0,5 g (zusti wona)
xsnian 10 ml fenolftaleinis mimarT ganeitralebul da 8-100-
mde gacivebul spirtSi. titraven igive indikatoris gamoyene-
biT, 0,1 mol natriumis tutis xsnariT vardisfer Seferilo-
bamde.

1 ml 0,1 mol natriumis tutis xsnars Seesabameba 0,01802 g

C9H8O4, romelic obieqtSi unda iyos aranakleb 99,5%.

387
 barbital-natriumi
Barbitalum-natrium
5,5´_ dieTil barbiturmJava natriumi

C8H11N2NaO2 m.m. 206,18

aRwera. TeTri kristaluri fxvnilia, usuno. mware gemosi.
wyliani xsnari avlens tute reaqcias fenolftaleinis Tanao-
bisas.
xsnadoba. advilad ixsneba wyalSi. mcired xsnadia 95%
spirtSi, praqtikulad uxsnadia eTerSi.
igiveoba. 0,1 g obieqts xsnian 2 ml wyalSi, umateben 1-2
wveT ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas, 3 ml eTers da anjRreven
2-3 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. eTeris fenas acileben da aqroleben.
naSTs xsnian 2 ml spirtSi, umateben 1 wveT kalciumis qlori-
dis xsnars, 2 wveT kobaltnitratis xsnars da 2 wveT natriu-
mis hidroqsids. warmoiqmneba lurj-iisferi Seferiloba.
0,3 g obieqts xsnian 5 ml wyalSi, umateben 1 ml ganzave-
bul qlorwyalbadmJavas, Seureven da toveben 3-5 wuTiT. ga-
moyofil naleqs filtraven, recxaven wyliT, filtratSi
qloridebis uaryofiT reaqciamde, aSroben 100-1050C-ze mudmiv
wonamde. gamoyofili dieTilbarbiturmJavas lRobis tempera-
turaa 189-1920C.

dieTilbarbituris mJava
iZleva natriumze damaxasiaTebel reaqcias (gv. 131).
388
 xsnaris gamWvirvaloba da Seferiloba. 0,5 preparats
xsnian 5 ml axladaduRebul da gacivebul wyalSi. xsnari
unda iyos gamWvirvale, ufero da ar unda ganicados opal-
escireba 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
Tavisufali tute. 40 ml 95% spirts umateben 10 wveT Ti-
molftaleinis xsnars da Seatutianeben 0,05 mol natriumis
hidroqsidis xsnariT mdgradi cisferi Seferilobis miRebamde.
xsnars hyofen or Tanabar nawilad da aTavseben or erTnair
milesilTavsaxurian sinjarebSi. erT-erTSi SeaqvT 0,5 g
obieqti. anjRreven, miRebul narevs acentrifugireben, xsnars
acileben naleqs, gadaaqvT meore iseTive sinjaraSi da titra-
ven mikrobiuretidan 0,05 mol qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnariT sa-
kontrolo cdis Seferilobis miRebamde.
1 ml 0,05 mol qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnari Seesabameba
0,002g NaOH, romelic obieqtSi ar unda iyos 0,25%-ze meti.
qloridebi. 1 g obieqts sxnian 15 ml wyalSi, umateben 5
ml ganzavebul ZmarmJavas, anjRreven 2 wuTis ganmavlobaSi da
filtraven. 2 ml filtrats anzaveben 10 ml-mde wyliT. xsnari
ar unda Seicavdes qloridebs normaze mets (ara umetes 0,02%).
sulfatebi. imave filtratis 10 ml ar unda Seicavdes
sulfatebs (ara umetes 0,02% ).
organuli minarevebi. 0,3 g obieqts xsnian 5 ml koncen-
trirebul gogirdmJavaSi. miRebuli xsnari unda iyos ufero.
wonaSi danakargi gamoSrobisas. daaxloebiT 0,5 g obieqts
(zusti wona) aSroben 100-1050 mudmiv wonamde. wonaSi danakargi
ar unda aRematebodes 1%.
mZime metalebi. 0,5 g obieqtidan (zusti wona) miRebuli
sulfaturi nacari ar unda Seicavdes mZime metalebs (ara ume-
tes 0,001%).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 0,5 g obieqts (zus-
ti wona) xsnian 30 ml axladaduRebul da gacivebul wyalSi

389
da titraven 0,1 mol qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnariT, vardisfe-
ramde (indikatori _ meTilnarinji).
1 ml 0,1 mol qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnari Seesabameba 0,02062
g C8H11N2NaO3.
obieqtSi Tavisufali tutis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi miRe-
bul barbital-natriumis procentul Semcvelobas akleben Ta-
visufali tutis procentul Semcvelobas, romelsac amravle-
ben koeficientze 5,15.
C8H11N2NaO3 Semcveloba preparatSi unda iyos aranakleb
98,5%.

benzilpenicilin kaliumi
Benzylpenicillinum kalium

C16H17KN2O4S m.m. 372,49

aRwera. TeTri wvrilkristaluri fxvnilia mware gemoTi,

higriskopiuli. mJavebis, tuteebis da damJangvelebis mo-
qmedebiT advilad iSleba. aseve iSleba wyliani xsnarebis
gacxelebiT da penicilinazas moqmedebiT. nela iSleba
xsnarebSi oTaxis temperaturaze Senaxvisas.
xsnadoba. Zalian advilad ixsneba wyalSi. ixsneba
eTanolsa da meTanolSi.
igiveoba. obieqtis ramdenime kristals aTavseben sasagne
minaze an faifuris fialaze, umateben 1 wveT xsnars, romelic

390
Sedgeba 1 ml 1mol hidroqsilaminis hidroqloridisa da 0,3
ml 1 mol natriumis hidroqsidisagan. 2-3 wuTis Semdeg narevs
umateben 1 wveT 1 mol ZmarmJavas, Seureven da umateben 1 wveT
spilenZis nitratis xsnars, gamoiyofa mwvane feris naleqi.
0,1 g obieqts wvaven tigelSi. naSTi iZleva reaqcias
kaliumis ionze (gv. 131).
xsnaris gamWvirvaloba da Seferiloba. obieqtis 3%
xsnari, damzadebuli sainieqcio wyalze, unda iyos ufero da
0
gamWvirvale 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi 10 temperaturaze.
0
xvedriTi brunva. aranakleb +270 (2% preparatis xsnari
axladaduRebul da gacivebul wyalSi).
STanTqmis maCvenebeli. 0,18% axladdamzadebuli xsnaris
optikuri simkvrive 1 sm fenis sisqis kiuvetSi 280 nm sigrZis
talRaze unda iyos ara umetes 0,18. sxvaoba optikur
simkvriveebs Soris 263 nm da 280 nm talRebze unda iyos
aranakleb 0,72.
mJavianoba da tutianoba. pH 5,5-7,5 (2% wyalxsnari, poten-
ciometriulad).
wonaSi danakargi gamoSrobisas. daaxloebiT 2 g obieqts
(zusti wona) aSroben 100-1050-ze mudmiv wonamde. wonaSi dana-
kargi ar unda aRematebodes 1%-s.
gamokvleva toqsikurobaze. test-doza 5000 moq. erT. 0,5
ml wyalSi. SeyavT kurdRlis venaSi (sf. t. II, gv. 105).
gamokvleva pirogenobaze. test-doza 5000 moq. erT. 1,0 ml
wyalSi 1 kg-ze SeyavT kurdRlis venaSi (sf. t. II, gv. 106).
SeniSvna. garegani xmarebisaTvis daniSnuli preparati ar
eqvemdebareba pirogenobaze gamokvlevas.
gamokvleva sterilurobaze. preparati unda iyos ster-
iluri (sf. t.II, gv. 111).
aqtivobis gansazRvra. penicilinebis jami. daaxloebiT 0,06
g preparats (zusti wona) xsnian wyalSi 100 ml gamzom kolbSi.
391
moculoba ahyavT Wdemde wyliT da Seureven. Semdeg gansaz-
Rvras axdenen, ise rogorc miTiTebulia sf. t. II, gv. 140.
erTi miligrami benzilpenicilin natriumis standartuli
preparati Seesabameba 1,045 mg penicilinebis jams, benzilpeni-
cilin kaliumis marilze gadaangariSebiT.
benzilpenicilini. benzilpenicilinis Semcvelobis gan-
sazRvra warmoebs, ise rogorc miTiTebulia statiaSi `benzil-
penicilinis gansazRvra penicilinebis preparatebSi~ (X f. gv.
979). 1 g naleqi Seesabameba 0,8322 g. C16H17KN2O4S.
Termostabiluroba. preparatis 1700 1,5 saaTis ganmavlo-
baSi gacxelebisas dasaSvebia penicilinebis jamis raodenobis
Semcireba ara umetes 10%-sa.
SefuTva. hermetulad daxurul rezinis sacobiT, aluminis
folgiT dafarul flakonebSi.
garegani wamlis formebis mosamzadeblad preparatebi ga-
moSvebulia minis flakonebSi mixraxnili sacobiT, romelic
dafarulia parafiniT.

glukoza
Glucosum
glucosa

α _ D _ gluko piranozis monohidrati.

C6H12O6H2O m.m. 198,17

aRwera. ufero kristalebia an TeTri wvrilkristaluri
fxvnili. usuno, motkbo gemoTi.

392
 xsnadoba. ixsneba 1,5 nawil wyalSi, Znelad ixsneba 95%
spirtSi, praqtikulad ar ixsneba eTerSi.
igiveoba. 0,2 obieqts xsnian 5 ml wyalSi, umateben 10 ml
felingis reaqtivs da acxeleben aduRebamde; gamoiyofa
agurisfer wiTeli feris naleqi.
2 K Na [Cu (C4H4O6)2] + CH2 OH-(CH OH)4 - + 2 KOH + 3 Na OH
2 Cu OH + CH2 OH - (CH OH)4 COO Na + 4 KNa C4H4O6 + 2H2O
2Cu OH Cu2O + H2O
xvedriTi brunva. 10% wyliani xsnaris +51,50 _ +530. prepa-
rats winaswar aSroben 100-1050-ze mudmiv wonamde. brunvis
kuTxis gansazRvras axdenen preparatis xsnarze 2 wveTi amiakis
xsnaris damatebis Semdeg (s. f. t. I, gv. 33).
xsnaris Seferiloba da gamWvirvaloba. 5 g obieqts xsnian
25 ml axladaduRebul da gacivebul wyalSi. miRebuli xsnari
unda iyos ufero da gamWvirvale.
mJavianoba. zemoT miRebul xsnars anzaveben 100 ml-mde
axladaduRebuli da gacivebuli wyliT. am xsnaris 10 ml
umateben ramdenime wveT fenolftaleins da 0,2 ml 0,01 mol
natriumis tutes, unda warmoiqmnas vardisferi Seferiloba.
qloridebi. 2 ml igive xsnari, ganzavebuli 10 ml-mde
wyliT. ar unda Seicavdes qloridebs (ara umetes 0,02% (sax.
farm. t. 1).
sulfatebi. igive xsnaris 10 ml ar unda Seicavdes sul-
fatebs (ara umetes 0,02%).
kalciumi. igive xsnaris 10 ml ar unda iZleodes reaqcias
kalciumis ionze.
bariumi. igive xsnaris 10 ml-s umateben 0,5 ml ganzavebul
qlorwyalbadmJavas da 0,5 ml ganzavebul gogirdmJavas. xsnari
15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi ar unda SeimRvres.

393
 deqstrinebi. 2 g obieqts gacxelebiT xsnian 3 ml wyalSi.
am xsnaris 1 ml-ze 3 ml spirtis damatebiT, xsnari unda
darCes gamWvirvale.
wonaSi danakargi gamoSrobisas. 0,5 g obieqts (zusti wona)
0
100-105 -ze aSroben mudmiv wonamde. wonaSi danakargi 10% ar
unda aRematebodes.
sulfaturi nacari da mZime metalebi. 1 g obieqtis sul-
faturi nacari 0,1%-ze meti ar unda iyos da ar unda iZleodes
reaqcias mZime metalebze (ara umetes 0,0005%).
dariSxani. 0,5 g obieqti ar unda iZleodes reaqcias da-
riSxanze.

glutaminis mJava
Acidum glutaminicum
aminoglutarmJava

C5H9NO4 m.m. 147,13

aRwera. TeTri kristaluri fxvnilia, odnav SesamCnevi su-
niT, mJave gemoTi.
xsnadoba. mcired ixsneba wyalSi, ixsneba cxel wyalSi,
praqtikulad uxsnadia 95% spirtSi da eTerSi.
igiveoba. 0,02 g obieqts xsnian gacxelebiT 1 ml axlada-
duRebul wyalSi, umateben 1 ml axladmomzadebul ninhidrinis
xsnars da acxeleben, warmoiqmneba lurj-iisferi Seferiloba.
2 mg obieqts ureven 2 mg rezorcins da 5 wveT koncentri-
rebul gogirdmJavas. narevs acxeleben momwvano-moyavisfro
Seferilobamde. aciveben, umateben 5 ml wyals da 5 ml amiakis

394
xsnars; warmoiqmneba mowiTalo-moiisfro Seferadeba,, romelic
mwvaned fluorescirebs.
lRobis temperatura. 1900-ze naklebi ar unda iyos (da-
SliT).
xvedriTi brunva. +300-dan +340-mde (5% xsnari qlorwyal-
badmJavaSi).
mJavianoba. 1,5 g obieqts xsnian 30 ml cxel axladaduRe-
bul wyalSi da gacivebis Semdeg filtraven. filtratis pH 3,1-
3,7 farglebSi unda iyos.
sxva aminomJavebi. igive filtratis 5 ml-s umateben 5 ml
felingis reaqtivs da aduReben 2 wuTi badeze; ar unda war-
moiqmnas mwvane an muqi Seferadeba.
uxsnadi naerTebi. 1 g obieqts xsnian 4 ml ganzavebuli
azotmJavas da 11 ml wylis narevSi; xsnaris simRvrive ar unda
aRematebodes #4 eTalons.
organuli minarevebi. 0,2 g obieqts xsnian 5 ml koncen-
trirebul gogirdmJavaSi. miRebuli xsnari 15 wuTi ufero un-
da iyos.
qloridebi. 0,1 g obieqts anjRreven 25 ml wyalTan 5 wuTi
da filtraven. filtratis 10 ml ar unda iZleodes reaqcias
qloridebze.
wonaSi danakargi gamoSrobisas. 0,5 g preparats (zusti
wona) 100-1050-ze aSroben mudmiv masamde. wonaSi danakargi 0,5%
ar unda aRematebodes.
sulfaturi nacari da mZime metalebi. 0,5 g obieqtis sul-
faturi nacari 0,1% ar unda aRematebodes da ar unda iZleo-
des reaqcias mZime metalebze.
dariSxani. 0,5 g obieqti ar unda Seicavdes dariSxans (ara
umetes 0,0001%).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. 1) daaxloebiT 0,1 g (zusti wo-
na) preparats aTavseben 200 ml Camteobis kildalis kolbSi da

395
Semdeg iqcevian ise, rogorc miTiTebulia statiaSi `azotis
gansazRvra organul naerTebSi’’ (gv. 183). saerTo azotis rao-
denoba preparatSi unda iyos aranakleb 9,4% da ara umetes
9,55%.
2) daaxloebiT 0,3 g (zusti wona) preparats aTavseben 100
ml-is Camteobis konusur kolbSi da gacxelebiT xsnian 50 ml
axladaduRebul wyalSi. gacivebul xsnars umateben 5 wveT
bromTimol lurjas spirtian xsnars da titraven 0,1 mol na-
triumis hidroqsidis xsnariT yviTeli feris momwvano-lurj
SeferadebaSi gadasvlamde.
1 ml 0,1 mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnari Seesabameba
0,01471 g C5H9NO4, romelic preparatSi 98,5%-ze naklebi ar
unda iyos.

glutaminis mJavas 0,25 g tabletebi

garsiT dafaruli
Tabulettae Acidi glutaminici obductae 0, 25

erTi tabletis Semadgenloba:

glutaminis mJava 0,25 g
damxmare nivTierebebi 0,3 g wonis
tabletebis miRebamde
(garsis gareSe)
aRwera. cisferi tabletebi. ganiv WrilSi ori fena Cans.
igiveoba. 0,5 g gasresili tabletebis fxvnili iZleva igi-
veobis pirvel reaqcias, romelic miTiTebulia statiaSi
`glutaminis mJava~.
4 mg gasresili tabletebis fxvnils ureven 2 mg rezor-
cins da 5 wveT koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas, acxeleben momw-
vano-moyavisfro Seferilobis miRebamde. gacivebis Semdeg uma-

396
teben 5 ml wyals da 5 ml amiakis xsnars; warmoiqmneba mowi-
Talo-yavisferi Seferiloba.
tabletis saSualo masa da daSladoba. s. f. t. II, gv. 80
moTxovnis Sesabamisad.
raodenobiTi gansazRvra. gansazRvras axdenen II meTodiT,
rogorc miTiTebulia statiaSi `glutaminis mJava~. (indikatori
_ neitral-wiTeli).
1 ml 0,1 mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnari Seesabameba
0,01471 g. C5H9NO4, romelic erT tabletSi unda iyos 0,238-
0,262g.
Senaxva. sinaTlisagan dacul adgilas.

dibazoli
Dibazolum
Bendazolum
2-benzilbenzimidazolis hidroqloridi

C14H12N2·HCL m.m. 244,73

aRwera. TeTri, monacrisfro an moyviTalo elferis kris-

taluri fxvnilia, momwaro-mlaSe gemosi, higroskopiuli.
xsnadoba. Znelad xsnadia wyalSi da qloroformSi. advi-
lad xsnadia spirtSi, mcired xsnadia acetonSi, praqtikulad
uxsnadia eTerSi.
igiveoba. 0,02 g obieqts xsnian 5 ml wyalSi, umateben 3
wveT iodis xsnars da SeanjRreven; warmoiqmneba mowiTalo-
vercxlisferi simRvrive.
397
 0,02 g obieqts xsnian 3 ml wyalSi, umateben 1 ml amiakis
xsnars, warmoqmnil naleqs filtraven. filtrati iZleva reaq-
cias qloridebze.
lRobis temperatura. 1820-1860
fenilendiamini. 0,5 g preparats xsnian 10 ml wyalSi, ac-
xeleben 900-mde, amJaveben 0,5 ml 1 mol qlorwyalbadmJaviT,
umateben 1 wveT 1%-ian rkinis (II) sulfats. Aar unda warmoiqm-
nas vardisferi Seferiloba.
wonaSi danakargi gamoSrobisas. daaxloebiT 0,5 g (zusti
wona) obieqts aSroben 70-800-ze mudmiv wonamde. wonis danakar-
gi ar unda aRematebodes 1,5%.
organuli minarevebi. 0,3 g obieqts xsnian 5 ml koncen-
trirebul gogirdmJavaSi. miRebuli xsnaris Seferiloba ar
unda iyos intensiuri vidre eTaloni #5a, an #4v (s. f. t. II,
gv. 185).
sulfaturi nacari da mZime metalebi. 0,5 g (zusti wona)
preparatis sulfaturi nacari ar unda aRematebodes 0,1% da
ar unda Seicavdes mZime metalebs (ara umetes 0,001%).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 0,15 g obieqts
(zusti wona), winaswar gamomSrals 70-800 mudmiv wonamde,
xsnian 10 ml uwylo ZmarmJavaSi, umateben vercxliswylis ace-
tatis xsnars da titraven 0,1 mol qlormJavas xsnariT mocis-
fro-mwvane Seferadebamde (indikatori kristal-iisferi).
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas.
1 ml 0,1 mol qlormJava Seesabameba 0,02447 g C14H12N2·HCl,
romelic gamomSral obieqtSi unda iyos aranakleb 99,0%.

398
 dibazolis tabletebi 0,02 g
Tabulettae Dibazoli 0,02

erTi tabletis Semadgenloba:

dibazoli 0,02 g
damxmare nivTierebebi 0,26 g-iani tab-is
miRebamde
aRwera. TeTri feris tabletebi. garegnuli aRwerilobiT
unda Seesabamebodes s. f. moTxovnebs (s. f. t. II).
igiveoba. 0,5 g tabletis fxvnils xsnian 10 ml wyalSi da
filtraven. filtrati unda iZleodes igiveobis reaqciebs, ro-
melic miTiTebulia statiaSi `dibazoli~.
saSualo masis, daSladobis gansazRvra da sxva moTxovne-
bi. unda Seesabamebodes s. f. t. 2, gv. 86 moTxovnebs.
mikrobiologiuri siwminde. gansazRvras awarmoeben s. f.
t. 2, gv. 119 mixedviT.
1 g preparatSi dasaSvebia ara umetes 1000 baqteriis da 100
obis da safuaris sokoebis arseboba.
dauSvebelia Enterobacteriaeae, Pseudomona aeruginosa da Staphylo-
coccus aureus ojaxis baqteriebis Semcveloba.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 1 g (zusti wona)
tabletis fxvnils wvlilaven (amuSaveben) 1-jer 15 ml da 3-
jer 5 ml qloroformiT.
qloroformian gamonawvlilebs filtraven mSral kolb-
Si, qloroformiT Sesvelebul filtris qaRaldSi. qloro-
forms gadadenian 1 ml-is moculobis naSTis miRebamde, umate-
ben 10 ml uwylo ZmarmJavas da Semdgom gansazRvras axdenen
rogorc es miTiTebulia statiaSi `dibazoli~.
1 ml 0,1 mol qlormJavas xsnari Seesabameba 0,02447 g
C14H12N2HCl, romelic erTi tabletis saSualo wonaze gadaan-
gariSebiT unda iyos 0,018-0,022 g.

399
 drotaverinis-hidroqloridis tabletebi (no-Spa)
Tabulettae Drotaverini hydrochloridi
Tabulettae No-Spa

erTi tabletis Semadgenloba.

drotaverinis hidroqloridi 40,0 mg
magniumis stearati 3,0 mg
talki 4,0 mg
ПВП (polivinilpirolidoni) 6,0 mg
saxamebeli 35,0 mg
laqtoza 52,0 mg
erTi tabletis wona 140,0 mg

aRwera. ormxrivamozneqili, mrgvali, yviTeli feris ta-

bletebi, momwvano an narinjisferi elferiT. unda Seesabame-
bodes sax. farmakopea, t. 2, gv. 84.
tabletis saSualo wona. 140 mg ±7,5 (sax. farmakopea, t. 2,
gv. 86).
tabletis saSualo masidan gadaxra. 20 tabletidan 18 ta-
bletis saSualo wonidan gadaxra ar unda iyos ±7,5%-ze meti,
2 tabletis saSualo wonidan gadaxra ki ara umetes 15% (unda
Seesabamebodes sax. farmakopea, t. 2, gv. 86 moTxovnebs).
daSladoba. tableti unda daiSalos 15 wuTis ganmavlo-
baSi 37 ±20C temperaturis wyalSi (sax. farmakopea, t. 2, gv. 86).
igiveoba.
a) gansazRvras axdenen naleqis warmoqmnis meSveobiT:
3,0 mg drotaverinis ekvivalenturi raodenobis tablete-
bis fxvnils umateben 10 ml wyals da SeanjRreven, Semdeg
filtraven (filtris qaRaldSi). 5 ml filtrats umateben 2,0

400
ml 2 mol natriumis tutis xsnars. warmoqmnil naleqs agrove-
ben filtrze, ramdenjerme Carecxaven wyliT.
miRebuli filtratis 5,0 ml SeamJaveben 2-3 wveTi 2 mol
azotmJaviT da umateben 0,1 ml vercxlis nitratis xsnars war-
moiqmneba TeTri feris naleqi, romelic ixsneba 10% amoniumis
hidroqsidis Warb odenobaSi (hidroqloridi)
b) gansazRvras axdenen ultraiisferi speqtris STanTqmis
meSveobiT;
sazRvraven raodenobrivi gansazRvrisaTvis momzadebuli
xsnaris STanTqmis unars 1 sm sisqis kiuvetSi. 241±2 nm, 302±2nm
da 353±2 nm sigrZis talRebze vlindeba STanTqmis maqsimumebi.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. drotaverinis hidroqloridis
raodenobriv gansazRvras axdenen speqtrofotometriuli me-
TodiT.
5 tablets wonian da awvrilmaneben.
0,28 g (zusti wona) dafxvnil tablets aTavseben 100 ml
tevadobis kolbSi. umateben 50 ml 0,1 mol qlorwyalbadmJavas,
SenjRreviT xsnian moqmed nivTierebas da Seavseben Wdemde 0,1
mol qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnariT. narevs filtraven filtris
qaRaldSi. filtratis pirvel nawils gadaRvrian. sufTa fil-
tratisagan iReben 2,0 ml da Semdeg ganazaveben 0,1 mol qlor-
wyalbadmJavas xsnariT 100,0 ml-mde.
sazRvraven miRebuli xsnaris STanTqmis unars, 1 sm sisqis
kiuvetSi 353 ±2 nm sigrZis talRaze, romelic unda Seicavdes
daaxloebiT 16 mkg/ml moqmed nivTierebas,
amzadeben standartuli drotaverinis 16 mkg/ml koncen-
traciis xsnars, risTvisac standartuli drotaverinis hidro-
qloridis 16 mg-s SenjRreviT gaxsnian 100 ml-ian kolbSi 0,1
mol qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnariT Wdemde. miRebuli xsnaris 1
ml-s Seavseben igive gamxsneliT 10 ml-mde da sazRvraven mis

401
STanTqmis unars erTdroulad sakvlev xsnarTan igive pi-
robebSi.
Sesadarebeli siTxe. 0,1 mol qlorwyalbadmJavas xsnari.
miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT gamoiangariSeben moqmedi
nivTierebis Semcvelobas.
moqmedi nivTierebis Semcvelobas (X) erT tabletSi, mg-Si,
sazRvraven Semdegi formuliT:
D (a ) x m( s ) x 1 x 100 x 100 x MM
X= =
D( s ) x 100 x 100 x m(a ) x 2
D ( a ) x m( s ) x 5 MM
D( s) x m (a)
sadac:
D (s)- standartuli nivTierebis xsnaris optikuri simk-
vrive;
D (a)- saanalizod aRebuli preparatis xsnaris optikuri
simkvrive;
m (a) - saanalizod aRebuli sakvlevi obieqtis wonaki g-Si;
m (s) - standartuli nivTierebis wonaki g-Si;
MM - tabletis saSualo wona.
drotaverinis hidroqloridis Semcveloba tabletis
saSualo wonaze gadaangariSebiT unda iyos 40,0 mg ± 5%.
mikrobiologiuri siwminde. unda Seesabamebodes sf. t. 2,
gv. 119-is moTxovnebs.
preparatis 1 g-Si dasaSvebia ara umetes 1000 baqteriis da
100 obis da safuaris sokos (Sejamebuli) arseboba. dauSvebe-
lia Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginoza, Escherichia coli da Staphylo-
coccus aureus-is ojaxis baqteriebis arseboba.

402
 kaliumis iodidi
Kalii iodidum
KI
m.m. 166,01
aRwera. ufero an TeTri kuburi formis kristalebi an
TeTri wvrilkristaluri fxvnili, usuno, mware-mariliani ge-
moTi.
xsnadoba. ixsneba 0,75 nawil wyalSi, 12 nawil spirtSi, 2,5
nawil glicerinSi.
igiveoba. obieqtis 2 ml xsnars (1:10) umateben 1 ml Rvinis
mJavas xsnars, 1 ml natriumis acetitis xsnars da SeanjRreven.
TandaTan gamoiyofa TeTri kristaluri naleqi, romelic
ixsneba mineralur mJavebSi da tuteTa xsnarebSi (K+).
obieqti ufero als aferadebs iisfrad (K+).
obieqtis 2 ml xsnars (1:10) umateben 0,2 ml ganzavebul
gogirdmJavas, 0,2 ml natriumis nitritis xsnars an rkinis (III)
qloridis xsnars da 2 ml qloroforms. SeanjRreven. qloro-
formis fena ifereba iisfrad.
xsnaris gamWvirvaloba da Seferiloba. 1 g kaliumis io-
dids xsnian 10 ml axladaduRebul da gacivebul wyalSi.
xsnari unda iyos gamWvirvale da ufero.
tutianoba. miRebul xsnars umateben 0,2 ml 0,02 mol
qlorwyalbadmJavas. xsnari ar unda Seiferos vardisfrad 1
wveTi fenolftaleinis damatebiT.
sulfatebi. 3 g kaliumis iodids xsnian 30 ml wyalSi.
miRebuli xsnaris 10 ml-s amowmeben sulfatebis Semcvelobaze
(ara umetes 0,01%).
cianidebi. 5 ml igive xsnars umateben 5 wveT rkinis (II)
sulfatis xsnars, 2 wveT rkinis (III) qloridis xsnars da 1 ml
natriumis tutis xsnars. acxeleben, SeamJaveben qlorwyal-
badmJaviT. xsnari ar unda Seiferos lurjad.

403
 2 KCN + FeSO4 Fe (CN)2 + K2 SO4
Fe (CN)2 + 4 KCN K4[Fe (CN)6]
K4 [Fe (CN)6] + Fe CL3 KFe [Fe (CN)6] + 3 KCL
bariumi. 5 ml igive xsnars ganazaveben wyliT 10 ml-mde,
umateben 1 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas da 1 ml gan-
zavebul gogirdmJavas. xsnari unda darCes gamWvirvale 15 wT-
is ganmavlobaSi.
Ba2+ + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2H+
mZime metalebi.
5 ml igive xsnars ganazaveben wyliT 10 ml-mde da amowme-
ben mZime metalebis Semcvelobaze (ara umetes 0,001%).
rkina. 3 g kaliumis iodidis xsnari 10 ml wyalSi ar unda
Seicavdes rkinas (ara umetes 0,001%).
iodovanmJava, Tiosulfati, sulfiti. 0,5 g kaliumis io-
dids xsnian 10 ml axladaduRebul da gacivebul wyalSi,
umateben ramdenime wveT saxameblis xsnars da ganzavebul
gogirdmJavas. naxevari wuTis ganmavlobaSi ar unda warmoiqm-
nas lurji Seferiloba. aRniSnuli Seferiloba unda war-
moiqmnas xsnarze ara umetes 1 wveTi 0,1 mol iodis xsnaris
damatebiT.
I2 + Na2SO3 + H20 Na2SO4 + 2HI
I2 + Na2S2O3 2NaI + Na2S4O6
nitratebi. 1 g kaliumis iodids umateben 5 ml natriumis
tutis xsnars, 0,5 g TuTiis naqlibs da 0,5 g rkinis naqlibs,
gaacxeleben. xsnaris orTqlSi Setanili wiTeli lakmusis
qaRaldi ar unda galurjdes.
Zn + 2NaOH Na2 ZnO2 + H2
4H2 + NaNO3 NH3 +NaOH + 2 H20

404
 wonaSi danakargi gamoSrobisas. daaxloebiT 1,0g obieqts
(zusti wona) aSroben 1100-ze 4 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. wonaSi
danakargi gamoSrobisas ar unda aRematebodes 1%-s.
dariSxani. 1,0g obieqti ar unda Seicavdes dariSxans (ara
umetes 0,0001%).
raodenobiTi gansazRvra. kaliumis iodids aSroben 1100-ze
4 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. gamomSrali kaliumis iodidis 0,3g
(zusti wona) xsnian 30 ml wyalSi, umateben 1,5 ml ganzavebul
ZmarmJavas, 5 wveT 0,1%-ian natriumis eozinatis xsnars da ti-
traven 0,1 mol vercxlis nitratis xsnariT warmoqmnili nale-
qis vardisfer Seferilobamde.
1 ml 0,1 mol vercxlis nitratis xsnars Seesabameba
0,01660g kaliumis iodidi, romelic gamomSral obieqtSi unda
iyos aranakleb 99,5%.
Senaxva. kargad Tavdaxurul, narinjisferi minis Wur-
WelSi.

kalciumis glukonati
Calcii gluconas

C12H22CaO14 · H2O m.m. 448,4

aRwera. TeTri marcvlovani an kristaluri fxvnilia,
usuno da ugemo.
405
 xsnadoba. nela ixsneba 50 ml wyalSi, ixsneba 5 nawil
mduRare wyalSi. praqtikulad uxsnadia spirtSi da eTerSi.
igiveoba. obieqtis (1:50) xsnari iZleva reaqcias kalciumze
(gv.131).
5 ml igive xsnars umateben 2 wveT rkinis Jangis qloridis
xsnars. miiReba Ria mwvane feris xsnari.
xsnaris gamWvirvaloba. 0,1 g obieqts aTavseben 50 ml-ian
konusur kolbSi, umateben 10 ml wyals, aTboben wylis aba-
zanaze 300-ze da am temperaturaze toveben 30 wuTi, xSiri
morevis qveS; miRebuli xsnaris simRvrive ar unda aRemate-
bodes simRvrivis #3 eTalons.
mJavianoba da tutianoba. 0,5 g obieqts xsnian 25 ml ax-
ladaduRebul wyalSi gacxelebiT; xsnari unda iyos nei-
traluri (lakmusTan).
qloridebi. miRebul xsnars, Tu saWiroa filtraven. fil-
tratis 10 ml ar unda Seicavdes qloridebs (ara umetes 0,01%).
sulfatebi. igive xsnaris 10 ml (filtrati) ar unda Sei-
cavdes sulfatebs.
mZime metalebi. 0,5 g obieqts xsnian gacxelebiT 2 ml gan-
zavebuli qlorwyalbadmJavas da 8 ml wylis narevSi. miRebu-
li xsnari ar unda Seicavdes mZime metalebs.
dariSxani. 0,25 g obieqti ar unda iZleodes dadebiT
reaqcias dariSxanze (ara umetes 0,0002%).
deqstrinebi, saqaroza. 0,5 g obieqts gacxelebiT xsnian 2
ml ganzavebuli qlorwyalbadmJavis da 8 ml wylis narevSi da
2 wuTi aduReben. gacivebul xsnars TandaTan umateben 8 ml
natriumis karbonatis xsnars da 5 wuTis Semdeg filtraven. 5
ml filtrats aduReben 2 ml felingis reaqtivTan 1 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi. ar unda warmoiqmnas wiTeli naleqi.
raodenobiTi gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 0,4 g (zusti wona)
obieqts gacxelebiT xsnian 20 ml wyalSi. gacivebis Semdeg

406
umateben 10 ml amiakur bufers, 7 wveT mJave qromogen lurjas
da titraven 0,05 mol trilon b-s xsnariT molurjo-iisfer
Seferilobamde. (ix. kompleqsonometria).
1 ml 0,05 mol trilon b xsnari Seesabameba 0,02242 g
C12H22CaO14 · H2O, romelic obieqtSi unda iyos 99,5%-103,0%.

kalciumis glukonatis tabletebi 0,5 g

Tabulettae Calcii gluconatis 0,5

erTi tabletis Semadgenloba:

kalciumis glukonati 0,5 g
damxmare nivTierebebi sakmarisi raodenobiT
aRwera. TeTri feris tabletebi.
igiveoba. 0,2 g mosresili tabletebis fxvnils SeanjRre-
ven 10 ml wyalTan da filtraven. filtrati iZleva igiveobis
meore reaqcias, romelic mocemulia statiaSi `kalciumis
glukonati~ da reaqcias kalciumis ionze.
tabletis saSualo masa da daSladoba. unda Seesabame-
bodes s. f. t. 2, gv. 86 moTxovnebs.
raodenobiTi gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 2,4 g (zusti wona)
gasresili tabletebis fxvnils aTavseben 100 ml gamzom kol-
bSi, umateben 10 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas, 50 ml
wyals da acxeleben 10 wuTi mduRare wylis abazanaze. gacive-
bis Semdeg moculoba wyliT ahyavT Wdemde, kargad Seureven da
filtraven. 20 ml filtrats titraven 0,05 mol trilon b-s
xsnariT, ise rogorc miTiTebulia statiaSi `kalciumis
glukonati~.
1 ml 0,05 mol trilon b-s xsnari Seesabameba 0,02242 g
C12H22CaO14 · H2O, romelic preparatSi unda iyos 0,475-0,525 g
erTi tabletis saSualo wonaze gadaangariSebiT.

407
 kalciumis glukonatis sainieqcio xsnari
Solutio Calcii gluconatis 10% pro injectionibus

Semadgenloba:
kalciumis glukonati 100 g.
wyali ineqciisTvis 1 l-mde.
xsnars filtraven, 10-10 ml-s asxamen ampulebSi da aster-
ileben 1100-ze avtoklavSi 1 saaTi.
aRwera. ufero gamWvirvale siTxea.
igiveoba. 1 ml preparati, wyliT ganzavebuli 10 ml-mde,
iZleva igiveobis meore reaqcias, romelic miTiTebulia
statiaSi `kalciumis glukonati~, da damaxasiaTebel reaqcias
kalciumze.
pH. 6,0-7,5.
raodenobiTi gansazRvra. 20 ml preparati gadaaqvT 100 ml
gamzom kolbSi da moculoba wyliT ahyavT Wdemde. miRebuli
xsnaris 20 ml-is gansazRvras axdenen, rogorc miTiTebulia
statiaSi `kalciumis glukonati~.
1 ml 0,05 mol trilon b-s xsnari Seesabameba 0,02242 g
C12H22CaO14 · H2O, romelic 1 ml preparatSi unda iyos 0,097-
0,103 g.
Seferiloba. unda iyos ufero, gamWvirvale. s. f. t. 1.
nominaluri moculoba. s. f. t. 2, gv. 77 mixedviT.
steriluroba. s. f. t. 2, gv. 111 Sesabamisad.
meqanikuri minarevebi. s. f. t. 2, gv. 78 mixedviT.

408
 kalciumis laqtati

Calcii lactas

C6H10CaO6 · 5H2O m.m. 308,30

aRwera. TeTri wvrilkristaluri, TiTqmis usuno
fxvnilia. haerze qarwyldeba.
xsnadoba. ixsneba wyalSi (nela), advilad ixsneba cxel
wyalSi, Zalian mcired spirtSi, eTerSi da qloroformSi.
igiveoba. obieqti unda iZleva damaxasiaTebel reaqcias
kalciumis ionze.
0,25 g obieqts xsnian 5 ml wyalSi, SeamJaveben ganzavebuli
gogirdmJaviT, umateben kaliumis permanganatis xsnars
mowiTalo-iisfer Seferilobamde da acxeleben, SeiniSneba
acetaldehidis suni.
5 [CH3CH (OH) COO]2 Ca + 4KMnO4 + 11H2SO4

10 CH3 + 2 K2SO4 + 4 MnSO4 + 10 CO2 + 5 CaSO4 + 16 H2O

mJavianoba an tutianoba. 1 g preparats xsnian 20 ml ax-
ladaduRebul wyalSi da acxeleben TiTqmis aduRebamde. ga-
civebul xsnars umateben 2 wveT fenolftaleinis xsnars;
xsnari unda darCes ufero; vardisferi Seferiloba unda war-
moiqmnas 0,02 mol natriumis tutis ara umetes 0,6 ml-is
damatebis Semdeg.
uxsnadi minarevebi. 1,5 g preparats umateben 50 ml ax-
ladaduRebul wyals. acxeleben aduRebamde; miRebuli xsnaris

409
simRvrive ar unda aRematebodes #3 simRvrivis eTalonur
xsnars.
qloridebi. uxsnadi minarevebis gansazRvris Semdeg
xsnars filtraven. 25 ml filtrats anzaveben wyliT 75 ml-mde.
10 ml miRebuli xsnari ar unda Seicavdes qloridebs (ara
umetes 0,02%).
sulfatebi. 10 ml igive xsnari ar unda Seicavdes sulfa-
tebs (ara umetes 0,1%).
rkina. 0,4g obieqts umateben 0,5 ml koncentrirebul
qlorwyalbadmJavas da 10 ml wyals. acxeleben wylis abaza-
naze gaxsnamde. gacivebul xsnars umateben daaxloebiT 0,7 ml
amiakis koncentrirebul xsnars. miRebuli xsnari ar unda Sei-
cavdes rkinis ionebs (ara umetes 0,0075 %).
mZime metalebi. 0,5 g obieqts umateben 2,0 ml ganzavebul
qlorwyalbadmJavas, xsnian gacxelebiT wylis abazanaze da an-
zaveben wyliT 10 ml-mde. xsnars aneitraleben 0,5 ml 30% na-
triumis tutiT Zlieri morevis pirobebSi qveS. miRebuli
xsnari ar unda Seicavdes mZime metalebs (ara umetes 0,001%).
wonaSi danakargi gamoSrobisas. daaxloebiT 0,5 g obieqts
(zusti wona) aSroben 1200-ze mudmiv wonamde. wonaSi danakargi
gamoSrobisas 30% ar unda aRematebodes.
dariSxani. 0,5 g obieqti ar unda Seicavdes dariSxans (ara
umetes 0,0001%).
raodenobiTi gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 0,3 g preparats
(zusti wona) xsnian gacxelebiT 50 ml wyalSi. aciveben da
umateben 6 ml amiakur bufers. 0,1 g indikatorul narevs an 7
wveT mJave qromogen lurjas da titraven 0,05 mol trilon b-s
xsnariT molurjo-iisfer Seferilobamde (ix. kompleqsonome-
tria).

410
 1 ml 0,05 mol trilon b-s xsnari Seesabameba 0,01091 g
C6H10CaO6, romelic mSral nivTierebaze gadaangariSebiT prepa-
ratSi unda iyos aranakleb 98,0%.

kalciumis laqtatis tabletebi 0,5 g

Tabulettae Calcii lactatis
erTi tabletis Semadgenloba:
kalciumis laqtati 0,5 g
damxmare nivTierebebi sakmarisi
raodenobiT
aRwera. TeTri feris tabletebi.
igiveoba. 0,2 g gasresili tabletebis fxvnils xsnian 10
ml wyalSi da filtraven. filtrati iZleva igiveobis meore
reaqcias, romelic miTiTebulia statiaSi `kalciumis laqtati~
da damaxasiaTebel reaqcias _ kalciumis ionze.
tabletis saSualo masa. unda Seesabamebodes s. f. t. 2, gv.
86 moTxovnebs.
daSladoba. ara umetes 15 wuTi. s. f. t. 2, gv. 86.
mikrobiologiuri sisufTave. s. f. t. 2, gv. 119 Sesabamisad.
1 g obieqtSi dasaSvebia ara umetes 1000 baqteriisa da 100
obis da safuaris sokos Semcveloba.
dauSvebelia enterobaqteriebis, fsevdomonas da sta-
filokokis ojaxis baqteriebis Semcveloba.
raodenobiTi gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 0,2 g (zusti wona)
mosresili tabletebis fxvnilis gansazRvras axdenen ise,
rogorc miTiTebulia statiaSi `kalciumis laqtati~.
1 ml 0,05 mol trilon b-s xsnari Seesabameba 0,01542 g
C6H10CaO6 · 5H2O, romelic unda iyos 0,475-0,525g, erTi tabletis
saSualo wonaze gadaangariSebiT.

411
 kalciumis qloridi
Calcii chloridum
CaCL2·6H2O m.m. 219,08
aRwera. ufero, usuno kristalebi, mware-mariliani gemoTi.
Zlier higroskopiuli, haerze Txevaddeba.
xsnadoba. Zalian advilad ixsneba wyalSi (gaxsnisas
xsnari Zlierad civdeba), advilad ixsneba 95%-ian spirtSi.
igiveoba. 1 ml kalciumis qloridis xsnars (1:10) umateben
1 ml amoniumis oqsalatis xsnars. warmoiqmneba TeTri naleqi,
romelic ar ixsneba ZmarmJavasa da amiakis xsnarSi, ixsneba
ganzavebul mineralur mJavebSi.
2 ml kalciumis qloridis xsnars (1:10) umateben 0,5 ml
ganzavebul azotmJavas da 0,5 ml vercxlis nitratis xsnars,
warmoiqmneba TeTri xaWoseburi naleqi, romelic ixsneba ami-
akis xsnarSi.
xsnaris gamWvirvaloba da Seferiloba. 1 g kalciumis
qloridis xsnari 10 ml wyalSi unda iyos gamWvirvale da uf-
ero.
95%-ian spirtSi uxsnadi nivTierebebi. 0,5 g kalciumis
qloridi srulad ixsneba 5 ml 95%-ian spirtSi, warmoqmnis
gamWvirvale, ufero xsnars.
mJavianoba an tutianoba. 1 g kalciumis qlorids xsnian 20
ml axladaduRebul da gacivebul wyalSi, umateben 1 wveT
meTilwiTelis xsnars. Seferiloba unda Seicvalos 0,01 mol
natriumis hidroqsids an qlorwyalbadmJavis ara umetes 0,05
ml-is damatebiT.
sulfatebi. 4 g kalciumis qlorids xsnian 20 ml wyalSi.
miRebuli xsnaris 10 ml-s amowmeben sulfatebis Semcvelobaze
(ara umetes 0,005%).

412
 mZime metalebi. igive xsnaris 5 ml-s ganazaveben wyliT 10
ml-mde da amowmeben mZime metalebis Semcvelobaze (ara umetes
0,005%).
rkina. 15 g obieqts xsnian 10 ml wyalSi da amowmeben
rkinis Semcvelobaze (ara umetes 0,0002%).
bariumi. 2 g obieqts xsnian 40 ml wyalSi. miRebuli
xsnaris 10 ml-s umateben 5 ml kalciumis sulfatis najer
xsnars. 1 sT-s ganmavlobaSi ar unda warmoiqmnas simRvrive.
rkina, alumini, fosfatebi. igive xsnaris 10 ml-s umateben
1 ml amoniumis qloridis xsnars, 1 wveT fenolftaleinis
xsnars da amiakis xsnars vardisferi Seferilobis war-
moqmnamde. miRebul xsnarSi, arc oTaxis temperaturaze da arc
aduRebisas ar unda warmoiqmnas simRvrive.
magniumis marilebi, tute metalTa marilebi. igive xsnaris
20 ml-s acxeleben aduRebamde. cxel xsnars umateben 0,5 g amo-
niumis qlorids, amiakis xsnars tute reaqciamde da 20 ml amo-
niumis oqsalatis cxel xsnars. gacivebis Semdeg gamoyofil
naleqs gafiltraven. filtratis 20 ml-s umateben 0,5 ml kon-
centrirebul gogirdmJavas da amoaqroleben amoniumis
marilebis srul mocilebamde. naSTs gamoawrToben mudmiv wo-
namde. naSTi ar unda aRematebodes 0,5%-s.
TuTia. 1 g kalciumis qloridis xsnari 20 ml wyalSi ar
unda iZleodes dadebiT reaqcias TuTiaze (gv. 131).
dariSxani. 0,5 g kalciumis qloridi ar unda Seicavdes
dariSxans.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. 0,8 g kalciumis qlorids (zus-
ti wona) gadaitanen 100 ml-is tevadobis gamzom kolbSi, gaxs-
nian gamoxdil wyalSi da moculobas Seavseben Wdemde wyliT.
kargad Seureven.
miRebuli xsnaris 25 ml-s umateben 5 ml amiakuri buferis
xsnars, 0,1 g indikatorul narevs an 7 wveT mJava qrom muq-

413
lurjas da titraven 0,05 mol trilon b-s xsnariT lurj-
iisfer Seferilobamde (ix. kompleqsonometria).
1 ml 0,05 mol trilon b-s Seesabameba 0,01095 g CaCL2·6H2O,
romelic sakvlev obieqtSi unda iyos aranakleb 98%.
Senaxva. kargad Tavdaxuruli moparafinebuli minis qi-
lebSi, mSral adgilas.

kalciumis qloridis 10%-iani sainieqcio xsnari

Solutio Calcii chloridi 10% pro injectionibus

Semadgenloba:
kalciumis qloridi 100 g.
wyali sainieqcio 1 l-mde.

xsnars filtraven, Camoasxamen neitraluri minis 5 an 10

ml-ian ampulebSi, asterileben avtoklavSi 1200C-ze 15-20 wT-is
ganmavlobaSi an gamdinare orTqliT 1000C-ze 30 wT-is ganma-
vlobaSi.
aRweriloba. ufero, gamWvirvale siTxe.
igiveoba. 1 ml preparats ganazaveben wyliT 10-jer da
atareben reaqciebs, romlebic aRwerilia statiaSi `kalciumis
qloridi~.
pH. 5,5-7,0.
nominaluri moculoba. s. f. t. 2, gv. 77 mixedviT.
steriluroba. s. f. t. 2, gv. 111.
pirogenoba. s. f. t. 2, gv. 106.
meqanikuri minarevebi. s. f. t. 2, gv. 78.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. 10 ml preparats aTavseben 100
ml-ian gamzom kolbSi da moculobas Seavseben Wdemde ga-
moxdili wyliT.

414
 miRebuli xsnaris 10 ml-s gadaitanen konusur kolbSi,
umateben 15 ml wyals da gansazRvras awarmoeben ise, rogorc
aRwerilia statiaSi `kalciumis qloridi~.
1 ml 0,05 mol trilon b-s Seesabameba 0,01095 g CaCL2·6H2O,
romelic 1 ml preparatSi unda iyos 0,097-0,103 g.

magniumis sulfati
Magnesii sulfas
MgSO4 ·7H2O
m.m. 246,48
aRwera. ufero, prizmuli kristalebi mware-mariliani ge-
moTi, haerze gamoqarwyldeba.
xsnadoba. ixsneba 1 nawil wyalSi, 0,3 nawil mduRare
wyalSi, praqtikulad uxsnadia 95% spirtSi.
igiveoba. magniumis sulfatis xsnaris (1:10) 1 ml-s umateben
1 ml amoniumis qloridis xsnars, 0,5 ml natriumis hidrofos-
fatis xsnars da 1 ml amiakis xsnars. warmoiqmneba TeTri
kristaluri naleqi, romelic ixsneba ZmarmJavaSi (reaqcia
Mg2+).
magniumis sulfatis xsnaris (1:10) 2 ml-s umateben 0,5 ml
bariumis qloridis xsnars. warmoiqmneba TeTri naleqi, ro-
melic ar ixsneba ganzavebul mJaveSi.
xsnaris gamWvirvaloba da Seferiloba. 2 g magniumis
sulfats xsnian 20 ml wyalSi, aduReben 5 wT. xsnari unda
darCes ufero da gamWvirvale.
tutianoba an mJavianoba. 5 ml igive xsnars umateben 5 ml
wyals da 2 wveT fenolftaleinis xsnars. xsnari unda darCes
ufero. vardisferi Seferiloba unda warmoiqmnas 0,01 mol na-
triumis hidroqsidis ara umetes 0,1 ml-is damatebiT.
qloridebi. igive xsnaris 5 ml ganzavebuli wyliT 10 ml-
mde, ar unda Seicavdes qloridebs.
415
 mZime metalebi. igive xsnaris 10 ml ar unda Seicavdes
mZime metalebs.
rkina. 1,5 g magniumis sulfats xsnian 10 ml wyalSi.
xsnars amowmeben rkinis Semcvelobaze (ara umetes 0,002%).
manganumi. 1,25 g magniumis sulfats xsnian 5 ml wyalSi,
umateben 0,5 ml koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas, 5 wveT 0,1 mol
vercxlis nitratis xsnars da acxeleben aduRebamde. Semdeg
umateben 5 ml 20%-ian amoniumis persulfatis xsnars da isev
acxeleben aduRebamde. paralelurad atareben sakontrolo
cdas 5 ml gamoxdili wylisa da igive reaqtivebis gamoyenebiT.
orive xsnars (gamosakvlevs da sakontrolos) aciveben da
gadaitanen erTnair sinjarebSi. sakontrolo xsnarian sin-
jaraSi amateben 0,01 mol kaliumis permanganatis xsnars mik-
robiuretidan, vidre xsnaris Seferiloba sakvlevi xsnaris
Seferilobis identuri ar gaxdeba. Sedarebas axdenen TeTri
qaRaldis fonze.
1 ml 0,01 mol kaliumis permanganats Seesabameba 0,00011 g
manganumi, romelic sakvlev obieqtSi unda iyos ara umetes
0,004%.
wonaSi danakargi gamoSrobisas. daaxloebiT 1 g obieqts
(zusti wona) aSroben 100-1050-ze 2-2,5 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
frTxilad gamoawrToben wiTel varvarebamde mudmiv wonamde.
wonaSi danakargi unda iyos 48-52%.
dariSxani. 0,25 g obieqti ar unda Seicavdes dariSxans
(ara umetes 0,0002%).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. 0,15 g magniumis sulfatis (zus-
ti wona) xsnian 50 ml wyalSi, umateben 5 ml amiakis buferul
xsnars da titraven energiuli SereviT 0,05 mol trilon `b~-s
xsnariT lurj Seferilobamde (indikatori _ mJavuri qrom Sa-
vi specialuri) (ix. kompleqsonometria).

416
 paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas 1 ml 0,05 mol
trilon b Seesabameba 0,01232g MgSO4 · 7 H2O, romelic sakvlev
obieqtSi unda iyos aranakleb 99,0% da ara umetes 102,0%.

magniumis sulfatis 20%-iani an 25-%-iani

sainieqcio xsnari
Solutio Magnesii sulfatis 20% aut 25% pro injectionibus

Semadgenloba: magniumis sulfati 200 g an 250 g.

wyali sainieqcio 1 l-mde
xsnars filtraven, Camoasxamen neitraluri minis 5, 10, 20
an 30 ml-ian ampulebSi, asterileben gamdinare orTqliT
1000C-ze 30 wT-is ganmavlobaSi.
aRwera. ufero, gamWvirvale siTxe.
igiveoba. preparati iZleva damaxasiaTebel reaqciebs mag-
niumis da sulfat-ionebze (ix. magniumis sulfati).
pH. 6,2-8,0 (potenciometriulad).
nominaluri moculobis gansazRvra. preparati unda Seesa-
bamebodes s. f. t. 2, gv. 77 moTxovnebs.
meqanikuri minarevebi. ar unda Seicavdes meqanikur
minarevebs. s. f. t. 2, gv. 78.
steriluroba. preparati unda iyos steriluri. s.f.t. 2, gv.
111.
pirogenoba. preparati unda iyos apirogenuli. s.f.t. 2, gv.
106.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. 5 ml preparats aTavseben 250
ml tevadobis gamzom kolbSi da moculobas Seavseben Wdemde
gamoxdili wyliT. miRebuli xsnaris 50 ml-s gadaitanen gasa-
titrad kolbSi da gansazRvras awarmoeben ise, rogorc miT-
iTebulia statiaSi `Magnesii sulfas~.
417
 1 ml 0,05 mol trilon `b~-s Seesabameba 0,01232g MgSO4 · 7
H2O, romelic 1 ml preparatSi unda iyos Sesabamisad 0,194-
0,206g an 0,242-0,258 g.

mineraluri wyali _ lugela

Mineral water ‐ LUGELA

warmoSoba da Semadgenloba. mineraluri wyali lugela

warmoadgens Cxorowyus r-ni sofel muxurSi gamomdinare bune-
briv wyaros wyals (WaburRili), daaxloebiT 9% kalciumis
qloridis SemcvelobiT.
aRwera. ufero, gamWvirvale, usuno, mlaSe-mware gemos min-
eraluri wyalia.
ZiriTadi konstantebi. saerTo mineralizacia (mSrali
naSTi) 40-60 g/dm3
sixiste 600-700 mg-eqv/dm3
pH 6,0-8,5
ZiriTadi qimiuri komponentebis Semcveloba.
kaTionebi:
3
natriumi 1600-2500 mg/dm
3
kaliumi 4-10 mg/dm
magniumi 50-100 mg/dm3
kalciumi 12000-14500 mg/dm3
anionebi:
qloridi 25000-28000 mg/dm3
bromidi 30-50 mg/dm3
3
iodidi 1-2 mg/dm
sulfati 250-550 mg/dm3
hidrokarbonati < 50 mg/dm3
siliciummJava 10-25 mg/dm3
418
 Cl > 90
ZiriTadi ionebis formula:
Ca > 90
SeniSvna:
1. natriumisa da kaliumis raodenobrivi gansazRvra
tardeba aliani fotometriT;
2. kalciumisa da magniumis raodenobrivi gansazRvra kom-
pleqsonometriuli meTodiT.
3. qloridebis gansazRvra argentometriuli meTodiT.
4. sulfatis gansazRvra woniTi meTodiT.
5. bromidebis gansazRvra bromatometriuli meTodiT.
gamokvleva igiveobaze. 2 ml lugelas sinjaraSi umateben
1 ml amoniumis oqsalatis xsnars. warmoiqmneba TeTri naleqi,
romelic ar ixsneba ZmarmJavaSi da amiakis xsnarSi, ixsneba
ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavaSi (kalcium-ioni).
2 ml lugelas sinjaraSi umateben 0,5 ml azotmJavas da
0,5 ml vercxlis nitratis xsnars; warmoiqmneba xaWosebri
naleqi, romelic ixsneba amiakis xsnarSi (qlor-ioni).
mikrobiologiuri siwminde. lugelas 1 ml-Si dasaSvebia
ara umetes 1000 baqteriis da 100 obis, safuaris sokos (Sejame-
buli arseboba) dauSvebelia enterobaqteriebis, fsevdomonas
da stafilokokis ojaxis baqteriebis arseboba (s.f.t. 2, gv. 119).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra kalciumis qloridisa. lugelas
5 ml (zustad) raodenobrivad gadaaqvT 100 ml gamzom kolbSi,
avseben wyliT Wdemde da Seureven.
25 ml momzadebuli xsnari gadaaqvT konusur kolbSi,
umateben 5 ml amiakur bufers, 7 wveT indikator mJava qrom
muq-lurjas xsnars da titraven 0,05 mol trilon b xsnariT
molurjo-iisfer Seferilobamde.

419
 1 ml 0,05 mol trilon b Seesabameba 0,01095 g kalciumis
qlorids. lugelaSi kalciumis qloridis Semcveloba unda
iyos 7-9% farglebSi.
SefuTva. 300 ml an 500 ml polieTilenis boTlebSi, xrax-
niani TavsaxuriT.

menToli
Mentholum

L - 2 izopropil - 5 - meTilcikloheqsanol - 1

C10H20O m.m. 156,27

aRwera. ufero kristalebia, pitnis Zlieri suniT da gama-

ciebeli gemoTi. Cveulebriv temperaturaze qroldeba da
wylis orTqliT gadaideneba. menTolis gasresviT Tanabari
raodenobis qafurTan, qloralhidratTan, fenolTan, rezor-
cinTan an TimolTan, warmoiqmneba siTxe (evteqtikuri narevi).
xsnadoba. Zalian mcired ixsneba wyalSi, advilad ixsneba
95% spirtSi, eTerSi, ZmarmJavaSi, advilad ixsneba Txevad
parafinSi da cximovan zeTebSi.
igiveoba. 0,01 g obieqts xsnian 1 ml koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavaSi da umateben 1 ml axladmomzadebul 1% vani-
linis xsnars koncentrirebul gogirdmJavaSi; warmoiqmneba

420
yviTeli Seferiloba, romelic 1 ml wylis damatebisas
gadadis Jolosfer wiTel ferSi.
lRobis temperatura. 41-440
xvedriTi brunva. -490-dan -510-mde (10% xsnaris 95%
spirtSi).
mJavianoba. 0,5 g obieqts xsnian 5 ml 95% spirtSi. miRe-
buli xsnari unda iyos neitraluri.
Timoli. obieqtis ramdenime kristals xsnian 1 ml yinu-
lovan ZmarmJavaSi, umateben 3 wveT koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavas da 1 wveT azotmJavas; ar unda warmoiqmnas mwvane
Seferiloba.
cximebi. obieqtis gasresiT TeTr sawer qaRaldebs Soris,
ar unda warmoiqmnas cximis laqa.
araaqroladi naSTi. 1g obieqtis wylis abazanaze gacx-
elebiT warmoiqmneba ufero gamWvirvale siTxe, romelic Sem-
dgomi gacxelebiT qroldeba. naSTi, 100-1050-ze gamoSrobis
Semdeg ar unda aRematebodes 0,05%.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 0,7 g (zusti wona)
obieqts aTavseben kolbSi acetilirebisTvis, iqve umateben 10
ml ZmarmJavas anhidrids uwylo piridinSi. siTxes sustad
aduReben 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi silis abazanaze ukumacivariT.
Semdeg macivridan umateben 25 ml wyals da gacivebis Semdeg
ZmarmJavas titraven 0,5 mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnariT
(indikatori _ fenolftaleini).
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas oTaxis tem-
peraturaze. 1 ml 0,5 mol natriumis hidroqsidis Seesabameba
0,07814 g C10H20O, romelic preparatSi unda iyos aranakleb
99,0%.

421
 mezatoni
Mesatonum

1 (meta - oqsifenil) - 2 - meTilaminoeTanolis hidroqlo-

ridi.
C9H13NO2·HCl m.m. 203,76
aRwera. TeTri an odnav moyviTalo elferis kristaluri
fxvnili, usuno.
xsnadoba. advilad ixsneba wyalSi, 95%-ian spirtSi, gan-
zavebul mJavebsa da tuteebSi, praqtikulad uxsnadia eTerSi.
igiveoba. 0,01 g fxvnils xsnian 1 ml wyalSi, umateben 2
wveT rkinis (III) qloridis xsnars. warmoiqmneba iisferi Sefer-
iloba.
0,01 g obieqts xsnian 1 ml wyalSi, umateben 1 wveT spilen-
Zis sulfatis xsnars da 1 ml natriumis tutis xsnars. war-
moiqmneba lurj-iisferi Seferiloba. umateben 1 ml eTers da
SeanjRreven. eTeris fena darCeba ufero (efedrinisagan
gansxvaveba).
mezatoni iZleva damaxasiaTebel reaqcias qloridebze
(gv.131).
lRobis temperatura. 141-1450.
xsnaris gamWvirvaloba da Seferiloba. 0,1 g obieqtis
xsnari 10 ml wyalSi unda iyos gamWvirvale da ufero.
mJavianoba an tutianoba. 0,1 g fxvnils xsnian 5 ml ax-
ladaduRebul da gacivebul wyalSi, umateben 1 wveT meTil-
wiTelis xsnars. Seferiloba unda Seicvalos 0,05 mol natri-
umis hidroqsidis an qlorwyalbadmJavis xsnaris ara umetes 0,1
ml-is damatebiT.

422
 sulfatebi. 0,65 g fxvnils xsnian 10 ml wyalSi. miRebuli
xsnari ar unda Seicavdes sulfatebs (gv133).
amoniumis marilebi. 0,2 g fxvnils aTavseben sinjaraSi,
umateben 2 ml wyals, 1 ml natriumis tutis xsnars da aduRe-
ben. ar unda warmoiqmnas amiaki, romelic aRmoCndeba damax-
asiaTebeli suniT an wiTeli lakmusis qaRaldis galurjebiT.
wonaSi danakargi gamoSrobisas. 0,5 g obieqts (zusti wona)
aSroben 100-1050-ze mudmiv wonamde. wonaSi danakargi ar unda
aRematebodes 0,5%-s.
sulfaturi nacari da mZime metalebi. 0,5 g preparatis
sulfaturi nacari ar unda aRematebodes 0,1%-s da ar unda
Seicavdes mZime metalebs.
dariSxani. 0,5 g fxvnili ar unda Seicavdes dariSxans (ix.
gamokvleva dariSxanze).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. 0,1 g obieqts (zusti wona) aTav-
seben bromirebisaTvis gankuTvnil kolbSi, xsnian 20 ml wyal-
Si, umateben 50 ml 0,1 mol kaliumis bromatis xsnars, 0,7 g
kaliumis bromids da 5 ml koncentrirebul qlorwyalbadmJa-
vas. kargad Seureven da toveben 1 sT-is ganmavlobaSi bnel ad-
gilze, 200C-ze. Semdeg umateben 10 ml 20%-ian kaliumis iodi-
dis xsnars, kargad Seureven da gamoyofil iods titraven 0,1
mol natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnariT (indikatori _ saxamebe-
li).
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas.
KBrO3+5KBr+3H2SO4 3Br2+3K2SO4+3H2O

Warbi Br2+2KI I2+2KBr

423
 I2+2Na2S2O3 2NaI+Na2S4O6
1 ml 0,1 mol kaliumis bromatis xsnars Seesabameba
0,003395 g C9H13NO2·HCl, romelic preparatSi unda iyos aranak-
leb 98,5%.
Senaxva.
`b~ sia, narinjisfer WurWelSi, sinaTlisagan
dacul adgilas.

natriumis bromidi
Natrii bromidum
NaBr
m.m. 102,90

aRwera. TeTri kristaluri fxvnili, usuno, mariliani ge-

moTi, higroskopuli.
xsnadoba. ixsneba 1,5 nawil wyalSi da 10 nawil spirtSi.
igiveoba. obieqti ufero als aferadebs yviTlad (Na+).
natriumis bromidis 1 ml xsnars (1:10) umateben 1 ml gan-
zavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas, 0,5 ml qloraminis xsnars da 1
ml qloroforms. SeanjRreven, qloroformis fena ifereba
yviTlad (Br-).
Cl2 + 2NaBr Br2+ 2NaCL
natriumis bromidis 1 ml xsnars (1:10) umateben 0,5 ml gan-
zavebul azotmJavas da ramdenime wveT vercxlis nitratis
xsnars. warmoiqmneba moyviTalo xaWoseburi naleqi, romelic
Znelad ixsneba amiakis xsnarSi
NaBr + AgNO3 AgBr + NaNO3
xsnaris gamWvirvaloba da Seferiloba. natriumis bro-
midis xsnari (1:10) unda iyos gamWvirvale da ufero.
tutianoba. 1 g natriumis bromids xsnian 10 ml ax-
ladaduRebul da gacivebul wyalSi, umateben 0,1 mol qlor-

424
wyalbadmJavis 0,1 ml-s. xsnari ar unda Seiferos vardisfrad 1
wveTi fenolftaleinis damatebiT.
sulfatebi. 3 g natriumis bromids xsnian 30 ml wyalSi.
miRebuli xsnaris 10 ml-s ikvleven sulfatebis Semcvelobaze
(ara umetes 0,01%).
iodidebi. igive xsnaris 5 ml-s ganazaveben wyliT 10 ml-
mde. umateben 3 wveT rkinis (III) qloridis xsnars da sax-
ameblis ramdenime wveTs. miRebuli xsnari ar unda Seiferos
lurjad 10 wT-is ganmavlobaSi.
bariumi, kalciumi, bromatebi. igive xsnaris 5 ml-s umate-
ben 1 ml koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas. xsnari unda darCes
gamWvirvale da ar unda Seiferos yviTlad 5 wT-is ganmavlo-
baSi.
Ba2+ + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2H+

Ca2+ + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H+

5NaBr + KBrO3+3H2SO4 3Br2+ 3K2SO4+3H2O

mZime metalebi. igive xsnaris 5 ml-s ganazaveben wyliT 10

ml-mde da amowmeben mZime metalebis Semcvelobaze (ara umetes
0,001%).
rkina. 3 g natriumis bromids xsnian 10 ml wyalSi da
amowmeben rkinis Semcvelobaze (ara umetes 0,001%).
dariSxani. 0,5 g natriumis bromidi ar unda Seicavdes da-
riSxans (ara umetes 0,0001%).
wonaSi danakargi gamoSrobisas. 0,5 g natriumis bromids
(zusti wona) aSroben 1000-ze 4 sT-is ganmavlobaSi. danakargi
ar unda aRematebodes 4%-s.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. 0,2 g natriumis bromids (zusti
wona) winaswar aSroben 1100-ze 4 sT-is ganmavlobaSi, gaxsnian
20 ml wyalSi da titraven 0,1 mol vercxlis nitratiT narin-
425
jisfer-yviTel Seferilobamde (indikatori _ kaliumis qro-
mati).
NaBr + AgNO3 NaNO3+ AgBr
1 ml 0,1 mol vercxlis nitrati Seesabameba 0,01029 g NaBr,
romelic gamomSral preparatSi unda iyos aranakleb 99,0% da
ara umetes 100,6%.
natriumis hidrokarbonati
Natrii hydrocarbonas

NaHCO3 m.m. 84,01

aRwera. TeTri kristaluri fxvnili, usuno, tutemaril-
iani gemoTi. mdgradia mSral pirobebSi, tenian haerze aram-
dgradia. wyalxsnars aqvs tute reaqcia.
xsnadoba. ixsneba wyalSi, praqtikulad uxsnadia 95%-ian
spirtSi.
igiveoba. obieqti ufero als aferadebs yviTlad (Na+).
obieqtis 2 ml xsnars (1:10) umateben 0,5 ml ganzavebul
qlorwyalbadmJavas. gamoiyofa naxSirorJangis buStukebi.
NaHCO3+HCl → NaCl+H2O+CO2
obieqtis 2 ml xsnars (1:10) umateben 5 wveT magniumis
sulfatis najer xsnars da acxeleben aduRebamde. warmoiqmneba
TeTri naleqi.

2NaHCO3+MgSO4 → Mg(HCO3)2+Na2SO4
Mg(HCO3)2 → MgCO3 +H2O+CO2
xsnaris gamWvirvaloba da Seferiloba. 0,5 g natriumis
hidrokarbonatis xsnari 10 ml wyalSi unda iyos ufero da
simRvriviT ar unda aRematebodes simRvrivis #4 eTalons.
qloridebi. 2,5 g natriumis hidrokarbonats gaxsnian 50
ml wyalSi. miRebuli

426
 xsnaris 2ml-s ganazaveben wyliT 10ml-mde. umateben 0,5 ml
ganzavebul azotmJavas da 0,5 ml vercxlis nitratis xsnars.
ar unda warmoiqmnas TeTri feris simRvrive. obieqtSi qlo-
ridebis Semcveloba ar unda aRematebodes 0,02%-s.
sulfatebi. igive xsnaris 10 ml-s umateben 0,5 ml ganzave-
bul qlorwyalbadmJavas da 0,5 ml bariumis qloridis xsnars.
ar unda warmoiqmnas TeTri simRvrive.sulfatebis Semcveloba
natriumis hidrokarbonatSi ar unda aRematebodes 0,02%-s.
rkina. igive xsnaris 10 ml-s umateben ganzavebul qlor-
wyalbadmJavas neitralur reaqciamde, umateben 2 ml sul-
fosalicilis mJavis xsnars da 1 ml amiakis xsnars. ar unda
warmoiqmnas yviTeli Seferiloba.
mZime metalebi. igive xsnaris 10 ml-s umateben ganzavebul
ZmarmJavas neitralur reaqciamde, daumateben 1.2 wveT natri-
umis sulfidis xsnars. ar unda warmoiqmnas muqi naleqi an
simRvrive.
kalciumi. 0,6 g natriumis hidrokarbonats gaxsnian 10 ml
wyalSi, umateben ganzavebul ZmarmJavas, anjRreven, naxSiror-
Jangis gamoyofis Sewyvetamde, Semdeg umateben 1 ml amoniumis
oqsaltis xsnars. ar unda warmoiqmnas TeTri naleqi an sim-
Rvrive. natriumis hidrokarbonatSi kalciumis Semcveloba ar
unda aRematebodes 0,05%-s.
amoniumis marilebi. 1 g natriumis hidrokarbonats gaacx-
eleben 10 ml natriumis tutesTan erTad. warmoqmnilma
orTqlma wiTeli lakmusis qaRaldi ar unda gaalurjos.
dariSxani. 0,25 g natriumis hidrokarbonati ar unda Sei-
cavdes dariSxans.
wonaSi danakargi gaxurebisas. 1 g obieqts brZmedSi axu-
reben 280-3000-ze mudmiv wonamde. wonaSi danakargi unda iyos
aranakleb 36,6% da ara umetes 36,9%.
2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

427
 raodenobrivi gansazRvra. 1 g obieqts (zusti wona), xsnian
50 ml axladaduRebul da gacivebul wyalSi, titraven 0,5 mol
qlorwyalbadmJaviT (indikatori meTilnarinji)
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCL +CO2+ H2O
1 ml 0,5 mol qlorwyalbadmJava Seesabameba 0,0420 g Na-
HCO3-s, romelic obieqtSi unda iyos aranakleb 99%.

nikotinis mJava
Acidum nicotinicum
3 – piridinkarbonmJava

C6H5NO2 m.m. 123,11

aRwera. TeTri kristaluri fxvnili, usuno, susti mJave
gemosi.
xsnadoba. Znelad xsnadia wyalSi da 95% spirtSi. xsnadia
cxel wyalSi, Zalian mcired ixsneba eTerSi.
igiveoba. 0,1 g obieqts acxeleben 0,1 g uwylo natriumis
karbonatTan. SeigrZnoba piridinis suni.

obieqtis (1:100) Tbili xsnaris 3 ml umateben 1 ml spilen-

Zis sulfatis xsnars. warmoiqmneba lurji feris naleqi.

428
 igive xsnaris 10 ml umateben 0,5 ml spilenZis sulfatis
xsnars da 2 ml amoniumis rodanidis xsnars. warmoiqmneba
mwvane Seferiloba.
lRobis temperatura. 234-2380.
xsnaris gamWvirvaloba da Seferiloba. 0,2 g obieqts
xsnian 10 ml wyalSi gacxelebiT. xsnari unda iyos gamWvir-
vale da ufero.
qloridebi. 0,25 g obieqts xsnian 25 ml wyalSi. am xsnaris
10 ml ar unda Seicavdes qloridebs dasaSveb normaze mets
(ara umetes 0,02%).
sulfatebi. amave xsnaris 10 ml ar unda iZleodes
reaqcias sulfatebze.
nitratebi. 0,01 g preparats umateben 2 ml difenilaminis
xsnars, ar unda warmoiqmnas cisferi Seferadeba.
2,6- piridindikarbonmJava. 0,1 g obieqts xsnian 10 ml
wyalSi, umateben 0,5 ml axladmomzadebul rkinis qveJangis Fe
(II) sulfatis xsnars.xsnaris Seferiloba ar unda iyos #5a
eTalonze intensiuri (s. f. t 1, gv. 185).
wonaSi danakargi gamoSrobisas. daaxloebiT 0,5 g obieqts
(zusti wona) aSroben 100-1050 mudmiv wonamde. wonaSi danakargi
ar unda aRematebodes 0,5%.
sulfaturi nacari da mZime metalebi. 0,5 g (zusti wona)
obieqtis sulfaturi nacari ar unda aRematebodes 0,001%. ar
unda Seicavdes mZime metalebs.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 0,3 g obieqts (zus-
ti wona) aTavseben 100 ml moculobis konusur kolbSi, xsnian
25 ml axladaduRebul cxel wyalSi, gacivebis Semdeg titra-
ven 0,1 mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnariT vardisfer Sefe-
rilobamde, romelic ar qreba 1-2 wuTis ganmavlobaSi (indika-
tori _ fenolftaleini).

429
 1 ml 0,1 mol natriumis hidroqsidi Seesabameba 0,01231 g
C6H5NO2, romelic mSral nivTierebaze gadaangariSebiT prepa-
ratSi unda iyos aranakleb 99,5%.

norsulfazoli
Norsulfazolum

2 (para-aminobenzolsulfamido) - Tiazoli.
C9H9N3O2S2 m.m. 255,32
aRwera. TeTri an odnav moyviTalo elferis kristaluri
fxvnili, usuno.
xsnadoba. Zalian mcired ixsneba wyalSi, mcired ixsneba
spirtSi, Znelad ixsneba acetonSi, praqtikulad uxsnadia
eTerSi, ixsneba ganzavebul mineralur mJaveebSi da tuteTa
xsnarebSi.
igiveoba. norsulfazoli iZleva pirveladi aromatuli
aminebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel reaqcias.
0,1 g obieqts anjRreven 3 ml 0,1 mol natriumis tutis
xsnarTan 1-2 wT-is ganmavlobaSi da filtraven. filtrats
umateben 1 ml spilenZis sulfatis xsnars. warmoiqmneba mura-
iisferi naleqi (gansxvavebiT sxva sulfamidebisagan).
0,05 g fxvnils gaaxureben mSral sinjaraSi sanaTuris
alze. warmoiqmneba mura laqa da SeigrZnoba gogirdwyalbadis

430
suni (sxva sulfamiduri preparatebidan igive reaqcias iZleva
mxolod fTalazoli).
lRobis temperatura. 198-2030 (daSliT).
mJavianoba. 1 g obieqts SeanjRreven 50 ml axladaduRebul
da gacivebul wyalTan da acxeleben wylis abazanaze, 700-ze 5
wT-is ganmavlobaSi. swrafad aciveben da filtraven. filtra-
tis 25 ml-s umateben 2 wveT bromTimolis lurjas spirtian
xsnars. warmoiqmneba yviTeli Seferiloba, romelic unda
gadavides cisferSi 0,05 mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnaris
ara umetes 1 ml-is damatebiT.
qloridebi. 1 g fxvnils acxeleben 20 ml wyalTan aduRe-
bamde. swrafad aciveben da filtraven. filtratis 4 ml-s ga-
nazaveben wyliT 10 ml-mde. miRebuli xsnari ar unda Seicavdes
qloridebs.
sulfatebi. igive xsnaris 10 ml ar unda Seicavdes sul-
fatebs.
organuli minarevebi. 0,3 g obieqts xsnian 5 ml koncen-
trirebul gogirdmJavaSi. miRebuli xsnaris Seferiloba ar
unda iyos #5a eTalonze intensiuri.
sulfaturi nacari da mZime metalebi. 0,5 g fxvnilis
sulfaturi nacari ar unda aRematebodes 0,1%-s da ar unda
Seicavdes mZime metalebs (ara umetes 0,001%).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. 0,3 obieqts (zusti wona) xsnian
10 ml wylis da 20 ml ganzavebuli qlorwyalbadmJavis narev-
Si. Semdeg iqcevian ise, rogorc miTiTebulia statiaSi `nitri-
tometria~ indikatori _ tropeolin 00.
1 ml 0,1 mol natriumis nitriti Seesabameba 0,02553 g
C9H9N3O2S2, romelic preparatSi unda iyos aranakleb 99,0%.

431
 novokaini
Novocainum

para - aminobenzoesmJavis - β-dieTilamino eTilis eTeris

hidroqloridi.
C13H20N2O2 · HCl m.m. 272,78
aRwera. ufero kristalebi an TeTri kristaluri fxvnili,
usuno, mware gemoTi. abuJebs enas.
xsnadoba. Zalian advilad ixsneba wyalSi. advilad ixsne-
ba spirtSi, mcired _ qloroformSi, praqtikulad uxsnadia
eTerSi.
igiveoba. preparati iZleva damaxasiaTebel reaqcias
pirvelad aromatul aminebze da qloridebze.
0,05 g obieqts xsnian 2 ml wyalSi, umateben 3 wveT gan-
zavebul gogirdmJavas da 1 ml 0,1 mol kaliumis permanganatis
xsnars. vardisferi Seferiloba momentalurad qreba
(sovkainisgan gansxvavebiT).
0,2 g obieqts xsnian 2 ml wyalSi, umateben 0,5 ml natri-
umis tutis xsnars. gamoiyofa ufero, zeTisebri naleqi.

lRobis temperatura. 154-1560.

xsnaris gamWvirvaloba da Seferiloba. 0,5 g obieqtis
xsnari 5 ml axladaduRebul da gacivebul wyalSi unda iyos
gamWvirvale da ufero.

432
 mJavianoba. igive xsnarze 1 wveTi meTilwiTelis damatebiT
warmoiqmneba vardisferi Seferiloba, romelic unda gadavides
yviTelSi 0,05 mol natriumis tutis ara umetes 0,15 ml-is
damatebiT.
organuli minarevebi. 0,2 g obieqtis xsnari 2 ml koncen-
trirebul gogirdmJavaSi unda iyos ufero.
0,5 g obieqtis xsnari 5 ml azotmJavaSi unda iyos ufero.
sulfaturi nacari da mZime metalebi. 0,5 g obieqtis sul-
faturi nacari ar unda aRematebodes 0,1%-s da ar unda
iZleodes reaqcias mZime metalebze.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. 0,3 g obieqts (zusti wona)
xsnian 10 ml wyalSi da 10 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJava-
Si. Semdeg iqcevian ise, rogorc miTiTebulia statiaSi `nitri-
tometria~. indikatori _ neitral wiTeli an tropeolin 00-is
narevi meTilenis lurjasTan.
1 ml 0,1 mol natriumis nitrits Seesabameba 0,02728 g
C13H20N2O2 · HCl, romelic obieqtSi unda iyos aranakleb 99,5%.

papaverinis hidroqloridi
Papaverini hydrochloridum

6,7 dimeToqsi 1 - (3´, 4´ dimeToqsi benzil) _ izoqino-

linis hidroqloridi

C20H21NO4·HCl m.m. 375,86

433
 aRwera. TeTri kristaluri fxvnilia, usuno, odnav mom-
waro gemosi.
xsnadoba. nela ixsneba 40 wil wyalSi, mcired xsnadia
95% spirtSi, xsnadia qloroformSi, praqtikulad uxsnadia
eTerSi.
igiveoba. 0,05 g obieqts aTavseben faifuris fialaze, as-
veleben koncentrirebul azotmJavas 2 wveTiT; warmoiqmneba
yviTeli Seferiloba, romelic wylis abazanaze gacxelebisas
gadadis narinjisferSi.
0,1 g obieqts umateben 1 ml koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas.
warmoiqmneba iisferi Seferiloba.
obieqtis 0,2 g xsnian 10 ml wyalSi gacxelebiT 600C tem-
peraturamde, umateben 3 ml natriumis acetats, ayovneben fuZe
papaverinis kristalebis gamoyofamde, Carecxaven wyliT, aSro-
ben 600C temperaturaze 1,5 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. gamoyofili
fuZe papaverinis lRobis temperatura unda iyos 145-1470C far-
glebSi.
filtrati iZleva damaxasiaTebel reaqcias qloridebze.
mJavianoba. 2%-iani xsnaris pH 3,0-4,5 (potenciometriulad).
organuli minarevebi. 0,05 g obieqts xsnian 5 ml koncen-
trirebul gogirdmJavaSi, romelic winaswar gacivebulia
yinulian wyalSi. xsnaris Seferiloba ar unda aRematebodes
eTalonuri xsnaris Seferilobas, romelic mzaddeba Semdeg-
nairad: 2 ml `b~ xsnars anzaveben wyliT 5 ml-mde (ix. xsnare-
bis Seferilobis gansazRvra).
Sedareba unda moxdes cdis dawyebidan araugvianes 3
wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
sulfaturi nacari. obieqtis 0,5 g (zusti wona) miRebuli
sulfaturi nacari ar unda aRematebodes 0,1%.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. obieqtis daaxloebiT 0,3 g
(zusti wona) xsnian uwylo ZmarmJavaSi, wylis abazanaze susti

434
gacxelebiT; gacivebis Semdeg umateben 5 ml sindiyis acetats
da titraven qlormJaviT mwvane Seferilobamde (indikatori _
kristaliisferi) ix. uwylo areSi titvra.
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas.
1 ml 0,1 mol qlormJavas xsnari Seesabameba 0,03759 g
C20H21NO4·HCl, romelic obieqtSi unda iyos aranakleb 99,0%.

paracetamoli
Paracetamolum

para - acetaminofenoli

C8H9NO2 m.m. 151,17

aRwera. TeTri an vardisferi kristaluri fxvnili, usuno.
xsnadoba. Znelad ixsneba wyalSi, advilad _ 95%-ian
spirtSi, ixsneba acetonSi da mwvave tuteTa xsnarebSi, praqti-
kulad uxsnadia eTerSi.
igiveoba. obieqtis 0,1 g SeanjRreven 10 ml wyalTan da
umateben rkinis (III) qloridis xsnaris ramdenime wveTs. war-
moiqmneba lurj-iisferi Seferiloba.
obieqtis 0,05 g aduReben 2 ml ganzavebul qlorwyal-
badmJavasTan 1 wT-is ganmavlobaSi, umateben 10 ml wyals,
aciveben da umateben 1 wveT kaliumis biqromatis xsnars. war-
moiqmneba iisferi Seferiloba, romelic ar gadadis wiTelSi
(fenacetinisgan gansxvavebiT).

435
 0,1g obieqts aduReben frTxilad 2 ml ganzavebul
gogirdmJavasTan 2 wT-is ganmavlobaSi, vrceldeba ZmarmJavis
suni.

lRobis temperatura. 168-1720.

mJavianoba. 0,5 g obieqts SeanjRreven 10 ml axladaduRe-
bul da gacivebul wyalTan 2 wT-is ganmavlobaSi, filtraven.
filtrats umateben erT wveT meTilwiTelis xsnars. warmoiqm-
neba vardisferi Seferiloba, romelic unda gadavides
yviTelSi 0,05 mol natriumis tutis ara umetes 0,05 ml-is
damatebiT.
qloridebi. 0,5 g obieqts SeanjRreven 25 ml wyalTan er-
Tad 2 wT-is ganmavlobaSi da filtraven. filtratis 10 ml ar
unda Seicavdes qloridebs.
sulfatebi. igive filtratis 10 ml ar unda Seicavdes
sulfatebs.
p-aminofenoli. 2 g obieqts SeanjRreven 20 ml 0,5 g yi-
nulSi gacivebul qlorwyalbadmJavasTan erTad 2 wT-is ganma-
vlobaSi. swrafad filtraven mravalnaoWian filtrSi, umate-
ben 0,1 g kaliumis bromids da titraven 0,05 mol natriumis

436
nitritiT, vidre iodsaxameblian qaRaldze ar warmoiqmneba
lurji laqa (titvris procesSi aciveben yinulSi).
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas.
titraciaze unda daixarjos 0,05 mol natriumis nitritis
ara umetes 0,05 ml.
wonaSi danakargi gamoSrobisas. 0,5 g obieqts (zusti wona)
aSroben 100-1050-ze mudmiv wonamde. wonaSi danakargi ar unda
aRematebodes 0,5%-s.
sulfaturi nacari da mZime metalebi. 0,5 g obieqtis sul-
faturi nacari ar unda aRematebodes 0,1%-s da ar unda Sei-
cavdes mZime metalebs.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. obieqtis 0,25 g (zusti wona)
aTavseben 100 ml Camteobis konusur kolbSi, umateben 10 ml
ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas, kolbas uerTeben ukumacivars
da aduReben 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg, kolbis SigTavss
raodenobrivad gadaitanen WiqaSi diazotirebisaTvis. macivars
da kolbas gamorecxaven 30-30 ml wyliT da gamonarecxebs ama-
teben igive WiqaSi. umateben 1 g kaliumis bromids, Seureven
kargad da mudmivi moreviT titraven 0,1 mol natriumis nitri-
tis xsnariT (gatitvris pirobebi ix. statiaSi `nitritome-
tria~). titvris damTavrebas daadgenen potenciometriulad an
iodsaxamebliani qaRaldiT. dayovneba 3 wuTi.

437
 1 ml 0,1 mol natriumis nitritis xsnars Seesabameba 0,01512
g C8H9NO2, romelic obieqtSi unda iyos aranakleb 98,5%.

rezorcini
Resorcinum

meta – dioqsibenzoli

C6H6O2 m.m. 110,11

aRwera. TeTri an odnav moyviTalo elferis kristaluri
fxvnili, damaxasiaTebeli susti suniT, sinaTlis da haeris
zegavleniT TandaTanobiT ifereba vardisfrad.
xsnadoba. Zalian advilad ixsneba wyalSi da 95%-ian
spirtSi, advilad ixsneba eTerSi, Zalian mcired _ qloro-
formSi, ixsneba glicerinsa da cximovan zeTebSi.
igiveoba. obieqtis (1:200) xsnars 10 ml umateben 3 wveT
rkinis (III) qloridis xsnars. warmoiqmneba lurj-iisferi Se-
feriloba, romelic amiakis xsnaris damatebiT gadadis mura-
yviTelSi.

438
 obieqtis ramdenime kristals aTavseben faifuris fialaSi,
umateben Warbad ftalis anhidrids da SealRoben. miiReba moy-
viTalo-wiTeli feris nalRobi, romelic natriumis tutis
xsnarSi gaxsniT fluorescirebs mwvaned.

lRobis temperatura. 109-1120.

xsnaris gamWvirvaloba da Seferiloba. obieqtis 1 g
xsnian 20 ml axladaduRebul da gacivebul wyalSi, xsnari
unda iyos gamWvirvale da Seferilobis intensiurobiT ar
unda aRematebodes #5a an #5b eTalons.
mJavianoba an tutianoba. igive xsnaris 10 ml-s umateben 1
wveT bromfenollurjas xsnars. Seferiloba ar unda
Seicvalos 0,02 mol natriumis tutis an qlorwyalbadmJavis
xsnaris ara umetes 0,1 ml-is damatebiT.
pirokateqini. igive xsnaris 10 ml-s umateben 0,5 ml tyviis
acetatis xsnars. 2 wT-is ganmavlobaSi ar unda warmoiqmnas
naleqi an simRvrive.
fenoli. 1 g obieqts acxeleben 2 ml wyalTan erTad
wylis abazanaze (abazanis temperatura 40-500) ar unda Sei-
grZnobodes fenolis suni.
sulfaturi nacari. 0,5 g obieqtis sulfaturi nacari ar
unda aRematebodes 0,1%-s.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. 0,2 g obieqts (zusti wona)
aTavseben 100 ml-ian gamzom kolbSi, umateben 20 ml wyals,
gaxsnian da Semdeg moculobas Seavseben wyliT Wdemde. miRe-
439
buli xsnaris 20 ml-s bromirebisaTvis gadaitanen 250 ml Cam-
teobis milesilsacobian kolbSi, umateben 40 ml 0,1 mol
kaliumis bromatis xsnars, 10 ml kaliumis bromidis xsnars, 10
ml 50%-ian gogirdmJavas, Seureven kargad da toveben 15 wT-iT.
Semdeg umateben 20 ml kaliumis iodidis xsnars. SeanjRreven
Zlierad da ayovneben 10 wT-iT bnel adgilze. Semdeg narevs
umateben 2-3 ml qloroforms da gamoyofil iods titraven na-
triumis Tiosulfatis 0,1 mol xsnariT. paralelurad atareben
sakontrolo cdas.
KBrO3+5KBr+6HCl 3Br2+6KCl+3H2O

Br2+2KI I2+2KBr
I2+2Na2S2O3 2NaI+Na2S4O6
1 ml 0,1 mol kaliumis bromatis xsnars Seesabameba 0,001835
g C6H6O2, romelic obieqtSi unda iyos aranakleb 99,0%.

streptocidi
Streptocidum

para - aminobenzolsulfamidi

C6H8N2O2 S m.m. 172,21

440
 aRwera. TeTri kristaluri fxvnili, usuno.
xsnadoba. mcired ixsneba wyalSi, advilad _ mduRare
wyalSi, ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavaSi, mwvave tuteTa
xsnarebSi da acetonSi, Znelad ixsneba spirtSi, praqtikulad
uxsnadia eTerSi da qloroformSi.
igiveoba. obieqti iZleva damaxasiaTebel reaqcias pirve-
lad aromatul aminebze.
0,1 g obieqts axureben mSral sinjaraSi, spirtnaTuris
alze, warmoiqmneba iisfer-lurji Seferilobis nalRobi, Tan
SeigrZnoba amiakis da anilinis suni.
lRobis temperatura. 164-1670.
mJavianoba. 0,8 g obieqts SeanjRreven 40 ml axladaduRe-
bul da gacivebul wyalTan, acxeleben wylis abazanaze 700-ze
5 wT-is ganmavlobaSi. swrafad gaaciveben da filtraven. fil-
tratis 25 ml-s umateben 2 wveT bromTimol-lurjas spirtian
xsnars. warmoqmnili yviTeli Seferiloba unda gadavides cis-
ferSi 0,05 mol natriumis hidroqsidis xsnaris ara umetes 0,05
ml-is damatebiT.
qloridebi. 0,5 g obieqts SeanjRreven 20 ml wyalTan 1-2
wT-is ganmavlobaSi da filtraven. filtratis 4 ml-s ganazave-
ben wyliT 10 ml-mde. miRebuli xsnari ar unda Seicavdes
qloridebs.
sulfatebi. igive filtratis 10 ml ar unda Seicavdes
sulfatebs.
organuli minarevebi. 0,3 g preparats xsnian 5 ml koncen-
trirebul gogirdmJavaSi. miRebuli xsnaris Seferiloba ar
unda iyos #5a eTalonze intensiuri.
sulfaturi nacari da mZime metalebi. 0,5 g obieqtis sul-
faturi nacari ar unda aRematebodes 0,1%-s da ar unda Sei-
cavdes mZime metalebs (ara umetes 0,001%).

441
 raodenobrivi gansazRvra. 0,25 g obieqts (zusti wona)
xsnian 10 ml wyalsa da 10 ml marilmJavaSi. Semdeg iqcevian
ise, rogorc miTiTebulia statiaSi `nitritometria~. indika-
tori _ tropeolin 00-is narevi meTilenis lurjasTan.
1 ml 0,1 mol natriumis nitritis Seesabameba 0,01722 g
C6H8N2O2 S, romelic obieqtSi unda iyos aranakleb 99,%.

sulfokamfokainis 10%-iani sainieqcio xsnari

Solutio Sulfocamphocaini 10% pro injectionibus

Semadgenloba.
sulfoqafuris mJava
(uwylo nivTierebaze gadaangariSebiT) 49,6 g
fuZe novokaini 50,4 g
sainieqcio wyali 1 l-mde
aRwera. gamWvirvale, ufero an odnav moyviTalo feris
siTxe.
igiveoba. preparatis 4 ml umateben 2 ml 1 mol natriumis
hidroqsidis xsnars. warmoiqmneba zeTiseburi naleqi. miRebuli
narevi gadaaqvT gamyof ZabrSi da gamowvlilven 10 ml
qloroformiT. fenebis gaSrevebis Semdeg qloroformian fenas
Cafiltraven mSral kolbSi uwylo natriumis sulfatiani
filtris gamoyenebiT. qloroforms amoaorTqleben wlis aba-
zanaze gamwov karadaSi. naSTs gaxsnian 10 ml 0,1 mol qlor-
wyalbadmJavaSi. miRebuli xsnaris 2 ml-s gadaitanen sinjaraSi
da atareben reaqcias pirvelad aromatul aminebze (novokaini).
5 ml preparats aTavseben brZmedSi, umateben 0,05 g natri-
umis nitrats da 2 g natriumis karbonats. brZmeds dadgamen
wylis abazanaze da amoaSroben narevs. naSTs dawvaven da ga-
moawrToben wiTel varvarebamde. gaaciveben da umateben kon-
centrirebul qlorwyalbadmJavas, vidre qafuris sunis gavr-

442
celeba Sewydeba. amoaqroleben amoSrobamde. naSTs umateben 50
ml wyals da gafiltraven. filtrats Seavseben wyliT 100 ml-
mde, SeamJaveben 5 ml koncentrirebuli qlorwyalbadmJaviT da
acxeleben aduRebamde. mduRare xsnars umateben 5 ml 5%-ian
bariumis qloridis xsnars, Tan ureven. warmoiqmneba TeTri
feris wvrilkristaluri naleqi (sulfojgufi).
gamWvirvaloba. preparati unda iyos gamWvirvale. Sedare-
bas axdenen sainieqcio wyalTan.
nominaluri moculoba. unda Seesabamebodes sf. t. 2, gv. 77
moTxovnas.
pH. unda iyos 4,2-dan 5,8 farglebSi (sf. t. 1, gv. 103-104).
steriluroba. preparati unda iyos steriluri (sf.t.2, gv.
111).
pirogenoba. preparati unda iyos apirogenuli (sf.t. 2, gv.
106).
meqanikuri minarevebi. unda Seesabamebodes sf. t. 2, gv. 78
moTxovnebs.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. 5 ml preparats umateben 10 ml
ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas da Seavseben wyliT 80 ml-mde,
Semdeg iqcevian ise, rogorc miTiTebulia statiaSi `nitri-
tometria~. indikatori _ tropeolin 00-is narevi meTilen
lurjTan.
1 ml 0,05 mol natriumis nitrits Seesabameba 0,01182 g
C13H20N2O2 (fuZe novokaini), romelic 1 ml preparatSi unda
iyos 0,0479-0,0529 g.
5 ml preparats umateben 5 ml wyals da fenolftaleinis
mimarT ganeitralebul narevs, romelic Sedgeba 20 ml eTilis
spirtis da 10 ml qloroformisagan. titraven 0,1 mol natri-
umis hidroqsidis xsnariT wylian fenis sust vardisfer Se-
ferilobamde. indikatori _ fenolftaleini. titraciis bolos
umateben kidev 1-2 wveT indikators.

443
 1 ml 0,1 mol natriumis hidroqsidi Seesabameba 0,02323 g
C10H18O4 S (sulfoqafuris mJava), romelic 1 ml preparatSi
unda iyos 0,0471-0,052 g.

terpinhidrati
Terpinum hydratum

para - menTandiol - 1,8

C10H20O2·H2O m.m. 180,28

aRwera. ufero gamWvirvale kristalebia an TeTri
kristaluri fxvnilia, usuno, momwaro gemosi. frTxilad
gacxelebisas 1000-ze qroldeba da warmoiqmneba nemsisebri
kristalebi. mSral Tbil haerze qarwyldeba, kargavs
sakristalizacio wyals da lRobis temperatura dabla iwevs.
xsnadoba. mcired ixsneba wyalSi, qloroformSi, eTerSi
da skipidarSi. Znelad ixsneba mdurare wyalSi, ixsneba 95%
spirtSi, advilad ixsneba mduRare 95% spirtSi.
igiveoba. (1:50) obieqtis 5 ml cxel xsnarze ramdenime
wveTi koncentrirebuli gogirdmJavas damatebiT siTxe im-
Rvreva da terpineolis aromatuli suni vrceldeba.
0,01 g obieqts aTavseben faifuris fialaze, umateben 5
wveT 3% rkinis Jangis qloridis spirtian xsnars da frTxi-
lad amoaorTqleben. erTdroulad fialis sxvadasxva
444
adgilebSi miiReba wiTeli, iisferi, mwvane laqebi. gacivebul
naSTze benzolis damatebiT. lurji Seferiloba warmoiqmneba.
lRobis temperatura. 115-1170.
SeniSvna. lRobis temperaturis gansazRvrisaTvis aucile-
belia xelsawyo gacxeldes 1100-mde da kapilaris Setanis Sem-
deg gacxelebas agrZeleben ise, rom wuTSi temperaturis
mateba xdebodes 4-50-mde.
xsnaris Seferiloba da gamWvirvaloba. 0,3 g obieqti
mTlianad unda ixsnebodes 3 ml 95% mduRare spirtSi, war-
moqmnili xsnari unda iyos gamWvirvale da ufero.
mJavianoba da tutianoba. 0,4 g obieqts aTavseben 100 ml
Camteobis konusur kolbSi, umateben 40 ml wyals da aduReben
mTlianad gaxsnamde. gacivebul xsnars umateben 1-2 wveT brom-
Timol lurjas xsnars, warmoiqmneba mwvane Seferadeba, ro-
melic icvleba ara umetes 0,1 ml 0,05 mol natriumis hidro-
qsidis an qlorwyalbadmJavas damatebiT.
sulfaturi nacari. 0,5 g obieqtis sulfaturi nacari 0,1%
ar unda aRematebodes da ar unda iZleodes reaqcias mZime
metalebze.

terpinhidratis tabletebi 0,25 g an 0,5 g

Tabulettae Terpini hydrati 0,25 aut 0,5

erTi tabletis Semadgenloba:

terpinhidrati 0,25 g an 0,5 g
damxmare nivTierebebi sakmarisi raodenobiT
aRwera. TeTri feris tabletebi.
igiveoba. 0,2 g mosresil tabletebis fxvnils acxeleben
10 ml wyalTan. miRebuli siTxe iZleva igiveobis pirvel
reaqcias, romelic miTiTebulia statiaSi `terpinhidrati~.

445
 0,1 g mosresili tabletebis fxvnils xsnian 5 ml spirtSi
da filtraven. filtrati iZleva igiveobis meore reaqcias, ro-
melic mocemulia statiaSi `terpinhidrati~.
tabletis saSualo masa da daSladoba. s. f. t. 2, gv. 86.
mikrobiologiuri sisufTave. s. f. t. 2, gv. 119.
raodenobiTi gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 0,3 g (zusti wona)
gasresili tabletebis fxvnils anjRreven 20 ml 95% spirtSi
da filtraven. 10 ml miRebuli filtrati gadaaqvT biuqsSi,
spirts amoaorTqleben wylis abazanaze (wylis temperatura
600-mde). naSTs aSroben eqsikatorSi mudmiv wonamde da wonian.
C10H20O2·H2O Semcveloba Sesabamisad unda iyos 0,238-0,262 g an
0,475-0,525 g erTi tabletis saSualo wonaze gadaangariSebiT.

fenolebis zogadi da specifikuri reaqciebi

aRniSnul jgufs miekuTvneba fenolebi da maTi samkur-

nalo nivTierebebi: fenoli, Timoli, rezorcini da araster-
oiduli struqturis estrogenebis sinTezuri analgebi: sine-
stroli, dieTilstilbestroli, oqtestroli da sxv.
1) fenolebis mJavuroba da fenolatebis warmoqmna.
fenolebi susti mJavuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba, isini nax-
SirmJavasa da karbonmJavebze susti mJavebia. kargad ixsneba
tuteTa wyalxsnarebSi da tute metalTa karbonatebSi
fenolatebis warmoqmniT.
fenolebi urTierTqmedeben samvalentiani rkinis qlorid-
Tan da warmoqmnian iisfer, lurj an mwvane Seferilobis
rkinis kompleqsur fenolatebs.
meTodi. 0,01 g fenols an rezorcins xsnian 1 ml wyalSi
(sinestrols xsnian spirtSi), umateben 1-2 wveT samvalentiani
rkinis qloridis xsnars. warmoiqmneba Seferili kompleqs-

446
naerTi. fenoli da rezorcini iZleva iisfer Seferilobas, si-
nestroli mwvanes.
es reaqcia gamoiyeneba agreTve fenolis minarevis aRmo-
saCenad TimolSi, vinaidan Timoli fenolTan SedarebiT ufro
susti mJavuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba struqturaSi ori
alkilis jgufis Semcvelobis da wyalSi uxsnadobis gamo,
rkinis (III) qloridTan Seferil kompleqsnaerTs ar iZleva.
2) martivi da rTuli eTerebis warmoqmnis reaqciebi.
fenolebi warmoqmnian martiv da rTul eTerebs, romelTa
identifikacias axdenen lRobis temperaturis mixedviT. eTeri-
fikaciis reaqciebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes raodenobrivi
gansazRvrisTvisac.
3) aromatuli birTvisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli reaqciebi.
aromatul birTvTan dakavSirebuli hidroqsili tutian
xsnarSi amJRavnebs orTo-para orientacias. amitom fenolebs
axasiaTebs eleqtrofiluri Canacvlebis reaqciebi: nitro-
zireba (libermanis reaqcia), nitrireba, bromireba, diazosaRe-
bavebis warmoqmna.

3.1. nitrozirebis reaqcia (libermanis reaqcia)

para - nitrozofenoli para - qinonoqsimi

qinonoqsimi urTierTqmedebs sareaqcio areSi arsebul fe-

nolTan da warmoqmnis indofenols:

nitrozirebis reaqcia indofenoluri reaqciis saxesxvao-

baa.

447
 cxrili
nitrozirebis reaqciis produqtebis _ indofenolebis Se-
feriloba
Seferiloba
samkurnalo niv-
tutis damatebis tutis damatebis
Tierebebi
gareSe Semdeg
fenoli muqi mwvane alublisfer-
Timoli lurj-mwvane wiTeli
rezorcini iisfer-Savi iisferi
sinestroli mowiTalo-iisferi `_~

meTodi: 0,01 g samkurnalo nivTierebas umateben 2-3 wveT

1%-ian natriumis nitritis xsnars koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavaSi. warmoiqmneba damaxasiaTebeli Seferiloba, ro-
melic icvleba tutis damatebiT (ix. cxrili).

3. 2. nitrirebis reaqcia.
nitrireba mimdinareobs ganzavebuli azotmJavis damatebiT
oTaxis temperaturaze. warmoiqmneba orTo da para nitro-
fenolebi. xsnarze tutis damatebiT Seferiloba Zlierdeba
kargad disocirebuli marilis warmoqmnis gamo.
meTodi: 0,01 g samkurnalo nivTierebas xsnian 2 ml wyalSi
(sinestrols xsnian spirtSi) umateben 1-2 ml ganzavebul
azotmJavas da acxeleben wylis abazanaze. TandaTan warmoiqm-
neba yviTeli Seferiloba.

448
 3. 3. bromirebis reaqcia.
bromiani wylis moqmedebiT warmoiqmneba 2, 4, 6 tribrom-
fenolis TeTri naleqi.
meTodi: 0,01 g samkurnalo nivTierebas xsnian 2 ml wyalSi
(sinestrols spirtSi) umateben wveTobiT bromian wyals. ga-
moiyofa naleqi.

3. 4. diazonaerTebis warmoqmnis reaqcia.

fenolebis urTierTqmedebiT diazoniumis marilebTan war-
moiqmneba azosaRebavi. mierTeba xdeba orTo da para mdgo-
mareobaSi fenoluri hidroqsilis mimarT tute areSi. nei-
tralur areSi warmoiqmneba wiTeli feris azosaRebavi. tute
areSi (pH710) reaqcia ar midis vinaidan diazoniumis marili
gardaiqmneba diazohidratad (diazotatad).
meTodi: 0,05 g obieqts xsnian 5 ml wyalSi (sinestrols
xsnian spirtSi) umateben 2 ml amiakis xsnars da 1 ml dia-
zoreaqtivs _ warmoiqmneba wiTeli an narinjisfer-wiTeli Se-
feriloba.
diazoreaqtivis momzadeba: 0,1 g streptocids xsnian gacx-
elebiT 8 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavaSi
da gacivebis Semdeg umateben 2 ml 0,1 mol natriumis ni-
tritis xsnars. Warmoiqmneba wiTeli Seferiloba.
4. daJangvis reaqciebi.
fenolebi iJangeba advilad da miiReba sxvadasxva Sefer-
ilobis Jangvis produqti. Jangvis reaqciis magaliTia
indofenoluri sinji.

449
 indofenoluri sinji mimdinareobs amiakis xsnarSi dam-
Jangvelebis: qloriani kiris, qloraminis, bromiani wylis mo-
qmedebiT.

cxrili
indofenolebis Seferiloba
Seferiloba
samkurnalo
mJavis damatebis mJavis damatebis
nivTierebebi
gareSe Semdeg
fenoli lurj-mwvane wiTeli
Timoli susti vardisferi yviTeli
rezorcini mura yviTeli wiTeli

meTodi: 0,05 g obieqts xsnian 0,5 ml amiakis xsnarSi da

umateben 3-4 wveT qloraminis xsnars. narevs acxeleben
mduRare wylis abazanaze. warmoiqmneba Seferiloba, romelic
icvleba mJavis damatebiT (ix. cxrili).

5. reaqcia formaldehidTan da koncentrirebul

gogirdmJavasTan (markis reaqtivi)
fenolebis urTierTqmedebiT markis reaqtivTan warmoiqm-
neba Seferili arilmeTinuri saRebavi.

450
 meTodi: 10 mg obieqts aTavseben sasagne minaze da umateben
3 wveT markis reaqtivs. TandaTan warmoiqmneba wiTeli an
alublisfer-wiTeli Seferiloba. sinestrolTan reaqciis
Sedegad miRebuli produqti gamoiwvlileba qloroformiT da
qloroformis fena ifereba alublisfer-wiTlad.
6. fenolebis identifikaciisTvis, agreTve keTilxarisxov-
nebis dadgenisa da raodenobrivi gansazRvrisTvis farTod ga-
moiyeneba speqtrofotometria ultraiisfer ubanSi da qroma-
tografia. Tu preparatis molekulebSi aris asimetriuli nax-
Sirbadi, informatulia polarimetriuli meTodic. fenoluri
nawarmebis erTmaneTisgan gansxvaveba SesaZlebelia aRniSnuli
meTodebiT, saTanado konstantebiT.

furacilini
Furacilinum
Nitrofuralum

C6H6N4O4 m.m. 198,4

aRwera. yviTeli,Aan momwvano-yviTeli feris wvril-
kristaluri fxvnilia, usuno, mware gemosi.

451
 xsnadoba. Zlier mcired ixsneba wyalSi, mcired xsnadia
95% spirtSi. praqtikulad uxsnadia eTerSi, ixsneba tuteebSi.
igiveoba. 0,01 g obieqts xsnian 5 ml wylisa da 5 ml na-
triumis hidroqsidis xsnaris narevSi. warmoiqmneba narinjis-
fer-wiTeli Seferiloba.

Seferadebuli anioni

igive xsnaris gacxelebisas gamoiyofa amiaki, romelic

SeigrZnoba suniT an mduRare siTxis orTqlSi Setanili
wiTeli lakmusis qaRaldis galurjebiT.
lRobis temperatura. 230-2360 (daSliT, meTodi 1a, sax. f.
t.I).
qloridebi. 2 g obieqts umateben 40 ml wyals da anjRre-
ven, filtraven gamWvirvale filtratis miRebamde. 10 ml miRe-
buli filtratis ar unda Seicavdes qloridebs (ara umetes
0,004%).
sulfatebi. qloridebze gamosakvlevad momzadebuli
xsnaris filtratis 10 ml ar unda Seicavdes sulfatebs (ara
umetes 0,02%).
semikarbazidi. filtratis 10 ml acxeleben da umateben 2
ml felingis reaqtivs, romelic winaswar gacxelebuli iyo
aduRebamde. xsnaris Seferadeba TandaTanobiT gadadis
yviTlidan muq mwvaneSi. erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi ar unda
warmoiqmnas spilenZis qveJangis wiTeli naleqi.
sulfaturi nacari da mZime metalebi. 0,5 g preparatidan
miRebuli sulfaturi nacari ar unda aRematebodes 0,1% da ar
unda Seicavdes mZime metalebs (ara umetes 0,001%).

452
 dariSxani. 0,5 g preparati ar unda Seicavdes dariSxans
(ara umetes 0,001%).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 0,1 g obieqts (zus-
ti wona) aTavseben 500 ml-is moculobis gamzom kolbSi, uma-
teben 4 g natriumis qlorids, 300 ml wyals da xsnian gacxe-
lebiT 70-800 wylis abazanaze. 5 ml 0,01 mol iodis xsnars
aTavseben 50 ml-ian gamzom kolbSi, umateben 0,1 ml natriumis
hidroqsidis xsnars da 5 ml sakvlev xsnars. 1-2 wuTis Semdeg
xsnars umateben 2 ml ganzavebul gogirdmJavas da gamoyofil
iods titraven mikrobiuretidan 0,01 mol natriumis Tiosul-
fatis xsnariT (indikatori _ saxamebeli).
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas. 1 ml 0,01 mol
iodis xsnari Seesabameba 0,0004954 g C6H6N4O4, romelic
obieqtSi unda iyos aranakleb 97,5%.
Senaxva: sia `b~ muqi feris WurWelSi.

furacilinis tabletebi 0,1 g

Tabulettae Furacilini 0,1

erTi tabletis Semadgenloba:

furacilini 0,1 g
damxmare nivTierebebi 0,3 g wonis
tabletis misaRebad.
aRwera. yviTeli an momwvano-yviTeli feris tabletebi.
igiveoba. 0,03 g mosresili tabletebis fxvnili iZleva
igiveobis reaqciebs, rogorc es aRwerilia statiaSi `furaci-
lini~.
tabletebis saSualo masis daSladobis da xsnadobis gan-
sazRvra. s. f. t. 2, gv. 86.

453
 raodenobrivi gansazRvra. mosresili tabletis fxvnils
daaxloebiT 0,06 (zusti wona) aTavseben 20-25 ml moculobis
WiqaSi, umateben 1,5 ml furacilinis wylian najer xsnars,
ureven minis wkiriT da filtraven. naSTs WiqaSi recxaven 1 ml
furacilinis wyliani najeri xsnariT. filtrs naleqiT aTav-
seben 100 ml-ian gamzom kolbSi, aqve recxaven naleqs Tbili
wyliT, romelic darCenilia WiqaSi. umateben 0,8 g natriumis
qlorids, 70 ml wyals da xsnian gacxelebiT 70-800 wylis aba-
zanaSi. gacivebuli xsnaris moculoba wyliT ahyavT Wdemde,
ureven da Semdgom awarmoeben raodenobriv gansazRvras, ro-
gorc es aRwerilia statiaSi `furacilini~.
1 ml 0,01 mol iodis xsnari Seesabameba 0,0004954 g
C6H6N4O4, romelic 1 tabletis saSualo wonaze gaangariSebiT
unda iyos 0,095-0,105 g.
SeniSvna: furaciliniT wylis gajerebisaTvis, 0,1 g fura-
cilins umateben 500 ml wyals, kargad anjRreven da 30 wuTis
Semdeg xsnars filtraven mSral filtrSi.

qafuri
Camphora

C10H16O m.m. 152,24

marjvniv mbrunavi bunebrivi qafuri, romelsac Rebuloben

qafuris xisgan _ Cinnamonium camphora (2) Nees et Eberm, aseve
marcxniv mbrunavi, romelic miiReba soWis eTerovani zeTidan.
454
 aRwera. ufero kristaluri fxvnilia an TeTri natexebi.
aqvs Zlieri damaxasiaTebeli suni da sasiamovno momwaro, mo-
myinavi gemo. fenolTan, menTolTan, TimolTan an qloradhi-
dratTan gasresiT warmoqmnis sqel gamWvirvale siTxes. advi-
lad qroldeba Cveulebriv temperaturazedac ki da WurWelSi,
sadac inaxeba, mis zeda nawilSi warmoqmnis kristalur ana-
qrols. frTxilad gacxelebiT qroldeba, ise rom ar naxSir-
deba.
xsnadoba. mcired ixsneba wyalSi, advilad ixsneba 95%
spirtSi, Zalian advilad ixsneba eTerSi da qloroformSi, ad-
vilad ixsneba petroleinis eTerSi, cximebSi, eTerovan zeTeb-
Si.
lRobis temperatura. 174-1800 (winaswari gamoSrobis ga-
reSe).
xvedriTi brunva. marjvniv mbrunavi qafuris +410-dan +440-
mde, marcxniv mbrunavis -390-dan -440-mde (10% spirtiani xsnari).
xsnaris gamWvirvaloba da Seferiloba. 1 g preparatis
xsnari 4 ml spirtSi unda iyos gamWvirvale da ufero.
wyali. 1 g preparatis gaxsnisas 10 ml petroleinis
eTerSi ar unda warmoiqmnas simRvrive.
zeTi. TeTri saweri qaRaldis furclebs Soris prepara-
tis gasresisas ar unda warmoiqmnas cximis laqebi.
araaqroladi naSTi. 2 g obieqts acxeleben 100-1050
mTlianad aqrolebamde. naSTi ar unda aRematebodes 0,05%.
organuli minarevebi. 0,5 g obieqts xsnian 5 ml koncen-
trirebul gogirdmJavaSi. miRebuli xsnaris Seferadeba ar
unda iyos ufro intensiuri, vidre 5 ml eTalonuri xsnaris.
SeniSvna: eTalonuri xsnaris momzadeba. 1 ml 5 %
kaliumis biqromatis xsnars anzaveben wyliT 150 ml-mde.
Senaxva: kargad Tavdaxurul WurWelSi, gril adgilas.

455
 qafuris 20%-iani zeTiani xsnari inieqciisTvis
Solutio Camphorae oleosa 20% pro injectionibus

Semadgenloba:
qafuri 200 g.
atmis zeTi 1 litramde.
xsnars filtraven, Camoasxamen ampulebSi da asterileben
0
100 -ze 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi gamdinare orTqliT.
simkvrive. 0,923-0,926.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 1,5 g (zusti wona)
preparats aTavseben winaswar awonil biuqsSi wylis abazanaze
qafuris sunis mocilebamde. biuqss aciveben eqsikatorSi da
wonian, qafuris Semcvleobis gamosaangariSeblad 1 ml prepa-
ratSi wonaSi danakargs amravleben preparatis simkvriveze da
yofen wonakze.
1 ml preparatSi qafuris Semcveloba unda iyos 0,19-0,21 g
farglebSi.

qloramin - b
Chloraminum - B

N - qlorbenzolsulfamid _ natriumis trihidrati

C6H5O2NClSNa · 3H2O m.m. 176,13
aRwera. TeTri an odnav moyviTalo kristalebi, an
kristaluri fxvnili, qloris susti suniT. ixsneba wyalSi,
ufro advilad _ cxel wyalSi. ixsneba spirtSi mRvrie xsnaris
warmoqmniT, Zalian mcired ixsneba eTerSi an qloroformSi.
igiveoba. obieqtis wyalxsnari wiTeli lakmusis qaRalds
jer alurjebs (tute reaqcia) da Semdeg auferulebs (aqtiuri
qlori).
456
 obieqtis wyalxsnars umateben Tanabari moculobis
kaliumis iodidis xsnars, 2-3 ml qloroforms da SeanjRreven,
qloroformis fena Seifereba iisfrad.
CL2+2KI I2+2KCL
0,2 g fxvnils gaaxureben faifuris tigelSi. qloramini
iSleba afeTqebiT. darCenili naSTi gamowrTobis Semdeg uf-
ero als Seaferadebs yviTlad (Na+) da iZleva reaqcias sul-
fat-ionze.
gamokvleva sisufTaveze. 1 g obieqts xsnian 50 ml ax-
ladaduRebul da gacivebul wyalSi, umateben 5 wveT fenolf-
taleinis xsnars. neitralizaciaze unda daixarjos 0,1 mol
qlorwyalbadmJavis ara umetes 0,4 ml (tutianobis zRvari).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. 1,5 g qloramins (zusti wona)
gadaitanen 100 ml-ian gamzom kolbSi, gaxsnian 50 ml wyalSi
da moculobas Seavseben Wdemde wyliT. miRebuli xsnaris 25
ml gadaaqvT 250 ml tevadobis milesilsacobian konusur
kolbSi, umateben 10 ml kaliumis iodidis xsnars, 10 ml gan-
zavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas da gamoyofil iods titraven na-
triumis Tiosulfatis 0,1 mol xsnariT. indikatori - saxame-
beli.

CL2+2KI I2+2KCL
I2+2Na2S2O3 Na2S4O6+2NaI
1 ml 0,1 mol natriumis Tiosulfats Seesabameba 0,003546 g
aqtiuri qlori, romelic qloraminSi unda iyos 25%-29%.
Senaxva. kargad Tavdaxurul WurWelSi, mSral, gril, si-
naTlisagan dacul adgilas, gancalkevebiT.
457
 qloramfenikoli (levomicetini)
Chloramphenicolum

D (_) - treo 1 - p - nitrofenil 2 - diqloracetil

aminopropandiol - 1,3

C11H12CL2N2O5 m.m. 323,13

aRwera. TeTri, an odnav moyviTalo-momwvano elferis
kristaluri fxvnilia, usuno, mware gemosi.
xsnadoba. mcired ixsneba wyalSi, advilad 95% eTilis
spirtSi, xsnadia eTilacetatSi, praqtikulad uxsnadia
qloroformSi.
igiveoba. 0,1 g obieqts umateben 5 ml natriumis hidroqsi-
dis xsnars da acxeleben, warmoiqmneba yviTeli Seferiloba,
romelic gacxelebisas gadadis wiTel-narinjisferSi. am
xsnaris aduRebisas xsnaris Seferiloba Zlierdeba da Sei-
grZnoba amiakis suni.
tute xsnaris filtrati azotmJaviT SemJavebis Semdeg
iZleva damaxasiaTebel reaqcias qloridebze.
lRobis temperatura. 149-1530C.
0 0
xvedriTi brunva. +18 -dan +21 -mde (5% xsnari 95% eTanol-
Si).
STanTqmis xvedriTi maCvenebeli. E 1% 290-dan 305, 278 nm-is
talRaze (0,002% xsnari).
mJavianoba. 1,0 g obieqts umateben fenolftaleiniT ganei-
tralebul eTilis spirts, kargad Seureven xsnars 1 wuTis

458
ganmavlobaSi da filtraven. filtrati, romelsac damatebuli
aqvs fenolftaleinis 2 wveTi da 0,05 ml 0,1 mol natriumis
hidroqsidis xsnari unda Seiferos vardisfrad, romelic ar
qreba 3 wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
qloridebi. 0,3 g obieqts anjRreven 15 ml wyalTan 1
wuTis ganmavlobaSi da filtraven.
10 ml filtrati ar unda Seicavdes qloridebs dasaSveb
normaze mets (ara umetes 0,01%).
sulfaturi nacari da mZime metalebi. 0,5 g (zusti wona)
preparatidan miRebuli sulfaturi nacari ar unda aRematebo-
des 0,1% da ar unda Seicavdes mZime metalebs dasaSveb nor-
maze mets (ara umetes 0,001%).
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 0,5 g obieqts (zus-
ti wona) aTavseben 200-250 ml moculobis konusur kolbSi,
umateben 20 ml koncentrirebul qlorwyalbadmJavas mofr-
TxilebiT da 5 g TuTiis fxvnils, mcire ulufebiT, Semdeg
isev amateben 10 ml koncentrirebul qlorwyalbadmJavas kol-
bis kedlebis Casarecxad. TuTiis fxvnilis mTlianad gaxsnis
Semdeg, SeiZleba gacxelebac.
xsnari raodenobrivad gadaaqvT WiqaSi diazotirebisaTvis,
romelsac aciveben yinuliT. umateben 3 g kaliumis bromids da
nela titraven 0,1 mol natriumis nitritis xsnariT. titracia
iTvleba damTavrebulad, rodesac titriani xsnaris mimatebi-
dan 3 wuTis gasvlis Semdeg gasatitri xsnaridan aRebuli 1
wveTi iwvevs iodsaxamebliani qaRaldis myisier galurjebas
(ix. nitritometria).
1 ml 0,1 mol natriumis nitriti Seesabameba 0,03231 g
C11H12CL2N2O5, romelic preparatSi unda iyos aranakleb 98,5%.

459
 qloroformi
Chloroformium
triqlormeTani

CHCL3 m.m. 119,38

aRwera. ufero, gamWvirvale mZime moZravi aqroladi siT-
xea, damaxasiaTebeli suniT da motkbo momwveli gemoTi. qlo-
roformis orTqli araaalebadia.
konservaciisTvis emateba 0,6-1% uwylo eTanoli.
xsnadoba. mcired ixsneba wyalSi, yvela SefardebiT ereva
uwylo eTilis spirts, eTers, benzins, cximovan da eTerovan
zeTebs. ar ereva glicerins.
0
duRilis temperatura. 59,5-62 (gadamden kolbSi naSTs
inaxaven araaqroladi naSTis gansazRvrisaTvis).
simkvrive. 1,474-1,483.
ucxo suni. 20 ml obieqts asxamen sufTa, usuno, oTxad
gakecil filtris qaRaldze, romelic moTavsebulia petris
finjanze da gacxelebulia wylis abazanaze 500-mde (amwov ka-
radaSi). qloroformis amoorTqlebis Semdeg qaRalds ar unda
qondes ucxo suni.
mJavianoba, qloridebi, Tavisufali qlori. 15 ml obieqts
anjRreven 40 ml wyalTan da wylian fenas acileben.
10 ml wyliani fena 4 wveTi bromfenollurjas damatebis
Semdeg unda Seiferos iisfer-lurjad.
5 ml wyliani fena ganzavebuli wyliT 10 ml-mde ar unda
iZleodes reaqcias qloridebze.
10 ml wyliani fena ar unda Seiferos lurjad 0,5 ml ka-
liumis iodidis xsnaris da 0,5 ml saxameblis xsnaris damate-
bis Semdeg.
organuli minarevebi. 15 ml obieqts 15-20 wuTiT anjRreven
10 ml koncentrirebul gogirdmJavasTan milesilsacobian

460
kolbSi, romelsac winaswar 2-jer gamovlebuli aqvs sakvlevi
qloroformi da 2-jer koncentrirebuli gogirdmJava. 1 saaTi
bnel adgilas 150-ze dayovnebis Semdeg gogirdmJavas fena ar
unda Seiferos.
wyali. 10 ml obieqts gacivebisas -30-dan -40-mde ar unda
SeimCneodes simRvrive.
araaqroladi naSTi. duRilis temperaturis gansazRvris
Semdeg gadamden kolbSi darCenili naSTi gadaaqvT winaswar
awonil biuqsSi 10 ml gadadenili qloroformiT. wylis abaza-
naze amoaorTqleben qloroforms. naSTi 1000-ze gamoSrobis
Semdeg ar unda aRematebodes 0,002%.
eTanoli. 300-500 ml Camteobis milesilsacobian kolbSi
aTavseben 25 ml 0,1 mol kaliumis biqromats, 25 ml koncentri-
rebul azotmJavas da aciveben yinulis abazanaze perioduli
moreviT, Sendeg umateben 100 ml wyals, 5 ml kaliumis iodi-
dis xsnars, 5 wuTi toveben bnel adgilas da gamoyofil iods
titraven 0,1 mol natriumis Tiosulfatis xsnariT (indikatori
_ saxamebeli).
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas.
1 ml 0,1 mol kaliumis biqromatis xsnars Seesabameba
0,00115 g C2H5OH, romlis raodenoba 0,6-1% farglebSi unda
iyos.
Senaxva. sia `b~. kargad Tavdaxurul narinjisfer minis
WurWelSi, gril adgilas.

wyalbadis zeJangi ganzavebuli

Solutio Hydrogenii peroxydi diluta
H2O2

Semadgenloba:
perhidroli 10,0 g
antifebrini 0,05 g.
wyali 100 ml-mde.
461
 momzadeba. wylis erT nawilSi ganazaveben perhidrols,
meoreSi ki gacxelebiT gaxsnian antifebrins. antifebrinis
xsnars, gacivebis Semdeg Seureven perhidrolis ganzavebul
xsnarSi da kargad Seureven.
aRwera. ufero, gamWvirvale siTxea, usuno, an susti,
Taviseburi suniT, susti mJava reaqciiT. advilad iSleba si-
naTleze, gacxelebiT, agreTve damJangavebTan, aRmdgen niv-
TierebebTan, tuteebTan, zogierT metalTan (rkina, spilen|Zi,
manganumi da sxv.) SexebiT, gamoiyofa Jangbadi.
igiveoba. 1ml obieqts umateben 0,2 ml ganzavebul
gogirdmJavas, 2 ml eTers, 0,2 ml kaliumis biqromatos xsnars
da SeanjRreven. eTeris fena ifereba lurjad.
K2Cr2O7+H2SO4 H2Cr2O7+K2SO4

orqromJava zeqrommJava (lurji feris)

mSral naSTs, romelic miRebulia 30 ml obieqtis

aqrolebiT, umateben 2-3 ml ganzavebul qlorwyalbadmJavas da
aduReben 3 wuTi. gacivebis Semdeg xsnari iZleva pirveladi
aromatuli aminebisTvis damaxasiaTebel reaqcias (antifebrini).
mJavianoba. 25 ml obieqtis gasaneitraleblad unda daix-
arjos 0,1 mol natriumis hidroqsidis ara umetes 1,5 ml (indi-
katori _ meTilnarinji).
mSrali naSTi. 30 ml obieqts amoaqroleben winaswar
awonil faifuris fialaze da acxeleben 100-1050C-ze 1 sT-s
ganmavlobaSi. naSTi ar unda aRematebodes 0,05%-s.
raodenobrivi gansazRvra. 10 ml obieqts aTavseben 100 ml-
ian gamzom kolbSi da moculobas Seavseben Wdemde gamoxdili

462
wyliT. miRebuli xsnaris 10 ml gadaaqvT kolbSi, umateben 5
ml ganzavebul gogirdmJavas da titraven 0,1 mol kaliumis
permanganatis xsnariT sust vardisfer Seferilobamde.
2KMnO4+5H2O2+3H2SO4 2MnSO4+K2SO4+8H2O+5O2
1 ml 0,1 mol kaliumis permanganatis xsnars Seesabameba
0,001701 g H2O2, romelic preparatSi unda iyos 2,7-3,3%.
Senaxva. kargad Tavdaxurul WurWelSi, gril, sinaTlisa-
gan dacul adgilas.

heqsameTilentetramini
Hexamethylentetraminum

Urotropinum
urotropini
Methenaminum

C6H12N4 m.m. 140,19

aRwera. ufero kristalebia an TeTri kristaluri
fxvnili, usuno, jer tkbili, Semdeg ki momwaro gemosi. gacx-
elebiT qroldeba, ar lRveba.
xsnadoba. advilad ixsneba wyalSi da spirtSi, ixsneba
qloroformSi, mcired ixsneba eTerSi.
igiveoba. obieqtis xsnars (1:10) 2 ml acxeleben 2 ml gan-
zavebul gogirdmJvasTan, SeigrZnoba formaldehidis suni. Sem-
deg umateben 2 ml 30% natriumis hidroqsidis xsnars da isev
acxeleben, SeigrZnoba amiakis suni.

(CH2)6N4+2H2SO4+6H2O +2(NH4)2SO4
(NH4)2SO4+2NaOH 2NH3 +Na2SO4+2H2O

463
 mJavianoba an tutianoba. 4 g obieqts xsnian 10 ml wyalSi,
xsnari unda iyos tute reaqciis lakmusis mixedviT da ar unda
iCendes tute reaqcias fenolftaleinTan.
amoniumis marilebi da paraformi. obieqtis 10 ml axlad-
momzadebul xsnars (1:20) umateben 5 wveT nesleris reaqtivs da
acxeleben wylis abazanaze 500-ze 5 wuTi. ar unda warmoiqmnas
arc siyviTle da arc SemRvreva.
organuli minarevebi. sinjaraSi, romelsac winaswar ga-
movlebuli aqvs koncentrirebuli gogirdmJava, aTavseben 2 ml
koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas, TandaTan yrian 0,1 g obieqts da
anjRreven. xsnari ar unda Seiferos.
qloridebi. 1,5 g obieqts xsnian 30 ml wyalSi. 10 ml miRe-
buli xsnari ar unda Seicavdes qloridebs (ara umetes 0,004%).
sulfatebi. 10 ml igive xsnari ar unda Seicavdes sul-
fatebs (ara umetes 0,02%).
mZime metalebi. 2 g obieqts xsnian 10 ml wyalSi. xsnari
ar unda Seicavdes mZime metalebs (ara umetes 0,00025%).
sulfaturi nacari. 0,5 g obieqts aTavseben winaswar
awonil brZmedSi da frTxilad wvaven. brZmedis gacivebis Sem-
deg naSTs 0,5 ml koncentrirebuli gogirdmJaviT Seasveleben,
acxeleben da gamoawrToben mudmiv wonamde. sulfaturi nacari
uwono unda iyos.
raodenobiTi gansazRvra. daaxloebiT 0,12 g (zusti wona)
obieqts aTavseben konusur kolbSi, xsnian 10 ml wyalSi,
umateben 50 ml 0,1 mol gogirdmJavas da nel cecxlze aduRe-
ben 30 wuTi. narevs aciveben, umateben 2 wveT meTil wiTels da
Warb gogirdmJavas titraven 0,1 mol natriumis hidroqsidis
xsnariT yviTel Seferilobamde.
paralelurad atareben sakontrolo cdas.
1 ml 0,1 mol gogirdmJavas xsnari Seesabameba 0,003505 g
C6H12N4, romelic preparatSi unda iyos aranakleb 99,0%.

464
 heqsameTilentetraminis tabletebi 0,25 g an 0,5 g
Tabulettae Hexamethylentetraminum 0,25 aut 0,5
erTi tabletis Semadgenloba:
heqsameTilentetramini _ 0,25 an 0,5 g
damxmare nivTierebebi _ sakmarisi raodenobiT.
aRwera. tabletebi TeTri feris.
igiveoba. gasresili tabletebis fxvnili iZleva igiveobis
reaqciebs, romelic miTiTebulia statiaSi `heqsameTilen-
tetramini~.
tabletis saSualo masis da daSladobis gansazRvra. unda
Seesabamebodes s. f. t. 2, gv. 86 moTxovnebs.
mikrobiologiuri siwminde. sax. far. t. 2, gv.119.
1 g obieqtSi dasaSvebia ara umetes 1000 baqteriisa da 100
obisa da safuaris sokos arseboba.
dauSvebelia enterobaqteriebis, psevdomonas da sta-
filokokis ojaxis baqteriebis Semcveloba.
raodenobiTi gansazRvra. gasresili tabletebis fxvnilis
daaxloebiT 0,12 g (zusti wona) gansazRvras axdenen ise,
rogorc miTiTebulia statiaSi `heqsameTilentetramini~.
1 ml 0,1 mol gogirdmJavas xsnars Seesabameba 0,003505 g
C6H12N4, romelic erTi tabletis saSualo wonaze gadaangar-
iSebiT unda iyos 0,238-0,262 g an 0,475-0,525 g.

heqsameTilentetraminis 40% xsnari

inieqciisaTvis
Solutio Hexamethylentetramini 40% pro injectionibus
Semadgenloba:
heqsameTilentetramini 400 g.
wyali ineqciisTvis 1 l-mde.
xsnars filtraven, Camoasxamen 5 an 10 ml ampulebSi asep-
tikur pirobebSi.
465
 aRwera. gamWvirvale ufero siTxea.
igiveoba. preparati iZleva igiveobis reaqciebs, romelic
mocemulia statiaSi `heqsameTilentetramini~.
amoniumis marilebi da paraformi. 1 ml preparats umate-
ben 9 ml axladaduRebul da gacivebul wyals, 5 wveT
nesleris reaqtivs. ar unda warmoiqmnas yviTeli Seferadeba
da simRvrive.
nominaluri moculoba. s. f. t. II, gv. 77.
steriluroba. unda iyos steriluri. s. f. t. II, gv. 111.
xsnaris Seferiloba. xsnaris Seferiloba ar unda aRe-
matebodes 5 b etalons. s. f. t. I, gv. 185.
pH. 7,8-8,2.
raodenobiTi gansazRvra. 5 ml preparats aTavseben 100 ml
gamzom kolbSi da wyliT moculoba ayavT Wdemde. miRebuli
xsnaris 5 ml-is gansazRvras axdenen ise, rogorc miTiTebulia
statiaSi `Hexamethylentetraminum~.
1 ml 0,1 mol gogirdmJavas xsnars Seesabameba 0,003505 g
C6H12N4, romelic 1 ml preparatSi unda iyos 0,388-0,412 g.
Senaxva. ara umetes 200 temperaturaze.

samkurnalo saSualebaTa sinTezebi

paracetamolis sinTezi

sinTezisTvis saWiro nivTierebebi:

para-aminofenoli;
Zmris anhidridi.
sinTezisTvis saWiro WurWeli:
kolbi (200-250 ml moculobis).

466
 kolbSi aTavseben 10,9 g p-aminofenols da umateben 25 ml
wyals. narevs energiulad Seureven da umateben 11g Zmris an-
hidrids. sareaqcio narevs, gaxsnis Semdeg, aciveben gamdinare
wyliT da toveben 5-6 saaTiT. warmoiqmneba p-acetaminofenolis
yavisferi kristalebi, romelsac filtraven biuxneris fil-
trSi, vakuumis qveS. naleqs recxaven wyliT ZmarmJavis sunis
mocilebamde. paracetamolis kristalebs gadaakristaleben
0
cxeli wyliT, an 70 spirtiT.

iangariSeT preparatis Teoriuli da praqtikuli gamosa-

vali.

acetilsalicilmJavas sinTezi

sinTezisTvis saWiro nivTierebebi:

salicilis mJava;
Zmris anhidridi;
benzoli.
sinTezisTvis saWiro WurWeli:
mrgvalZiriani kolbi (100-200 ml moculobis);
ukumacivari;
wylis abazana.

mrgvalZirian, mSral kolbs uerTeben ukumacivars, masSi

aTavseben 4 g salicilmJavas, 6 ml Zmris anhidrids da 14 ml
benzols. sareaqcio narevs acxeleben mduRare wylis abazanaze

467
1 sT-is ganmavlobaSi. duRili unda mimdinareobdes sustad.
acetilsalicilmJavas kristalebis gamoyofis Semdeg naleqi
gadaaqvT biuxneris ZabrSi da recxaven mcire moculoba ben-
zoliT. kristalebs ayovneben oTaxis temperaturaze ZmarmJavis
sunis mocilebamde, Semdeg ki aSroben maSrob karadaSi 35-400-
ze. gamosavali 90%.
preparatis xarisxis Semowmebisas gansakuTrebuli yura-
dReba unda mieqces Tavisufali salicilis mJavis arsebobas:

iangariSeT Teoriuli gamosavali

iangariSeT praqtikuli gamosavali.

benzoes mJavis sinTezi

sinTezisTvis saWiro nivTierebebi:

toluoli
kaliumis permanganati
25% qlorwyalbadmJava (pH=1,19)
sinTezisTvis saWiro WurWeli:
farToyeliani da mrgvalZiriani kolbi
(300-500 ml moculobis);
macivari, meqanikuri Semrevi.

468
 mrgvalZirian kolbze amagreben burTulebian macivars da
meqanikur sarevelas. kolbs aTavseben mduRare wylis abaza-
naze. kolbSi aTavseben 4,0 g toluols (frTxilad, toluoli
Sxamia!) 12,4 g mosresil kaliumis permanganatis fxvnils da 200
ml wyals.
kolbs aTavseben mduRare wylis abazanaze, mudmivi more-
viT, 3 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. reaqciis damTavrebis Semdeg, xsna-
ri Tu darCa Seferili, gauferulebis mizniT umateben 1 ml
spirts, an 0,5 g mJaunmJavas.
cxel xsnars filtraven mravalnakeciani qaRaldis fil-
trSi. filtrze darCenil naleqs orjer recxaven mcire rao-
denoba cxeli wyliT. filtrats agroveben da aorTqleben 50-
60 ml-mde. xsnars filtraven manganumis orJangis mosacile-
blad, naleqs recxaven cxeli wyliT. filtrats SeamJaveben
25% qlorwyalbadmJaviT (pH=3,0). gamoileqeba benzoes mJavis
kristalebi. xsnari gadaaqvT biuxneris ZabrSi. kristalebs
recxaven civi wylis mcire raodenobiT, aSroben jer filtris
qaRaldebs Soris, Semdeg ki eqsikatorSi.
benzoes mJavas asufTaveben wylidan, an spirtidan gada-
kristalebiT (1 g nivTierebaze 12 ml mduRare wyali an 1 g
nivTierebaze 0,7 ml 90% spirti), an aqrolebiT.
gamosavalia 75% (5,0 g).

iangariSeT Teoriuli da praqtikuli gamosavali.

469
 benzoes mJavis sisufTavis dadgenisas gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba eTmoba ftalis mJavis minarevis aRmoCenas, romel-
sac ar unda Seicavdes preparati.

heqsameTilentetraminis sinTezi

sinTezisTvis saWiro nivTierebebi:

formalinis 40% xsnari
amiakis 25% xsnari.
sinTezisTvis saWiro WurWeli:
konusuri kolbi (250 ml moculobis);
asaorTqlebeli fiala (250 ml moculobis).
konusur kolbSi aTavseben 50 ml formalins da dgamen yi-
nulian wyalSi. mcire ulufebiT umateben 25% amiakis xsnaris
100 ml-s. kolbs axuraven sacobs da toveben ramdenime saaTiT,
amiakis sunis gaqrobamde. amis Semdeg narevs amoaorTqleben
wylis abazanaze, amwov karadaSi, mniSvnelovani raodenobis
kristalebis miRebamde. xsnars filtraven, kristalebs aSroben
filtris qaRaldebs Soris, Semdeg gadaakristaleben cxeli
spirtiT. nivTierebis gamosavalia 70%.
heqsameTilentetraminis xarisxis Semowmebisas gansakuTre-
buli yuradReba unda mieqces produqtis mJavianobas an tutia-
nobas, amoniumis marilebis, paraformis da organuli minareve-
bis Semcvelobas.
6 HCHO + 4 NH3 (CH2)6 N4+6 H20
180 g. 68 g. 140 g.
iangariSeT preparatis Teoriuli da praqtikuli gamosa-
vali.

470
 literatura:

1. European pharmacopoeia. 2000, 2001, 2005, 2007.

2. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo farmakopeebi: t. I -1998w, tomi II-
2003w.
3. Государственная фармакопея СССР выпуск I – 1987 выпуск II -1990.
4. Approved Drug Products and Legal Requirements. USPD-1995
5. Международная фармакопея -1955, 1990, 1994г.
6. DAB. Wissens chaftliche Erlautungen zum Deutschen Arzneibuch-1997.
7. Государственная фармакопея СССР выпуск -1968, 1987, 1990г
9. Руководство к лабораторным занятиям по фармацевтической химии М.
1987г.
10. British pharmacopoea -1993.E
11. farmacevtuli qimia – 2009w.

471
 s a r C e v i

winaTqma 3
farmakopeis statiebiT sargeblobis wesebi 5
standartuli nimuSebi 7
gamzomi WurWeli 8
pipetebis da biuretebis Sevseba da dacla 8
gamzomi WurWlis dakalibreba 10
gamzomi kolbis dakalibreba 11
biuretebis dakalibreba 12
piketis dakalibreba 12
gamzomi WurWlis gasufTaveba 13
samkurnalo saSualebaTa saanalizo nimuSebis aReba 13
samkurnalo saSualebaTa nimuSebis aReba SefuTvaSi "angro" 15
mza samkurnalo saSualebebis nimuSis aReba 16
farmacevtuli qimiis laboratoriaSi usafrTxo muSaobis
wesebi 16
sazomi erTeulebi da Semoklebani, romlebic gamoyenebulia
farmakopeaSi 21
analizis fizikuri meTodebi 23
lRobis temperaturis gansazRvra 23
duRilis temperaturis gansazRvra 28
simkvrivis gansazRvra 33
farmacevtul preparatebSi eTilis spirtis raodenobrivi
gansazRvra 36
gardatexis maCveneblis gansazRvra (refraqtometria) 40
optikuri aqtivobis gansazRvra (polarimetria) 41
eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis STanTqmis gazomvaze da-
fuZvnebuli gansazRvrebi 44
speqtrofotometria 46
speqtrofotometria ultraiisfer da xilul ubanSi 47
speqtrofotometria infrawiTel ubanSi 52
kolorimetria 54
fotokolorimetria 55
diferencialuri speqtrofotometria da fotokolorimetria 56
472
emisiuri atomur – adsorbciuli da aliani speqtrometria 58
fluorimetria 62
birTvul _ magnituri rezonansis speqtroskopia 65
birTvul _ magnituri rezonansis speqtris ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebi 66
radioaqtivoba 67
fxvnilis siTeTris xarisxis gansazRvra 75
analizis fizikur-qimiuri meTodebi 80
qromatografia 80
adsorbciuli qromatografia 80
ganawilebiTi qromatografia 81
ioncvliTi qromatografia 81
qromatografiuli dayofis meTodebi 82
kalonkuri qromatografia 82
qromatografia qaRaldze 85
sorbentis Txel fenaze qromatografia 89
gazuri qromatografia 93
qromatografiuli analizis pirobebi 99
maRalefeqturi siTxovani qromatografia 99
pH-is gansazRvra 103
titvris eleqtrometriuli meTodebi 112
potenciometriuli titvra 112
titvra uwylo gamxsnelSi 116
polarografia 121
fazuri xsnadoba 126
analizis qimiuri meTodebi 131
igiveobis zogadi reaqciebi 131
gamokvlevebi siwmindeze da minarevebis dasaSebi zRvrebi 143
zogadi SeniSvnebi 144
gamokvleva qloridebze 144
gamokvleva sulfatebze 145
gamokvleva amoniumis marilebze 146
gamokvleva kalciumis marilebze 148
kalciumis gansazRvra araorganul naerTebSi 148
gamokvleba rkinis marilebze 149
473
gamokvleva TuTiis marilebze 151
gamokvleba mZime liTonTa marilebze 152
mZime liTonTa gansazRvra preparatis xsnarebSi 153
mZime liTonTa gansazRvra organuli preparatebis nacarSi 153
gamokvleva dariSxanze 154
preparatebis momzadeba maTSi dariSxanis gansazRvrisaTvis 156
araorganuli preparatebi 156
organuli preparatebi 157
xsnadoba 158
aqrolad nivTierebaTa da wylis gansazRvra 160
gamoSrobis meTodi 160
wylis gansazRvra 160
k. fiSeris reaqtiviT titvris meTodi 161
Jangbadis areSi dawvis meTodi 164
raodenobrivi analizis qimiuri meTodebi 166
neitralizacia 166
daleqviTi titvra 167
Jangva-aRdgeniTi meTodebi 170
kompleqsonometriuli titvra 174
kaTionebis gansazRvris meTodi 176
indikatorebi kompleqsonometriuli titvrisaTvis 178
nitritometria 181
azotis gansazRvra organul naerTebSi 183
nacris gansazRvra 185
siTxeebis Seferilobis gansazRvra 186
eTalonebis momzadeba 190
siTxeebis gamWvirvalobisa da simRvrivis gansazRvra 191
indikatorebi 192
titriani xsnarebi 210
reaqtivebi 237
avtoriseuli reaqtivebi 278
qimiuri eqsperimentis Sedegebis statistikuri damuSaveba 280
sandoobis intervalebi da maTi sidideebis Sefaseba 288
analizis meTodis metrologiuri daxasiaTeba. analizis ori
meTodis asaxvisunarianobis Sedareba 293
474
Sedegis saSualo metrologiuri daxasiaTeba. ori SerCevis
saSualebis Sedareba 298
analizis Sedegebis interpretacia. paraleluri gansazRvriT
miRebuli Sedegebis Tanxvedris Sefaseba 303
paralelur gansazRvraTa aucileblobis raodenobis dadgena 304
wrfivi damokidebulebis parametrebis gamoTvla da statistikuri
Sefaseba 307
farmacevtuli preparatebis standartebi 313
aloes Txevadi eqstraqti sainieqcio 313
ampicilinis trihidrati 315
askorbinis mJavas sainieqcio xsnari 321
askofenis tabletebi 322
acetilsalicilis mJavis tabletebi 324
acikloviris kafsulebi 327
bariumis sulfati rentgenoskopiisaTvis 329
glukozis xsnari sainieqcio 331
dibazolis xsnari sainieqcio 333
dindgelis malamo 334
dindgelis spirtiani xsnari 336
eTilis spirti 337
eufilinis tabletebi 340
eufilinis xsnari sainieqcio 342
validolis tabletebi 344
vikasolis xsnari sainieqcio 347
iodis spirtiani xsnari 348
katabalaxas nayeni 349
kordiaminis wveTebi 350
natriumis qloridis sainieqcio xsnari 352
novokainis sainieqcio xsnari 353
papaverinis hidroqloridis sainieqcio xsnari 354
paracetamolis tabletebi 358
piracetami kafsulebSi 361
platifilinis hidrotartratis sainieqcio xsnari 364
riboqsinis tabletebi 366

475
sibazonis tabletebi 368
streptocidis malamo 370
streptocidis tabletebi 372
taufonis xsnari 373
furacilinis xsnari 375
qloramfenikolis tabletebi 376
wyali gamoxdili 379
wyali sainieqcio 381
samkurnalo saSualebaTa saxelmwifo standartebi 381
anesTezini 381
askorbinis mJava 384
askorbinis mJavis tabletebi 385
acetilsalicilis mJava (aspirini) 386
barbital-natriumi 387
benzilpenicilin-kaliumi 391
glukoza 393
glutaminis mJava 395
glutaminis mJavis tabletebi 397
dibazoli 398
dibazolis tabletebi 400
drotaverinisHhidroqloridis (no-Spa) tabletebi 401
kaliumis iodidi 404
kalciumis glukonati 406
kalciumis glukonatis tabletebi 408
kalciumis glukonatis sainieqcio xsnari 409
kalciumis laqtati 410
kalciumis laqtatis tabletebi 412
kalciumis qloridi 413
kalciumis qloridis sainieqcio xsnari 415
magniumis sulfati 416
magniumis sulfatis sainieqcio xsnari 418
mineraluri wyali lugela 419
menToli 421
mezatoni 423
natriumis bromidi 425
476
natriumis hidrokarbonati 427
nikotinis mJava 429
norsulfazoli 431
novokaini 433
papaverinis Hhidroqloridi 434
paracetamoli 436
rezorcini 439
streptocidi 442
sulfokamfokainis sainieqcio xsnari 443
terpinhidrati 445
terpinhidratis tabletebi 447
fenolebis zogadi da specifikuri reaqciebi 447
furacilini 453
furacilinis tabletebi 455
qafuri 456
qafuris xsnari zeTSi sainieqcio 457
qloramin–b 458
qloramfenikoli (levomicetini) 459
qloroformi 459
wyalbadis zeJangi ganzavebuli 461
heqsameTilentetramini 463
heqsameTilentetraminis tabletebi 464
heqsameTilentetraminis xsnari sainieqcio 465
samkurnalo saSualebaTa sinTezi 466
paracetamolis sinTezi 466
acetilsalicilis mJavis sinTezi 467
benzoes mJavis sinTezi 468
heqsameTilentetraminis sinTezi 470
literatura 471

477