Conceptual and Historical Issues in

Psychology 1st Edition Piekkola Test

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 Chapter 6 Test Bank

The first 5 questions are available for students to test themselves on

the companion website: https://study.sagepub.com/piekkola

1) The dualist position called ___________ proposes that mind

influences body and body, in turn, influences mind.

a. occasionalism
b. interactionism
c. double aspectism
d. psychophysical parallelism

Answer: b. interactionism

2) Descartes, responding to the question of the relation

between mind and matter, proposed the theory of __________,
according to which, although separate, the mind influences
the body and the body influences the mind.

a. interactionism
b. double aspectism
c. epiphenomenalism
d. reductionism

Answer: a. interactionism

3) Regarding the mind/body problem, Malebranche accepted

______________ which proposes that God intervenes
between mind and body and adjusts the one to the other.

a. interactionism
b. psychophysical parallelism
c. occasionalism
d. epiphenomenalism

Answer: c. occasionalism
 4) ________________ can be viewed as psychophysical
parallelism except that it involves God coordinating mind
and body by divine intervention.

a. occasionalism
b. psychophysical interventionism
c. epiphenomenalism
d. double aspectism

Answer: a. occasionalism

5) Which of the following is/are true regarding “double

aspect theory”?

a. mind and matter are different aspects of a single

reality
b. depending on the perspective, phenomena appear
either as mind or as body
c. it is a monistic solution to Descartes dualism with God
as substance
d. all of the above

Answer: d. all of the above

6) Wundt was an advocate of ____________. This theory

proposed that mind and body are independent and did not
interact but that an event in one corresponded exactly with
an event in other.

a. occasionalism
b. epiphenomenalism
c. psychophysical parallelism
d. double aspect theory

Answer: c. psychophysical parallelism

7) According to the solution to the mind‒body problem

called __________, mind and body are separate
substances that have no contact with each other but an
event in one is accompanied by a corresponding event in the
other.
 a. double aspect theory
b. psychophysical isomorphism
c. psychophysical parallelism
d. epiphenomenalism

Answer: c. psychophysical parallelism

8) The dualistic theory called __________ maintains that

mental events are byproducts of material events and that
mental events do not, in return, act upon material events.

a. double aspect theory

b. occasionalism
c. epiphenomenalism
d. determinism

Answer: c. epiphenomenalism

9) Which of the following is not one of the standard laws of

logic as introduced by Aristotle?

a. law of the excluded middle

b. law of identity
c. law of exclusion
d. law of contradiction

Answer: c. law of exclusion

10) Which of the following did Descartes use as the foundation

of his theory of knowledge?

a. essence is perception
b. I think therefore I exist
c. man is the measure of all things
d. to live is to believe

Answer: b. I think therefore I exist

11) Descartes concluded that we could trust sensory
information because _____________.

a. God created human senses and God would not deceive

us
b. sensory information had the qualities of clarity
and distinctness
c. sensory information was compatible with innate
ideas
d. it made common sense to do so

Answer: a. God created human senses and God would not deceive
us

12) Which of the following is not one of the three logical

arguments that Descartes chose for separating mind and
body?

a. given the excluded middle they had to be completely

separate
b. mind and body had nothing in common (they had completely
different properties or characteristics)
c. mind and matter could not act upon each other since
they were not substances
d. he was certain of his thinking but could doubt sensory
experience

Answer: c. mind and matter could not act upon each other since
they were not substances

13) Descartes’ “method of doubt” was designed to ________.

a. arrive at what was absolutely certain

b. demonstrate the validity of skepticism
c. demonstrate the validity of relativism
d. guard against adopting false assumptions

Answer: a. arrive at what was absolutely certain

14) In Leibniz’s answer to the mind‒body problem, events
occurring in mind and events occurring in the physical
realm corresponded with each other, even though they have
no contact with each other, because of ____________.

a. parallelism
b. pre-established harmony
c. divine intervention
d. universal panpsychism

Answer: b. pre-established harmony

15) Newton proposed that natural phenomena, including

human behavior, follow the very same laws as do the
phenomena of physics. Which of the following positions
represents this way of thinking?

a. positivism
b. mechanistic materialism
c. subjective materialism
d. phenomenlaism

Answer: b. mechanistic materialism

16) According to de la Mettrie the soul is a part of the

brain. What did he mean by this?

a. the supposed soul is a process of the brain

b. the spiritual soul parallels the physical brain
c. brain processes produce the brain as an
epiphenomenon
d. all of the above

Answer: a. the supposed soul is a process of the brain

17) Marshall Hall discovered ________ which was a simple

nervous mechanism that involved external stimulation,
mediation within the spinal cord, and subsequent movement.

a. simple neuromechanics
 b. automatic neuromechanics
c. the reflex arc
d. spinal determinism

Answer: c. the reflex arc

18) According to the solution to the mind‒body problem

called ____________, mind is like the stem whistle of a
locomotive; it is a byproduct of physical processes and has
no causal part to play in those processes (the whistle is
produced by the machines stem but in no way affects the
machine).

a. double aspect theory

b. psychophysical isomorphism
c. psychophysical parallelism
d. epiphenomenalism

Answer: d. epiphenomenalism

19) Which of the following positions asserts the primacy of

matter but further allows for the development of mind from
matter as an emergent quality (due to the transformation of
quantity into quality)?

a. mechanistic materialism
b. metaphysical materialism
c. organicism
d. dialectical materialism

Answer: d. dialectical materialism

20) According to Wegner and Wheatley (1999) people have an

illusory belief in free will. Which of the following is not
one of the three factors that helps create that illusion?

a. the thought of the intent to act is perceived as one’s

own
b. there are no other apparent causes
c. the thought of the action occurs prior to it
 d. the thought of acting corresponds with the action

Answer: a. the thought of the intent to act is perceived as

one’s own

21) Which of the following was James’s argument against

epiphenomenalism?

a. God, as a metaphysical entity, lacks certainty of

existence
b. consciousness guides action in the world
c. phenomenalism harbors no place for material processes
d. there is no place for substance dualism in naturalistic
science

Answer: b. consciousness guides action in the world

22) According to Dewey, the mind‒body problem could be

resolved because mind and body were _________.

a. separate existences rather that separate substances

b. were pre-scientific concepts
c. the result of the analysis of adult functions
without considering their development
d. the product of identification of qualitative
differences and the subsequent isolation of those
differences

Answer: d. the product of identification of qualitative

differences and the subsequent isolation of those
differences

23) Dewey regarded the mind‒body as a non-issue and saw it as

the result of the __________. This was a process of
intellectual analysis whereby a complex phenomenon was
subjected to intellectual abstraction (parts or aspects
were separated conceptually) and then those abstractions
were treated as though they had in independent existence.

a. anthropomorphization
b. tradition of separation and isolation
 c. intellectualism
d. rationalism

Answer: b. tradition of separation and isolation

24) The practice of ____________ involves a person acting as

if some abstract quality had a real existence.

a. concretization
b. nominalism
c. certification
d. reification

Answer: d) reification

25) Why did Dewey reject the supposition of mind and body as
separate?

a. he rejected the notion of substance

b. he dismissed metaphysics as archaic
c. they were conceptual abstractions that were reified
d. he actually saw them as two aspects of the same thing

Answer: c. they were conceptual abstractions that were reified

26) James’s solution to the mind‒body problem is called

___________. This position was neither materialist nor
idealist. It held that minds are the stuff of the world
organized in one way and material objects are the same
stuff organized in a different way.

a. panpsychism
b. pantheism
c. double aspect theory
d. neutral monism

Answer: d) neutral monism

27) According to the philosophical belief associated with
____________, all that exists is what the different
natural sciences study.

a. naturalism
b. the verification principle
c. naïve realism
d. physicalism

Answer: a. naturalism

28) According to the position known as ____________, what is

studied by the various natural sciences is all that there
is to be studied, i.e., supernatural entities or gods are
not included.

a. naturalism
b. nativism
c. positivism
d. materialism

Answer: a. naturalism

29) Dewey, in his theorizing, emphasized ________. This

theory, which opposed vitalism and mechanism, held that
life is constituted by an organism that is a dynamically
organized system.

a. organicism
b. physicalism
c. materialism
d. emergentism

Answer: a. organicism

30) Dewey resisted applying the term “materialism” to his

position because “materialism” __________.

a. implied a metaphysical either/or

b. could not give an adequate account of mind
c. was a term that retained an implicit dualism
 d. none of the above

Answer: c. was a term that retained an implicit dualism

31) According to the principle of ______________, all of the

higher psychological processes originate in processes that
are social.

a. psychogenesis
b. phylogenesis
c. sociogenesis
d. ontogenesis

Answer: c. sociogenesis

32) According to Vygotsky, in his examination of the crisis in

psychology, there were two diametrically opposed groups
propounding different psychological explanations. Which of
the following were the two groups?

a. natural scientists and phenomenologists

b. sociologists and psychologists
c. mechanists and vitalists
d. sociogenicists and vitalists

Answer: a. natural scientists and phenomenologists

33) Vygotsky confronted the “crisis in psychology” which

involved a dualism of approaches——from natural scientists
and phenomenologists——by proposing a solution. What was his
solution?

a. develop scientific phenomenological approaches

b. interpret psychological activity as a sociohistorical
product
c. demonstrate the dependence of phenomenology on the brain
d. all of the above

Answer: b. interpret psychological activity as a sociohistorical

product
34) From the perspective of ____________, to understand a
person one need not consider the social conditions that
were in place during the person’s development.

a. metaphysics
b. metaphysical dialectics
c. individualism
d. asocial constructionism

Answer: c. individualism

35) According to the cultural-historical school which of the

following liberated people from immediate environmental
demands?

a. symbols
b. language
c. tools
d. all of the above

Answer: d. all of the above

36) John Watson, the so-called founder of behaviorism, was an

advocate of ________. In this he rejected thinking,
memory, perception, and the like, and freed himself, he
thought, from the mind‒body problem.

a. anti-realism
b. mechanism
c. anti-mentalism
d. mechanistic materialism

Answer: c. anti-mentalism

37) If one asserts that mental phenomena cannot be reduced

to physical phenomena, without something being lost or left
over one is promoting ___________.

a. mentalism
 b. phenomenalism
c. nihilism
d. nativism

Answer: a. mentalism

38) Physicists used a method of research called the “method of

_________.” With this method people were presented with
stimuli that had different ranges and the person would
indicate verbally if the stimulus was detected or not (such
as different sound frequencies).

a. detection
b. impression
c. just noticeable stimuli
d. difference thresholds

Answer: b. impression

39) The ________ threshold is the point at which an extremely

faint sensory stimulation (of very low intensity) can just
barely be detected as to its presence.

a. absolute
b. graded
c. noticeability
d. magnitude

Answer: a. absolute

40) According to Fechner, the “just noticeable difference”

is the _________.

a. minimal change required to detect a difference in

physical stimuli of different magnitudes
b. minimal stimulus required for differentiating one
response mechanism from another
 c. measure of sensory activity generated by a
constant stimulus
d. the minimal stimulus intensity that can be detected

Answer: minimal change required to detect a difference in

physical stimuli of different magnitudes

41) Watson rejected the introspective method but replaced it

with the ______________ which treated linguistic reports on
supposed subjective experience as mere vocalizations.

a. verbal report
b. method of detection
c. differential experiment
d. method of impression

Answer: a. verbal report

42) Despite denying mental processes, John Watson had an

inherent contradiction that was problematic. What was it?

a. his methodology relied on observation

b. awareness was implicit in his method
c. his objectivity depended on experience
d. all of the above

Answer: d. all of the above

43) According to _______ theory, what we call mind is exactly

the same as brain functions (the same thing).

a. identity theory
b. epiphenomenalism
c. eliminative materialism
d. neutral monism

Answer: a. identity theory

44) A person who takes the position called _____________
proposes explaining complex phenomena in terms of
elementary components, e.g., explaining thought by
discussing neuron functions.

a. holism
b. reductionism
c. phenomenalism
d. determinism

Answer: b. reductionism

45) According to _________, folk psychology is wrong about

mind; so-called mind is just neurocomputational processes
and that is all.

a. neutral monism
b. eliminative materialism
c. neurocomputational monism
d. identity theory

Answer: b. eliminative materialism

46) The psychology of unscientific, common-sense psychology is

referred to, usually in a derogatory sense, as _______
psychology.

a. folk
b. people’s
c. superstitious
d. vernacular

Answer: a. folk

47) In split-brain research connections are severed between

__________.

a. cortical and subcortical functions

b. the brain stem and neo-mammalian brain
c. the cerebral hemispheres
d. the association cortex and the motor cortex
Answer: c. the cerebral hemispheres

48) Running through a maze is an example of _____________

behavior——a large unit of behavior compared with a simple
stimulus——response type of performance).

a. molar
b. molecular
c. modular
d. microgenic

Answer: a. molar

49) A reflex is an example of _____________ behavior (a

small segment of behavior isolated for study).

a. molar
b. molecular
c. modular
d. microgenic

Answer: b. molecular

50) In a relationship of _________, a certain set of qualities

depends on another set of qualities, like the qualities of
the mind being dependent on those of the brain.

a. functional dependence
b. functional equivalence
c. supervenience
d. identity

Answer: c. supervenience

51) The belief that one has been in contact with poison ivy,
when actually not so, has been found, at least with some
 people, to result in itchiness and even blisters forming.
That is an example of _______.

a. hysteria
b. psychophysics
c. psychopathy
d. psychosomatics

Answer: d. psychosomatics

52) _________ disorders originate in psychological sources

rather than organic (biological) sources (for example
hysterical blindness).

a. phobic
b. hypomanic
c. psychogenic
d. psychomanic

Answer: c. psychogenic