DRILLING BORING Explained

MET307MTMGECT2022 5 November 2022
DRILLING AND
BORING MACHINES
1.4
DRILLING MACHINES
2
3 DRILLING
 Drilling is a metal cutting process that uses a

drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of circular cross-section
in solid materials.
 The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool.
 The bit is pressed against the work piece and rotated
at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per
minute.
4 DRILL BIT
PRINCIPLE
5
• The rotating edge of

the drill exerts a
large force on the
work piece and the
hole is generated.
6
7 DRILLING CHARACTERISTICS
 The chips must exit out of the hole created by the
cutting.
 Chip exit can cause problems when chips are large
and/or continuous.
 For deep holes in large work pieces, coolant may
need to be delivered through the drill shaft to the
cutting front.
8
DRILLING MACHINE
• The work should be held firmly on the machine table before

performing any operation on it.
• As the drill exerts very high quantity of torque while rotating,
the work should not be held by hand.
• If the work piece is not held by a proper holding device, it will
start rotating along with the tool causing injuries to the
operator and damage to the machine.
9
TYPES
PORTABLE DRILLING MACHINE

10
• These types of a drilling machine are commonly used

in all the workshops.
• Used to drill small sized holes.
• It is operated by holding in a hand.
• The workpiece where the hole is to
• be drilled is held in a vice.
SENSITIVE DRILLING MACHINE

11
12
SENSITIVE DRILLING MACHINE
• It is a small machine used for drilling small holes in

light jobs.
• In this drilling machine, work piece is mounted on
the table and drill is fed into the work by purely
hand control.
• High rotating speed of the drill and hand feed are
the major features of sensitive drilling machine.
13 SENSITIVE DRILLING MACHINE
As the operator senses the drilling action in the work

piece, at any instant, it is called sensitive drilling
machine
A sensitive drilling machine consists of a
horizontal table.
Drills of diameter from 1.5 to 15.5 mm can be
rotated in the spindle of sensitive drilling machine.
This types of drilling machine used to drill small

holes at high speeds in lighter jobs or
workpieces.
The machine may be mounted on the bench or
floor & the drilling work is started with the drill fed
into the workpiece by purely hand control.
• These machine tools are capable of drilling small holes

of diameter as small as 0.35 mm to 15 mm.
• These machine tools run at a higher speed as high
as 2000 rpm.
UPRIGHT DRILLING MACHINE

16
UPRIGHT DRILLING MACHINE

17
18 UPRIGHT DRILLING MACHINE
• The upright drilling machine is larger and heavier than a

sensitive drilling machine.
• It is designed for handling medium sized work piece and is

supplied with power feed arrangement.
• This machine a large number of spindle speeds and

feeds may be available for drilling different types of
works.
• Upright drilling machines are available in various sizes
and with various drilling capacities (ranging up to 75
mm diameter drills).
• It is used for drilling medium and large-sized

holes.
• Based on the type of column used it is
classified as a round column and box column
upright drilling machines.
21 RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE

RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE
22
• A Radial drilling machine consists of a heavy, round vertical

column supporting a horizontal arm that carries the drill
head.
• The table of radial drilling machine may also be rotated

through 360 deg. The maximum size of hole that the
machine can drill is not more than 50 mm.
• Powerful drive motors are geared directly into the head of

the machine and a wide range of power feeds are
available as well as sensitive and geared manual feeds.
• It is used primarily for drilling medium to large and heavy

work pieces.
25
GANG TYPE DRILLING MACHINE
26
27 GANG TYPE DRILLING MACHINE
• In gang drilling machine, a number of single spindle drilling

machine columns are placed side by side on a common
base and have a common worktable.
• 2 to 6 spindles with drills (of same or different size) in a row

are made to produce number of holes progressively or
simultaneously through the jig.

28
• The space between drill spindles is varied to suit the

gap between the holes.
• This type of machine tool is used to drill a large
number of holes in the same job at a faster rate.

29
• The main advantage of this type of machine tool is

that the series of operation can be performed with
different spindle mounted with different tool bits on
the same workpiece by moving it from one position to
another position.
MULTI SPINDLE DRILLING MACHINE

30
MULTI SPINDLE DRILLING

31
32 MULTI SPINDLE DRILLING MACHINE
 The multiple-spindle drilling machine is used to drill a

number of holes in a job simultaneously and to
reproduce the same pattern of holes in a number of
identical pieces in a mass production work.
 The entire drilling head works repeatedly using the

same jig for batch or lot production of a particular job.
33 MULTI SPINDLE DRILLING MACHINE
• This machine tool is similar to a gang drilling

machine in construction.
• All the spindle are driven by a single motor and
fed continuously.
• During the feeding table with the workpiece is
raised or lowered and the drill head position is not
varied.
34
35 AUTOMATIC DRILLING MACHINE

36 AUTOMATIC DRILLING MACHINE
• This types of drilling machine can perform a series of

machining operations at successive units and transfer
the work from one unit to the other automatically.
• Once the work is loaded at the first machine, the work
will move from one machine to the other where
different operations can be performed and the finished
work comes out from the last unit without any manual
handling.
37
38
TWIST DRILL
39
TWIST DRILL
 Twist drill has three principal parts

 (i) Drill point or dead center
 (ii) Body
 (iii) Shank.
40
GEOMETRY OF TWIST DRILLS
41
GEOMETRY PARTS OF TWIST DRILL
 Drill axis is the longitudinal line.

 Lip or cutting edge is the edge formed by the
intersection of the flank and face.
 Lip length is the minimum distance between the
outer corner and the chisel-edge corner of the lip.
42 PARTS OF TWIST DRILL
Face is that portion of the flute surface

adjacent to the lip on which the chip impinges
as it is cut from the work.
Flank is that surface on a drill point which
extends behind the lip to the following flute.

 Flutes are the grooves in the body of the drill, which
provide lips, allow the removal of chips, and permit
cutting fluid to reach the lips.
 Flute length is the axial length from the extreme end of

the point to the termination of the flutes at the shank end
of the body.
• Shank is that portion of the drill by which it is held and

driven.
• Heel is the edge formed by the intersection of the flute
surface and the body clearance.
• Body clearance is that portion of the body surface
reduced in diameter to provide diametric clearance.
MET307MTMGECT2022
PARTS OF TWIST DRILL 5 November 2022
45
• Core or web is the central portion of the drill situated

between the roots of the flutes and extending from the
point end towards the shank; the point end of the core
forms the chisel edge.
• Lands are the cylindrically ground surfaces on the
leading edges of the drill flutes.
46
•DRILLING OPERATIONS
47
DRILLING OPERATIONS
 Drilling :-
 Operation of making a circular hole by removing a
volume of metal from the job by a rotating cutting tool
called drill.
 Boring :-
 Process of enlarging a hole.
 Reaming :-
 Operation of finishing a drilled hole.
DRILLING OPERATIONS
48
 Counter boring :-
 Operation of boring a second hole,larger in diameter than the
first, but concentric with it.
 Counter sinking :-
 Operation of producing an angular surface at the end of a hole.
 Spot facing:-
 Operation of machining a flat,circular surface around a hole to
provide a seat for a bolt head, nut or washer.
MET307MTMGECT2022
DRILLING OPERATIONS 5 November 2022
49
50 MATERIAL REMOVAL RATE (MRR)
• MRR = (π D²/4)f N
• Where D is the twist drill diameter,
• f is the feed(mm/rev)
• N is the RPM of the twist drill.
CUTTING FORCES IN DRILLING
51
• The forces that act upon a drill are:

• - A force in the opposite direction to the actual drill
rotation direction (Torque).
• - A force in the opposite direction to the direction of
feed (Thrust).
52
• The Torque T = C.D.f ^9.7

• C is a constant
• D is the twist drill diameter (mm)
• f is feed mm/rev
53
• Thrust force = 0.7 (D/2).f.Kc

• D = diameter of twist drill in mm
• f = feed in mm/min
• Kc = cutting force in N/mm²
54
REAMING
55 REAMING
• The process of improving the surface finish of the hole is

called reaming.
• There are many different types of reamer and they may
be designed for use as a hand tool or in a machine tool,
such as a milling machine or drill press.
56 REAMERS
57
•TOOL AND WORK

HOLDING DEVICES
58
WORK HOLDING DEVICES IN
DRILLING MACHINE
• The work should be held firmly on the machine table
before performing any operation on it.
• As the drill exerts very high quantity of torque while
rotating, the work should not be held by hand.
• If the work piece is not held by a proper holding
device, it will start rotating along with the tool causing
injuries to the operator and damage to the machine.
59
WORK HOLDING DEVICES IN
DRILLING MACHINE
• The devices used for holding the work in a drilling machine are
• Drill vise
• ‘T’ – bolts
• Step block
• V – block
• Angle plate
• Drill jigs
WORK HOLDING DEVICES IN DRILLING

60
MACHINE
• DRILL VISE
• Drill vice is the most commonly used work-holding device
compared to all other devices out there.
• You can simply use it to clamp round, square, or odd-
shaped rectangular parts.
• To use a drill vice, you merely have to hold your workpiece
firmly between its jaws so that it does not move even a little
bit from its position when you drill a hole in it.
WORK HOLDING DEVICES IN DRILLING
61
MACHINE
• ‘T’ – BOLTS
• T- Bolt is a bolt with a T-shaped head, made to fit into
a T-shaped slot in the table of a drill machine. It is
used for holding a job.
•
MET307MTMGECT2022
WORK HOLDING DEVICES IN 5 November 2022
62
DRILLING MACHINE
• STEP BLOCK
• Step block is a work-holding or support device usually used in
combination with t-bolts and clamps. It provides support for the
outer end of strap clamps.
• One of the interesting things about the step block is that you
can use different steps of the step block to clamp workpieces of
different heights.
•
MET307MTMGECT2022
63
DRILLING MACHINE
• V – BLOCK
• V-Block is a type of clamping device typically used
to hold round metal bars or pipes for performing
drilling operations.
• They are made from rectangular steel or cast iron
block with a V-shaped channel in the top.
MET307MTMGECT2022
64
DRILLING MACHINE
• ANGLE PLATE
• An angle plate is a work-holding device used as a fixture in a
drill machine. It has tapped holes or slots to make the
clamping of the workpiece easier.
• If you are working with odd-shaped parts that need to be
drilled at 90 degrees to the axis of the table then an angle
plate is your best option.
•
MET307MTMGECT2022
65
DRILLING MACHINE
• DRILL JIGS
• A drilling jig is a type of custom-made tool used to control the
location of parts.
• They are mainly used to achieve repeated accuracy and
interchangeability in drilling operations. You can easily control the
depth of the hole as well as the angle of the hole.
• When you are dealing with mass production, creating your own
custom-made jig can save you a lot of time, energy, and money.
•
66
TOOL HOLDING DEVICES IN
DRILLING MACHINE
• Three types of drilling holding devices are
mainly used in most workshops.
1.Drill Chuck
2.Drill Sleeve
3.Socket
4.Drill Drift
MET307MTMGECT2022
TOOL HOLDING DEVICES IN 5 November 2022
67
DRILLING MACHINE
DRILL CHUCK
• A drill chuck is the most popular drill bit holding device in
the world.
• When you are working with shank-type drill bits, drill chuck
is the holding device you should be using.
• Because most industrial workers are using it every day.
• Now, to use the drill chuck, you have to fit it into the
spindle of the drill machine.
68
DRILLING MACHINE
• Drill Chuck
• Most drill chucks commonly have three jaws, but some
can have four also.
• But mostly 3 jaw chuck are used. And these jaws have
in-built teeth inside them that strengthen their grip over
the drill bit.
But when you fit the drill bit inside the chuck, you have
to use the key to tighten the drill bit properly.
MET307MTMGECT2022 TOOL HOLDING DEVICES IN 5 November 2022
69 DRILLING MACHINE
DRILL SLEEVE
• Drill sleeve is used when working with taper shank drill
bits.
• By using the sleeve, drill bits can be held, whose size is
equal to the taper size of the spindle.
There is a standard taper hole inside the drill sleeve.
• The taper shank drill bit fixed in this hole, and then fit the
sleeve into the spindle.
70
DRILLING MACHINE
SOCKET
• When the taper size of the taper shank drill bit is larger
than the taper size of your spindle, a socket is used for
holding the drill.
71
DRILLING MACHINE
DRILL DRIFT
• A drill drift is a wide steel plate that tapers to the
width of the edge.
• Drill drift is used to remove the drill chuck, sleeve,
socket, or taper shank drill bit from the spindle.
• The taper angle of the drill drift is from 8° to 19°.
72
BORING
73
BORING
MACHINE
74 BORING
• Boring is a process of producing circular internal profiles

on a hole made by drilling or another process.
• It uses single point cutting tool called a boring bar.
• The boring bar can be rotated, or the work part can be
rotated.
• Machine tools are called boring machines (also boring
mills.
75 1. HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINE

• A horizontal boring machine or horizontal boring mill is
a machine tool which bores holes in a horizontal
direction.
• There are three main types — table, planer and floor.
• The table type is the most common and, as it is the
most versatile, it is also known as the universal type.
• Used for drilling ,boring, and milling operations.
76 1.HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINE

77 1.HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINE

78 VERTICAL BORING MACHINE

VERTICAL BORING MACHINE

79
• A large type of boring machine in which a rotating work
piece is fastened to a horizontal table, which resembles
a four-jaw independent chuck with extra radial T slots,
and the tool has a traverse motion.
• Cutting tools are stationary except for feed movements.

80 BORING TOOLS
81
82

DRILLING BORING Explained

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MET307MTMGECT2022 5 November 2022

 Drilling is a metal cutting process that uses a

• The rotating edge of

• The work should be held firmly on the machine table before

PORTABLE DRILLING MACHINE

• These types of a drilling machine are commonly used

SENSITIVE DRILLING MACHINE

• It is a small machine used for drilling small holes in

13 SENSITIVE DRILLING MACHINE

As the operator senses the drilling action in the work

14 SENSITIVE DRILLING MACHINE

This types of drilling machine used to drill small

15 SENSITIVE DRILLING MACHINE

• These machine tools are capable of drilling small holes

UPRIGHT DRILLING MACHINE

UPRIGHT DRILLING MACHINE

18 UPRIGHT DRILLING MACHINE

• The upright drilling machine is larger and heavier than a

• It is designed for handling medium sized work piece and is

19 UPRIGHT DRILLING MACHINE

• This machine a large number of spindle speeds and

20 UPRIGHT DRILLING MACHINE

• It is used for drilling medium and large-sized

21 RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE

RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE

23 RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE

• A Radial drilling machine consists of a heavy, round vertical

• The table of radial drilling machine may also be rotated

24 RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE

• Powerful drive motors are geared directly into the head of

• It is used primarily for drilling medium to large and heavy

27 GANG TYPE DRILLING MACHINE

• In gang drilling machine, a number of single spindle drilling

• 2 to 6 spindles with drills (of same or different size) in a row

GANG TYPE DRILLING MACHINE

• The space between drill spindles is varied to suit the

GANG TYPE DRILLING MACHINE

• The main advantage of this type of machine tool is

MULTI SPINDLE DRILLING MACHINE

MULTI SPINDLE DRILLING

32 MULTI SPINDLE DRILLING MACHINE

 The multiple-spindle drilling machine is used to drill a

 The entire drilling head works repeatedly using the

33 MULTI SPINDLE DRILLING MACHINE

• This machine tool is similar to a gang drilling

35 AUTOMATIC DRILLING MACHINE

36 AUTOMATIC DRILLING MACHINE

• This types of drilling machine can perform a series of

 Twist drill has three principal parts

 Drill axis is the longitudinal line.

42 PARTS OF TWIST DRILL

Face is that portion of the flute surface

43 PARTS OF TWIST DRILL

 Flute length is the axial length from the extreme end of

44 PARTS OF TWIST DRILL

• Shank is that portion of the drill by which it is held and

• Core or web is the central portion of the drill situated

50 MATERIAL REMOVAL RATE (MRR)

• The forces that act upon a drill are:

• The Torque T = C.D.f ^9.7

• Thrust force = 0.7 (D/2).f.Kc

• The process of improving the surface finish of the hole is