Grinding 1

MET 307
MTM
MODULE 2.4
GRINDING
met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 1

GRINDING
Grinding is a surface finishing operation where very thin

layer of material is removed in the form of fine dust
particles (thickness 0.25-0.5mm).
Accuracy in the order of 0.000025 mm.

GRINDING
Grinding can be
defined as a material
removal process by the
abrasive action
between rotating
abrasive wheel & the
work piece.
HONING
Honing is an abrasive machining process that

produces a precision surface on a metal workpiece
by scrubbing an abrasive grinding stone or grinding
wheel against it along a controlled path.
Honing is primarily used to improve the geometric

form of a surface, but can also improve the surface
finish.
HONING

LAPPING
Lapping is a machining process in which two

surfaces are rubbed together with an abrasive
between them, by hand movement or using a
machine.

COMPARISON
Roughness Average, Ra –
Process Micrometers μm
Maximum Minimum
Grinding 1.6 0.1
Honing 0.8 0.1
Lapping 0.4 0.05
Lapping 0.4 0.5

GRINDING
 Grinding machine is a power operated machine tool
where, the work piece is fed against a constantly
rotating abrasive wheel which is also called as
Grinding wheel so that a thin layer of material is
removed from the work piece.

CLASSIFICATION OF GRINDING
MACHINE TOOLS
 Grinding machines are classified based on their

construction & type of surface produced.
 1. Surface Grinding Machine

 2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine
 3. Centerless Grinding Machine

SURFACE GRINDING MACHINE
 This machine may be similar to a milling machine used
mainly to grind flat surface.
 However, some types of surface grinders are also capable
of producing contour surface with formed grinding wheel.


 Basically there are four different types of surface
grinding machines characterised by the
movement of their tables and the orientation of
grinding wheel spindles as follows:
 Horizontal spindle and reciprocating table

 Vertical spindle and reciprocating table
 Horizontal spindle and rotary table
 Vertical spindle and rotary table

 HORIZONTAL SPINDLE

 HORIZONTAL SPINDLE


 HORIZONTAL SPINDLE AND RECIPROCATING TABLE

 HORIZONTAL SPINDLE AND RECIPROCATING TABLE
 A disc type grinding wheel performs the grinding action with its
peripheral surface.
 Both traverse and plunge grinding can be carried out in this
machine .

 VERTICAL SPINDLE AND RECIPROCATING TABLE
 1. This type of grinder has a vertical spindle mounted on the
wheel head.
 2. Flat or cup shaped grinding wheel is fitted to the end of the
spindle.
 3. All other parts are similar to a horizontal spindle reciprocating
table surface grinder.
 4. The work piece is held on the table by suitable work holding
device.
 5. Grinding is done by reciprocating the work piece on the table
under the grinding wheel which rotates at high speed about a
vertical axis.
 The grinding operation is similar to that of face milling on a
vertical milling machine.


 HORIZONTAL SPINDLE AND ROTARY TABLE


 A rotary table is used in this machine.
 Small work pieces are fitted on the table by using
magnetic chucks.
 The table rotates with the work piece.
 The wheel head has a horizontal spindle which
 reciprocates slowly about its axis.
 The grinding wheel mounted at the end of the
 spindle rotates at high speed.

 The depth of cut is given by moving the wheel
head downwards.
 The grinding is done by rotating the work piece in
 the rotary table under the grinding wheel which
 rotates at high speed.
 Cross feed is given by reciprocating the spindle.
 This is used for grinding flat surfaces of small and
medium size work pieces.

 VERTICAL SPINDLE AND ROTARY TABLE

 1. A rotary table is used in this machine.
 Small Work pieces are fitted on the table by using magnetic
chucks.
 2. The table rotates with the work piece.
 3. The wheel head has a vertical spindle which
 reciprocates slowly about its axis.
 4. The grinding wheel mounted at the end of the
 spindle rotates at high speed.
 5. The depth of cut is given by moving the wheel head
downwards. met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 26
 6. The grinding is done by rotating the work piece in
 the rotary table under the grinding wheel which
 rotates at high speed.
 7. Cross feed is given by reciprocating the spindle.
 8. This is used for grinding flat surfaces of small and
 medium size work pieces.


CYLINDRICAL GRINDING


 Principle:
 The work piece is held between two centers & and the
rotating grinding wheel is fed against it.
 Work Piece Type:

 Cylindrical surfaces may be straight,
 curved or contoured.


CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINE
 The work piece is hold on centre by a chuck or in a suitable

holding fixture, rotating it about its axis and feeding a fast
revolving grinding wheel.

TRAVERSE GRINDING
 If the work surface to be ground is longer than the
face width of the grinding wheel, the work is
traversed past the wheel or the wheel past the
work.
 Traversing of wheel or work is done either by
hydraulic or mechanical power or by hand.
 Feed is given to the work or the wheel at the end
of each traversing movement.

TRAVERSE GRINDING

PLUNGE GRINDING
 In case of width of wheel face is more or equal to
the length of work surface to be ground, the
wheel may be fed in with no traversing
movement of it or that of work.
 This is known as Plunge Grinding.

TYPES OF CYLINDRICAL GRINDING
MACHINES
 Broadly there are two different types of
 cylindrical grinding machine as follows:
 1. Plain centre type cylindrical grinder
 2. Universal centre type grinder.

1.PLAIN CENTRE TYPE CYLINDRICAL
GRINDER

1.PLAIN CENTRE TYPE CYLINDRICAL GRINDER
 The machine is similar to a centre lathe in many

respects.
 The work piece is held between head stock and
tailstock centres.
 A disc type grinding wheel performs the grinding
action with its peripheral surface.
 Both traverse and plunge grinding can be carried
out in this machine.

2. UNIVERSAL CENTRE TYPE
GRINDER
 Universal cylindrical grinder is similar to a plain
cylindrical one except that it is more versatile.
 In addition to small worktable swivel, this machine

provides large swivel of head stock, wheel head slide
and wheel head mount on the wheel head slide.

2. UNIVERSAL CENTRE TYPE
GRINDER
 This allows grinding of any taper on the work piece.
 Universal grinder is also equipped with an additional
head for internal grinding.
A: swivelling wheel head

B: swivelling wheel head slide
C: swivelling head stock
D: rotation of grinding wheel

CENTRE LESS GRINDING

 Here the work is supported by a combination of
grinding wheel (large one) and the other regulating
wheel(smaller) and a work rest blade.

 It is used for both external as well as internal grinding.
 Many hollow cylindrical and tapered work piece, like

bushes, pistons, valves tube and balls etc either do not
or cannot have centre are best ground on centre less
grinder.

 Grinding operation is performed by grinding
wheel.
 The function of regulating wheel is to provide the
 required support to the work piece while it is
pushed by cutting pressure of grinding wheel.
 It helps the work-piece to remain contact with the
grinding wheel.


INTERNAL GRINDING MACHINE
 This machine is used to produce internal

cylindrical surface.
 The surface may be straight, tapered, grooved or
profiled.
 Broadly there are three different types of internal
grinding machine as follows:
 1. Chucking type internal grinder
 2. Planetary internal grinder
 3. Centre less internal grinder

1. CHUCKING TYPE INTERNAL
GRINDER
 The work piece is usually mounted in a chuck.
 A magnetic face plate can also be used.
 A small grinding wheel performs the necessary
grinding with its peripheral surface.
 Both transverse and plunge grinding can be
carried out in this machine.

1. CHUCKING TYPE INTERNAL
GRINDER

INTERNAL GRINDING MACHINE

2. PLANETARY INTERNAL GRINDER
 Planetary internal grinder is used where the work piece
is of irregular shape and can not be rotated
conveniently.
 In this the work piece does not rotate. Instead, the
grinding wheel orbits the axis of the hole in the work
piece.
A: rotation of grinding wheel

B: orbiting motion of grinding

3. CENTRE LESS INTERNAL
GRINDER
 This machine is used for grinding

cylindrical and tapered holes in
cylindrical parts.
 The work piece is rotated between
supporting roll, pressure roll and
regulating wheel and is ground by
the grinding wheel. A: grinding wheel rotation
B: work piece rotation
C: wheel reciprocation


Grinding 1

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MET 307

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 1

Grinding is a surface finishing operation where very thin

Accuracy in the order of 0.000025 mm.

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 2

Honing is an abrasive machining process that

Honing is primarily used to improve the geometric

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 5

Lapping is a machining process in which two

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 6

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 7

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 8

 Grinding machines are classified based on their

 1. Surface Grinding Machine

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 9

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 10

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 11

 Horizontal spindle and reciprocating table

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 12

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 13

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 14

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 15

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 16

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 17

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 19

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 20

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 21

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 22

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met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 24

 VERTICAL SPINDLE AND ROTARY TABLE

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 25

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 27

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met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 30

 Work Piece Type:

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 31

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 32

 The work piece is hold on centre by a chuck or in a suitable

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 33

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 34

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 35

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 36

 Broadly there are two different types of

 cylindrical grinding machine as follows:

 1. Plain centre type cylindrical grinder

 2. Universal centre type grinder.

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 37

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 38

 The machine is similar to a centre lathe in many

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 39

 In addition to small worktable swivel, this machine

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 40

A: swivelling wheel head

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 41

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 42

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 43

 It is used for both external as well as internal grinding.

 Many hollow cylindrical and tapered work piece, like

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 44

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 45

met307 mtm gect 2022 1 November 2022 46