2 Id en

Translated from Indonesian to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.
com
who has been appointed as head of the company. The main director is assisted by
a secretary. Duties and authorities:
a. Maintaining the stability of company management and ensuring the
continuity of good relationships between shareholders, leaders and
employees
b. Manage, approve and control expenditure for investment and utilization of
capital.
c. Coordinating cooperation between each element
There isat the company
The main director oversees:
1) Director of Engineering and Production
The task of the technical and production director is to lead the
implementation of factory activities related to the areas of production and
operations, engineering, development, equipment maintenance, complaints
and laboratories.
2) General and administrative director
The job of the general director and administrator is to be responsible for
issues related to administration, personnel, finance, marketing, public
relations, security and work safety.
4. Secretary
The secretary's job is to assist the leader in carrying out daily tasks, both
routine and special.
5. Head of Division
The department head is tasked with coordinating, organizing and supervising
the implementation of work within his department in accordance with the lines
that have been given by the company leadership.
The section heads are divided into:
a. Head of production
1
The job of the head of production is to be responsible to the technical and
production director and supervise the production process. As well as
planning production schedules.
b. Head of engineering
Carrying out repairs and maintenance on factory equipment that is
damaged or not.
c. Head of marketing department
Coordinate marketing activities for production results, and regulate the
entry and exit of equipment and materials.
d. Head of finance
Responsible to the general director and administration regarding
expenditure, income and related financial matters.
e. Head of general department
Responsible for activities related to administration, personnel and
company housekeeping
6. Section Chief
The section head is the implementation of the workwithin the division's
environment in accordance with the plans that have been arranged by the
respective department heads. Each section head is responsible for the respective
section heads according to their section.
a. Head of production section
Directly lead and monitor the smooth production process
b. Section ChiefQuality Control
Supervise and research the company's products and production
processes to obtain the expected quality standards
c. Head of laboratory section
Organizing quality control for raw materials, auxiliary materials,
products and waste.
2
d. Head of utility section
Responsible for providing water, steam, fuel and compressed air for
both processes and instrumentation
e. Head of equipment maintenance section
Supervise the implementation of machine maintenance to maintain the
smooth production process and maintain consistent quality and extend the
life of machine equipment.
f. Head of workshop section
Responsible for maintenance and replacement activities of equipment
and supporting facilities
g. Head of marketing section
Coordinate product marketing activities and procurement of factory raw
materials
h. Head of personnel section
Coordinate activities related to personnel
i. Head of logistics section
Provides physical resources as needed and controls delivery, storage of
materials and tools.
j. Head of administrative section
Responsible for important company documents
k. Head of security section
Organizing activities related to monitoring company security issues.
9.4 Division of Working Hours
This factory is planned to operate 330 days a year and 24 hours a day. The
remaining days that are not holidays are used for repairs or maintenance and shut
down, while the distribution of employee working hours at this factory is divided
into:
3
a. Non shift employees
Non-shift employees are employees who do not handle the production
process directly. Non-shift employees include directors, section heads, general
and administrative sections and section heads.
These non-shift employees work 34 hours a week with the following
details:
Monday -Friday: 08.00 – 16.00 WIB
Saturday: holiday
Meanwhile, rest hours are regulated:
Apart from daysFriday: 12.00 – 13.00 WIB
Friday: 11.30 – 13.30 WIB
Sundays and national holidays all non-shift employees are off
b. Shift employees
Shift employees are employees who directly handle the production process
or manage certain parts of the factory that are related to the safety and smooth
running of production. Shift employees include production operators, some
from the engineering department, warehouse departments, security
departments and departments that must always be on standby to maintain
work safety and factory security. Shift employees are divided into three shifts
with the following arrangements:
ShiftsI(Morning): 08.00 – 16.00 WIB Shift
II(Afternoon): 16.00 – 24.00 WIB Shift
III(Evening): 24.00 – 08.00 WIB
Shift employees are divided into 4 teams, in a production day 3 teams work and
1 team rests and are charged alternately. Each team will have 3 days of work and 1
day off for each shift and come back for the next shift.
4
Table 9.1 Shift Employee Work schedule
Day
Team
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A I I I L II II II L III III III L I I I
B L II II II L III III III L I I I L II II
C II L III III III L I I I L II II II L III
D III III L I I I L II II II L III III III L
Information
:
L= holiday
I= 08.00 – 16.00 WIB
II= 16.00 – 24.00 WIB
III= 24.00 – 08.00 WIB
5
9.5 PERSONNEL SYSTEM AND SALARY SYSTEM
The employee payroll system refers to the level of education, employment
status, position, responsibilities and skills possessed. Employees are divided into
3 groups, namely:
1. Permanent employees
Employees who receive monthly wages depend on position, level of
education and expertise.
2. Employee
Employees who receive daily wages are paid every weekend, for example
garden nurses and factory workers
3. Botongan Employees
Employees who receive wages for each type of work carried out on a
contract basis. Meanwhile, the employee salary system is divided into 2
groups, namely:
a. Monthly salary is the salary given to permanent employees and the
amount of the salary is in accordance with company regulations
b. Overtime pay is the salary given to employees who work beyond the
specified working hours and the amount is in accordance with company
regulations.
Details of the salaries of factory employees can be seen in table 9.2 where the
salaries given are adjusted to the Regency/City minimum wage standards in the
West Java Province Region in 2021. Decree of the Governor of West Java
Number
: 561/kep.774-Yanbangsos/2020.
6
Table 9.2 Details of Employee Salaries
Salary/ Amoun
No Position Amoun
month( t(Rp)
t
Rp)
1 board of Commissioners 1 25,000,000 25,000,000
2 President director 1 20,000,000 20,000,000
3 Director of General and 1 20,000,000 20,000,000
Administration
4 Technical and Production Director 1 20,000,000 20,000,000
5 Secretary 1 5,500,000 5,500,000
6 Special driver for Directors 4 4,000,000 16,000,000
7 Head of Division 5 7,000,000 35,000,000
8 Ka. Personalization Sec 1 6,250,000 6,250,000
9 Ka. Logistics Sec 1 6,250,000 6,250,000
10 Ka. Administration secretary 1 6,250,000 6,250,000
11 Ka. Security Sec 1 6,250,000 6,250,000
12 ka. Finance Secretary 1 6,250,000 6,250,000
13 Ka. Secretary of Procurement of 1 6,250,000 6,250,000
goods
14 Ka. Marketing Sec 1 6,250,000 6,250,000
15 Ka. Production Sec 1 6,250,000 6,250,000
16 Ka. Sec QualityControls 1 6,250,000 6,250,000
17 Ka. Laboratory Sec 1 6,250,000 6,250,000
18 Ka. Utility Sec 1 6,250,000 6,250,000
19 Ka. Nursing Sec 1 6,250,000 6,250,000
20 Ka. Workshop Secretary 1 6,250,000 6,250,000
21 Ka. K3 Sec 1 6,250,000 6,250,000
22 Sect staff. Production 35 5,500,000 192,500,000
23 Sect staff. Utility 23 5,500,000 126,500,000
24 staffsec. Quality Control 2 5,500,000 11,000,000
25 Sect staff. Laboratory 2 5,500,000 11,000,000
26 Sect staff. Maintenance 2 5,500,000 11,000,000
27 Sect staff. Workshop 2 5,500,000 11,000,000
28 Sect staff. Marketing 2 5,500,000 11,000,000
29 Sect staff. Procurement of goods 2 5,500,000 11,000,000
30 Sect staff. Finance 2 5,500,000 11,000,000
31 sec staff. Security 10 5,500,000 55,000,000
32 Sect staff. Administration 2 5,500,000 11,000,000
33 Sect staff. Logistics 2 5,500,000 11,000,000
34 Sect staff. Personnel 2 5,500,000 11,000,000
35 Sect staff. K3 2 5,800,000 11,600,000
36 Doctor 2 4,500,000 9,000,000
37 Nurse 4 3,900,000 15,600,000
Total 124 274,700,000 749,200,000
7
9.6 Employee Facilities
Service facilities provided atemployees or company leaders according to the
progress and profits of the company are as follows:
a. Clean water facilities
b. Health facilities for employees (husband/wife and children)
c. Provide 2 pieces of work clothing complete with tools for work safety
protection 2 times a year
d. Transportation facilities in the form of employee buses for employeeswhose
house is far from the location
e. Worship facilities in the form of a mosque in the company area
f. Provide bonus money every year, the amount of which is adjusted to
the company's profits and provide holiday allowances
g. Providing insurance to employees in the form of health insurance, accident
insurance and old age insurance
8
CHAPTER X. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Economic analysis is carried out to find out whether the factory being designed
will be profitable or not. From an economic perspective, a factory is said to be
healthy if it can fulfill its internal and external financial obligations and can generate
decent profits for the company and its owners. These financial obligations consist of
various operational financing expenses such as raw materials, equipment supporting
materials, employee salaries/wages, provision of trade receivables. Meanwhile,
outgoing financial obligations mainly consist of bank loan payments and interest.
The economic evaluation aims to analyze and see whether the Perchloroethylene
Factory is feasible or not. In this Economic Evaluation, the price of the equipment
used, the price of materials, the selling price of the main product or side products, the
number of workers and the number of salaries are calculated.
For this reason, in the design of the Perchloroethylene Plant, an evaluation or
assessment was made which was reviewed using the following method:
1. Profit (Profit)
2. Return On Investment(ROT)
3. Payout Time(POT)
4. Profit On Sales(POST)
5. Break Even Points(BEP)
6. Shut Down Point(SDP)
7. Discounted Cash Flow(DCF)
To support the factors above, it is necessary to interpret several things, namely:

1. Total Capital Investment (Total Capital Investment)
2. General Expenditures (General Expenditures)
3. Total Sales
4. Estimated Business Profit or Loss
9
10.1 Basic calculation
Basic calculation :
Production capacity = 99,000 tons / year
One Year of = 330 days
Operation
Factory Operates = Year 2027
10.2 Equipment Price Estimation

Process equipment prices always change every year depending on existing
economic conditions. To find out the price of existing equipment, you can
estimate the price of equipment last year based on the price index. The
approximate equation used to estimate the current price of existing equipment
is (Aries, 1955):
Nx
Ex=Ey [ Ny]
Information :
Ex = Equipment price in
year x Ey = Equipment price
in year y Nx = Index value
in year x Ny = Index value
in year y
The index price for 2027 is searched using the least squares equation, using
index data from 2012 to 2021. As shown in the index table in the cost
calculation. For the same type of tool but with different capacities, the price of
a tool can be estimated using the six-tenth factor method as follows (Aries,
1955):
0.6
Cb
Eb=Ea
[ Ca ]
Note:
Ea = Price of a tool with a known capacity
Eb = Price of a tool with a sought capacity
Ca = Capacity of tool A
10
10.3 Determination of Total Capital Investment (TCI)
Total capital investment is the amount of expenditure required to establish
factory facilities and operate them. This total capital investment consists of
fixed capital investment and working capital.
1. Fixed Capital Investment (Fixed Capital Investment)
Fixed capital investment (FCI) is the cost required to set up factory
manufacturing facilities and equipment. Fixed capital investment
consists of:
a. Direct Plant Costs(DPC)
Direct Plant Costsis the expenditure required to construct
factory buildings, purchase and install machinery, process
equipment and supporting equipment required for factory
operations. This direct capital consists of physical plant costs
and engineering and construction. Physical plant costs are
divided into several expenses, namely as follows (Aries,
1955):
1. Purchased Equipment Cost(PEC), is the cost of purchasing
equipment, both process equipment and other supporting
equipment. If the equipment purchased is imported, it will
usually incur additional costs such as transportation,
insurance, taxes and warehouse costs.
2. Equipment installation (installation) costs are the costs
required to install process equipment and supporting
equipment at the factory location. The installation costs are
estimated at 43% of the PEC.
3. Piping costs are costs incurred for the purchase and
installation of pipes for process equipment and supporting
equipment at the location
11
factory. For liquid-liquid processes, the piping costs are
estimated at 36% of the PEC.
4. Insulation costs are costs incurred for the purchase and
installation of insulation systems in production process
equipment and supporting equipment that require
insulation. The cost of this insulation is estimated at 8% of
the PEC.
5. The costs of instrumentation and control equipment are
costs thatused to complete process and utility systems with
a control system. The control system here includes
purchasing and installing instrumentation and control tools
according to needs. The amount of this cost is estimated as
extensive controls, namely 13% of the PEC
6. Electrical installation costs are costs used to provide
supporting facilities for the distribution of electric power.
Installation costs here do not include electricity supply
equipment. The amount of this cost is estimated at 10% -
15% of the PEC.
7. Building and facility costs are the costs required to
construct buildings within the factory environment. The
costs of buildings and facilities are adjusted to the
conditions of the area where the factory is being
established. In the pre-design of this factory, the cost of
buildings and facilities was estimated at 47% of the PEC
for the new fluid plant at new site process.
8. Land and land leveling costs are costs for purchasing land,
improving land conditions (leveling), and making roads to
the factory area. The cost of purchasing land is adjusted to
the market price at the location of the establishment
12
factory, namely IDR 2,800,000/m2. Meanwhile, the cost
of leveling and making land is estimated at 10% of the
total land purchase
9. Environmental, are costs for maintaining environmental
sustainability in the factory area and its surroundings. The
amount of this cost is estimated at 6% -25% of the PEC
(Timmerhaus, 1991).
b. Engineering and Construction Costs
Engineering and construction costsare costs for engineering
design, field supervision, temporary construction and
inspection. The cost for this purpose is estimated at 20% of the
physical plant cost (PPC).
c. Contractor's feeand Contingencies
Contractor'sare the costs used to pay the factory building
contractor. Meanwhile, contingency is compensation costs for
unexpected expenses, process changes, even small ones, price
changes and estimation errors.
From the calculation results, it is found that the fixed capital investment (FCI)
required to set up a Perchloroethylene factory with a capacity of 99,000 tons per year
is Rp. 1,855,624,718,925
2. Working Capital (WC)
Working capital is the capital needed to start a business until it is able
to draw profits from sales and turn around its finances. The time period
for procuring raw materials is usually between 1-4 months and depends
on how quickly or slowly the production results are received. In this
design, the working capital procurement period is taken as 1 month.
13
Working capital includes:
a. Capital for process raw material costs and utilities.
The amount required to stock raw materials depends on the speed
of raw material consumption, value, availability, source and storage
requirements.
b. In Process Inventory
The costs that must be borne while the material is in the process,
the amount depends on the length of the process cycle.
c. Product Inventory
Costs required for product storage before the product is sold.
d. Available Cash
It is a cash supply to pay for labor, services and materials.
e. Extended Credit
A supply of cash to cover the sale of goods that have not been paid
for. Working capital obtained from cost calculations is IDR. IDR
1,554,858,867,893
3. Plant Start Up
Plant start upis the capital used to run the equipment as a whole for
the first time. The cost for this start up plant is IDR. IDR
132,544,622,780.36. From existing data, it is known that the total
capital investment obtained was IDR. IDR 3,543,028,209,598.7500.
This capital comes from:
1. Owner's equity
The amount of own capital is 70% of the total investment
capital, so that own capital is equal to
Rp. IDR 2,480,119,746,719
14
2. Loan from bank
The amount of loan capital from the bank is 30% of the total
investment capital, so the loan from the bank is IDR
1,062,908,462,880
10.4 Determination of Total Production Costs (TPC)

Total production costs are all costs used while the factory is operating.
Production costs include Manufacturing Cost (MC) and General expenses.
a. Direct manufacturing costs, are expenses specifically related to the
manufacture of products, including:
1. Raw material costs (process and utilities), namely costs
Issued for purchasing raw materialsused in the production process
arrives at the location.
2. Employee salaries, namely costs incurred to pay wages for
employees, both shift and non-shift employees.
3. Maintenance, namely costs incurred for maintaining process
equipment and utilities. The amount of this cost is estimated at 8% -
10% of the FCI.
4. Plant supplies, namely the costs required to procure plant supplies,
including lubricants, charts and gaskets. The amount of this cost is
estimated at 15% of maintenance (Aries and Newton, 1955).
5. Royalties and patents, namely the cost of a patent for production
purposes is amortized over the period of protection (as long as the
patent is valid). Royalties are usually paid based on the speed of
production or sales. The amount of this cost is estimated at 1% -5% of
the product selling price (Aries and Newton, 1955).
6. Supervision, namely salaries for all responsible personnel
Responsible for direct supervision of the production process. For
complicated processes, 25% of the employee's salary is taken.
15
Utilities, including steam, electricity, fuel, compressed air and refrigeration
needs. The amount is 10-20% of the total selling price of the product.
b. Indirect manufacturing costsis expenditure as a result of nodirectly due to
factory operations, including (Aries, 1955):
1. Payroll Overheads, namely company expenses for pension costs, company-
paid holidays, insurance, physical disabilities due to work and security. The
amount of this cost is estimated at 15% -20% of the employee's salary (Aries
and Newton, 1955).
2. Laboratory, namely costs for operating a laboratory because a laboratory is
needed to guarantee quality control. The amount of this cost is estimated at
10% -20% of the employee's salary (Aries and Newton, 1955).
3. Plant Overhead, namely costs for services that are not directly related to the
production unit, including health costs, recreational facilities, purchasing,
warehousing and engineering (including safety and protection). The amount
of this cost is estimated at 50% - 100% of the employee's salary (Aries and
Newton, 1955).
4. Product packaging and transportation. Packaging costs are needed to pay for
the costs of packaging and containerizing the product, the amount depends on
the physical and chemical properties of the product and its value. Meanwhile,
transportation costs are the costs required to pay for the costs of transporting
production goods until they arrive at the buyer's location. The amount of this
cost is estimated at 4% of the product selling price (Aries and Newton, 1955).
c. Fixed Manufacturing Costs, is the price relating to Fixed Capital and related
expenditure where the price is fixed, does not depend on the time and level
of production, including:
1. Depreciation, namely the cost of depreciation of the value of equipment and
buildings, is calculated from the estimated length of the factory's life. The
amount of this cost is estimated at 8% -10% of the FCI (Aries and Newton,
1955).
16
2. Property taxes, namely the property tax that must be paid by the factory,
the amount depends on the location and situation in which the plant is
established. The amount of this cost is estimated at 2%-4% of the FCI (Aries
and Newton, 1955).
3. Insurance, namely factory insurance costs, where the more dangerous the
plant is, the higher the insurance costs. The amount of this cost is estimated
at 1% of the FCI (Aries and Newton, 1955).
From the calculation results, the Total Manufacturing Cost (TMC) is IDR
6,280,788,201,302
10.5 General Expense

General expensesare general expenses which include expenses related to
company functions that are not included in manufacturing costs. This general
expense consists of office equipment administration, sales, research and
finance.
a. Administrative costs
Administrative costs are the costs required to carry out company
administration, including:
1. Legal Fees and Auditing.
Legal feesare costs for legal fees, while auditing is costs for paying
public accountants. The amount of this cost is estimated at 3% -5% of
the employee's salary
2. Office and communications equipment.
These costs are used to purchase office equipment such as paper,
ink, etc. as well as for communication costs within the company such
as telephone and internet. Total administration costs are 2-3% of the
product selling price.
17
a. Sales Expense Sales
Expenses are administrative costs required for product sales,
including promotional costs if the product is relatively new.
The amount of this cost is estimated at 3-12% of the product
selling price (Aries, 1955).
b. Research Costs
Research costs are needed to support factory development,
both process improvements and product quality improvements.
The amount of this cost is estimated at 2-4% of the product
selling price, usually for the chemical industry it is 2.5% of the
product selling price (Aries, 1955).
From the calculation results, the total general expense is IDR

1,736,200,313,037. So the total production cost (TPC) is IDR
8,016,988,514,339.71.
10.6 Total Sales

The sales results of Perchlorethylene (C2Cl4) and HCl products are as follows:
= 12,500,000 kg/hour x 24 hours/day x 330 days/year x IDR 88,000/kgx
18,000/kg
= Rp. 9,170,875,897,396.02.
So the total product sales price: Rp. 9,170,875,897,396.02
10.7 Estimated Operating Profit

From the calculation results, the average profit is obtained as
follows: Average profit before tax = Rp. 945.247.163.503
Average profit after tax = Rp. 614.410.656.277
10.8 Feasibility Analysis

To be able to determine whether the profits obtained are large or not, so that
it can be categorized as to whether the factory has potential for
18
established or not, an analysis or evaluation of its economic feasibility is
carried out. Several methods used to state economic feasibility include Percent
Profit on Sales (POS), Percent Return on Investment (ROI), Pay Out Time
(POT), Net Present Value (NPV), Interest Rate of Return (IRR), Break Even
Point (BEP), and Shut Down Point (SDP)
A. Percent Profit on Sales (POS)
Percent profit on salesis one method of stating the level of profit from
the products sold.
From the calculation results obtained as follows:
POS beforetax= 10.31%
POS aftertax= 6.70%
B. Percent Return On Investment (ROI)
Return on investmentis the level of profit that can be generated from the
level of investment issued.
ROI beforetax= 50.93%
ROI aftertax= 33.11%
C. Pay Out Time(POT)
Payout timeis the payback period for the capital generated based on the
profits achieved. This calculation is needed to find out how long it will
take for the investment you have made to return.
POT beforetax= 1.64 years POTafter
tax= 2.32 years
D. Net Present Value(NPV)
Net present valueis one method that is included in the category of
discounted cash flow that adheres to the value of time and proceeds over the
total life of the project. Because it adheres to time value, the value of cash
flows over the useful life is given as present value, then the total amount of
this present value is reduced by the initial investment.
19
Present value of cash flows (PV) = Rp. 5,255,992,115,844
Investmentbeginning= Rp. 3,543,028,209,599
Net Present Value(NPV)= Rp.
1,712,963,906,245Ratio= 1 NVP
The interest rate set is positive, so from this method the investment made
is feasible.
E. Interest Rate of Return (IRR)

Interest rate of returnbased on discounted cash flow, it is a certain
interest rate at which all future receipts exactly cover the entire amount of
capital expenditure. The method used is by trial i, namely the interest rate
so that it meets the following equation:
∑ ( +i)n
Information :
n= years
CF= cash flowin the nth year
∑ ( +i) n = total capital at the end of the construction period
From the calculation results, the i value is 53.00% per year. The
price i obtained is greater than the price i for capital loans from banks. This
shows that the factory is feasible to establish with a bank interest rate of
8.2% per year.
F. Break Even Points(BEP)

Break Event Points(BEP) is the break-even point (a condition where the
factory shows costs and income are the same or there is no profit or no loss).
With the BEP value we can determine what the price level is
20
sales and the minimum number of units sold and what price and sales units
must be achieved in order to make a profit. The range of BEP values that are
still permitted is around 40-60%.
BEP = 42.95%
G. Shut Down Point(SDP)

Shutdown pointis a point or time when a production activity must be
stopped because it is cheaper to close the factory and pay the Fixed Expanse
(Fa) than to have to produce. The causes include variable costs that are too
high, or it could also be due to management decisions due to the
uneconomical nature of a production activity (not producing a profit).
SDP = 29.19%
21
CHAPTER XI. CONCLUSION
1. A Perchloroethylene factory with a capacity of 99,000 tonnes/year is planned to

be established in Cilegon, Banten with a land area of 16,776 m2. The factory
operates for 330 effective days each year and 24 hours/day with a workforce of
124 people.
2. From an economic perspective, this perchlorethylene factory requires a Fixed
Capital Investment (FCI) of Rp. 1,855,624,718,925. and Working Capital (WC).
Rp. 1,554,858,867,893. The economic analysis of the perchlorethylene factory
shows that the ROI before tax is 50.93%, and the ROI after tax is 33.11%. The
POT value before tax is 1.64 years and the POT after tax is 2.32 years. BEP is
42.95% of production capacity and SDP is 29.19% of production capacity. Based
on the economic analysis data, this perchlorethylene plant is worthy of further
study.
22
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edition, Mc.Graw Hill Book Company, New York, 1977.
Sinuhaji, Dian Novita. 2009. Differences in Chlorine (Cl) Content in Rice
Before and After Cooking in 2009. Faculty of Public Health, University of
23
North Sumatra.
24
Suryaningrum, Riana Dyah, et al. 2007. Increased Tannin Levelsand Reducing
Chlorine Levels. Department of Biology Education, FKIP, University of
Malang Sheewood, T. Pigford, RL and Wilke, CR, "Mass Transfer", Mc. Graw
Hill
Book Company, New York.
Smith, JM, Van Ness, Mc., “Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics”, 3rd edition, Mc. Graw Hill Book Company, New York,
1975.
Treyball, RE, “Mass Transfer Operation”, 2nd edition, Mc. Graw Hill Book
Company, Inc, New York, 1955.
Ulrich, Garl D., "A Guide To Chemical Engineering Process Design and
Economics".
Van Winkle, M., “Distillation”, Mc. Graw Hill Book Company, Inc, New
York, 1967.
Wongkar,IY, Abidjulu, J., & Wehantouw, F. 2014. Analysis of Chlorine in
Rice Circulating in Manado City Markets. Pharmaceutical Scientific
Journal, 3(3): 2302- 2493.
Van Winkle, M., “Distillation”, Mc. Graw Hill Book Company, Inc, New
York, 1967.
25
APPENDIX A MASS BALANCE CALCULATIONS
CapacityProduction : 99,000
tons/yearUnit: kg/hour
BaseOperation: 1 hour
TimeOperations: 330 day/year
RateProduction: 99,000 tons/year x 1 year
1 day 1000 kg
330 x 24 x 1 Ton
= 12,500 kg/hour Days hours
Basecalculation: 100 kgmol C2H4Cl2 feed

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑘𝑠𝑖
FactorMultiplier: =
𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑘
12,500 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑗𝑎𝑚
=
14816.619 kg/hour
= 0.8436472589
1. Mixing Tank (F-105)

Function: To mix the fresh feed stream C2H4Cl2 99% and the recycle stream
C2H4Cl2 99% from Distillation (D-111).
Baitfresh RecycleC2H4Cl2
99%
C2H4Cl299%111of distillate D
F-105
2 Feed C2H4Cl2
99%Enter the reactor
Is known :
Bait compositionFresh C2H4Cl2 99% enters the reactor
C2H4Cl2 = 99 kgmol = 9801

kg
H2O 9819 kg = 1 kgmol
Total= = 18 kg
+
26
Composition of 99% C2H4Cl2 recycle stream from
distillation (D-111): C2H4Cl2 = 970.299 kg
H2O= 1.782 kg
+
= 972.081 kg
So the composition of the 99% C2H4Cl2 fresh feed stream from the
raw material tank is:
C2H4Cl2 = (9801 – 970.299) kg
= 8830.701 kg = 89.199kgmol
H2O in C2H4Cl2 = 1/99 x 89.199 kgmol
= 0.901 kg = 16.218 kg
Mixing Tank Total Mass Balance (F-105)

Entry (Kg) Go out
Component F1 F12 (Recycle) F2
C2H4Cl2 8830,701 970,299 9801,000
H2O 16,218 1,782 18,000
8846,919 972,081
9819,000 9819,000
2. Chlorine Gas Mix Point (MP-01)
Cl2&HCl34Cl 2
Recycle 9
MP-01 HCl
Dr AB
Is known :
The composition of chlorine gas entering the reactor (R) is:
Cl2 = 320.76 kgmol = 22773.96 kg

HCl = 3.24 kgmol = 118.26 kg
+
Total = 22892.22 kg
27
Recycled chlorine gas composition from top Absorber (AB)
Cl2 = 3795.66 kg
HCl= 19.71 kg
+
Total= 3815.37 kg
So the composition of fresh feed chlorine gas from the raw

material tank is: Cl2 = (22773.96 –
3795.66) kg
= 18978.30 kg = 267.3
kgmolHCl in Cl2 = 1 / 99 x 267.3 kg
= 2.7 kgmol = 98.55 kg
Mass Balance Total Mix Point Chlorine Gas (MP-01)

Entry (Kg) Out (Kg)
Component F10
F3 F4
(Recycle from
AB)
Cl2 18978.30 3795.66 22773.96
HCl 98.55 19,17 118.26
19076.85 3815.37
Total 22892.22 22892.22
3. Reactor (R-101)
Function: Place where the reaction to form perchlorethylene
C2H4Cl2 takes place99%

2
5
C2Cl4
R-101
H2O1% HCl
4
C2Cl4
Cl299%C 2H4Cl2
HCl1%H 2O
Reactor operating conditions: (Organic Chemical ProcessEncyclopedia, p.510)
28
 Temperature: 589°C
 Pressure: 17.64 Psi (1.2 atm)
 Conversionreaction: 90%
29
 Phase: gas
 Timereaction: 0.04 hours
 Catalyst: Silica Alumina
 Typereactor: Fluidized Bed Reactor
The reaction that occurs:

C2H4Cl2 (g)+ 3Cl2 C2Cl4(g) + 4HCl (g)
Is known :
Basecalculation= 100 kgmol
The composition of C2H4Cl2 entering the reactor is:
C2H4Cl2 = 99% x 100 kg = 99
kgmol H2O= 1 % x 100 kg = 1 kgmol
Molecular Weight:
C2H4Cl2 = 99 kg/mol
H2O= 18 kg/mol
HCl= 36.5 kg/mol
Cl2 = 71 kg/mol
C2Cl4 = 166 kg/mol
Raw material composition:
 Ethylene Dichloride
Mole weight of C2H4Cl2at first= 99 kgmol

Mole weight of C2H4Cl2 whichreact= Conversion x Mole weight of C2H4Cl2
= 90% x 99 kgmol
= 89.1 kgmol
Moles of C2H4Cl2remainder = C2H4Cl2 initially – C2H4Cl2 reacts
= ( 99 x 89.1) kgmol
= 9.9 kgmol
30
 Chlorine
The Cl2 used is 20% in excess of the Cl2
coefficient =
3
Cl2 whichreact =Cl2 coefficient x Moles of
C2H4Cl2 that react
= 3 x 89.1 kgmol
= 267.3 kgmol
Cl2 goes intoreactor= 120% x Moles of Cl2 reacted
= 120% x 267.3 kgmol
= 320.76 kgmol
Cl2remainder = Cl2 initially –Cl2 reacts
= (320.76 – 267.3) kgmol
= 53.46 kgmol
 C2Cl4formed= Mole weight of C2H4Cl2 x Reaction
conversion
= 99 kgmol x 0.9
= 89.1 kgmol
 The HClproduced =Coefficient of HCl x Moles of Cl2 reacted
= 4 x 89.1 kgmol
= 356.4 kgmol
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐻𝐶𝑙
HCl comes inreactor= xCl enters
2
the reactor
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝑙2
1
=x 320.76 kgmol
99
= 3.24 kgmol
HCl comes outreactor= The resulting HCl + HCl enters the
reactor
= 356.4 kgmol + 3.24 kgmol
= 359.64 kgmol
 H2O comes inreactor= H2O leaving the reactor = 1 kgmol
31
Total Reactor Mass Balance (R-101)
B.M Enter Go out
Component Kg/kgmol F2 F4 F5
Kg/Hour Kg/Hour Kgmol Kg
C2H4Cl2 99 9801.00 - 9.9 980.10
H2O 18 18.00 - 1.00 18.00
HCl 36.5 - 118.26 359.64 13126.66
Cl2 71 - 22773.96 53.46 3795.66
C2Cl4 166 - - 89.10 14790.60
Total 32711.22 32711.22
4. Condenser and Knockout Drum(E-111 & H-101)

Function: CondensingC2H4Cl2, H2O, C2Cl4 gases, which are in the reactor
product gas mixture.
Gas(AB)
6
Gas 5 Gas
RLiquid E-111
H-101
1
Liquid (D)
10
In the condenser, the only components that are condensed are C2H4Cl2, H2O,
C2Cl4, while HCl and Cl2 remain in the gas phase leaving the partial condenser. The
gas-liquid mixture leaving the condenser is separated in the knockout drum (KOD).
The condensation temperature in the condenser in the condenser is calculated using
the trial & error method.
Equations used:
ki is calculated using the
equation: Ki = pi/pt
Note:
pi: pure vapor pressure of components
PT: total/operating pressure on the condenser
32
pi is calculated byAntoine's equation:
Inpi= A – B/(C+T)
Note:
pi: vapor pressure, mmHG
A B C: Antoine constant
Q: Temperature, °K Given the
Antoine constant component data:
Antoine
Component A B C
C2H4Cl2 16,1764 2927.17 -50.22
H2O 18.3036 3816.44 -46.13
C2Cl4 16.1642 3258.29 -52.15
Trial of the condensation temperature of the components in the partial
condenser was tried at: Toperation= 125.07°C =
398.07°K= 125°C
Poperation= 1.2 atm= 912 mmHg
From the calculations, the following data is obtained:
Component ni, kgmol yi, mole pi, mmHg Ki = pi/pt Xi = yi/ki
fraction
C2H4Cl2 9.9000 0.0990 2348.1900 2.5748 0.0385
H2O 1,0000 0.0100 1736.4533 1.9040 0.0053
C2Cl4 89,0000 0.8910 849.7991 0.9318 0.9562
Total 100,0000 1,0000 1,0000
The temperature trial satisfies because ∑ xi = 1.0
Total Mass Balance of Patrial Condenser (E-111) and Knock Out Drum (H-101)
Entry (kg) Out (kg)
Component F6 F10
F5
(Gas (top KOD) (Liquid (bottom
KOD)
C2H4Cl2 980.10 - 980.10
H2O 18.00 - 18.00
HCl 13126.86 13126.86 -
Cl2 3795.66 3795.66 -
C2Cl4 14790.60 - 14790.60
16922.52 15788.70
32711.22
33
5. Absorber (D-101)
Function: Absorbs HCl in the gas mixture using process water (H2O)
9 Gas
comes out
7 H2O Absorber
Gas enters D-101
6
from top
KOD
Liquid comes out

HCl
H2
O
Absorber (D-101) is used to absorbThe HCl in the gas mixture is mixed with
water.
Gas composition entering the absorber:
Component Kg Kgmol Mole fraction
HCl 13126.8600 359.6400 0.8706
Cl2 3795.6600 53.4600 0.1294
Total 16922.5200 413,1000 1,0000
The gas flow leaving the absorber in the form of Cl2 gas will be recycled and
mixed with the fresh feed gas flow before entering the reactor. To avoid changes in
the composition of Cl2 gas, it is hoped that the composition of Cl2 gas leaving the
absorber is:
Cl2 = 99% mol
HCl = 1% mol
So the gas composition leaving the
absorber is:
Cl2 = 53.46 kgmol
HCl= 1/99 x 53.46 kgmol
= 0.54 kgmol
34
= 19.71 kg
35
HClabsorbed= HCl in incoming gas – HCl in outgoing gas
= (359.64 – 0.54) kgmol
= 359.10 kgmol
= 13107.15 kg
Mole fraction of HCl in the inlet gas stream (yi)
yi= 359.64 / 413.1
= 0.8706
Fractional ratio of HCl in inlet gas stream
(yi)yi= yi / (1-yi)
= 0.8706 / (1-0.8706)
= 6.7280
The gas flow velocity entering the free HCl absorber, Gs
is:Gs= G1 (1-yi)
Note:
G1 : Total moles of gas entering
the absorberGs= 413.1 (1-0.8706)
= 53.4551 kgmol
Total gas leaving the absorber
(G2)
= (413.1 – 359.10) kgmol
= 54.0 kgmol
Mole fraction of HCl gas in the outflow gas
stream (y2) y2 = HCl in exit gas / total exit
gas
= 0.54 / 54
= 0.0100
Fractional ratio of HCl in the outflow gas stream
(y2): y2 = y2 / (1- y2)
= 0.0100 / (1 – 0.0100)
= 0.0101
Calculation of the need for absorbing H2O:
36
Calculations are based on ideal gas law ideal solution data.
37
LawRoult ;P* = Pi . Xi
Dalton's Law;yi = P* / Pt = (Pi . Xi) / Pt
Ket :
Pi: The pure vapor pressure of the HCl component at a
certain temperaturexi,yi: Fractional components of HCl in liquid
and gas phases PT: Absorber operating pressure
Trial absorber operating conditions
at: Temperature(T)= 40°C
Pressure (P)= 1.5 atm= 1140 mmHg At a
temperature of 40°C, the vapor pressure of pure
HCl Pi is knownHCl= 8463.8153 mmHg
So :
P*= Pi . Xi
=8463,8153 . Xi
yi= P* / Pt
= 8463.8153 / 1140 . (xi)
= 7.4244 xi
Equilibrium data:
X x = x / (1-x) y = 7.4244 x Y = y / (1-y)
0.01 0.0101 0.0742 0.0802
0.02 0.0204 0.1485 0.1744
0.03 0.0309 0.2227 0.2866
0.04 0.0417 0.2970 0.4224
0.05 0.0526 0.3712 0.5904
0.06 0.0638 0.4455 0.8033
0.07 0.0753 0.5197 1.0821
0.08 0.0970 0.5940 1.4631
0.09 0.0989 0.6682 2.0138
0.10 0.1111 0.7424 2.8820
0.11 0.1236 0.8167 4.4555
0.12 0.1364 0.8909 8.1659
For y1 = 6.7280, by interpolation the value xi = 0.1314 is obtained. With the
operating line equation on the absorber: (Pers. RE treybal. Page 284)
Gs (y1 – y2)= Ls (x1 – x2)
38
The absorbed H2O entering the absorber does not contain HCl, so x2 = 0 so that the
minimum amount of absorbed H2O required, Ls is:
Ls= Gs (y1-y2) / (x1-x2)
Ls= 53.4551 . (6.7280 – 0.0101) / (0.1314 – 0)
= 2732.9225 kgmol x 18 kg/kgmol
= 49192.6050 kg
Total Absorber Mass Balance (D-101)
Entry (kg) Out (kg)
Component F6 F7 F9 F8
Gas Liquid Gas Liquid
H2O - 49192.6050 - 49192.6050
HCl 13126.8600 - 19.7100 13107.1500
Cl2 3795.6600 - 3795.6600 -
16922.5200 49192.6050 3815.3700 62299.7550
66115.1250 66115.1250
6. Distillation (D-111)
Function: Purifyingperchlorethylene product from the mixture
11 D
F 10
D-111
12
B
Distillation is used to purify the perchlorethylene (C2Cl4) product that comes out of
the bottom of the Knocout Drum (H-101).
Distillation inlet feed composition (D-111)
Component Kg Kgmol Mole Fraction
C2H4Cl2 980.10 9.90 0.099
H2O 18.00 1.00 0.010
39
C2Cl4 14790.60 89.10 0.890
Total 15788.70 100.00 1,000
In decidingOperating conditions in the distillation process are carried out using
the trial & error method regarding operating temperature (T) and pressure (P). The
trial results T and P are considered if the composition of the liquid and vapor is equal
to one.
 Determination of Tower Feed Conditions
It is planned that the feed enters the column at a saturated liquid condition
(bubble point). Trial bubble points are met if obtained:
yi = xi .left-handed ∑ yi= 1.0(1)......................................
ki = Pi /PT(2)........................................................................
Note:
xi: Mole fraction of component (in liquid
phase)Yi: Mole fraction of component
(in vapor phase)
Pi: Pure vapor pressure of the component, at trial
temperaturePT: Total pressure (Operating)
ki: Vapor - liquid equilibrium constant Pi is
calculated with Antoine's equation:
Pi=AB /(C+T)…….(3)
Where :
ABC :
ConstantAntoineQ:
Temperature, °K
Known Antoine constant data (Appendix A Sherwood & Proustniz)
Antoine
Component A B C PointBoiling (°C)
C2H4Cl2 16,1764 2927.17 -50.22 83.4
H2O 18.3036 3816.44 -46.13 100.0
C2Cl4 16.1642 3258.29 -52.15 121.2
Trial distillation feed conditions at:
T operation = 121.5°C = 394.5°K = 121°C
P operation = 1.2 atm (912 mmHg)
40
Component xi, mole Pi, mmHg ki=pi/p yi=xi . Ki
fraction operation
C2H4Cl2 0.099 2151.8861 2.3495 0.2326
H2O 0.010 1553.8640 1.7038 0.0170
41
C2Cl4 0.891 768.0847 0.8422 0.7504
TOTAL 1,000 1,000
The bait bubble point trial is satisfactory because ∑yi = 1.0 is obtained
 Determination of Product CompositionDistillate and Bottom
In determining the composition of the distillate and bottom products it is
determined as: Light key component LK = C2H4Cl2
Key components are heavy(heavy key)HK= H2O
Planned componentsThe C2H4Cl2 in the feed is distributed into the distillate
product as much as 99% and the desired composition of the upper product is:
C2H4Cl2 = 99% mol
H2O= 1% mol
The distribution of the C2H4Cl2 component into the distillate product or bottom
product is calculated using the "Short Cut" method. The "Short Cut" method
calculation is carried out by making a plot between log (D/B) versus log α for the
light key (LK) and heavy key (HK) components which produces a linear equation:
Log(D/B) = m . log α + C
Light key component (C2H4Cl2):
(C2H4Cl2)D= 0.99 x 9.9 kgmol
= 970.299 kg
(C2H4Cl2) B= (C2H4Cl2) F - (C2H4Cl2) B
= (9.9 – 9.801) kgmol
= 9.801 kg
Log (C2H4Cl2) D / (C2H4Cl2)B= log (9.801 / 0.0099) = 1.9956
Heavy key component (H2O)
(H2O)D= 1/99 x kg (C2H4Cl2) D
= 1/99 x 9.801 kg
= 0.099 kgmol = 1.782 kg
42
(H2O)B =(H2O) F – (H2O) D
= (1.00 – 0.099) kgmol
= 0.901 kgmol = 16.218 kg
Log (H2O) D / (H2O) B = log 0.099 / 0.901 = -0.9591
The calculation of the α value (degree of volatility) of the component is based on
the heavy key component (HK):
α C2H4Cl2 =K C2H4Cl2 / K
H2O
= 1.3790
= 2.3495 / 1.7038
log α
= 0.1396
α
= K H2O / K H2O
H2O
= 1.7038 / 1.7038 =1
log α =0
α C2Cl4 = K C2Cl4 / K H2O
= 0.8422 / 1.7038 = 0.4943
log α = - 0.3060
By substitutinglog (D/B) and log values into equation (4) above to obtain the values
of m and c.
Logs(D/B)= m . log α + c
C2H4Cl2 component : 1.9956 = m . 0.1396 + C ……... (1)

H2 componentOh: -0.9591 =m.0+C ………(2)
Substitute equation (2) into equation (1), so that it follows:m
= 21.1655andc = -0.9591
then the distribution of the C2Cl4 component is as
follows: log (C2Cl4) D / (C2Cl4)B= m . log C2Cl4
+C
= (21.1655) x (-0.3060) + (-0.9591)
= -7.4357
43
(C2Cl4) D / (C2Cl4)B= 3.6 x 10-8
44
Mass balance of C2Cl4 components:
(C2Cl4)F= (C 2Cl4) D + (C2Cl4) B Or (C2Cl4) F /
(C2Cl4) B= (C2Cl4) D / (C2Cl4) B +

1
= 3.6 . 10-8+1
= 1.0000
So (C2Cl4) B = (C2Cl4) F / 1.0000
= 89,100 / 1,0000 kgmol
= 89.1000 kgmol
= 14790.6 kg
From the calculation above, it is known that the C2Cl4 component is completely
distributed into the bottom product.
Total Mass Balance Distribute (D-111)
Entry (Kg) Out (Kg)
Component F10 F11 (Distillate) F12 (Bottom)
C2H4Cl2 980,100 970,299 9,801
H2O 18.0 1,782 16,218
C2Cl4 14790,600 - 14790,600
972,081 14816,619
15788,700
Find the mass multiplier
factorCapacity : 99,000
tons/yearDay: 330 Days
The perchlorethylene (C2Cl4) plant operates with a production capacity of
99,000 tons/year with an operating time of 1 year = 330 days.
So the production rate:
= 99,000 tons / year x 1000 kg / 1 ton x 1 year / 330 days x 1 day / 24 hours
= 12,500 kg/hour
ForOn a basis of 100 kgmol per hour of C2H4Cl2 feed entering the reactor, the final
product yield of C2Cl4 = 14816.619 kg/hour (under-distillation product, D) so that the
mass multiplier factor is:
= (12,500 kg/hour) / 14816.619 kg/hour)
=0.843647259 kg/hour
45
APPENDIX B HEAT BALANCE CALCULATIONS
TemperatureReference: 25°C =
298°K Operation:
24 Hours/day
EqualityHot:
Cp dT
Q= m.Cp.∆T =
m Q ∫
Tref
With:Q: Heat (Kj)
m: Material mass (Kg)
CP: Specific Heat (Kj/kmol
kelvin)Tref: Reference
Temperature (Kelvin)
Q: Material Temperature (Kelvin)
Cp= A + BT + C. T2 + D. T3
Note
:
CP: Specific heat (Kj/kmol Kelvin)
A B C D: Constant
Q: Material temperature (Kelvin)
Simplification of ∆H Integration:
Cp = A + BT + C.T2 + D.T3
𝐓 𝐓
Q =∫ 𝐂𝐩𝐝𝐓 = ∫ (𝐀+𝐁. 𝐓 + 𝐂. 𝐓𝟐 + 𝐃𝐓𝟑)
𝐓𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐓𝐑𝐞𝐟
B C D
=A (T −Q ) + (T2− T2) + (T3− T3) + (T4− T4 )
Ref 2 Ref 3 Ref 4 Ref
Constant data A,B,C,D:

Cp = A + BT + C.T2+ D.T3 (J/mol K)
Component A B C D
C2H4Cl2 37.275000 0.14362 0.000010378 -0.000000078305
H2O 33.933000 -0.008419 0.000030 -0.000000017825
HCl 29.244000 -0.002615 0.000001 0.0000000049676
Cl2 27.213000 0.030426 -0.000033 0.000000015961
46
C2Cl4 34.627000 0.310650 -0.00045258 0.00000032734
47
1. Mixing Tank (F-105)
Function: To mix the fresh feed stream C2H4Cl2 99% from the recycle stream
C2H4Cl2 99% from Distillation (D-111)
D-111
T =303°K = 358°K
(30°C)(85°C)
F-105
V –101
T = 303°K (30°C)
 Heat In (Qin)
Sensible heat of fresh feed liquid enters the tankmixer, TP : Q1
Calculating 𝐓
∫ 𝐂𝐩 𝐝𝐓 at 30°C (303°K)
𝐓𝐑𝐞𝐟
Q
BCD
∫ Cp CHCl= A(T −Q )+ (T2− T2)+(T 3− T3)+(T 4
242 Ref Ref Ref
2 3 4
TRef
Ref)
4
−
(0.14362)
= 37,275 (303 − 298) + (3032 − 2982)
2
(0.000010378) (3033 − 2983) + (−0.000000078305) (3034
+ 34
− 2984)
= 396.2250 kJ/kmol
∫ Cp H2O = 168.1422 kJ/kmol

TRef
So :
Q C2 H4Cl2 = n . Cp. dT
48
= 75.2835 kg/hour
kg x 396.2250kJ/kmol
98.95916 ⁄
km
=
29,829.2227kJ/hour Q H2O = n .
Cp. dT
0.7601 kg/hour
= x 168.1422
kJ/kmolkg⁄
1 kmol
= 127.8093 kj/hour
So that the total heat input (Q1):
Component n Cp (kJ/kmol) Q(kJ/hour)
(kmol/hour)
C2H4Cl2 75.2835 396.2250 29829.2227
H2O 0.7601 168.1422 127.8093
Total 76.0437 564.3672 29,957.0319
 Hotsensible liquid recycle enters the mixing tank, TP: Q2

Calculating 𝐓
∫ 𝐂𝐩 𝐝𝐓 at 85°C (358°K)
𝐓𝐑𝐞𝐟
Q
BCD
∫ Cp CHCl= A(T −Q )+ (T2− T2)+(T 3− T3)+(T 4
242 Ref Ref Ref
2 3 4
TRef
4)
− Ref
(0.14362)
= 37,275 (358 − 298) + (3582− 2982)
2
(0.000010378) (3583 −0.000000078305) (3584
+ 34 − 2983)+ ( − 2984)
= 4,962.9404 kJ/kmol
Q
∫ Cp H2O = 2,026.4295 kJ/kmol

TRef
So :
Q C2H4Cl2 = n . Cp. dT
0.0836 kg/hour
= x 4,962.9404kJ/kmol
98.95916 kg⁄
kmol
= 414.6812 kJ/ja
Q H2O = n . Cp. dT
49
0.7601
kg/hour
= kg x 12138.46353 kJ/kmol
⁄
1 kmol
= 1,540.3421kJ/hour
So totalSensible heat of liquid recycle enters (Q2), namely:
Component n Cp (kJ/kmol) Q(kJ/
(kmol/hour) hour)
C2H4Cl2 0.0836 4,962.9404 414.6812
H2O 0.7601 2,026.4295 1,540.3421
Total 0.8437 6,989.3699 1,955.0233
 Sensible heatliquid comes out of the Mixing Tank, TP: Q3

Q B
∫ Cp CH Cl = A(T −Q )+ (T2 − T2 ) + C D
(T3− T3) + (T4− T4)
242 Ref Ref Ref Ref
2 3 4
TRef
= 37,275 (303 − 298)

0.14362
+ (3032 − 2982)
2
0.000010378) (3033 − 2983)
+( 3
−0.000000078305) (3034 − 2984)
+( 4
= 380.2965 kJ/kmol
Q
∫ Cp H2O = 161.4067 kJ/kmol

TRef
So :
Q C2 H4Cl2 = n . Cp. dT
83.5555 kg/hour
= x 380.2965 kJ/kmol
98.95916 kg⁄kmol
= 31,775.8849
kJ/hour Q H2O = n . Cp. dT
0.8436 kg/hour
= x 161.4067
kJ/kmolkg⁄
1 kmol
= 136.1703 kJ/hour
50
So that the total sensible heat of the liquid exiting the mixing tank (Q3), is:
Component n Cp (kJ/kmol) Q(kJ/hour)
(kmol/hour)
C2H4Cl2 83.5555 380.2965 31775.8849
H2O 0.8436 161.4067 136.1703
Total 84.3992 541.7032 31,912.0553
Total Heat Balance of Mixing Tank (TP):

Enter(kJ/hour)
Component Q1 Q2 Exit (Q3)
(kJ/hour)
Q C2H4Cl2 29829.2227 414.6812 31775.8849
Q H2O 127.8093 1,540.3421 136.1703
29,957.0319 1,955.0233
TOTAL 31,912.0553 31,912.0553
1. Vaporizer (V-101)
Function: To evaporate the ethylene dichloride solution before being fed
to the Reactor (R-101)
Steam
T = 473°K (200°C)
V-101
T=303°K 2 = 371°K
(30°C)(98°C)
Steam condensate
T = 555°K (282°C)
 Determination of Vaporizer operating conditions, (V-101):
In this tool, the ethylene dichloride solution is evaporated to a saturated vapor

condition (dew point). Determine the condition of the dew point vaporizer (V-
101) using the equation:
xi= yi/kidan ∑xi = 1.0
51
ki= pi/pt
Note:
xi: Mole fraction of the component in the
liquid phase yi: Mole fraction of the
component in the vapor phase
pi: pure vapor pressure component I
(mmHg) pt : vaporizer operating pressure
pi is calculated using Antoine's equation (the calculation method can be seen in
Mass Balance calculations).
The composition of ethylene dichloride entering the vaporizer is known:
Component Kg Kg mol Mole fraction
C2H4Cl2 8,268.5868 83.5555 0.9900
H2O 15,1857 0.8436 0.0100
TOTAL 8,283.7724 84.3992 1
Trial operating conditions on:
Operating T = 98°C (371°K)
P operation = 1.5 atm (1140 mmHg)
Component yi (mole pi (mmHg) ki = pi/pt xi = yi/ki
fraction)
C2H4Cl2 0.9900 1147.6825 1.0067 0.9836
H2O 0.0100 698.4056 0.6126 0.0164
TOTAL 1,000 1,000
The trial is satisfactory because the value obtained is ∑xi = 1.0
 Vaporizer heat balance calculation, VP:
- The sensible heat of the liquid enters the vaporizer, VP
Liquid exits the mixing tank (TP-01), Q1 = 31,912.0553 kJ/mol

- Latent heat of vaporization,Q2
Q = n . ∆ Hv
Note:
n= kg moles of component evaporated
∆Hv= enthalpy of vaporization of components (kJ/kmol)
The enthalpy of vaporization of components is determined by the Watson equation
(pers. 3-75 Perrys 6, p. 3-275):
∆Hv2 = ∆Hv1 {(1-Tr2) / (1-Tr1)}0.38
52
Note:
Tr1 : temperaturereduce components at a known temperature
∆Hv1 : enthalpy of vaporization at a known temperature
Tr2: reduce component temperature to the calculated temperature
∆Hv2 : enthalpyevaporation at the calculated temperature
Calculation data: (appendix D Sherwood & Prastniz)
Component ∆Hvl (kJ/kmol) Tc (°K) Q1(°K)
C2H4Cl2 7650 561 356.4
H2O 9729 647 373
Then the latent heat of vaporization of the component at a temperature of 98°C
(371°K) is for:
 C2H4Cl2
Tr1 = T1 / Tc = 356.4°K / 561°K =
0.635 Tr2 = T2 / Tc = 371°K / 561°K =
0.661
∆Hv2 = ∆Hv1{(1 − Tr2)/(1 − Tr1)}0.38
= 7650{(1 − 0.66)/(1 − 0.635)}0.38
= 7,446.4990 kJ/kgmol
QCH Cl = (8,268.5868kg ⁄98.9592 kg⁄ ) x 2,840.406 kJ⁄
2 42 ⁄ hour kmolkmol
= 237,331.7088
kJ/hour
 H2O
Tr1 = T1 / Tc = 373°K / 647°K =
0.577 Tr2 = T2 / Tc = 371°K / 647°K
= 0.573
∆Hv2 = ∆Hv1{(1 − Tr2)/(1 − Tr1)}0.38
= 9729{(1 − 0.577)/(1 − 0.573)}0.38
= 9,694.2664 kJ/kgmol
kg ⁄ kJ⁄
QH2O =(15,1857 ⁄ hour ⁄ 18 kg kmol) x1,179.6596 kmol
= 995.2166
kJ/hour Then Q2 = Q C2H4Cl2
+ Q H2O
53
= 237,331.7088 kJ/hour + 995.2166 kJ/hour
= 238,326.9254 kJ/hour
54
Sensible heat of vaporizer exit gas VP,Q3
555 K
QC2H4Cl 8,268.5868
kg/hour ∫ (37.2750 + 0.1436 + 0.000010378
2 =
98.95916kg⁄kmol 298 K
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT( o K)
kgmol
= 83.5555 kmol/hourx 24,118.7734 kJ⁄kmol
= 2,015,257.3173 kJ/hour
555 K
QH2O 15.1857
kg/hour ∫ (37.2750 + 0.1436 + 0.000010378
=
298 K
18 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ 0.000000078305 ) dT ( kgmol o K)
= 7,470.6731 kJ/hour
Then Q3 = Q C2H4Cl2 + QH2O

= 2,015,257.3173 kJ/hour + 7,470.6731 kJ/hour
= 2,022,727.9904 kJ/hour
 Hotrequired from the heater, Q4 Heat

balance:
Q3 + Q4 = Q1 + Q2
Q4 = (Q1 + Q2) − Q3
= (31,912.0553 + 238,326.9254) − 2,022,727.9904
= 2,229,142.8605 kJ/hour
As a heater in the vaporizer (V-101) saturated steam is used at a temperature
of 200°C and a pressure of 16.0 kgf/cm2. From the steam table (appendix III
stoichiometry), it is known that the enthalpy of vaporization of steam, λ steam =
463.1 kcal/kg, then the amount of heating steam needed, m is:
55
m = Q4⁄γ steam
= 2,229,142.8605 ⁄463.1
= 4,813.5238 kg
VP vaporizer total heat balance:
Component Enter(kJ/hour) Out (kJ/hour)
Q C2H4Cl2 31775.8849 2,015,257.3173
Q H2O 136.1703 7,470.6731
Q evaporation - 238326.9254
Q heater 2,229,142.8605 -
Q Total 2,261,054.9157 2,261,054.9157
2. Mix Point Gas FeedMP-02 Reactor

MP-013
(Chlorine)1T = 303 °K
2
V –101
T = 371°K
Information :
1. Chlorine gas flow from
Mp-01
2. Ethylene dichloride gas flow from V-101
3. Mixed gas flow
 Sensible heat of stream gas 1, Q1 = Sensible heat of chlorine gas
from Mp-01 Q1 = 46,137.2281 kJ/kmol
 Sensible heat of gas flow 2, Q2 = Sensible heat of vaporizer exit gas V-101
Q2 = 40,897.8565 kJ/kmol
 Sensible heat of gas flow 3, Q3
Q3= Q1 + Q2
= 46,137.2281 kJ + 40,897.8565 kJ
kmol kmol
= 87,035.0846 kJ/kmol
The temperature of the gas mixture in flow 3 is determined using the trial & error
method.
The calculation method is as
follows: TrialT= 30°C =
56
303°K
57
303 K
19,213.1889
Q Cl2 kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
= 298 K
71 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 270.6083kmol/hour x 185.33124 kJ⁄kmol
= 45,745.2110 kJ/hour
303 K
15.1857
kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
Q H2O=
18 kg⁄kmol 298 K
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 0.8436 kmol/hour x 168.1422
kJ⁄kmol
= 141.8527 kJ/hour
8,268.5868 kg/hour 303 K
Q C2H4Cl2= ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
98.9592 kg/kmol
298 K
kj
+−0.000000078305 )dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 83.5555 kmol/hour x 487.7714kJ⁄hr
= 40,756.0038 kJ/hour
303 K
99.7697
kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
Q HCl =
36.5 kg⁄kmol 298 K
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT( o K)
kgmol
= 2.7334 kmol/hour x 143.4165 kJ⁄kmol
= 392.0171 kJ/hour
If QCl2 QHCl QC2H4Cl2 QH2O = Q3, then T satisfies.
The results of trial & error calculations show that the value T = 59.5°C,
333°K = 60°CQ Cl2 = 50,147.0770
QHCl= 429.6915
Q C2H4Cl2 = 36302.8246
58
Q H2O= 155.4915+
QTotal= 87,035.0846 kJ/hour
Total heat balance Mix Point MP-02 reactor feed gas:

Component Enter(kJ/hour) Go
Stream 1 Stream 2 out(kJ/hour
) Flow 3
Q Cl2 45745.2110 - 50,147.0770
Q HCl 392.0171 - 429.6915
Q C2H4Cl2 - 40,756.0038 36302.8246
Q H2O - 141.8527 155.4915
46137.2281 40,897.8565
Q Total 87035.0846 87035.0846
4. Furnace (Q-101)
Function: Increases the temperature of the reactor feed (R-101) that

originatesfrom the feed gas mix point flow.
Combustion gas (exhaust gas)
T=
M.P– 02R
T =333°K Q-101 = 698°K
(60°C)(425°C)
Fuel + Air
 Sensible heat of gas entering Furnace (Q-101), Q1 = heat of gas from mix
point flow of feed gas MP-02 = 87,035.0846 kJ/hour
 Sensible heat of gas leaving the Furnace (Q-101), Q2 = sensible heat of
reactant gas entering the reactor
= 7,207,976.7823 kJ/hour
 The heat required from the heater, Q3 is: Q3 =
Q2 – Q1
= 7,295,011.8669 - 87,035.0846
= 7,207,976.7823 kJ/hour
As a heater in the Furnace (Q-101) diesel oil is used which is burned with air.
Heating value of fuel, ∆HV = 10837.6652 kcal/kg.
59
The fuel composition is:
C = 85%, H2 = 13%, O2 = 0.4%, N2 = 1.2%, and S = 0.4%.
The amount of fuel required, m is:
m=Q3 /∆HV
= 7,207,976.7823 / 10837.6652
= 665.0858 kg
Calculation of Furnace combustion air requirements (F), is:
C= 85% x 665.0858 kg = 56,532.2895 kg
H2 = 13% x 665.0858 kg = 8,646.1149 kg
O2 = 0.4% x 665.0858 kg= 266.0343 kg
N2 = 1.2% x 665.0858 kg= 798.1029 kg
S= 0.4% x 665.0858 kg= 266.0343 kg
Reaction in the combustion chamber:
a. C + O2 CO2
Creact= 56,532.2895 kg / 12 kg/kmol = 4,711.0241 kmol
O2react= 1/1 x 4,711.0241 kmol
= 4,711.0241 kmol x 32 kg/kmol
= 150,752.7720 kg
CO2formed= 1/1 x 4,711.0241 kmol x 44 kg/kmol
= 207,285.0615 kg
b. 2H2 + O2 2H2O
H2react= 8,646.1149 kg/ 2 kg/kmol = 4,323.0574 kmol
O2react= 1/1 x 4,323.0574 kmol
= 4,323.0574 kmol x 32 kg/kmol
= 138,337.8378 kg
H2Oformed= 2/2 x 4,323.0574 x 18 kg/kmol
= 77,815.0338 kg
c. S+O2 SO2
Sreact= 266.0343 kg / 32 kg/kmol = 8.3136 kmol
O2react= 1/1 x 8.3136 kmol
60
= 8.3136 x 32 kg/kmol
= 266.0343 kg
SO2formed= 1/1 x 8.3136 kmol
= 8.3136 kmol x 64 kg/kmol
= 532.0686 kg
From the calculation above, it is known that the total O2
requirement for the burner is: O2 = reaction O2 (1) +
reaction O2 (2) + reaction O2 (3)
= 150,752.7720 + 138,337.8378 + 266.0343
= 289,356.6441 kg
To fulfill the oxygen for the burner, O2 is taken from the air. O2 is needed from the air:
= O2 burner - O2 in fuel
= (289,356.6441 - 266.0343) kg
= 289,090.6098 kg
= 9,034.0816 kmol
If 20% excess combustion O2 is used, the composition of the combustion air
entering the preheater is:
O2 = 1.2 x 9,034.0816 kmol
= 10,840.8979 kmol
= 346,908.7317 kg
N2 = 79/21 x 10,840.8979 kmol
= 40,782.4253 kmol
= 1,141,907.9087 kg
Furnace total heat balance (F):

Component Entry ( kJ/hour) Out (kJ/hour)
Q Cl2 50,147.0770 3,900,032.5323
Q HCl 429.6915 31615.3041
Q C2H4Cl2 36302.8246 3,351,544.9071
Q H2O 155.4915 11,819.1234
Q Heater 7,207,976.7823 -
Q Total 7,295,011.8669 7,295,011.8669
61
5. Reactor (R-101)
Function: placethe reaction to form perchloroethylene takes place.
Pro duk T = 698°K

(425°C)
Water t = 30°C
R-101Water t = 40°C
Reactants T = 698°K
(425°C)
The reactor is operated under isothermal conditions (constant temperature) at T =

698°C.
 Sensible heat of reactant gas entering the reactor (R), Q reactant:
8,268.5868 kg/hour 698 K

Q C2H4Cl2= ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
98.9592 kg/kmol
298 K
kj
+−0.000000078305 )dT( o K)
kgmol
= 83.5555 kmol/hour x 30,210.8049 kJ⁄kmol
= 2,524,280.3434 kJ/hour
698 K
15.1857
kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
Q H2O=
18 kg⁄kmol 298 K
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 9,153.7616 kJ/hour
62
698K
19,213.1889
Q Cl2 kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
= 298 K
71 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 3,017,010.7715 kJ/hour
698K
Q HCl = 99.7697kg/
hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
298 K
36.5 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 24,625.2744 kJ/hour
Then Q reactants = Q C2H4Cl2 + Q H2O + Q Cl2 + Q HCl
= 2,524,280.3434 + 9,153.7616 + 3,017,010.7715 +
24625.2744
= 5,575,070.1510 kJ/hour
 heat of reaction,Q
reaction Reaction in
the reactor:
C2H4Cl2 + 3 Cl2 (g) C2Cl4(g) + 4HCl (g)
Standard reaction enthalpy at 25°C (298 K), ∆H°R 25°C
∆H°R25°C= ∆H°f of products - ∆H°f of reactants
= (∆H°f C2Cl4 + 4∆H°f HCl) – (∆H°f C2H4Cl2 + ∆H°f Cl2)
= {(-2899)+(4x(-22062))} - {(-17652)+(3x(0))}
= -73495 kg/kmol
63
Heat of reaction, Q reaction = kmol C2H4Cl2 reacted x ∆H°R 25°C
= 0.9 x (8,268.5868 kj/hour / 99 kg/kmol) x (-73495 kg/kmol)
= -5,526,823.4584 kJ/hour
 The sensible heat of the product gas exits the reactor R, product Q
826.8587 kg/hour 698 K

Q C2H4Cl2= ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
98.9592 kg/kmol
298 K
kj
+−0.000000078305 )dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 497,241.3535 kJ/hour
698 K
15.1857
kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
Q H2O=
18 kg⁄kmol 298 K
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 19,607.0442 kJ/hour
3,202.1982 kg/hour 698K
Q Cl2= ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
71 kg⁄kmol 298 K
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 934,957.0531 kJ/hour
64
698K
11,074.4395
Q HCl = kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
298 K
36.5 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 303.4093 kmol/hour x 16,528.1305kJ⁄kmol
= 5,014,788.5026 kJ/khour
698 K
12,478.0491
Q C2Cl4 kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
= 298 K
166 kg⁄kgmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 75.1690kmol/hour x 73,105.5712 kJ⁄kmol
= 5,495,270.5411 kJ/hour
So Qproduct= Q C2H4Cl2 + Q H2O + Q Cl2 + Q HCl + Q C2Cl4

= 335,154.4907 + 13,549.3471 + 650,005.4220 +
3,509,298.7498 + 3,548,087.0867
= 8,056,095.0965 kJ/hour
 Heat released in reactor R, coolant Q: Total heat
balance of reactor R
Qp= (Q reaction + Q product) – Q reactant
= {( -5,526,823.4584)+ 11,961,864.4943} 5,575,070.1510
= 859,970.8849 kJ/hour (the reaction is endothermic)
As a heat absorber in the reactor, water is used with inlet water temperature t1 =
30°C and outlet water temperature t2 = 45°C, then the amount of cooling water
needed, m is
:
m= Q off / {cp x (t1 - t2)}
= 859,970.8849 / { 1 x (45-30)}
= 57,331.3923 kg
65
Reactor total heat balance (R):
Q C2H4Cl2 3,351,544.9071 497.241.3535
Q H2O 11,819.1234 19,607.0442
Q Cl2 3,900,032.5323 934957.0531
Q HCl 31615.3041 5,014,788.5026
Q C2Cl4 - 5,495,270.5411
Q reaction 5,526,823.4584 -
Q cooling - 859970.8849
Q total 12,821,835.3792 12,821,835.3792
6. Cooler (C-01)
Function: Lowers the temperature of the reactor product gas (R-101) before
entering the cooler (E-102)
Water, t = 30°C
E-101
R-101E-102
T =689°K = 610.9°K
(425°C)(337.9°C)
Water, t = 45°C
 Sensible heat of gas entering cooler C-01, Q1 = Sensible heat of gas leaving
reactor R-01 = 8,056,095.0965 kJ/hour.
 Sensible heat of gas coming out of cooler C-01; Q2 :
610.9K
Q C2H4Cl2 826.8587
kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
=
98.9592kg/kmol 298 K
kj
+−0.000000078305 )dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 23,733.1709 kJ/hour
66
610.9K
15.1857
Q H2O kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
= 298 K
18 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 995.2166 kJ/hour
610.9K
12,478.0491
Q C2Cl4 kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
= 298 K
166 kg⁄kgmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 75.1690 kmol/hour x3,424.8435 kJ⁄kmol
= 257,441.9622 kJ/hour
610.9 K
Q Cl2 3,202,1982kg/
hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
=
298 K
71 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( kgmol o K)
= 53,713.2700 kJ/hour
610.9K
11,074.4395
Q HCl = kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
298 K
36.5 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 304,510.1892 kJ/khour
Then Q2 = Q C2H4Cl2 + Q H2O + Q Cl2 + Q HCl + Q C2Cl4
= 23,733.1709+ 995.2166+ 304,510.1892 + 2,399,025.0618 +
257441.9622
67
= 640,393.8089 kJ/hour
 Hotabsorbed by the coolant, Q3 :
Q3 = Q1 – Q2
= 11,961,864.4943 - 640,393.8089
= 11,321,470.6854 kJ/hour
As a coolant in the cooler (E-101) water is used with the water temperature
entering the cooler (E-101) t1 = 30°C and the water leaving temperature t2 = 45°C.
Amountcooling water needed: M =
Q3 / { cp x (t2 – t1) }
= 11,321,470.6854 / { 1 x (45 – 30) }
= 754,764.7124 kg
Cooler total heat balance (E-101):
Q C2H4Cl2 497.241.3535 23,733.1709
Q H2O 19,607.0442 995.2166
Q Cl2 934957.0531 53,713.2700
Q HCl 5,014,788.5026 304510.1892
Q C2Cl4 5,495,270.5411 257441.9622
Q cooling 11,321,470.6854
Q total 11,961,864.4943 11,961,864.4943
7. Cooler (E-102)
Function: Lowers the temperature of the reactor product gas (R-101) before it
enters the partial condenser (E-111).
Water, t = 30°C
E-101E-111
T=610.9°K E-102 T=
398°K(337.9°C) (125°C)
Water, t = 45°C
 Sensible heat of gas entering cooler C-02, Q1 = Sensible heat of gas leaving
reactor R-01 = 640,393.8089 kJ/kmol.
68
826.8587 kg/hour 398 K
Q C2H4Cl2= ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
98.9592 kg/kmol
298 K
kj
+−0.000000078305 )dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 71,149.2191 kJ/hour
398 K
15.1857
kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
Q H2O=
18 kg⁄kmol 298 K
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 2,859.5070 kJ/hour
398K
12,478.0491
Q C2Cl4 kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
= 298 K
166 kg⁄kgmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 763,920.2047 kJ/hour
398 K
QCl2 3,202,1982kg/
hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
=
71 kg⁄kmol 298 K
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 155,436.7979 kJ/hour
398K
11,074.4395
Q HCl = kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
298 K
36.5 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( kgmol o K)
69
= 869,862.1641 kJ/khour
SoQ2= Q C2H4Cl2 + Q H2O + Q Cl2 + Q HCl + Q C2Cl4

= 71,149.2191 + 2,859.5070 + 155,436.7979 + 869,862.1641 +
763920.2047
= 1,863,227.8928 kJ/hour
 Heat absorbed by the coolant, Q3:
Q3= Q1 – Q2
= 640,393.8089 - 1,863,227.8928
= -1,222,834.0839 kJ/hour
As a coolant in the cooler (E-102) water is used with the inlet water temperature
of the cooler (C-101) t1 = 30°C and the outlet water temperature t2 = 45°C.
Amount of cooling water required:
M = Q3 / { cp x (t2 – t1) }
= -1,222,834.0839 / { 1 x (45 – 30) }
= -18,342,511.2587 kg
Cooler total heat balance (E-102):

Q C2H4Cl2 23,733.1709 71149.2191
Q H2O 995.2166 2,859.5070
Q Cl2 53,713.2700 155436.7979
Q HCl 304510.1892 869,862.1641
Q C2Cl4 257441.9622 763920.2047
Q cooling -1,222,834.0839
Q total 640393.8089 640393.8089
70
8. Partial Condenser (E-111)
Function: Condensing C2H4Cl2 gas; H2O; C2Cl4, which is in the reactor
product gas mixture.
Water, t = 30°C
E-102H-101 E-111
T =398°K398°K T=
Water, t = 40°C
 Hotsensible gas entering the E-111 condenser, Q1 = Sensible heat of gas leaving
the E-102 cooler = 1,863,227.89 kJ/kmol.
 Latent heat of condensation of components in the condenser, Q2
Q = n . ∆ Hv
Note:
n= kmol of condensed components
∆ Hv= component condensation enthalpy, kJ/hr
The component condensation enthalpies are calculated using the Watson equation
(pers. 3-75), Perrys 6th edition, p. 3-275.
∆ Hv2 = ∆ Hv1 {(1-Tr2) / (1-Tr1)}0.38
Note:
Tr1= Reduce component temperature to a known temperature
∆ Hv1 = Enthalpy of vaporization at a known temperature
Tr2= Temperature reduce components to the calculated temperature
∆ Hv2 = Enthalpy of vaporization at the calculated temperature
Data –calculation data: (Appendix D Sherwood & Prastniz)

Component ∆ Hv 1 ( Tc (°K) Q1(°K)
kJ/hour)
C2H4Cl2 7650 561 356.4
H2O 9729 647 373
C2Cl4 8300 620 394
71
Then the condensation enthalpy of the component at a temperature of 125°C (398°K) is:
 C2H4Cl2
Tr1 = T1/Tc = 356.4°K / 561°K =
0.635 Tr2 = T2/Tc = 398°K / 561°K =
0.709
∆Hv2 = ∆Hv1 {(1- Tr2) / (1- Tr1)}0.38
=7650 {(1- 0.709) / (1- 0.635)}0.38
=7018.9069 kJ/hour
Q C2H4Cl2 = (8.3556 kg/kmol / 99 kg/kmol) x 7018.9069 kJ/hour
= 58,646.8608 kJ/hour
 H2O
Tr1 = T1/Tc = 373°K /647°K = 0.577
Tr2 = T2/Tc = 398°K /647°K = 0.615
∆Hv2 = ∆Hv1 {(1- Tr2) / (1- Tr1)}0.38
= 9729 {(1- 0.615) / (1- 0.577)}0.38
= 9387.1540 kJ/hour
Q H2O= (0.8436 kg/kmol / 18 kg/kmol) x 9387.1540 kJ/hour
= 7,919.4467 kJ/hour
 C2Cl4
Tr1 = T1/Tc = 394°K /620°K = 0.635
Tr2 = T2/Tc = 398°K /620°K = 0.642
∆Hv2 = ∆ Hv1 {(1- Tr2) / (1- Tr1)}0.38
=8300 {(1- 0.642) / (1- 0.635)}0.38
= 8239.1489 kJ/hour
Q C2Cl4 = (75.1690 kg/kmol / 166 kg/kmol) x 82391489 kJ/hour
= 619,328.3425 kJ/hour
So thatQ2= Q C2H4Cl2 + Q H2O + Q C2Cl4
= 58,646.8608 + 7,919.4467+ 619,328.3425
= 685,894.65 kJ/hour
72
 Sensible heat of liquid gas exits condenser E-111, Q3
1. Gas sensible heat, Qv :
398K
3,202,1982kg/
Q Cl2 hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
= 298 K
71 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT( o K)
kgmol
= 155,436.7979 kJ/hour
398K
11,074.4395
Q HCl = kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
298 K
36.5 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT( o K)
kgmol
= 869,862.1641 kJ/hour
SoQv= Q HCl + Q Cl2

= 869,862.1641 kJ/hour + 155,436.7979 kJ/hour
= 1,025,298.9620 kJ/hour
2. Hotsensible liquid, QL :
826.8587 kg/hour 398 K
Q C2H4Cl2= ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
98.9592 kg/kmol
298 K
kj
+−0.000000078305 )dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 71,149.2191 kJ/hour
73
398K
15.1857
Q H2O kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
= 298 K
18 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 2,859.5070 kJ/hour
398K
12,478.0491
Q C2Cl4 kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
= 298 K
166 kg⁄kgmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 75.1690 kmol/hour x10,162.7067 kJ⁄kmol
= 763,920.2047 kJ/hour
SoQL= Q C2H4Cl2 + Q H2O + Q C2Cl4

=71,149.2191 kJ/hour+2,859.5070 kJ/hour+
763,920.2047 kJ/hour
= 837,928.9308 kJ/hour
So thatQ3= Qv + QL
= 1,025,298.9620 kJ/hour + 837,928.9308 kJ/hour
= 1,863,227.89 kJ/hour
 Hotreleased by the condenser (absorbed by the coolant),

Q4 : Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + Q4
Q4 = (Q1 + Q2) – Q3
= (1,863,227.89 + 685,894.65 ) - 1,863,227.89
= 685,894.65 kJ/hour
As a coolant, water with temperature is usedwater entering the condenser (E-111)

t1 = 30°C and the temperature of the water leaving the condenser t2 = 40°C.
74
Amount of cooling waterused :
m= Q4 / { cp x (t2 – t1) }
= 685,894.65 / { 1 x (40 – 30) }
= 68,589.47 kg
Partial Condenser Total Heat Balance (E-111)
Out (kJ/hour)
Component Enter(kJ/hour) Gas Liquid
Q C2H4Cl2 71149.2191 - 71149.2191
Q H2O 2,859.5070 - 2,859.5070
Q Cl2 155436.7979 155436.7979 -
Q HCl 869,862.1641 869,862.1641 -
Q C2Cl4 763920.2047 - 763920.2047
Q Condensation 685,894.6501 - -
Q cooling - - 685,894.6501
1,025,298.9620 1,523,823.5809
Q Total 2,549,122.5428 2,549,122.5428
9. Knockout Drum (H-101)

Function: To separate the gas and liquid phases output from the condenser
Qv
T = 398°K
H-101
QF
T =398°KQL
T = 398°K
In the Knockout Drum there is no heat change, only a separation process between
the gas phase and the liquid phase.
 Heat entering the Knockout Drum, Q1 = sensible heat of gas – liquid leaving the
partial condenser = 1,863,227.8928 kJ/hour.
 Heat comes out of Knockout Drum
KOD, Q2 : Q2 = Qv + QL
= 1,863,227.8928 + 1,863,227.8928
= 3,726,455.7855 kJ/hour
75
 Total heat balance KOD-01
Q in = Q out Q1 =
Q2
= 1,863,227.8928 kJ/hour
KOD Drum Knockout Total Heat Balance

Out (kJ/hour)
Component Enter(kJ/hour) Liquid (Bottom
Gas (Top KOD)
code)
Q C2H4Cl2 71149.2191 - 71149.2191
Q H2O 2,859.5070 - 2,859.5070
Q Cl2 155436.7979 155436.7979 -
Q HCl 869,862.1641 869,862.1641 -
Q C2Cl4 763920.2047 - 763920.2047
1,025,298.9620 837928.9308
Q Total 1,863,227.8928 1,863,227.8928
10. Cooler (E-103)

Function: Lowers the temperature of the gas leaving the top of the Knockout Drum
(H-101) before entering the Absorber.
Water, t = 30°C
H-101D-101E-103
T =398°K = 313°K
Water, t = 37°C
 Sensible heat of gas entering Cooler (E-103), Q1 = sensible heattop exit gas KOD
(H-101) = 1,025,298.9620 kJ/hour
 Sensible heat of gas leaving Cooler (E-103), Q2:
313 K
QCl2 3,202,1982kg/
hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
=
71 kg⁄kmol 298 K
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
76
= 22,922.5430 kJ/hour
313 K
11,074.4395 kg/hour
Q HCl= ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
36.5 kg⁄kmol 298 K
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 303.4093 kmol/hour x 430.2029kJ⁄kmol
= 130,527.5457 kJ/hour
SoQv= Q HCl + Q Cl2
= 130,527.5457 kJ/hour + 22,922.5430 kJ/hour
= 153,450.0887 kJ/hour
 Heat absorbed by the coolant, Q3
Q3 = Q1 – Q2
= 1,025,298.9620 - 153,450.0887
= 871,848.8733 kJ/hour
As a coolant, water is used, with the water temperature entering the Cooler (E-103) t1
= 30°C and the exit temperature t2 = 37°C
m= Q3 / { cp x (t2 – t1) }
= 871,848.8733 / { 1 x (37 – 30) }
= 124,549.8390 kg
Total Heat Balance Cooler-03 (E-103)

Q Cooling - 130527.5457
Q Cl2 155436.7979 22,922.5430
Q HCl 869,862.1641 871.848.8733
Q Total 1,025,298.9620 1,025,298.9620
11. Absorber(D-101)
Function: Absorbs HCl contained withingas mixture using process water (H2O)
77
QG,T : 72°C = 345.1°K
H2O
D-101
absorberT :
303°K
E-103
T = 313°K QL = Product tankT
= 72°C = 345.1°K
 Sensible heat of gas entering absorber D-101, Q1 = sensible heat of gas leaving
cooler (E-102) = 640,393.8089 kJ/hour
 Sensible heat liquid H2O absorber absorber (D-101), Q2 :
303 K
41,501.2063
kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
Q H2O=
18 kg⁄kmol 298 K
kj
+ −0.000000078305 )dT ( kgmol o K)
= 2,305.6226 kmol/hourx 168.1422 kJ⁄kmol
= 387,672.4710 kJ/hour
 Heat exits the absorber (D-101), Q3:
The heat coming out of the absorber (D-101) consists of the sensible heat of the
gas coming out of the top absorber (QG) and the sensible heat of the liquid coming
out of the bottom absorber (QL).
Q3= QG + QL
Or= Q3= Q1 + Q2
= 640,393.8089 + 387,672.4710
= 1,028,066.2798 kJ/hour
The heat of the gas and liquid components leaving the absorber is determined
using the trial & error method regarding temperature. Trial satisfies if QG + QL = Q3.
Trial + error temperature calculation method.
78
Trial T = 72°C = 345.1°K
-Hot sensible gas (QG)
345.1 K
3,202.1982 kg/hour
Q Cl2= ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
71 kg⁄kmol 298 K
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( kgmol o K)
= 72,503.8705 kJ/hour
345.1K
11,074.4395
Q HCl = kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
298 K
36.5 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 409,979.4293 kJ/hour
QG= Q HCl + Q Cl2
-Hot sensible liquid (QL)
345.1K
11,057.8112
Q HCl = kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
298 K
36.5 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 409,363.8445 kJ/hour
345.1K
41,501.2063
Q H2O kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
= 298 K
18 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 2,305.6226 kmol/hour x 1,589.9258 kJ⁄kmol
= 3,665,768.7655 kJ/hour
79
QL = Q HCl + Q H2O
If QG + QL = Q3, then trial T satisfies. The trial & error calculation results were
obtained at T = 72°C = 345.1°K.
Sensible heat of gas (QG):
Q Cl2 = 72,503.8705 kJ/hour
Q HCl = 409,979.4293
kJ/hour
Q total = 482,483.2997 kJ/hour +
Sensible heat of liquid (QL):
Q H2O = 387,672.4710 kJ/hour
Q HCl = 615.5847 kJ/hour
Q total = 388,288.0557 kJ/hour +
So:QG + QL = 482,483.2997 kJ/hour + 388,288.0557 kJ/hour

= 870,771.3554 kJ/hour (trial temperature meets)
Total Absorber Heat Balance (D-101)

Enter(kJ/hour) Out (kJ/hour)
Component Gas Liqu Gas Liquid
id
Q H2O - 387672.4710 - 387672.4710
Q Cl2 130527.5457 - 72,503.8705 -
Q HCl 22,922.5430 387672.4710 409979.4293 615.5847
Q Total 410,595.0140 410,595.0140
12. Chlorine Gas Mix Point (MP-01)
TankBB13 T = 85.5°C = 353.8°K.

T = 30°C
2
AB, T = 30°C
80
 Sensible heat of Chlorine gas at flow 1, Q1:
303 K
QCl2 16,010.9908
kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
=
71 kg⁄kmol 298 K
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 38,121.0091 kJ/hour
303 K
83.1414
Q HCl = kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
298 K
36.5 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 326.6809 kJ/hour
Q1= Q HCl + Q Cl2
= 326.6809 kJ/hour + 38,121.0091 kJ/hour
= 38,447.6901 kJ/hour
 Sensible heat of gas in flow 2, Q2 = Sensible heat of gas exiting top absorber
AB-01 = 482,483.2997 kJ/hour
 Sensible heat of gas in mixed flow, Q3 :Q3=
Q1 + Q2
= 38,447.6901 kJ/hour + 482,483.2997 kJ/hour
= 520,930.9898 kJ/hour
The gas temperature in mixed flow 3 is determined using the trial & error method.
The trial results are satisfactory if Q HCl + Q Cl2 = Q3 . Trial & error calculation
method.
Trial T = 85.5°C = 353.8°K
353.8K
19,213.1889
Q Cl2 kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
= 298 K
71 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
81
= 516,553.1907 kJ/hour
353.8 K
Q HCl = 99.7697
kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
298 K
36.5 kg⁄kmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 4,377.7992 kJ/hour
If Q HCl + Q Cl2 = Q3, then the temperature trial satisfies. The trial & error
calculation results were obtained at T = 85.5°C = 353.8°K.
Q Cl2 = 516,553.1907 kJ/hour
Q HCl = 4,377.7992 kJ/hour
Q Total = 520,930.9899 kJ/hour+
Heat BalanceTotal Mix Point Chlor MP-01

Enter(kJ/hour) Exit (Kh/hour)
Component Stream 1 Stream 2 Stream 3
Q Cl2 38,121.0091 72,503.8705 516553,1907
Q HCl 326.6809 409979.4293 4,377.7992
38447.6901 482,483.2997
Q Total 520.930.9899 520.930.9899
13. Expander (G-101)

Function: Reduces the pressure of chlorine gas originating from the raw
material tank before it is mixed with the recycled chlorine gas flow
from the Absorber (D-101).
P1 = 15 atm (15.2 bar)
G-101
T1 =35°C
P = 1.5 atm (1.52 bar)

T2 = 30°C
82
Known data:
Expander inlet temperature, T1 = 35°C
(308°K) Expander inlet pressure, P1 = 15
atm Expander outlet gas pressure, P2 = 1.5
atm Gas mass flow rate:
Component kJ/hr Kgmol Xi, mole
fraction
Cl2 16010.9908 225.5069 0.9900
HCl 83.1414 2.2778 0.0100
Total 16,094.1322 227.7848 1,0000
BM mixed gas, BM mix:
B.Mmix= ∑xi . BM 1
= (0.9900 x 71) + (0.0100 x 36.5)
= 70.6550 kg/kmol
Density of the gas mixture, ρ :
ρ= (BM/V) x (T1/T2) x (P2/P1)
Note:
V: Volume of ideal gas under standard conditions, T1 = 0°C = 273°K and P1 = 1
atm, 22.4 m3/ kgmol
T2: Expander inlet gas temperature, 35°C (308°K)
P2: Expander inlet gas pressure, 15 atm (15.2 bar)
So :
70.6550 kg⁄ 273°K15 ATM
ρ= 3kmolx x
22.4 m ⁄kmol 308°K1 ATM
= 41.9372
kg/m3
The energy releasedgas for turbine recovery:
𝗌 i . m (P1−P2)
-Ws= ρ
Note:
εi= Intrinsic efficiency (50%)
83
m= gas flow rate
= 4.4706 kg/sec
So :
kg⁄() 5j
0.5X4.4706 15.2 −1.52 bar x 10 ⁄bm3

-Ws = x seconds
41.9372
= 72,915.8978 J/sec
The expander exit gas temperature is calculated using the energy balance for an
adiabatic system: M (H1-H2) – Ws = m. cp (T1-T2)
Or –Ws = m . cp (T1-T2)
(T1-T2) = -Ws / ( m . cp )
72,915.8978 J⁄seckJ −3J
(T1-T2) =(227.7848kJ )X(1 hour: 3600 seconds) x(59.1633K )X(4.18.10 ⁄ )
⁄O'cl ⁄
hoursec
ock
= 308°K =
5°KT2 = T1 -
5°K
= (308-5)°K = 303°K= 30°C
So the gas temperature leaving the expander Ep-01, T2 = 30°C
14. Cooler (E-104)

Function: Lowers liquid temperatureexits the bottom of the Knockout
Drum (H-101) before entering distillation (D-111).
Water, t = 30°C
H-101D-111
T =125°CTC-04 = 25°C
(398°K)(298°K)
Water, t = 45°C
Sensible heat of liquid entering cooler-04 (E-104), Q1 = Sensible heat of liquid

exiting bottom KOD (H-101) = 837,928.9308 kJ/hour
84
 Sensible liquid heat exits cooler C-04, Q2:
298 K
Q C2H4Cl2 826.8587
kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
=
298 K
98.9592kg/kmol
kj
+−0.000000078305 )dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 8.3556 kmol/hour x(−0.0000756182 kJ⁄kmol)
= −0.0006318318 kJ/hr
298 K
15.1857
kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
Q H2O=
18 kg⁄kmol 298 K
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 0.8436 kmol/hour x (−0.0000322088 kJ⁄kmol)
= −0.0000271729 kJ/hr
298K
12,478.0491
Q C2Cl4 kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
= 298 K
166 kg⁄kgmol
kj
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 75.1690 kmol/hour x (−0.0000916660kJ⁄kmol)
= −0.0068904411 kJ/hr
SoQ2= Q C2H4Cl2 + Q H2O + Q C2Cl4

= -0.0006318318 + -0.0000271729 + -0.0068904411
= -0.0075494458 kJ/hr
 Absorbed heatcooling, Q3 :
Q3 = Q1 – Q2
= 837,928.9308 – (-0.0075494458)
= 837,928.9383 kJ/hour
As a coolant, water is used, with the water temperature entering the cooler (E-104),
t1 = 30°C and the exit water temperature t2 = 45°C. Amount of cooling water required:
85
Q3
m= CpX(t2−t1)
= 837,928.9383 / { 1 x (45-30) }
= 55,861.9292 kg
Total Cooler Heat Balance (E-104):
Q H2O 2,859.5070 -0.0000271729
Q C2Cl4 763920.2047 -0.0068904411
Q C2H4Cl2 71149.2191 -0.0006318318
Q cooling - 837928.9383
Q Total 837928.9308 837928.9308
15. Distillation (D-111)

Function: Purifies perchloroethylene products from the mixture.
QD
QF
QRB
QB
1. Determine the operating conditions of the column

a. Feed operating conditions
According to the mass balance calculation results, it can be seen that the
condition of the feed entering the column is at bubble point T = 121°C
b. Column top condition
Steam exits the top of the column at saturated steam
conditions (dew point). The product composition at the top of
the column is as follows:
Component Kj Kmol Mole fraction
C2H4Cl2 818.5901 8.2720 0.9900
H2O 1.5034 0.0835 0.0100
Total 820.0935 8.3555 1,0000
86
Trial dew point conditions were tried on:
T dewpoints: 84.5°C (357.5°K) = 85°C
P operation: 1 atm (760 mmHg)
Component Yi, mole Pi: mmHg Ki = pi/pt Xi = Yi*Ki
fraction
C2H4Cl2 0.9900 773.4801 1.0177 0.9728
H2O 0.0100 422.7158 0.5562 0.0272
Total 1,0000 1,0000
c. Column bottom operating conditions

Liquid comes out from the bottom at bubble point conditions
(saturated liquid). The product composition at the bottom of
the column is as follows:
Component Kj Kmol Mole fraction
C2H4Cl2 8.2686 0.0836 0.0011
H2O 13.6823 0.7601 0.0100
C2Cl4 12,478.0491 75.1690 0.9889
Total 12,500,0000 76.0127 1,0000
Try the bubble point condition trial on:
Qbubble points: 126.3°C (339.3°K) =
126°CPoperation: 1.2 atm (912 mmHg)
Component Yi: mole Pi: mmHg Ki = pi/pt Xi = Yi*Ki
fraction
C2H4Cl2 0.0011 2,418.7351 2.6521 0.0400
H2O 0.0100 1,803.1673 1.9772 0.0100
C2Cl4 0.9889 876.1173 0.9607 0.9500
Total 1,0000 1,000
2. Determination of column reflux

Reflux (liquid components returned to the column) is calculated using the
Underwood equation.
RM + 1 = ∑ (αi . xi / αi – θ)D and αi = ki / KH.K...............................................(1)
Note:
Rom: minimum reflux
αi : degree of volatilitycomponents, in the
distillateθ: underwood constant
87
xi : fractionmoles of components, in the distillate
88
Ki: vapor-water equilibrium constant
KHK : constantvapor-liquid balance of key components of weight (H2O)
Θ is calculated with the equation:

1-q = ∑ ( αi . xi / αi – θ)F.......................................................................(2)
Note
:
αi : degreesvolatility of components, in the
feedQ: the number of moles of saturated liquid
formed
xi : fractionmoles of components, in the distillate
so :∑ (αi . xi / αi – θ )F= 1-1 = 0(3)...........................................

The θ value from the equation above is calculated using the trial & error method. The
trial value of θ satisfies if ∑ (αi . xi / αi – θ)F = 0.
Bait αi value
Feed αi datacan be seen in Appendix A, the mass balance calculation for
distillation D-01.
Trial valueθ is tried at: θ = 1.182500
Component XF αF (αF .XF/ αF–θ)
C2H4Cl2 0.0011 1.3707 0.604700
H2O 0.0100 0.0581 -0.050785
C2Cl4 0.9889 1,0000 -0.628065
Total 1,0000 0.0000
The trial value of θ is satisfactory because (αF . xF / αF
– θ)F = 0.0000 The trial value of θ is substituted into
equation (1):
Component XD αD (αD.XD/ αD–θ)
C2H4Cl2 0.9900 1.8297 2.7607
H2O 0.0100 1,0000 2.0581
Total 1,0000 0.0114
RM+1= 0.0114
RM= 0.0114 – 1 = 0.9886
Taken Poperations= 1.2 x Rm
= 1.2 x 0.9886
89
= 0.1863
90
Balance sheet around the top of the column:
V = RD +
DV = ROP x
D
Composition of steam coming out of the top of the column (V):
Component Kj Kgmol
C2H4Cl2 152.4858 1.5409
H2O 0.2800 0.0156
Total 152.7669 1.5565
3. D Distillation heat balance calculation

a. Liquid sensible heatFeed into Distillation D, QF = Sensible heat of liquid
leaving cooler C-04. QF = 837,928.9308 kJ/hour
b. The sensible heat of the distilled liquid comes out, QD =
358 K
Q C2H4Cl2 818.5901
kg/hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362
=
98.9592kg/kmol 298 K kj
+0.000010378+−0.000000078305 )dT ( o K)
kgmol
= 41,053.4387 kJ/hour
298 K
Q H2O 1.5034kg/
hour ∫ (37.275 + 0.14362 + 0.000010378
=
298 K
18 kg⁄kmol
+ −0.000000078305 ) dT ( kj
o K)
kgmol
= 169.2496 kJ/hour
SoQD= Q C2H4Cl2 + Q H2O

= 41,053.4387 + 169.2496
= 41,222.6883 kJ/hour
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Translated from Indonesian to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.

To support the factors above, it is necessary to interpret several things, namely:

10.2 Equipment Price Estimation

10.4 Determination of Total Production Costs (TPC)

10.5 General Expense

From the calculation results, the total general expense is IDR

10.6 Total Sales

10.7 Estimated Operating Profit

10.8 Feasibility Analysis

E. Interest Rate of Return (IRR)

F. Break Even Points(BEP)

G. Shut Down Point(SDP)

1. A Perchloroethylene factory with a capacity of 99,000 tonnes/year is planned to

Alibaba. 2022. Price of Ethylene Dichloride and Chlorine Gas/kilo.

Basecalculation: 100 kgmol C2H4Cl2 feed

1. Mixing Tank (F-105)

Bait compositionFresh C2H4Cl2 99% enters the reactor

C2H4Cl2 = 99 kgmol = 9801

Mixing Tank Total Mass Balance (F-105)

2. Chlorine Gas Mix Point (MP-01)

Cl2 = 320.76 kgmol = 22773.96 kg

So the composition of fresh feed chlorine gas from the raw

Mass Balance Total Mix Point Chlorine Gas (MP-01)

C2H4Cl2 takes place99%

Reactor operating conditions: (Organic Chemical ProcessEncyclopedia, p.510)

The reaction that occurs:

Mole weight of C2H4Cl2at first= 99 kgmol

4. Condenser and Knockout Drum(E-111 & H-101)

Antoine constant component data:

Liquid comes out

C2H4Cl2 component : 1.9956 = m . 0.1396 + C ……... (1)

(C2Cl4) B= (C2Cl4) D / (C2Cl4) B +

Constant data A,B,C,D:

∫ Cp H2O = 168.1422 kJ/kmol

 Hotsensible liquid recycle enters the mixing tank, TP: Q2

∫ Cp H2O = 2,026.4295 kJ/kmol

 Sensible heatliquid comes out of the Mixing Tank, TP: Q3

= 37,275 (303 − 298)

∫ Cp H2O = 161.4067 kJ/kmol

Total Heat Balance of Mixing Tank (TP):

to the Reactor (R-101)

In this tool, the ethylene dichloride solution is evaporated to a saturated vapor

Liquid exits the mixing tank (TP-01), Q1 = 31,912.0553 kJ/mol

Then Q3 = Q C2H4Cl2 + QH2O

 Hotrequired from the heater, Q4 Heat

2. Mix Point Gas FeedMP-02 Reactor

Total heat balance Mix Point MP-02 reactor feed gas:

Function: Increases the temperature of the reactor feed (R-101) that

Furnace total heat balance (F):

Pro duk T = 698°K

The reactor is operated under isothermal conditions (constant temperature) at T =

8,268.5868 kg/hour 698 K

= 83.5555 kmol/hour x 30,210.8049 kJ⁄kmol

= 0.8436 kmol/hour x 10,850.2239 kJ⁄kmol

= 270.6083 kmol/hour x 11,148.9959 kJ⁄kmol

= 2.7334 kmol/hour x 9,008.9706 kJ⁄kmol

Then Q reactants = Q C2H4Cl2 + Q H2O + Q Cl2 + Q HCl

= 2,524,280.3434 + 9,153.7616 + 3,017,010.7715 +

= 0.9 x (8,268.5868 kj/hour / 99 kg/kmol) x (-73495 kg/kmol)

826.8587 kg/hour 698 K

= 8.3556 kmol/hour x 59,510.2742 kJ⁄kmol

= 0.8436 kmol/hour x 23,240.8082 kJ⁄kmol