B.

REFERANCE TABLE FROM IEEE-80-2000

B.1 TABLE-1 & 2 FOR MATERIAL CONSTANT

Material Description Material αr factor at K0 factor at Fusing Temp. ρr at 20°C TACP thermal Kf
Conductivity 20°C (1/°C) 0°C (0°C) Tm (°C) (μΩ-cm) capacity [J/(cm3.°C)
Copper, annealed soft-drawn 100.00 0.00393 234.00 1083.00 1.72 3.42 7.00
Copper, commercial hard-drawn 97.00 0.00381 242.00 1084.00 1.78 3.42 11.78
Copper clad steel wire 40.00 0.00378 245.00 1084.00 4.40 3.85 10.45
Copper clad steel wire 30.00 0.00378 245.00 1084.00 5.86 3.85 12.06
Copper clad steel rod 20.00 0.00378 245.00 1084.00 8.62 3.85 14.64
Aluminium EC grade 61.00 0.00403 228.00 657.00 2.86 2.56 12.12
Aluminium 5005 alloy 53.50 0.00353 263.00 652.00 3.22 2.60 12.41
Aluminium 6201 alloy 52.50 0.00347 268.00 654.00 3.28 2.60 12.47
Aluminium clad steel wire 20.30 0.00360 258.00 657.00 8.48 3.58 17.20
Steel 1020 10.80 0.00160 605.00 1510.00 15.90 3.28 15.95
Stainless clad steel rod 9.80 0.00160 605.00 1400.00 17.50 4.44 14.72
Zinc-coated steel rod 8.60 0.00320 293.00 419.00 20.10 3.93 28.96
Stainless steel 304 2.40 0.00130 749.00 1400.00 72.00 4.03 30.05

B.2 TABLE-7 FOR TYPICAL SURFACE MATERIAL RESISTIVITIES

Resistivity of sample Ω-m

No Description of surface material (U.S state where found)
Dry Wet
1 Crusher run granite with fines ( N.C ) 140 X 106 1300 (Ground water, 45 100 Ω.M)
2 1.5 in ( 0.04M ) crusher run granite with fines 4000 1200 ( Rain Water, 100 W )
3 0.75-1 in (0.02 -0.025 M ) granite (Calif) with fines 6513 ( 10 min after 45 100 Ω.M
4 # 4 ( 1-2 in ) ( 0.025 -0.05m ) washed granite (Ga) 1.5 x106 to 4.5 x 106 5000 ( water
Rain Water
drained100
) Ω.M)
5 # 3 ( 2-4 in ) ( 0.05 -0.1m ) washed granite (Ga) 2.6 x106 to 3 x 106 10000 ( Rain Water 100 Ω.M)
6 Size Unknown, Washed limestone (Mich) 7 x106 2000 - 3000 ( Ground Water 45
7 Washed granite,Similar to 0.75 in (0.02m) gravel 2 x106 Ω.M)
10 000
8 Washed granite,Similar to pea gravel 40 x106 5000
9 # 57 ( 0.75 in ) ( 0.02 ) washed granite ( N.C ) 190 x106 8000 ( Ground Water 100 Ω.M)
10 Asphalt 2 x106 to 30 x 106 10 000 to 6 x 106
11 Concrete 1 x106 to 1 x 109 21 to 100

B.3 TABLE-10 FOR TYPICAL VALUES OF FAULT DURATION AND DECREMENT FACTOR

Fault Duration, tf Decrement Factor, Df

Seconds Cycles at 60Hz X/R=10 X/R=20 X/R=30 X/R=40
0.00833 0.50 1.576 1.684 1.675 1.688
0.05 3.00 1.232 1.378 1.462 1.515
0.10 6.00 1.125 1.232 1.316 1.378
0.20 12.00 1.064 1.125 1.181 1.232
0.30 18.00 1.043 1.085 1.125 1.163
0.40 24.00 1.033 1.064 1.095 1.125
0.50 30.00 1.026 1.052 1.077 1.101
0.75 45.00 1.018 1.035 1.052 1.068
1.00 60.00 1.013 1.026 1.039 1.052

###
A. DESIGN PROCEDURE BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIELD DATA STEP-1

A,ρ

CONDUCTOR SIZE STEP-2

3 Io , Tc & d

TOUCH & STEP CRETERIA STEP-3

Etouch 50 or 70 & Estep 50 or 70

INTIAL DESIGN STEP-4

D , n , L C , LT & h

GRID RESISTANCE STEP-5

STEP-11 R g , L C & LR

MODIFY DESIGN
D , n , L C , LT GRID CURRENT STEP-6
IG & t f

YES
IGRg< Etouch
STEP-7

NO
MESH & STEP VOLTAGES
Em , Es , Km , Ks , Ki , Kii & Kh STEP-8

NO
Em < Etouch STEP-9

YES
NO
Es < Estep STEP-10

YES

DETAIL DESIGN

2/7
C. FORMULAS USED IN CALCULATION
C.1 Fault current due to Single line to ground (L-G) fault Fault current due to lineto line to ground (L-L-G) fault

E E. X2
I 0=
3 R f + R 1 + R 2 + R 0 + j( X 1 + X 2 + X 0 )
Where,
I0 = Zero sequence Fault current in Amp.
E = Phase to Neutral voltage in Volt
Rf = Estimated resistance of fault in ohm
( Normally assumed to be 0 Ω )
R1 = Positive sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω
R2 = Negative sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω
………(1) I 0= ……………..(2)
X 1 . ( X 2 + X 0 ) +( X 2 + X 0 )
R0 = Zero sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω
X1 = Positive sequence equivalent system reactance
(subtransient) in Ω
X2 = Negative sequence equivalent system reactance in Ω
X0 = Zero sequence equivalent system reactance in Ω

C.2 Conductor Sizing

1 … (3) Where,
A mm2 = I∗

√(
I

) ( )
−4 = RMS current in kA
TCAP∗10 K 0 +T m Amm2 = Conductor cross section in mm2
ln
t c ¿ α r ¿ ρr K 0 +T a Tm = Maximum allowable temp in °C
Ta = Ambient temp in °C
αr = Thermal coefficient of resistivity at ref temp Tr in 1/°C Tr = Referance temp for material constant in °C
ρr = Resistivity of the ground conductor at ref temp Tr in μΩ-cm α0 = Thermal coefficient of resistivity at 0°C in 1/°C
K0 = 1/α0 or (1/αr) - Tr in °C tc = Duration of current in seconds
TCAP = Termal capacity per unit volume from Table-1 of IEEE-80 Guide in J/(cm3. °C)
Formula for English units:
Where,
A kcmil =I . K . √ t
f c ………..(4) Akcmil = Area of conductor in kcmil tc = Current duration in seconds
I = rms Fault current in kA Kf = Constant from Table-2 in IEEE-80 for the material at various
values of Tm and using ambient temp (Ta) at 40°C
C.3 Reflection Factor between two different material

( ρ− ρ s
)
Where,
K= ……(5) ρ = Resistivity of earth beneath the surface material in Ω-m
ρ+ρs
ρs = Surface material resistivity in Ω-m
C.4 Surface layer derating factor
Where,
0 . 09 ( 1−ρ / ρs )
C s =1− ……(6) Cs = Surface layer derating factor
2 hs + 0 .09 hs = Thickness of the surface material in m
C.5 Step and Touch Voltage
For 50 Kg body weight For 70 Kg body weight Where,
0 . 116 0 . 157 ts = Duration of shock in seconds
E step50 =( 1000+6 C s⋅ρs ) ….(7) E step70 =( 1000+6 C s⋅ρs ) …….(8)
√ts √ts
0 .116 0 .157 …………(10)
E touch 50=( 1000+1 . 5 C s⋅ρ s ) ………(9)
E touch 70=( 1000+1 . 5 C s⋅ρ s )
√ts t √ s

C.6 Ground Resistance Where,

[ ( )]
1 1 1 Rg = Substation ground resistance in Ω
R g= ρ + 1+

√
LT √ 20∗ A 20 …..(11) ρ = Soil Resistivity in Ω-m
1+h
A LT = Total buried length of conductor in m
h = Depth of grid in m
A = Area occupied by the ground grid in m2
C.7 Maximum Grid Current
Where,
I G=D f . S f .3 I 0 ………..(12) IG = Maximum grid current in A
Df = Decrement factor for the entire duration of fault in seconds
Sf = Fault current division factor
I0 = Zero sequence fault current

3/7
FORMULAS USED IN CALCULATION………………………..contd.
C.8 Mesh Voltage Where,

[[ ]] [ ]
2 Kii = 1 for grid with ground rods along the
1 D2 ( D+2. h ) h K 8
K m= ln + − + ii . ln …..(13) perimeter or at grid corners as well as both
2π 16 . h . d 8. D.h 4 . d Kh π ( 2 . n−1 ) 1
Where,
= for Grid with no ground rods or few
( 2 . n )2/n
K h = 1+
√
K i=0 .644 +0 . 148. n
h
h0
, h0 = 1m for grid reference depth

where, Ki = Irregularity factor

n=na . nb . nc . n d
Where,
n a=
2 . Lc
Lp
n b=
√ Lp
4.√A

[ ]
0. 7 . A
L M =LC + L R when grids with no ground rods or few ground rods Lx. L y Lx .Ly n d=
Dm
n c= √ Lx 2 + L y 2
[
L M =LC + 1 . 55+1 .22
(√ x
Lr
L 2+ L
y2
)] LR
……………..(14) Lc =
Lp =
A =
A
Total length of conductor in horizontal grid in m
Peripheral length of the Grid in m
Area of the grid in m2
Mesh Volatge (Em) Lx = Max length of the grid in the y direction in m
Ly = Max length of the grid in the x direction in m
ρ. K m . K i . I G Dm = Max distance between any two points on the grid in m
E m= ………………(15) D = Spacing between two parallel conductor in m
LM h = Depth of ground grid conductor in m
d = Diameter of the grid conductor in m
C.9 Step Voltage Lr = Length of each ground rod
For the usual burial depth of 0.25m<h<2.5m , Ks is

K s=
1 1
[+
1 1
+ ( 1−0. 5n−2 )
π 2 h D+h D ] …………….(16)

For grid with or without grounds rods, the effective burried conductor length Ls, is

LS =0 .75 . LC +0. 85 . L R ……………(17)

The step voltage (ES) is

ρ . K S. Ki . IG ……………(18)
E S=
LS

4/7
 INDEX OF DESIGN PARAMETER

SYMBOL DESCRIPTION UNIT VALUE

ρ Soil Resistivity Ω-m 400
ρS Surface Layer Resistivity Ω-m 2500
3Io Symmetrical Fault Current in substation for conductor sizing A To be calculate
A Total area enclosed by ground m2 63 m X 84 m
CS Surface Layer Derating factor To be calculate
d Diameter of grid conductor m
D Spacing between two parallel conductors m
Df Decrement Factor for determining IG
Dm Maximum distance between any two points of the grid m
Em Mesh Volatge at center of the corner mesh for the smplified method V To be calculate
Step Voltge between a point above the outer corner of the grid and a point 1m
ES V To be calculate
diagonally outside the grid for the smplified method
EStep50 Tolerable step voltage for human with 50kg body weight V To be calculate
EStep70 Tolerable step voltage for human with 70kg body weight V To be calculate
ETouch50 Tolerable touch voltage for human with 50kg body weight V To be calculate
ETouch70 Tolerable touch voltage for human with 70kg body weight V To be calculate
h Depth of ground grid conductors m 0.5
hS Surface Layer thickness m
Maximum grid current that flows between ground grid and surrounding eath
IG (including DC offset) A

Ig Symmetrical Grid Current A

K Reflection Factor between different resistivity
Corrective weighting factor that emphasizes the effects of grid depth, simplified
Kh method
Ki Correction factor for grid geometry, simplified method
Corrective weighting factor that adjusts for the effect of inner conductors on the
Kii corner mesh, simplified method
Km Spacing factor for mesh voltage
KS Spacing factor for step voltage
LC Total length of grid conductor m
LM Effective length of LC+LR for mesh voltage m
LR Total length of Ground rod m
Lr Length of ground rod at each location m
LS Effective length of LC+LR for step voltage m
Total effective length of grounding system conductor, including grid and ground
LT m
rods
Lx Maximum length of grid conductor in x direction m
Ly Maximum length of grid conductor in y direction m
n Geometric factor composed of factors na, nb, nc,nd
nR Number of rods placed in the area A
Rg Resistance of the grounding system Ω
Sf Fault current division factor (split factor) 0.6
tc Duration of Fault current for sizing ground conductor s
tf Duration of Fault current for determinig decrement factor s 0.5
ts Duration of shock for determining the body current s
E1 Line to line voltage V 115000
Z1 Positive sequence impedance Ω 4.0+j10.0 (115kV side)
Z0 Zero sequence impedance Ω 10.0+j40.0 (115kV side)
Zt Transformer impedance (Z=9% at 15MVA, 115/13 kV, Delta-Star) Ω 0.034+j1.014 (13kV side)
###
 SQUARE OR RECTANGULAR GRID WITH AND WITHOUT GROUND ROD
STEP-1: FIELD DATA

FOR APPROPIATE GRID DESING ASSUMIN A SQUARE GRID

GRID LENGTH IN MTR. = 111.85
GRID WEIDTH IN MTR. = 82.5
AREA OCCUPIED BY SUCH GRID IN SQ. MTR. = 8073

STEP-2: CONDUCTOR SIZE

L-G FAULT
IGNORING THE STATION RESISTANCE, THE SYMMETRICAL GROUND FAULT AT 115kV SIDE, THE FAULT CURRENT If ≈ 3I0,
IS COMPUTED USING EQUATION (1)
E
I 0=
3 R f + R 1 + R 2 + R 0 + j( X 1 + X 2 + X 0 )
Where,
Line to Line Voltage in Volt 220000
E = Phase to Neutral voltage in Volt = 127020.79
Rf = Estimated resistance of fault in ohm ( Normally assumed to be 0 Ω ) = 0.00
R1 = Positive sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω = 4.00
R2 = Negative sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω = 4.00
R0 = Zero sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω = 10.00
X1 = Positive sequence equivalent system reactance (subtransient) in Ω = 10.00
X2 = Negative sequence equivalent system reactance in Ω = 10.00
X0 = Zero sequence equivalent system reactance in Ω = 40.00

Hence, I0 = 2027.73 Amp and X/R Ratio = 3.33

If = 40000.00 Amp

FOR THE 13kV BUS FAULT, THE 115kV EQUIVALENT FAULT IMPEDANCES MUST BE TRANSFERRED TO 13kV SIDE OF THE TRANSFORMER. DUE TO
THE DELTA-WYE CONNECTION OF THE TRANSFORMER, ONLY THE POSITIVE NAD NEGATIVE SEQUENCE 115kV FAULT IMPEDANCE IS TRANSFERRED.
THUS,
Transformer Secondary Voltage in Volt 220000
Transformer Primary Voltage in Volt 3450
RT = Transformer resistance in Ω = 0.034
XT = Transformer reactance in Ω = 1.014
R11 = Positive sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω = 0.035
R21 = Negative sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω = 0.035
R01 = Zero sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω = 0.034
X11 = Positive sequence equivalent system reactance (subtransient) in Ω = 1.016
X21 = Negative sequence equivalent system reactance in Ω = 1.016
X01 = Zero sequence equivalent system reactance in Ω = 1.014

Hence, I0 = 653.37 Amp and X/R Ratio = 29.31

If = 1960.10 Amp

NOW THE GROUNDING CONDUCTOR SIZE SHOULD BE SELECTED FOR THE CURRENT = 40000.00 AMP

tc = Fault Duration in second = 1.00

Df = Decrement Factor as per fault current and X/R ratio = 1.00
Assuming Mild Steel wire and an ambient temperature of 40°C. Melting temp of hard drawn copper 1084°C and form Table-2 the factor Kf = 7.06

NOW THE REQUIRED CROSS SECTIONAL AREA IN CIRCULAR MILS IS COMPUTED BY USING THE EQUATION

A kcmil=I . K f . √ t c = 282.40 kcmil = 143.35 mm2

APPROXIMATE DIAMETER OF THE SOLID CONDUCTOR = 13.51 mm = 0.01351 m

6/7
FOR BETTER MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND RUGGENESS REQUIRMETS HIGER DIAMETER IS USED, ASSUM = 0.01 M

VALUE ENGINEERING
CHECK THE CONDUCTOR WITH LESS CONDUCTIVE (30%) COPPER CLAD STEEL WIRE AND THE IMPOSITION OF A MORE CONSERVATIVE TEMPERATURE
LIMIT OF 700°C, NOW THE CONDUCTOR CROSS SECTION WILL BE CALCULATED BY THE EQUATION
1
A mm2 = I∗ I = RMS current in kA = 40.00

√( ) ( )
−4
TCAP∗10 K 0 +T m Tm = Maximum allowable temp in °C = 620
ln Ta = Ambient temp in °C = 50
t c ¿ α r ¿ ρr K 0 +T a
 1
A mm2 = I∗

√( ) ( )
−4
TCAP∗10 K 0 +T m
ln
t c ¿ α r ¿ ρr K 0 +T a tc = Duration of current in seconds = 1.00
αr = Thermal coefficient of resistivity at ref temp Tr in 1/°C = 0.00423
ρr = Resistivity of the ground conductor at ref temp Tr in μΩ-cm = 15.000
= 486.51 mm2 K0 = 1/α0 or (1/αr) - Tr in °C = 216
TCAP = Termal capacity per unit volume from in J/(cm3. °C) = 3.75

DIAMETER OF THE CONDUCTOR = 24.89 mm = 0.02489 m

SO, WE CAN BE USED 30% COPPER CLAD STEEL WIRE OF APPROXIMATELY 2/0 AWG SIZE.

FOR BETTER MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND RUGGENESS REQUIRMETS HIGER DIAMETER IS USED, ASSUM = 0.040 M
STEP-3: TOUCH AND STEP CRITERIA

FOR TWO LAYER SURFACE WE HAVE TO CALCULATE THE REFLECTION FACTOR BY USING THE FORMULA

( )
ρ− ρ s ρ = Resistivity of earth beneath the surface material in Ω-m = 100
K= ρs = Crushed rock Surface material resistivity in Ω-m = 4350
ρ+ρs
hs = Thickness of the surface material in m = 0.100
= -0.96

REDUCTION FACTOR CALCULATED BY THE FORMULA

0 . 09 ( 1−ρ / ρs )
C s =1− = 0.697
2 hs + 0 .09
ASSUMING THE PERSON WEIGHT IS 50 KG, NOW THE STEP AND TOUCH VOLTAGE ARE CALCULATED BY THE EQUATIONS

0 . 116
E step 50 =( 1000+6 C s⋅ρs ) = 2225.60 Volt
√ts
0 .116
E touch 50=( 1000+1 . 5 C s⋅ρ s ) = 643.40 Volt
√ts
STEP-4: INITIAL DESIGN

ASSUMINNG PRIMARY LAYOUT = LENGTH 112 M & WIDTH 83 M AND THE GRID AREA (A) = 8073.00 M2
ASSUMING SPACING OF CONDUCTOR ( D ) = 3.5 M
NUMBER OF CONDUCTOR IN X AXIS 33
NUMBER OF CONDUCTRO IN Y AXIS 25
NUMBERS OF CONDUCTORS = 58
GRID BURIAL DEPTH ( h ) = 0.60 M
TOTAL LENGTH OF CONDUCTOR IN HORIZONTAL GRID (LC) = 3564 M
NUMBERS OF GROUND ROD = 59
LENGTH OF EACH GROUND ROD (Lr) = 3.00 M
TOTAL LENGTH OF BURIED CONDUCTOR (LT) = 3741 M

STEP-5: GRID RESISTANCE

GRID RESISTANCE DETERMINED BY THE EQUATION

[ ( )]
1 1 1
R g= ρ + 1+

√
LT √ 20∗ A 20 = 0.52 Ω
1 +h
A

STEP-6: MAXIMUM GRID CURRENT

THE WYE-GROUNDED OF 13kV TRANSFORMER WINDING IS A "LOCAL" SOURCE OF FAULT CURRENT AND DOES NOT CONTRIBUTE TO THE GPR.
THUS THE MAXIMUM GRID CURRENT BASED ON 115kV SIDE FAULT CURRENT.

THIS IS CALCULATE BY THE EQUATION Df = Decrement factor for the entire duration of fault in seconds = 1.00
Sf = Fault current division factor = 0.78
I G=D f . S f .3 I 0 I0 = Zero sequence fault current in 115kV side in A = 13333.3
= 31200.00 Amp

STEP-7: GRP VS ETouch70

GRID POTENTIAL RISE (GRP) = IG X Rg = 16138.15 Volt

ETouch70 (touch voltage for 70kg weight) = 643.40 Volt

CHECK THE STATUS OF DESIGN = GO TO STEP-8

STEP-8: MESH VOLTAGE AND STEP VOLTAGE

Lc = Total length of conductor in horizontal grid in m = 3564.00
2 . Lc
n a= = 18.34 Lp = Peripheral length of the Grid in m = 388.70
Lp A = Area of the grid in m2 = 8073.00

n b=
√ Lp
4.√A
 2 . Lc
n a=
Lp

√
Lx = Max length of the grid in the y direction in m = 111.85
Lp
n b= = 1.04 Ly = Max length of the grid in the x direction in m = 82.50
4.√A Dm = Max distance between any two points on the grid in m = 138.98

[ ]
0. 7 . A D = Spacing between two parallel conductor in m = 3.50
Lx. L y Lx .Ly h = Depth of ground grid conductor in m = 0.60
n c= = 1.09E+00 d = Diameter of the grid conductor in m = 0.04
A LR = Length of ground rod = 177.00
h0 = Grid reference depth = 1.00
Dm ρ = Resistivity of earth beneath the surface material in Ω-m = 100
n d=

[ )]
= 1.00
√ Lx 2 + L y 2
√ (√
h = 1.265 Lr
K h = 1+ L M =LC + 1 . 55+1 .22 LR
h0 L 2+ L
n=na . nb . nc . n d = 20.70 x y2
K i=0 .644 +0 . 148. n = 3.707
1 = 3564.00
K ii= = 0.70 WITHOUT ROD WITHOUT ROD
( 2 .n )2/ n = 1.00 WITH ROD = 3843.01 WITH ROD

K m=
1
2π
ln
[[ D2
16 . h . d
+
( D+2. h )2 h
8. D.h
−
4.d
K ii
+ . ln
Kh ]] 8
π ( 2 . n−1 ) [ ] =
=
0.31
0.2096759
WITH ROD
WITHOUT ROD

K s=
1 1
[
+
1 1
+ ( 1−0. 5
π 2 h D+h D
n−2
)] = 0.434
LS =0 .75 . LC +0. 85 . L R = 2823.45

NOW THE MESH VOLTAGE,

ρ. K m . K i . I G
E m= = 1021.50 Volt WITHOUT ROD
LM 631.08 Volt WITH ROD

NOW THE STEP VOLTAGE

ρ . K S. Ki . IG
E S= = 1777.07 Volt
LS
STEP-9: MESH VOLTAGE VS ETouch70

MESH VOLTAGE Em = 1021.50 Volt WITHOUT ROD

MESH VOLTAGE Em = 631.08 Volt WITH ROD
ETouch70 (touch voltage for 70kg weight) = 643.40 Volt

CHECK THE STATUS OF DESIGN = MODIFY DESIGN (CHANGE VALUE D, n, LC, LT) WITHOUT ROD
GO TO STEP-10 WITH ROD
D = Spacing between two parallel conductor in m
n = Geomatric Factor
Lc = Total length of conductor in horizontal grid in m
LT = Total length of buried conductor in m
STEP-10: ES VS EStep70

ES = 1777.07 Volt
EStep70 (Step voltage for 70kg weight) = 2225.60 Volt

CHECK THE STATUS OF DESIGN = DETAIL DESIGN

DETAIL DESIGN

GRID DIMENSION LENGTH = 111.85 M

WEIDTH = 82.50 M
SPACING OF CONDUCTOR = 3.50 M
TOTAL NUMBER OF CONDUCTOR = 58
NUMBER OF GROUND ROD = 59
LENGTH OF GROUND ROD = 3.00 M
###
 SQUARE OR RECTANGULAR GRID WITH AND WITHOUT GROUND ROD
STEP-1: FIELD DATA

FOR APPROPIATE GRID DESING ASSUMIN A SQUARE GRID

GRID LENGTH IN MTR. = 111.85
GRID WEIDTH IN MTR. = 82.5
AREA OCCUPIED BY SUCH GRID IN SQ. MTR. = 8073

STEP-2: CONDUCTOR SIZE

L-G FAULT
IGNORING THE STATION RESISTANCE, THE SYMMETRICAL GROUND FAULT AT 115kV SIDE, THE FAULT CURRENT If ≈ 3
IS COMPUTED USING EQUATION (1)
E
I 0=
3 R f + R 1 + R 2 + R 0 + j( X 1 + X 2 + X 0 )
Where,
Line to Line Voltage in Volt 220000
E = Phase to Neutral voltage in Volt = 127020.785
Rf = Estimated resistance of fault in ohm ( Normally assumed to be 0 Ω ) = 0.00
R1 = Positive sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω = 4.00
R2 = Negative sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω = 4.00
R0 = Zero sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω = 10.00
X1 = Positive sequence equivalent system reactance (subtransient) in Ω = 10.00
X2 = Negative sequence equivalent system reactance in Ω = 10.00
X0 = Zero sequence equivalent system reactance in Ω = 40.00

Hence, I0 = 2027.73 Amp and X/R Ratio = 3.33

If = 40000.00 Amp

FOR THE 13kV BUS FAULT, THE 115kV EQUIVALENT FAULT IMPEDANCES MUST BE TRANSFERRED TO 13kV SIDE OF T
THE DELTA-WYE CONNECTION OF THE TRANSFORMER, ONLY THE POSITIVE NAD NEGATIVE SEQUENCE 115kV FAUL
THUS,
Transformer Secondary Voltage in Volt 220000
Transformer Primary Voltage in Volt 3450
RT = Transformer resistance in Ω = 0.034
XT = Transformer reactance in Ω = 1.014
R11 = Positive sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω = 0.035
R21 = Negative sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω = 0.035
R01 = Zero sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω = 0.034
X11 = Positive sequence equivalent system reactance (subtransient) in Ω = 1.016
X21 = Negative sequence equivalent system reactance in Ω = 1.016
X01 = Zero sequence equivalent system reactance in Ω = 1.014

Hence, I0 = 653.37 Amp and X/R Ratio = 29.31

If = 1960.10 Amp

NOW THE GROUNDING CONDUCTOR SIZE SHOULD BE SELECTED FOR THE CURRENT = 40000.00

tc = Fault Duration in second = 1.00

 Df = Decrement Factor as per fault current and X/R ratio = 1.00
Assuming Mild Steel wire and an ambient temperature of 40°C. Melting temp of hard drawn copper 1084°C and form Table-2 the

NOW THE REQUIRED CROSS SECTIONAL AREA IN CIRCULAR MILS IS COMPUTED BY USING THE EQUATION

A kcmil=I . K f . √ t c = 282.40 kcmil = 143.35 mm2

APPROXIMATE DIAMETER OF THE SOLID CONDUCTOR = 13.51 mm = 0.01351

FOR BETTER MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND RUGGENESS REQUIRMETS HIGER DIAMETER IS USED, ASSUM

VALUE ENGINEERING
CHECK THE CONDUCTOR WITH LESS CONDUCTIVE (30%) COPPER CLAD STEEL WIRE AND THE IMPOSITION OF A MO
LIMIT OF 700°C, NOW THE CONDUCTOR CROSS SECTION WILL BE CALCULATED BY THE EQUATION
1
A mm2 = I∗ I

√(
= RMS current in kA

) ( )
−4
TCAP∗10 K 0 +T m Tm = Maximum allowable temp in °C
ln Ta = Ambient temp in °C
t c ¿ α r ¿ ρr K 0 +T a tc = Duration of current in seconds
αr = Thermal coefficient of resistivity
ρr = Resistivity of the ground conduc
= 486.51 mm2 K0 = 1/α0 or (1/αr) - Tr in °C
TCAP = Termal capacity per unit volume

DIAMETER OF THE CONDUCTOR = 24.89 mm = 0.02489 m

SO, WE CAN BE USED 30% COPPER CLAD STEEL WIRE OF APPROXIMATELY 2/0 AWG SIZE.

FOR BETTER MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND RUGGENESS REQUIRMETS HIGER DIAMETER IS USED, ASSUM
STEP-3: TOUCH AND STEP CRITERIA

FOR TWO LAYER SURFACE WE HAVE TO CALCULATE THE REFLECTION FACTOR BY USING THE FORMULA

( )
ρ− ρ s ρ = Resistivity of earth beneath the surface material in Ω-m
K= ρs = Crushed rock Surface material resistivity in Ω-m
ρ+ρs
hs = Thickness of the surface material in m
= -0.96

REDUCTION FACTOR CALCULATED BY THE FORMULA

0 . 09 ( 1−ρ / ρs )
C s =1− = 0.697
2 hs + 0 .09
ASSUMING THE PERSON WEIGHT IS 70 KG, NOW THE STEP AND TOUCH VOLTAGE ARE CALCULATED BY THE EQUATI

0 . 157
E step70 =( 1000+6 C s⋅ρs ) = 3012.23 Volt
√ts
0 .157 = 870.81 Volt
E touch 70=( 1000+1 . 5 C s⋅ρ s )
STEP-4: INITIAL DESIGN √t s
ASSUMINNG PRIMARY LAYOUT = LENGTH 112 M & WIDTH 83 M
ASSUMING SPACING OF CONDUCTOR ( D ) = 3.5 M
NUMBER OF CONDUCTOR IN X AXIS 33
NUMBER OF CONDUCTRO IN Y AXIS 25
NUMBERS OF CONDUCTORS = 58
GRID BURIAL DEPTH ( h ) = 0.60 M
TOTAL LENGTH OF CONDUCTOR IN HORIZONTAL GRID (LC) = 3564 M
NUMBERS OF GROUND ROD = 59
LENGTH OF EACH GROUND ROD (Lr) = 3.00 M
 TOTAL LENGTH OF BURIED CONDUCTOR (LT) = 3741 M

STEP-5: GRID RESISTANCE

GRID RESISTANCE DETERMINED BY THE EQUATION

[ ( √ )]
1 1 1
R g= ρ + 1+
LT √ 20∗ A 20 = 0.52 Ω
1 +h
A

STEP-6: MAXIMUM GRID CURRENT

THE WYE-GROUNDED OF 13kV TRANSFORMER WINDING IS A "LOCAL" SOURCE OF FAULT CURRENT AND DOES NOT
THUS THE MAXIMUM GRID CURRENT BASED ON 115kV SIDE FAULT CURRENT.

THIS IS CALCULATE BY THE EQUATION Df = Decrement factor for the entire duration of fault in s
Sf = Fault current division factor
I G=D f . S f .3 I 0 I0 = Zero sequence fault current in 115kV side in A
= 31200.00 Amp

STEP-7: GRP VS ETouch70

GRID POTENTIAL RISE (GPR) = IG X Rg = 16138.15 Volt

ETouch70 (touch voltage for 70kg weight) = 870.81 Volt

CHECK THE STATUS OF DESIGN = GO TO STEP-8

STEP-8: MESH VOLTAGE AND STEP VOLTAGE

Lc = Total length of conductor in horizontal grid in m
2 . Lc
n a= = 18.34 Lp = Peripheral length of the Grid in m
Lp A = Area of the grid in m2

√
Lx = Max length of the grid in the y direction in m
Lp = 1.04 Ly = Max length of the grid in the x direction in m
n b=
4.√A Dm = Max distance between any two points on the
D = Spacing between two parallel conductor in m

[ ]
0. 7 . A
Lx. L y Lx .Ly
h = Depth of ground grid conductor in m
n c= = 1.09E+00 d = Diameter of the grid conductor in m
A LR
h0
= Length of ground rod
= Grid reference depth
Dm ρ = Resistivity of earth beneath the surface materia
n d= = 1.00
√ Lx 2 + L y 2
√ h = 1.265
K h = 1+
h0
n=na . nb . nc . n d = 20.70
K i=0 .644 +0 . 148. n = 3.707
1 = 0.70 WITHOUT ROD
K ii=
( 2 .n )2/ n = 1.00 WITH ROD

K m=
1
2π
ln
[[D2
16 . h . d
+
( D+2. h )2 h
8. D.h
−
K
+ ii . ln
4 . d Kh ]] 8
π ( 2 . n−1 ) [ ] =
=
0.31
0.2096759
WITH ROD
WITHOUT ROD

K s=
1 1
[
+
1 1
+ ( 1−0. 5
π 2 h D+h D
n−2
)] = 0.434

NOW THE MESH VOLTAGE,

ρ. K m . K i . I G
E m=
LM
 ρ. K m . K i . I G
E m= = 1021.50 Volt WITHOUT ROD
LM 631.08 Volt WITH ROD

NOW THE STEP VOLTAGE

ρ . K S. Ki . IG
E S= = 1777.07 Volt
LS
STEP-9: MESH VOLTAGE VS ETouch70

MESH VOLTAGE Em = 1021.50 Volt WITHOUT ROD

MESH VOLTAGE Em = 631.08 Volt WITH ROD
ETouch70 (touch voltage for 70kg weight) = 870.81 Volt

CHECK THE STATUS OF DESIGN = MODIFY DESIGN (CHANGE VALUE D, n, LC, LT)
GO TO STEP-10
D = Spacing between two
n = Geomatric Factor
Lc = Total length of condu
LT = Total length of buried
STEP-10: ES VS EStep70

ES = 1777.07 Volt
EStep70 (Step voltage for 70kg weight) = 3012.23 Volt

CHECK THE STATUS OF DESIGN = DETAIL DESIGN

DETAIL DESIGN

GRID DIMENSION LENGTH = 111.85 M

WEIDTH = 82.50 M
SPACING OF CONDUCTOR = 3.50 M
TOTAL NUMBER OF CONDUCTOR = 58
NUMBER OF GROUND ROD = 59
LENGTH OF GROUND ROD = 3.00 M

###
THOUT GROUND ROD

THE FAULT CURRENT If ≈ 3I0,

1+ X 2+ X 0 )

220000
127020.785
0.00
4.00
4.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
40.00

FERRED TO 13kV SIDE OF THE TRANSFORMER. DUE TO

VE SEQUENCE 115kV FAULT IMPEDANCE IS TRANSFERRED.

220000
3450
0.034
1.014
0.035
0.035
0.034
1.016
1.016
1.014

40000.00 AMP

1.00
 1.00
084°C and form Table-2 the factor Kf = 7.06

G THE EQUATION

0.01351 m
7/7
ER IS USED, ASSUM = 0.01 M

THE IMPOSITION OF A MORE CONSERVATIVE TEMPERATURE

MS current in kA = 40.00
ximum allowable temp in °C = 620
bient temp in °C = 50
ration of current in seconds = 1.00
ermal coefficient of resistivity at ref temp Tr in 1/°C = 0.00423
sistivity of the ground conductor at ref temp Tr in μΩ-cm = 15.000
0 or (1/αr) - Tr in °C = 216
mal capacity per unit volume from in J/(cm3. °C) = 3.75

S USED, ASSUM = 0.040 M

THE FORMULA
= 100
= 4350
= 0.100

LCULATED BY THE EQUATIONS

AND THE GRID AREA (A) = 8073.00 M2

CURRENT AND DOES NOT CONTRIBUTE TO THE GPR.

he entire duration of fault in seconds = 1.00

= 0.78
urrent in 115kV side in A = 13333.3

ductor in horizontal grid in m = 3564.00

f the Grid in m = 388.70
= 8073.00
grid in the y direction in m = 111.85
grid in the x direction in m = 82.50
etween any two points on the grid in m = 138.98
wo parallel conductor in m = 3.50
id conductor in m = 0.60
d conductor in m = 0.04
= 177.00
= 1.00
beneath the surface material in Ω-m = 100

[
L M =LC + 1 . 55+1 .22
(√
Lr
L 2+ L
x y2
)] LR

= 3564.00 WITHOUT ROD

= 3843.01 WITH ROD

WITH ROD
WITHOUT ROD

LS =0 .75 . LC +0. 85 . L R = 2823.45

 WITHOUT ROD
WITH ROD
Spacing between two parallel conductor in m
Geomatric Factor
Total length of conductor in horizontal grid in m
Total length of buried conductor in m

ESIGN