11th Physics EM Latest School Guides Note Book 2023 2024 English Medium PDF Download

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P (d)P0.0s35% velocity, ofPproportionality
[Ans. (c) 0.28%]
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alailai 5. Which asal a ilaof
i the following l
asa ail ai has the highest
l
asa a il a i number l
asa a il a i (a) [MLT l a
0 il a i l a i
asa] asaasa(b) i [MLT–1a] saaslaailai
l a aslaailai
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d a s
adsignificant
a d
ad
s
PaPfigures?
a a
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PaPad
a s a d a sa
ad –2T] PaPad (d) [ML
PaP[ML d d
aPa0d
P–1 d
PaPad
a sa
P (c) T]
(a) 0.007 m2 (b) 2.64 × 1024 kg
[Ans. (d) [ML–1T0]]
.s
(c) 0.0006032 m 2
(d) 6.3200 J 1
alailai saaslaala
i i i i
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ilai
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ilai
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i i
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i i
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i i
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a
d PaPad a
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[Ans.
d a
d 6.3200d
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J
a
d aad d PaPad d d ad
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6. If π = 3.14, then the value of π2 is
(a) length (b) time
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[QY. - 2018; Jun.-2019; CRT & May - 2022]

alailai l a il
a9.8596 ai l a i
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asa (b) 9.860 l
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l a(d) aslaailai
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d
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a sa
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a s a d
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a sa d
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a sa d
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Pa]Pad
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7. Round of the following number 19.95 into 15. Planck’s constant (h), speed of light in vacuum
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a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala areda sasaalaas three
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alailai 8. Which a laailaiof the sfollowing
a laailai pairs a laaofilai physical alailai
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daadsasa d
ada sa s
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have d
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sa d
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[Mar-2019;Aug-'22] (a) 3
(b) 5 (c) hc (d) 3
(a) force c G h
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2
alailai i laailai c alailai
2 2
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(c)
d
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PaPad d (d) force
PaPa d d and torque d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPad d PaPd d
[Ans.
a (a) Pa ad d
P 3 ]P
[Ans. (b) torque and energy] c2
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aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaailai
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PaPad
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II. Short Answer Questions. (v) If the number is less than 1, the zero (s) on
1. Briefly explain the types of physical quantities. lailai the right of the decimal point but latoialeft of
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai asa aslaailai aslaailai asal i aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
ad PhysicalPquantities
PaP(i) d
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d a s
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a d s
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a a d
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There are fundamental and derived quantities. (vi) All zeros to the right of a decimal point and
a
al la i i (ii) i i
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a
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i
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la quantities saaslare
a i i
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i i
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l ail ai mass,
l a i
l ai time, electric
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i
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d a sa
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a d a s
PaPad are thePaPlimitations
a d
ada sa d a
d s
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a d
PaPad
a sa
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(iii) Quantities that can be expressed in terms of analysis?
s as
a
lalai i
s as
fundamental
laailai s quantities
a slaailai slaailai derivedsaslaaila i
aresacalled [Govt. MQP-2018;
s aslaailai HY-2018;
s aslaailaJun.-2019;
i CRT a
s asla&ilaAug-'22]
i i i
saaslaala
a
dada a a a a a a a a a
Limitations
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Dimensional
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P PaPa quantities.
d d PaPFor
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d d PaPad d Ans. PaPad d PaPad d PaPa d d PaPad d
s.
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i
alalai 2. How i
lai you measure
will
aslaa i
aslaalathe i diameter i
laithe Moon
aslaaof i
aslaalai dimensionless
aslaailai constants
aslaailai in theaformula aslaailai like asaaslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
ad parallax
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d sa
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ad
sa d
aPada sa d a s
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a d s
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a a
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Pa
ok
P P[HY-2018 &'19;P QY-'19]
(ii) This method cannot decide whether the given
Ans. O - observation point on earth. quantity is a vector iori a scalar.
s a laailai s a laailai s a laailai s a laailai s a laailai s a laailai laala
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l a i a i l a i a i
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l a i
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aslaato aailai
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aPad PaPad
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P θ P
into moon of a circular disc.
(v) It can only check on whether a physical
i i i i i relationi i i i iai not i i
(ii)sas∠AOB = θ saslala saaslaala is dimensionally correct
saaslaalbut
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a PaPa the correctness
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d PaPa d PaPa d
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ur
s =laut 2
i
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laala'S'i is very large i i
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i correct
aslaailai laiai
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whereas the correct
d a a s relation is
d sa= a ut +1/2 at . d
P Pad the diameter PaPad of the moon PaPaisd PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
considered as a circular arc of radius, S. 5. Define precision and accuracy. Explain with
.s
d = S × θ.
saaslala onedexample.
a i i a i i a i i a i i a i i i i i i i i i i
al la
daadsasa d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
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a a
d canPbePacalculated, when PaPa 'S' is known PaPand
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a ofPaPtwo a or more PaPa
θ is measured. measurements to each other is known as
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alalaii i
aslaalai i
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aslaalai aslaalai precision.
daadsasa 3.PadWrite a sa the rules
d a sa for determiningd a sa significant
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
P Pad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
Accuracy: The P aPad
closeness PaPad valuePtoaPad
of a measured
figures.
the actual value of the object being measured is
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a
al l ai i Ans. (i) All
a
saaslala
i non-zero
i digits
a
saaslala
i i are significant a
saaslala
i i
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a i i
saaccuracy.
aslaailai i i
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i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
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d
PaP(ii) d ad
PaPbetween d ad d a
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non-zero PaPare
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Example: PaPaa man's truePheight
Suppose aPa is exactly PaPa
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significant 5′9″. When it is measured with a yardstick, the

alalaii
(iii)
i
laalaizeros to the
asAll i
lai of a non-zero
aslaaright i
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i a5′0″.
laailai Hence measurement
aslaailai is not aslaaaccurate.
ilai aslaailai
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with PaaPlaser
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the value is 5′9″ then measurement is accurate.
(iv) F
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alailai laailai
saasterminal ordtrailing
i i
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saanot saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
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III. Long Answer Questions AB h
(2) From right-angled triangle ABC, tan θ = =
BC x
alailai 1. (i) laailai
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i gauge ilai vernier alailai
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(3) Knowing the distance x, the height h can be
(ii) Write a note on triangulation method and
determined.
saasradar
laailai method saasto
laailmeasure larger
saaslaaladistances.
a i i ai i i i i i i i i i i i i
al la saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
m
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d a
d d ad
PaPa MQP-2018; Aug-'22]
[Govt. d
PaPa
ad d
RADAR
PaPa
a
d method PaPad ad d a
d
PaPa[First Mid-2018] PaPad a
d
P
Ans. Measurement of small distances: (1) The word RADAR stands for radio detection
and ranging.
alailai laailai The screw
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co
daadsasa d
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forPmeasuring d a sa
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aa
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a saradar can bed
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P the distance of a nearby planet such as Mars.P
of objects up to a maximum of about In this method, radio waves are sent from
i i 50 mm. alailai transmitters which,saaslaaafter
ilai reflection
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circular motion of a screw. instants the radio waves are sent and received,
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai the a laailai
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0.01 mm.
Speed = distance travelled / time taken
(4) A vernier caliper is a versatile instrument i i
a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai saaslaala
i i
Distance(d)
saaslaala = Speed iai radio waves
saaslaalof
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o (4) where aslaalavi is the speed
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www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P 0 5 10
5
during the forward and backward path of the

0
95
radio waves, it is divided by 2 to get the actual

0 1 2 15
3 20
4 5 6 7 8
Screw Gauge
alailai i i i i i i i i laailai of the object. laailai laailai i i

0 5 10
daadsasa d a
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0 5
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0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
95 0
alailai aslaailai
(a) No error (b) +ve error
aslaailai
0
5 10
aslaailai
0 5 10 0 5
aslaailai
10
theaground.
laailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa
(a) No error (b) +ve error
d a s
a d a s
a d a s
a +0.03 cm
da s
(c) - ve error
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d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa
PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad Pa ad PaPad Pa ad
Pitch Scale Vernier Scale
P 0 45
0 1 2 3 4
2. Explain in detailPthe various types of errors.P
95 40
[Mar & QY-2019]

.s
0
90 35 0 5 10
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l a ilai Types of
Ans. i i
saaslaala l a ilai
errors : l a ilai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
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a a a
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A model reading A model reading
d a
d d a
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d d a
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Pa Random error
MSR = 2.2 cm ; VSC = 4 divisions;
PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
PSR = 6 mm ; HSC=40 divisions;
P Reading = [6mm+(40x0.01mm)]=6.40mm Reading = [2.2 cm+(4x0.01cm)] = 2.24 cm
Screw Screw gaugegauge

andand
vernier
vernier caliper with
caliper with errors
errors (c) Gross error
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alailai (ii)saslT ilai

aariangulation aailai
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(1) Let AB = h be the It is classified as follows

alailai ailai a ilai a ilai a ilai a ilai a ilai : ilai i i
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l
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inilaithe experimental iai arrangement. To
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alailai 18 saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala Sura’s i i
saaslaaXIlaStd - Physicss➠
ilai - I ➠ Unit
aslaaVolume i i
saaslaa01la➠ Nature ofsa ai i
slala Worlddand
Physical ai i
slala
saaMeasurement
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad a
PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d a
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
Verification : a b c
 M1   L1   T1 
1 We have P = P      
alailai
i
aslsaa=laiut + a at 2ala
i
alai
i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai 2 1 ala lai i
 sMa2   L 2  dTa2 saasla
i
alai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaP2ad
sa s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
PaPad d
PaPad
a sa
P
Substituting dimensions M1 = 1g, M2 = 1 kg

alailai saas[L]
i i
lala= [LT ][T]
a –1 i
saasl+al[LT
a i –2 2
a ][T ] saslala a i i a
saasla
ila i a i i
saaslala L =d1cm,
i i
saaslaaLla = 1 m dadsaaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d a d
PaPa
ad PaPad a
d 1 PaPa
a
d 2 PaPa d
PaPa
a
d
P
[L] = [L] + [L]
T1 = 1s, T2 = 1 s
alailai asThe
laalai equationsis
i aslaadimensionally
i
lai aslaacorrect.
i
lai i
aslaalai As a a=1, i
aslaabla=i –1, andacsaa= laailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d a
ad
sa d a a
aPaofd mercuryPpressure d
aPada sa d adsa d
PaPad
sa d
PaPad
s –2
PaPadd a s a d
PaPad
a sa
P 5.PaPExpress 76 P
cm PaPaof
in terms
Nm–2 using the method of dimensions. Then
alailai laailai laailai laailai & 2021]saslaailai laailai 1ilgai 1cm  as1assla
1 −1 −i2 i i i
a a [Sep.-2020
a a a la la saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d sa s
PaPad a
d sa s d
PaPa
a
d sa s d
PaPa
ad a Pd
PaP2a =
a
d s76
a s × 13.6 × 980
d a
d sa s a 
PaPa 1kg   1PmaPa 1s   d d  a a
 d
PaPa
a
d
P
s.
Solution:      
1 −1 −2
In cgs laailsystem 76 cm laaof
ilaimercury pressure laa10ilai kg  10 samslaa ilai1s 
−3 −2
alailai a ai a a laailai a ilai
laa = 76
a laail×ai13.6 × 980 a aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
a s
PaP=ad76 × 13.6 × PaPd a
ad
s
a s d
PaPad
a s
a s d
PaPad
a s
a s d
PaPad
a s
a s d a s
a s
PaPad  1kg P aP d a a
 a1dm  1s  PaPad da s
a
ok
P 980 dyne cm−2  
alailai
The ladimensional
ilai lformula
aailai of pressure
laailai P is la ilai = 76 laail×ai13.6 × 980 ilai–3 × 102 alailai
×la10 i i
daadsasa a s as a as
da −1 −2 PaPdada
as as
dada
as a s as a
dada Padada a s as a s
dad–1a
as a daadsasa a saaslaala
P PaPda
[ML T ] P a
P P a
P o P = 1012928 × 10 P a
P P a
P
d
PaPa d
P1[Ml1aailaLi1b T1c] = P2[M a b c

laaila2 i L2 T2 ] saslaailai laailai P2 = sa1.01
6
laailai× 10 × 10
–1 = 1.01 × 105 Nm–2.
alailai a a a a laailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa PaPdad
s
aa s a
PaPdad
s
aa s aa
PaPdad d
PaPad
a s
a s da
PaPad
a s d
PaPad
a s
a s d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
alailai sA saaslaalaQuestions
i i i i ilai
aslaadditional i i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d a d a
d d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
ur
I. Multiple ChoicelailQ uestions :ai i 2. The word scientia is meaning to _______.

alailai alailai asa ai aslala aslaailai (a) exact
daadsasa Padaadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a 1
s
a Mark da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a (b) to know
d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P P
(c) control (d) implement
A. Choose the best answer :
[Ans. (b) to know]
.s
alailai 1. Aaslength-scale
aslaailai (l) ai i
saadepends
slala on athe ilai
saaslaapermittivity
ilai
saaslaa3. a l a ilai a l ailai ilai
saaslaa_______
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d d
PaP(e)
a
a of a Pdielectric d
aPa a
d d
PaPa d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d sas
Astronomicala Scale
d
PaPa
adsis
a a
sdealt withdathe
PaPa d d
PaPa
a
d
P material, Boltzmann Physics.
constant (kB), the absolute temperature (T),
w
(a) Mesoscopic (b) Microscopic

i
alalai thesasnumber
laailai persaunitlaailai volume s(n)aslaailaofi certain aslaailai laailai
(c) dMacrospic
a a laailai
(d) None dasaasla
i
alai aslaailai
daadsasa d
ada a
PaPcharged d a a s
PaPad and the
particles, d a
ad
charge
PaP
a d
PaPad
(q) carried
a sa a da s
a s d
PaPad
a s
a s
PaP adMacrospic] d
PaPad
asa
P P Pa [Ans. (c)
by each of the particles. Which of the following 4. Microscopic group of Physics dealt with the
w
alailai expression i i for l alisailadimensionally

i i i correct? alailai study sof
aslaa_______.
ilai i i i i i i
daadsasa a saaslaala a sasa a saaslaala asasa a a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
P
d
PaPa d PaPad d [JEE (advanced)
d
PaPa d 2016]
PaPdad (a) d
a d a
PaPclassical d
physics
PaPa d d d
(b) statistical
PaPa mechanicsPaPa d d
(c) fluid mechanics (d) quantum physics
nq 2 (b) l = e kBT
w
(a) l =
laalaie kBT
2
nqla [Ans. (d) quantumlaphysics]
alailai a i a i
laalai a ilai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai asailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa s d a sa s d a sa s a a s
PaPad 5.
d a What a s
a dis the range
d a a
a of
d s
d astronomical
a a s
a dtime scalesa d
d a da s
a
P qP Pad
2 a PaPad q 2 P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
(c) l = (d) l = to microscopic scales?
2
e nkBT
e n 3
kBT (a) 1015sla toia10 –15
i s ilai 109s to 10–18
(b) laasilai
alailai a la ila i a l ailai ai i ai i
slalal= εkBdTads]aaslala
saa(b) a l a l a a i i
saaslaala
daadsasa
d
PaPa
a
d sas a
PaPad a dsas a
[Ans.
d
PaPa
a
d (c)
aPa2
Pnq 10
d
PaPa
a
d s
18
a s
to
a
10 –22s d
PaPa
a
d s
a s a
(d) 10 11s to
d
PaPa
a s
10
d a s
–16 s
d
PaPa
a
d
P 18 to 10–22s]
[Ans. (c) 10
alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
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a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa d
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a sa
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daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
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d
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afor Sample,
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PaPad
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alailai XIla
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saaslaaand
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i i
saaslaala
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saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d a s d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
6. The law of electricity and magnetism is used to 13. How many light years make 1 parsec?
(a) Wireless communication
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai (a) 3.26 aslaailai (b)
aslaailai 6.67 aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa (b)
d
PaPad
a sa Nuclear reactor
d
PaPad
a sa (c) Steam
d
PaPad
a sa engine
PaPadd a sa (c) d a sa
PaP1.5
ad d a sa
PaPad (d) 9.4PaP[Ans. d a sa
ad (a) 3.26] d
PaPad
a sa
P
(d) Aeroplane
[Ans. (a)i Wireless communication ] 14. How many AU makes one metre?
ai i a i i a i a i i a i i ilai11 ilai ailai i i
al la saaslalathe following.
saaslala saaslala saaslala (a) d3.26 saas×laa10 AU dadsaasla
a(b)
slaAU saaslaala
m
daadsasa 7.PadMatcha
d d a
d d a
d dad a
d 1.496 d
×ad saa11
10 d a
d
P Pa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa aa
16 P P PaPa –12 PaPa
(1) Steam (a) Bernoulli's (c) 3.08 × 10 AU (d) 6.684 × 10 AU
engine principle [Ans.i (d) 6.684 × 10i –12 AU]
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai l a i
l a i l a i
l a i la la i laalai aslaailai
co
a a a a
daadsasa d
PaPad
as
(2)
a Nuclear d
PaPad
a s
a (b) d s
PaPad of
Laws
a a d a s
a s
PaPad 15. One
a d a
d s
a
PaPalunar
s a
month
PaPis
a s
a s a
adequal to __________
d d
PaPad
a s
a s d
PaPad
a s
a
P reactor thermodynamics
(a) 29.5 days (b) 27.3 days
(3) iProduction of i (c) Controlled
(c) 365 days
alailai saaslala 31 days
(d)
a i a i a i i a i i a i i a i i i i i i
daadsasa a saaslalultra
a high saslala
a a
nuclear
a saaslafission
la a saaslala a saaslala a a saaslaala a saaslaala
P
d
PaPa d magnetic
PaPafields
d d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d [Ans. d
PaP(a)
a 29.5 days]
d d
PaPa d
s.
(4) Aeroplane (d) Super conductivity 16. What is the value of one light year in tera metre?
alailai laailai (2) (3)
a(1) aslaaila(4)
i aslaailai aslaailai (a) 9.46 ilai6
as×laa10 Tm dasaasla
ilai
a(b) 9.46 ×d10 9aTmlaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
ad b
PaP(a)
s
a s d a
cPaPada
s
a d
d PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa d
ada
PaP9.46
sa a ad Pa×
a
d3sa s d
PaPad
a sa
Pa10
ok
P (c) × 102TmP P (d) 9.46 Tm
(b) d a b c
[Ans. (d) 9.46 × 103 Tm]
(c) claiai d a laiabi
alailai saabsal saasal a
i i
saaslaala b c ddaa]
ilai
saaslaa17.
i i
saaslaala saaslaa
ilai i i
saas2laaisla
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa (d)
d
PaPa
a
d c d
PaPa
a
dd d
PaPa[Ans:(d)
a
d PaPa d The d
PaPa
acceleration
a
d of
d
PaPa
a
d20 m/s 2 in km/h
d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
(a) 2.59 × 105 km/h2 (b) 1.29 × 105 km/h2
8. Match the following fundamental forces with
alailai respect
a laailato laailai
i relativeastrengths. a
o
laailai a laailai (c) 2.0s×asl10
3
aailaikm/h
2
a laailai 3.5× 105 km/h
(d)
a
2
laa5 ilai 2 aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s
PaPad(1) Gravitational d a sa s
PaPad force PaPa(a) d a
d s
a s d
PaPad
a sa s PaPad
d a a d d s
PaPa[Ans.
a a s (a) 2.59 d a sa s
PaPa×d 10 km/hPa]Pad d a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P 1
18. Which device is used for measuring the mass
(2) Electromagnetic force (b) 10–38
alailai (3)
a laailaWeak
i nuclear a ilai
laaforce (c) a ilai–2
laa10 a laailai of atoms? i i
saaslaala saaslaa
ilai
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d sa s
PaPa (4) Strong d adsa
PaPnuclear
a
s
aad a
d s
a s
aad a
d sa s (a) Spectrograph
d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d (b) Fermi d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P force P P (d) 10–13 P P (c) Telescope (d) Microscope
ur
(1)i (2) (3) i (4) [Ans. (a) Spectrograph]

alailai a l aalai aslaalaci aslaailai l a i
l a i
asa19. Which l
aof a i
l a i
athe following
ilai
aslaastatement is laailai
aswrong? aslaailai
daadsasa (a)
d a
ad b
s
a as d d
a adabs
a d a
a ad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a s d a s
a d a s
a d a s
a
P PaP(b) cP P d a PP Pad
Pa15 PaPad PaPad
(a) one fermi = 10 m
(c) c d a b (b) All non-zero digits are significant.
.s
alailai i i
(d)sacslala a
a i
bsaslaladi
a [Ans: iai b c d a] alailai
saaslaal(b) (c) 1aAU
i i
saaslaa=la1.496 ×d10 s11 laailai
asm i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d ad a d a
d a d ad d a
d sasa d d a
d a d a
d d a
d
P 9.PaPHow
a many Pgram aPa make 1 P aPa gram? PaPa
deca PaPSpeed
(d) a PaPa unit.
is a derived PaPa PaPa
15
(a) 10g (b) 100g (c) 1kg (d) 100kg [Ans. (a) one fermi = 10 m]
w
alailai sala i
alai
i
aslaalai a[Ans.
laalai (a) 10g]saslaa20.
i ilai Which i
laathe
aof lai following ilai
aslaastatement is laailai
aswrong? aslaailai
daadsasa a a s
PaP1adnano second
10. d a sa
PaPaisd equivalent
d PaPto
d
ada s as d
PaPad
a a d a sa s
ad is a dimensionless
PaPStrain d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P (a) quantity.
–6 –3
(a) 10 s (b) 10 s
w
–15 –9s[Ans. (d) 10–9s]

(b) Fundamental quantity is also called the base quantity.
(c) 10 s (d) 10
alailai a i i
saaslalaunit is used a i
lala
saasto
i a
saaslof
i
ala i a i
saaslala (c) dforce
i iai × acceleration
saasl=aalmass
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa 11. Which
d a d a measure d size
a a nucleus?
d a (d) a
PaP1a Solar year =Pa1500 d a d a d a
P PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d d Pa days. PaPa
d d PaPa d
(a) Angstrom (b) Micron [Ans. (d) 1 Solar year = 1500 days]
w
(c) Nano (d) Fermi i i ilai Which aoflaithe

alailai laailai laailai aslaa21. alai following aslaastatement isatrue?
a a aslaala(d) Fermi] ilai laailai aslaailai
daadsasa
d
PaPad
a sa s
PaPadd a sa s d
PaPad
[Ans.
a s a d
PaPad
a sa (a) d a sa s
PaPVelocity
ad is a P d a sa
fundamental
aPad unit. d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa
P
12. One parallactic second is, (b) 1 Solar day = 24 hours.
(a) 3.08 × 10 16m (b) 1.49 × 10 11m 4
(c) 1 Shake ila=i 10 s
alailai a la ilai a l ailai a l a ilai a l a ilai a l a saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa (c)
d
PaPa
adsa9.46a
s × 1015m
PaPa d a
d sas a (d) 1.66
PaPad ad
a
s×as10–27m d
PaPa
a
d sas a (d) d
PaPa
mass
a
d
a
sasis a deriveddaunit.
PaPa d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
[Ans. (a) 3.08 × 1016m] [Ans. (b) 1 Solar day = 24 hours]

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
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s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
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a d
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daadsasa d
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afor Sample,
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PaPad
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alailai XIla
saasUnit
i i
ilai Measurement
saaslaaand
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i 27
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPad a
d a s
PaPa d a
d PaPad a
d PaPa
ad PaPad a
d PaPad a
d PaPad a
d PaPad a
d
P
(ii) Light year : 20. What is meant by the dimensions of a physical
quantity?i i
alailai a It
ilai
laais the distance a ilai
laatravelled by laailaini vacuumsaslaailai
light
a aslaala aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s
PaPad in one year. d a sa s
PaPad1 ly = 9.467 d a sa
d 15
PaP×a10
s d
PaPad
a a Ans. The d
PaPad
a s
dimensions
a ofd
PaPad
aasaphysical d
PaPad
s
quantity
a a are the d
PaPad
a sa
P m powers to which the units of base quantities are
raised to represent a derived unit of that quantity.
alailai (iii) la ilai
Parallactic second
l a ilai : la ilai l a ilai ai i
slala aslaailai laailai i i
saaslaala
m
a a a a saaDimensional saasexample.
daadsasa PaPad a
d sas a
PaPa d a
d sas a
PaPad a
d sas a d
PaPa
ad
a
sas 21. Define
PaPad a
d PaPad a
d sConstant.
a Give
PaPad a
d PaPad a
d
P
It is the distance at which an arc of length Ans. Physical quantities which possess dimensions
alailai
1laiaastronomical
i laaunit
ilai subtendsalaan ilai angle of alailai and have constant values iare
laailai laalai
called dimensionali aslaailai
l aslaalai
co
a a a a
daadsasa d sa s a
PaPad 1 secondPof
a d d s
aPaarc.
a a s d
PaPad
a sa s a d
PaPad
a sa s a constants.
d
PaPad
a sa s Examples d
Pa ad
a sare
a s Gravitational
d
PaPad
a sa constant, d
PaPad
a sa
P Planck’s constantPetc.
1 par sec = 3.08 × 10 m = 3.26 ly. 16
alailai laailai laailai laailai ilai What isala

laa22. meant
ilai by Scientific laailai method? i i i i
daadsasa 16.adWhat
a s as is an error?
a s as Name the s a
three
a s Errors in
a s as a s s a a s as a saaslaala a saaslaala
P P Pa d a
PaPa d d a
PaPad d a d
PaPa d a Ans. The
PaPadscientific
d a method
PaPad d ais a step-by-step
PaPad d approach PaPad d
s.
Measurement. in studying natural phenomena and establishing
Ans. Thealuncertainty inalaaailmeasurement laws whichi govern these iphenomena.
alailai aailai ai a laaisilaicalled ansaslaailai a laalai aslaalai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a s
PaPerror.
d
ad a s
PaPadd a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d a a
PaPad 23. What d a sa s
PaPaddo you mean d a sa
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h1 m1h1 9. If one object is dropped vertically downward
w
(a) (b) and another object isai thrown horizontally

a l a
a
il ai a l a
ah il a
2
i a l a
a
i l a i ms2has2laailai a laailai a laailai a lalai ilai
aslaaratio aslaailai
s
daada s d a sa s d a sa s d a a d a sa s from d a s
athe
s same height,
d a s
a s then dthe
a s
a of d a sa
P PaPad Pa ad PamPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
m1 h1 P 1 vertical distance covered by both objects at
(c) (d)
m h m2 any instant t is
a ilai a 2ilai 2 a ilai ailai a ilai laiai ilai
la(c) ilai i i
a
daadsas
l a d ad
a
sas l a d a
d
a
sas l a d ad
a
sas l a m1 dha 1d
a
sas l a (a) d1adsaasal (b) 2 dadsaasa 4 d a
dsaaslaa0.5
(d) d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa PaPa PaP[Ans.
a (c) m PaPa ] PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
2 h2 [Ans. (a) 1]

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
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a d
PaPad
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a
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alailai 46 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala ai i
saaSura’s
slala  XI dStd
ai i
slala ➠ Volume
sa-aPhysics
i i
saasl-aaI la➠ Unit 02 s➠
ilai
aslaaKinematics i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d a
PaPa d a
d
P
10. A ball is dropped from some height towards 14. Two objects are projected at angles 30° and
the ground. Which one of the following ai i 60° respectively with respect to the horizontal
alailai aslaailai the correct
aslaailaimotionaof laailai
asthe aslala direction. aslaailaThe
i aslaailofai aslaailai are asaaslaailai
daadsasa represents
d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
sa ball? d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa range
d
PaPad
a sa two d
PaPad
objects
a sa
PaPdad
P
y y denoted as R30º and R60º. Choose the correct
ilai ilai ilai (b) ilai ilai relation from
ilai the following. ilai [May-2022]
i i i i
l a (a) la l a la l a l a l a sasaala
l saaslaala
m
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
daadsas d
PaPa
a
d sas d
PaPa
a
d sas d
PaPa
a
d sas d
PaPa
adsas
(a) R
d a
d
PaPa30º
sas
= R
60º Pa
d a
d sas
(b) R = 4R
d a
d
PaPa 60º PaPa d a
d
P Pa 30º
R 600
x x (c) R30º = (d) R =2 R60º
alailai ayslaailai aslaailai laiai
y dadsaasal
laailai laaila2i laailai 30º aslaaila=i R ] asaaslaailai
co
a a a
daadsasa d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
PaPa d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s
PaPadd a sa s [Ans. (a)
d a
PaPad 30º
saR
PaPdad
60º
P
15. An object is dropped in an unknown planet
(c) (d)
alailai i i i i i i i i from height i i 50 m, it reaches i i the ground i in
i 2s . i i
daadsasa a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
P
d
PaPa d PaPad d PaPad d d
PaPa d The d
PaPaacceleration
d due
PaPa d d to gravity in
PaPa dthis
d unknown d
PaPa d
s.
x x planet is [HY-2018]
y
alailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai (a) g =sa 20lam ilais–2 a la ilai g = 25 m sa–2lailai
(b)
aslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPad
sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d a sa
aPad (a)
P[Ans.
s d a
PaPad]
sa s (c) a
PaPgad
d a s a –2 a
= 15 m s PaPad (d) g =P30
d sa s a a
aPamds
d sa s
–2
a d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P
[Ans. (b) g = 25 m s–2]
x laII. i i Short Ai nswer Questions .salaailai
alailai saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasala saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPIf
11. d a
a a particlePexecutes
d d
aPa a d uniform a
PaPa circular motion
d d d
PaPa
ad d ad
PaPa what isPmeant d
aPa a
d d a
d a s
PaPa coordinate d
PaPa
a
d
P 1. Explain by Cartesian
in the xy plane in clock wise direction, then system?
alailai
the angular i
aslaalai
velocity i is
aslaalai
in
o i
aslaalai lai At any
i
aslaaAns. given
aslaailaiinstant of time,
aslaailathe
i frame of aslareference
i aslaailai
daadsasa s s s s s s s alai s
PaPad
d a a a a
PaPad[Sep-2020; Sep-2021;
d a a
PaPad CRT & May
d a
2022]
dad a with d ad a
PaParespect to P which a a
aPad the position
d PaPaof
d a a
d the object d
PaPad
a a
www.Padasalai.Net
PaP
ab
P
(a) +y direction (b) +z direction is described in terms of position coordinates
(x, y, z) is called “Cartesian coordinate system”.
alailai (c) a–lza direction
ilai laailai (d) –x direction laailai laailai laailai laailai i i i i
daadsasa a sa s a a saas a saas a saas 2. Define a sa a
as vector. Givea saa
examples.
s a saaslaala a saaslaala
P
d
PaPa d PaPad d PaPa (c) –z direction
[Ans. d d PaPa ]
d d d
PaPa d PaPa d d PaPa d d d
PaPa d
Ans. Vector is a quantity which can be described by
ur
12. If a particle executes uniform circular motion, both magnitude and direction.
alailai choosea laailathe aailai
i correctalstatement a laailai a laailai Examples: aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
P PaPad PaPad aPad 2016; Aug-'22)
P(NEET PaPad PaPad velocity, Pdisplacement,
Force,
aPad aPad
Pacceleration, PaPad
etc.
(a) The velocity and speed are constant 3. Define a scalar. Give examples.
.s
[QY. - 2019]
alailai lsaailaacceleration
(b)saThe i a and
l a ilaispeed are constant.
a l a ilai l ailai
sas Ans. Scalar
a l a ilai
saissa propertydwhich
a l ailai
sas can be described
a i i
sasaala only dadsaaslaala
a l i i
daadsasa d a
PaP(c)d a
a The velocity d a dsas a
PaPaand acceleration d a
d sas a
PaPaare constant.PaPa d ad
a d ad
PaPmagnitude.
a
a
PaPa
a
d
a
PaPa d a
d PaPa
P by
(d) The speed and magnitude of acceleration are Examples :
w
alailai constant.
i
aslaalai [Ans. (d) The
i
aslaalai speed and imagnitude
aslaalai aslaalai Distance,
i aslaamass,
ilai temperature, aslaailai speedaand aslaaenergy.
ilai aslaailai
daadsasa a
PaPad
d sa a sa
PaPadof acceleration
d a sa
PaPad are constant
d a sa
PaPad.] 4. Write
d d a sa
PaPada short note PaPond a sa
adthe scalarPproduct d sa
aPad between d
PaPad
a sa
P
13. If an object is thrown vertically up with the two vectors.
w
alailai initial a i speed

i u from athe
i i ground, then
a i i the time a i
Ans.
i (i) Theascalar i i product (or dot
i iproduct) ofatwo i vectors
i i i
daadsasa a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saslaala a saaslaala a saslaala a saaslaala
P
d
PaPtaken
a d by the d
PaPobject
a d to return d
PaPa back to ground
d d
PaPa d PaPais defined asPthe
d d aPaproduct of P
d d theaPamagnitudes PofaPa
d d d d
is both the vectors and the cosine of the angle
w
[Jun-2019; Sep-2021; CRT-'22]

between them.
alailai asulaa2ilai aslaailai u 2 aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaa→ilai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
ad
PaP(a)
sa d
PaPad
a sa (b)PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa d a
d s
PaPaThus
a d
aPada sa → asa
d d B d
PaPad
a sa
P (ii) if therePare two vectorsPaA Paand having
2g g
an angle θ between them, then their scalar
alailai i i i i laailaiis definedsas ilai. → ilai ai i
i i i i →
a luala
a a a
lala 2u a a
lala a
2uasaslala product
a a laaA B = AB aslaaθ.
scos Here, dadsaaslala
daadsasa a
(c)
d
PaPa dsa s PaPad a dsa s (d) PaPad a
d
sa s[Ans. (d) d
PaPga d]a d
PaPa
a
d sa s
PaPa d a
d a s
Pa→Pad a
d a
PaPa
P 2g g →
A and B are magnitudes of A and B .
d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
Ph:8124201000/8124301000
a sa
PaPadd a sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
saasUnit
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i 47
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d a s
PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad ad PaPad ad PaPad a
d PaPa d a
d
P
5. Write a short note on vector product between 10. What is the difference between velocity and
two vectors. [HY-2018] average velocity?
alailai laailai
asThe aslaailai or cross aslaailai of two aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa Ans. (i)
d
PaPad
a sa vectord
PaPad
s
product
a a d
PaPad
a saproduct d
PaPad
a sa d a s
Ans. PaPad Velocity
a d
PaPad
a sa Average a s
PaPad Velocity PaPad
d a d a sa
P
vectors is defined as another vector having
Velocity is equal to Average velocity
a imagnitude equal to the product of the i rate of change of isi the ratio a of the
alailai a
lala i a i
saasltwo
i
ala vectors a i i
aslalathe sine aofsaaslala a i a i i
saaslalavector with a i
saaslaladisplacement
ilai
saslaavector
i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa d a
d saasmagnitudes d a
dof d a
d sand
a d d position
d ad d ad d a
d d a
d
P PaPa the angle PaPbetween
a
them. PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
respect to time. to the corresponding
(ii) The direction of the product vector is time interal.
alailai laailai
perpendicular laailathe
to i plane a laailai
containing the laailai laailai laailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
a a a a a
daadsasa d a sa s
PaPad two vectors, d a sa s
PaPad in accordance d a sa s
PaPad with theParight d a sa s d a sa s → →da a s s d→a sa d a sa
P Pad PaP→ad ∆ r PdaP r ad → PaP∆ard PaPad
v = lim = v avg =
hand screw rule or right hand thumb rule. ∆t → 0 ∆t dt ∆t
alailai i i → →i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
a
lala
saasThus, Adand
a
saaslB a
saaslala then their
alaare twodvectors, a
saasla11.
la Define a
saaaslaradian.
la a
saaslala saaslaala saaslaala
daadsasa (iii)
d a
d if a
d a
d d a
d d ad d ad d a
d d a
d
P PaPa PaPa PaPa → → PaPa Ans. OnePaParadian is the PaPangle
a
subtended PaPa at the center PaPa
s.
vector product is written as A × B which is
→ of a circle by an arc that is equal in length to the
alailai a
l
asa a i
vector
l a i C defined
l
asa ail ai by l
asa ail a i l
asa a i
l a i radius of ilai circle. alailai
aslaathe aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPad →
sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa s a d a sa d a sa
→PaPa→d PaPa∧d PaPad 12. Define PaPadangular displacementPaPad aPad PaPad
ok
P
C = A × B = (AB sin θ) n . andPangular velocity.
[Sep-2021]
alailai 6. How a
saaslalado
i i you deduce a
saaslala
i i that two vectors
a
saaslala
i i are a i
saaslaAns.
i
la (i) Angular i i
saaslaala displacement:
i i
saaslaala The angle aailai
saasldescribed
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
PaPperpendicular?
d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d ad
PaPaby the particle d a
d
PaPaabout the axis PaPad a
d PaPa d a
d
P a of rotation (or
→ →
center O) in a given time is called angular
alailai
Ans. If two vectors A and B are perpendicular to
i
lai
aslaaother i i
aslaalascalar
o i
aslaalaiA . B = a0,saaslaalai
→ → i displacement.
aslaailai
Its unit is radian. lailai
aslaailai asa aslaailai
daadsasa each
d
PaPad
a sa thend
PaPad
atheir
sa product
d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPa→d (ii) d ads
PaPaAngular
a velocity:a s
PaPad The rate ofPchange
d a a s
aPad of angular
d a
PaPadd a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P →
because cos 90°=0. Then the vectors A and B displacement is called angular velocity. Its unit is
–1
are said rad s i . i
alailai a laailatoi be mutually a laailaiorthogonal. a laailai a laailai aala
aslnon ai i
slala
saacircular
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa aad a
d sa s
PaPad a
d sa s d
PaPa
a
d sa s d
PaPa
a
d sa s 13. What
PaPad adsis
a uniform
PaPad a
d motion?
PaPad a
d PaPa d a
d
P 7.P PDefine displacement and distance. [CRT-'22]
Displacement is the difference between the Ans. (i) When an object is moving on a circular path
ur
Ans. (i)
alailai laailai and initial
asfinal ilai
aslaapositions of laailaobject
athe i
in
i i
asaaslaala with aslaachange
ilai in speed
aslaailai and direction,
aslaailai it is asaaslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
PaPad given interval d a sa
PaPad of time. P a dd a sa s d
PaPad
a d a
d s
PaPacalled
a non-uniform
d a s
PaPad circular
a
PaPd a
ad
s
motion.
a
PaPdad
P It Pisaa vector quantity. (ii) For example, when the bob attached to a
(ii) Distance is the actual path length travelled string moves in vertical circle, the speed of
.s
alailai a l a ilai
sasby an object sain
a l a ilai
s the given l
interval
a a ilai
of time a l a ilai the laailaiis not thesasame
saasbob ai i
slala at all dtime.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d
a
PaPa during Pthe d
aPa a
d
a
a d adsas a d
aPa a
d sas a d a
d
PaPa down the d a
d a
PaPaKinematicPaPequations
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P motion. ItPisPaa positive Pscalar 14. Write a for
quantity. angular motion. [CRT-'22]
w
alailai l a il ai
asa velocity aand l a il a i
asaspeed. asaas[First l a il ai l
asa a i
Ans.
l a i Kinematic asal a il aequations
i for
l
asa a i
l Angular
a i motion
asalai
l a i aslaailai
daadsasa 8. adDefine
P Pad
a sa d
PaPad
sa
PaPadd a Mid-2018] d
PaPad
a sa
PaP d a
d sa d a
d sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P ω a = ω0 + atPaPa
Ans. Velocity :
w
Velocity is equal to rate of change iofi position i i 1

θ = ωa0i t i+ at2
alailai a i i
saaslalawith respect
vector
a
saaslto
i i
alatime. Velocity a
saaslalais a vector a
saaslala saaslala 2 dadsaaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d ad PaPad a
d PaP d a
d 2
PaPa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P quantity. ωa2 = ω 0 + 2aθ
(aωi 0i + ω )t ai i
w
Speed :
alailai Itasis l a
asthe i i
a distance
l a l a i
travelled
asa l a i indaunit l a i i
asatime. It isaasaasa
l a l a ila i θ = l
asala aslala aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa PaPad d a d
PaPad
a sa
PaPad
sa d
PaPad d
PaPad
a sa 2 d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P scalar quantity. where θ = angular displacement
9. Definei acceleration. ω = angular velocity
alailai a l a l a i a l a ilai a l a ilai a l a ilai laailainitial
ωsaa0s= i iai
saaslaalvelocity
angular
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa Ans.
PaPaIt
d a
dis
a
sasthe rate ofdchange
PaPa
a
d
a
sas of velocity
PaPa d ad
a
saswith time.dIt's
PaPa
ad sas a d a
d
PaPa a = angular d a
d
PaPaacceleration. d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
SI unit is m s–2. t = time.
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 66 i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala ai i
saaSura’s
slala  XI dStd
ai i
slala ➠ Volume
sa-aPhysics
i i
ilai
aslaaKinematics i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d a
PaPad a
d
P
3. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with the 1
–1 from the top of a building i.e. (h + h ′) = ut + gt2
speedlaiof 19.6 ms
alailai asalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai asl2aailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPand
s
ad reachesPthe
a a s
aPadearth in 6Ps.aPFind
d a a s
ad the height
d a a
PaPaof
d d sa d
PaPad
a sa Here u = d0
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
the building. [Mar.-2019] 1
So, h + h ′ = gt2
Solution:lailai 2 alailai
alailai saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa d a saasa d a d a d a d a d a sasa d a d a
P PaPLaet h height
d PaPa of the PaPa
d d PaPa d PaPa d Pa a1d Pa a d PaPa d
h¢ h + 19.6 =P × 9.8 × (4)2P
building let the ball u = 19.6 ms –1
2
attainlaheight h ′ above the
alailai i
asalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai ilai
aslaa i
aslaalai h = 9.8 as×laa8ila–i 19.6 asaaslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d a
ad
s
PaPbuilding.
a
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad d
PaPad
a sa
P
At h′ the velocity v = 0 h = ? h = 78.4 – 19.6
alailai Bysaapplying
ai i equation
saaslaalaof
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala Height ailai buildingsahlaa=ila58.8 i
m.dasaaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a a slala 2 2d a d a d a d a slathe
saaof d a a s d a
P PaPmotion,
a d v =PuaPa– 2gh
d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
s.
2 2 4. A particle moves along the x-axis in such a
0 = (19.6) – 2gh′
way that its coordinatesi x-varier with itime 't'
alailai 2gh ′
a laailai(19.6)2 saslaailai
= a laailai a laailai
according a laailai
to the a
equation
laalai
x = 2 – 5t a
+
laa2lai
6 . What aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa s
PaPadd a a d
PaPad
a sa s d
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h′ = 2 × 9.8 = 19.6 m [HY-2019; May-2022]
alailai a l a ilai a l a ilai a la ilai a la ilai
sis t’ (say) dadsas Solution: saaslaala
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a sa s d
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a sa s dt dt
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PaPad
a sa d
PaPad d
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as a
www.Padasalai.Net
P19
ab
P
t ′ = = 2s ⇒ v = – 5 + 12t
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For initial ivelocity, t = 0alailai
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saaslaataken slala (h + dha′d)saaslala
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1
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alailai l
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A. Choose the best answer :

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d PaPa d
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(d) Flying of a kite on a windy day.
i only magnitude and no idirection.] i
laailai laalai laailai aslaalai aslaalai [Ans. aslaa(c)
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ai aslaailai
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a i i a i i ai i [Ans.
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a
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l a l a (c)
d a
d
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sas l a l a
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d a
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5. The component of position vector r along (c) Momentum
alailai x-axisas→laailwill
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daadsasa d a sa
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(b) r makes an angle of 45º with x - axis 12. An object is dropped a in an unknown planet
alailai a →laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a lailai a laailai i i
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www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P 6. Consider the quantities pressure, power,
P P P P
(c) g = 15 ms–2 (d) g = 30 ms–2
energy, impulse, charge. Out of these, the
alailai only aailai quantity i ai i i i i laailai laaila[Ans. ilai –2]
(b) ga=la25ms i i
saaslvector saaslaalis
i
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laa(c) a
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i i vertically adownward
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a Time PaPa aPa
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PaP(a)
a along west Pa]Pa
[Ans. (d) Displacement] 14.
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i i i The horizontal range ofi ai projectile fixed at

a l a l ai asal a l ai asa i
l a l a aslaailai aslaailai a laailai a laala a laailai aslaailai
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an angle of 15º is 50 m. If it is fired with the same speed at angle of 45°, its range will be
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same speed at angle iofi 45º, its range will be (a) 125m i i(b) 75m ala(c)i i 100m (d) a150m
a laailai a laailai a laala a laailai i i
saaslaala saaslaala sasala
i i
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a
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d a
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d d a
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P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa Pa[Ans.
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[Ans.i (c) 100 m] 15. Kinematics is the branch of mechanics which

s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaalai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai
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alailai 74 saaslaala
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slala ➠ Volume
sa-aPhysics
i i
ilai
aslaaKinematics i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
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d PaPad a
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d PaPa
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26. What is degree? Express 1 radian in degree. 35. What is centripetal acceleration or radial
Ans. Degreei is the unit ofameasurement which is used ai i acceleration or normalaacceleration?
alailai aslaalai aslaioflai aslaailai aslaAns.
la aslaailai aslailai is acting ilai
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a d a
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27.
a
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Ans. The rate of change of angular velocity is called 36. Define one dimension motion. Give example.
alailai aslaailaacceleration.
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s
PaPad movingPaPalong
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a
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∝= motion is sometimes known as rectilinear or
dt
linear motion.
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i a aailai
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i i
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i i i i
saaslaala
i i
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a ven though PaP d
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d
PaPa
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d PaPa d a
d PaPad a
d
P
s.
point in the circle, the acceleration is acting (i) Motion of a train along a straight railway
towards track. i
alailai a laailai the center a lof
aailathe
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asobject laailai under gravity
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centripetal
a s d
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acceleration.
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a sapoints
s towardsd
PaPad
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29. What i are the twoi quantities which have 37. i i Define atwo i dimension motion. Giveaexample.
alailai maximum
a laalai
values a laalai
when the maximum
a laailai
height saaslaala saslaala
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alailai
Ans. (i) Vertical component of initial velocity.
(ii) aailai of flight.
aslTime aslaailai
o aslaailai aslaailai
motion. lai i
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PaPad
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PaPad
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Examples:a d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPState PaPalaw
ab
P 30. triangle of addition (i) Motion of a coin on a carrom board.
vectors. (or) State triangle law of vectors.
alailai Ans. It sisala ilai that ifatwo
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i i i
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Ans. According to Right Hand Rule, if the curvature vector product is maximum.
.s
of the fingers of the right hand represents the

alailai a
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alailai a i
laalai a i
laalai a i
laalai a laailai
velocity a laailai
of the object a
at
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daadsasa PaPWhat
32. d a
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sa s is uniform d sa s
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a d a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d
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as a
P
Ans. If an object is moving with constant velocity, 40. Give the importance of velocity - time graph.
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then the motion is called uniform motion.

alailai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala motion?
ilai
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saaslslope
i i
saaslaala- time graph aailai the salaailai
saaslgives
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PaPa
ads
Whata s is non-uniform
PaPad a
d sa s or accelerated
PaPad ad PaPad a
d d ad
PaPaaccelerationPaof d a
d d a
d
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Ans. If an object is moving with various velocity with
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(ii) The area under the velocity - time graph gives

time, then the motioni is called non-uniform or i i
alailai asal a il a i l
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34. What is free fall of a body?
alailai
Ans. The motion
l a ilai of a body l a ilafalling
i towards
l a ilaithe Earth ala41. ilai Give thealimportance
a ilai of acceleration
l a ilai - timei graph.
aslaalaigives asaaslaailai
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d
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saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
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saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
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42. Give the equations of motion of a body thrown → →
vertically upwards a(against gravity). (i) Parallel Vectors: If two vectors a and B
alailai aslaailai equations ilai
aslaof aslaailai aslaailai act laailthe
asin aslaailai along athe
ai same direction aailai line salaailai
aslsame
daadsasa Ans. d
PaPad
a s
Therefore
a d
PaPad
a sa motion d
PaPad
a s
are,
a d
PaPad
a sa d a
d
PaPaor
sa
P d
aPada sa
P d
aPad
sa
P aPdaada
s
P
v = u – gt on parallel lines, then the angle between
them is 0º.
1i 2
laailai laailai y = utsa–slaailagt i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
a
dadas as d a
d s
a as d a
d a 2 d a
d dad d a
d d a
d saasA d a
d d ad
v2 = u2 – 2gy
B
laailai III. Short laailaA i
Q laailai
: l aailai l aailai l aailai l aailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
s a s a nswer s a uestions s a s a s a s a s s
daada s d
PaPad
a a s d
PaPad
a a s d a a
PaPad3 Marks
s d
PaPad
a a s Geometrical
d
PaPad
a a s representation
PaPadd a a s of parallel
d
PaPad
a a vectors d
a d a a
P → P Pa
(ii) Anti-parallel vectors: Two vectors a and
1. What do you mean by motion in one, two and →
a i i a i i ai i a i i a i i B arei said i to be anti-parallel i i when they
i i are i i
al la
daadsasa saasladimensions?
three
a la a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
d d
PaPMotion
a d d
PaPadimension PaPa d d PaPad d d
PaPain
d opposite directions
PaPa d d along
PaPadthe
d same line
PaPad d
P in one
s.
Ans.
or on parallel lines. Then the angle between
(i) One dimensional motion is the motion of a
themais 180º.
i
alalai asparticle
laailai moving aslaaalong
ilai a straight aslaailline.
ai aslaailai aslailai laailai
asA aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a
PaP(ii)
sa
ad In this motion,
d a sa
PaPad only one P
d ofaPthea sa
adthree rectangular
d d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P
coordinates specifying the position of the object
ilai changes
ilai with time. B
s asl a
a Motion
s asl a
a in two s slaailai
dimensions
a s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
dada d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d d a
d
P PaP(i)
a If a particle PaPais moving along PaPaa curved path PaPin
aa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
180°
plane, then it is said to be in two dimensional
a l a il ai motion.
l
asa a il a i l
asa a il a i
o l
asa a il a i l
asa a il a i l
asa a il a i
B
l
asa a il a i
A
aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa PaP(ii)
d a s
ad In this motion,
a d a s
PaPad two of Pthe
a a s
aPathree
d d a rectangular d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
Geometrical
a
PaPadd a s
representation
a d
PaPad
a s
ofa anti d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
coordinates specifying the position of object parallel vectors
change with time.
a ilai i i aslaailai i i i i Define a(i)
4. i unit
i vector,lail(ii) i Orthogonal i i unit i i
a
daadsas
l a d adsaslaalain three
Motiona
d a
d sdimensions
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala vectors. d a
d saslaala d a
d saasa a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
P PaP(i)
a A particle PaPmoving
a PaPathree dimensional
in usual PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
space has three dimensional motion. (i) Unit vector: A vector divided by its
ur
(ii) aInlaailathis motion, magnitude is a unitlavector. The unit vector

alailai i aslaailall
ai the three aslaacoordinates
ilai aslaailai asl→aailai asaila∧i aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa sspecifying d
PaPadthe
a sa position of
PaPadd an
a sa object change
d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
d a is denoted
PaPafor d a sa
PaPad by A . ItPhas d a sa
aPada magnitude d
PaPad
a sa
P
with respect to time. When a particle moves
equal to unity or one.
in three dimensions, all the three coordinates
.s
→
s a laailai s a laaila
x, y s laailai
i and z willavary.
s a laailai s a laailai s a laaila∧i A saslaailai →
saa a∧i i
slaAla
i i
saaslaala
a
dada s d ad a s d a
d a s d a
d a s d a
d a s dSince,
a
d a s A = dwe
a
d a can write A
d a
d= A d a
d
P 2.PaPWhat
a is equal PaPavectors? PaPa PaPa PaPa PAaPa PaPa PaPa
→ →
Thus, we can say that the unit vector
Ans. Equal vectors: Two vectors a and B are said
w
alalaii ilai whenasthey

aslaaequal i
aslaala i i
aslaalai i
aslaalai specifies
aslaailai only athe aslaadirection
ilai of athelaailavector
i aslaailai
daadsasa toadsbe
a a have equal a samagnitude anda sa a sa sa a sa s a sa
P
d
PaPsame
a
direction
d d
PaPaand represent
d
ad
PaPthe same physical
d
PaPad PaPaquantity.
d d PaPadd d
PaPad ∧ ∧ PaPad d
(ii) Orthogonal unit vectors: Let i , j and
w
quantity ∧
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala Asasla i
alai
i i
saaslaala k sabe aithree
i unit svectors
aslaailai whichasaspecifyaslaailai the asaaslaailai
daadsasa d a d a d a a d a d a a slala d a a d
P PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPadirections P
d aPa positivePx–axis,
along d aPa d positivePaPdad
y–axis and positive z–axis respectively.
w
B These three unitlaivectors are ladirected

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai asalai asailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
aPada sa
PGeometrical d
aPada sa d a
d s
aPaequala d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
perpendicular
a
PaPadd to
a sa each other,
d a sa the
PaPad ∧ ∧ PaPad angle d a sa
P representation
P Pof vectors
3. What is meant by Collinear vector? Explain
between any two of them is 90°. i , j and
∧
them. k areaiexamples of orthogonal vectors. Two
a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a lalai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala
a
dadas s Ans. d adsa s
Collinear vectorsd a
d s
area sthose which d a
d s
acta s
along the same
d a
d sa s dvectors
a
d sa s which d a
dare
sa s perpendiculard a
ds a s to each d a
d
line. The angle between them can be 0° or 180°. other are called orthogonal vectors.

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PaPad
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PaPad
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s
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PaPad
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a is Only
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PaPad
a s
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PaPad
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PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
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alailai 76 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala ai i
saaSura’s
slala  XI dStd
ai i
slala ➠ Volume
sa-aPhysics
i i
ilai
aslaaKinematics i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d ad d
PaPa
a
d PaPad ad PaPa
a
d PaPa d ad PaPad ad a d
PaPa
a
d
P
5. What do you mean by rectangular component 7. How is the direction of vector product
of a avector? Explain how a vector can be ai i determined?
alailai aslailai into two laailai
asrectangular aslaailai aslala aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa resolved
d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a components
sa d
PaPad
in
a sa (i) d
PaPadBy
a sa right hand
PaPadd s
screw
a a rule. d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
a plane? (ii) Right hand thumb rule
Ans. Rectangular component: When aai ivector is ai i
alailai laailai laailai lala la (i) If
saaslaAns. saaaslaalright-handed
iai
saaslaascrew
ilai whosesaaslaalaxis
iai is alailai
m
a a saasperpendicular
daadsasa resolved
d a
d sa s along d adstwo
a s mutuallyd a
d d ad d a
d d ad d ad → dasasa
d
P PaPa PaPa
directions, the compounds so obtained are called
PaPa PaPa PaPaperpendicular PaPato the plane PaPformed
a by PaaPa
→ → →
rectangular components of the given vectors. and B , is rotated from a to B through
alailai l a il ai la i l a i l a il a i l a i
l a i the aailai
aslsmaller angle laailai
asbetween them, ilai the
aslaathen aslaailai
co
(i) asIn a a 2-dimensional asa Cartesianasa coordinate asa
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
P → Pa Pad PaPad d
PaPadirection aPad
ofPadvancement adscrew gives
PaPthe
of PaPad
system the vector a is given by → → →
→ ∧ ∧
the direction of a × B i.e. C .
A =A x i + Ay j
alailai a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d y da
PaPa d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad ad (ii)
PaPad a
According
d to
PaPa d aRight
d Hand PaPad a
Rule,
d if the d
PaPa
a
d
P
s.
curvature of the fingers of the right hand
represents the sense of rotationlaiaofi the
Ay = A sin θ
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai asal aslaailai

daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
object,
a then the
PaPadd a s
thumb,
a held d
PaPad
s
perpendicular
a a d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P
to the curvature of the fingers, represents
→
A the direction of the resultant C .
alailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d sa s d a
θdsa s
Po aPa A = A cos θ PaPa d a
d sa s
PaPad adsa s d a
d sa s
PaPa an expression d adsa s
PaPa for theParea d ad
aPa of triangle d
PaPa
a
d
P x 8. Obtain
x
in terms of the grass product of two vectors

alailai i
aslaala→i
Resolution of a vector
i
aslaalai
o i
aslaalai aslaalai representing
i aslaailai the two asides
laailai of the triangle. aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
ad If a makes
PaP(ii)
a a sa
PaPad an anglePaθPawith
d d a s
d x axis,
a
PaPand
d a
ad
sa d
PaPad
a sa d a
ad
sa s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
PaP→
ab
P →
Ax and Ay are the components of a along Ans. (i) If two vectors a and B form adjacent sides
→
x-axis
laailai and y-axis laailrespectively. in alaparallelogram, laathen
ilai the magnitude laailai of saslaailai
alailai a a ai a laailai a laailai a ilai a a
daadsasa a sa s
PaPdad Ax = APcos
a
aPdadθ,
s s
a A = A asin a sa s
P Pdad θ where P‘A’
a s
da
aPdais
s
PaPdaA
a→s s → a
da× B will P a sa
aPdadthe
give
s
area of P aPda
the
a s
da s
parallelogram
aa
PaPdad
P y
→
the magnitude (length) of the vector a , as represented graphically in the figure (i).
ur
alailai i
laalaiA x + A y saslaalai
asA 2 2 i i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaailai A ×aBla i
a= lAaBi sin θ dasaaslaalai
i aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa s
PaPad d
PaPad
a sa
P
6. How are two vectors expressed in a Cartesian
B A×B
.s
system? Explain the addition & subtraction

alailai a i i
saaslacomponents.
using la a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i a i i
saaslala q dadsaaslala a i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d ad d
PaPa→
a
d PaPad ad PaPad a
d PaPaA PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d
P →
Ans. (i) The two vectors a and B in a Cartesian
(Fig-(i)) Area of parallelogram
w
coordinate system can be expressed as

alailai i i
asl→aalai ∧ as∧aaslaalai∧ , → asa∧aslaalai∧ i ∧ i
aslaalai It a laailai
divides a aslaailai
parallelogram into
laailai
atwo equal aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa A = A i +
x Pa aydA
d j + A z k B =dB
PaPadx i + B y j + B k
d
PazPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa s
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa s d
Pa ad
as a
P P triangles as shown in the Fig-(ii). The area ofP
(ii) Then the addition of two vectors is
w
equivalent to adding x, i 1 → →
ilai their corresponding
→ →
a triangle ilai with a and ilaBi as sides isalailaA
alailai sas 2 × B dadsaaslaala
l a ilai l a l a ilai l a l a i l a l a i i i
daadsasa d a sasy and z components.
a a d a sasa a d a a
sas a d a a
sas a d a sasa a d a sasa a d a a
P d
PaPa → → PaPa d ∧ d
PaPa ∧ PaPa∧ d PaPaThis is shown
d PaPa in the FigurePa(ii).
d Pa d PaPa
A + B = (A x + B x ) i + (A y + B y ) j + (A z + B z ) k
w
(iii) Similarly the subtraction of twoi vectors is i

alailai a laailai
equivalent to laailai
subtracting
a the
a i
slala la ai
adsaasal
adsaacorresponding aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a
PP d
a
s
ada s
a da
s
ada s
a d
a ada d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d a
PaPBad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
P x, y andPzPcomponents.P P PP
A×B
→ → ∧ ∧ ∧ 2
alailai Ai− iB = (A x − Baxla ) ii +i (A − B ) j + (Ai i − B z ) k alailai i i i i i i i i

daadsasa a saaslaala a sasala y daydsaaslaala z a sasa a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
P
d
PaPa d The aboved
PaPa rules
d form an
PaPaanalytical way
PaPad of
d d
PaPa d PaPad
A d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d
adding and subtracting two vectors. (Fig- (ii)) Area of triangle

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PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
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PaPad
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PaPad
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alailai XIla
saasUnit
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i 77
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d a s
PaPad a
d PaPa d a
d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
9. Write an expression for displacement vector 11. Define average velocity and represent it
in Cartesian coordinate system andi also show i i graphically.
s aslaailai s slaailai
graphically.
a s as laailai s aslaalai s aslaala s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai
daada d
ada
PaP(i)
a d
a ada a d
PaPathe
a
d a d a a
PaPad Ans. (i) d a a
d average
PaPaThe d
ada a
PaPvelocity d a a
PaPad as ratio PofaPad
is defined d a a
P Ans. In termsPofP position vector, displacement
vector is given as follows. Consider a particle the displacement vector to the corresponding
alailai ai i iai i i i i time interval
i i i i i i i i
slala saasalaalpoint saaslaala positionsaaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
m
daadsasa d a
d saamoving from
d a
d Pd1 a
dhaving dad d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
P PaPa PaPa ∧
→ ∧ P∧ aPa PaPa PaPa Pa→Pa → PaPa PaPa
vector r1 = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k to a point P2 where ∆r
v = avg
its
→ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∆t i i
alailai laailposition
ai vector laailaisi r2 = x2 i s+asylaa2 ilja+i z2 k laailai laailai laala aslaailai of asaaslaailai
co
a a a a a
daadsasa d as
PaP(ii)
a s
ad The displacement d
PaPad
a s
a s
vector d
PaPis
a a
adgiven by PaPad d a s
a s (ii) d
PaPad
It
a s
a is
s a vectord
PaPad
quantity.
a s
a s The d
PaPad
direction
a sa
PaPdad
P
→ → → ∧ ∧ ∧ average velocity is in the direction of the
∆r = r2 − r1 = ( x2 − x1 ) i + (y 2 − y1 ) j + (z 2 − z1 ) k →
displacement vector (Δ r ).
s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s as laailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
P
a
dada (iii)
d
PaPa
a
d a T his displacement
PaPad a
d a is also d
PaPashown
a
d a in d
PaPa
a
d a (iii)d
PaPay
ad a d
PaPa
a
d a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
s.
y Q
∆r
r2- r 1=
alailai aslaailai aslaailai P lai ai
aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai vavg = ∆rasaaslaailai aslaailai
r − r = ∆r
l
aasa
2 1
daadsasa s s s s s s s
2
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
d
PaPad a d
a d P adad d
PaPad d
PaPad P d
PaPad PaP∆tdad d
PaPad
ok
P PP 1
PP
r1
r2
r2
r1
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
x x
alailai a l ai l a i
Displacement vector
a laailai a laailai
o a
12. Write ani expression i for component
laailai a laalai a laalai a laailai
of
aslaailai
daadsasa 10.adHow
a sa s ais a function
d a sa s represented
d a sa s graphically
d a sa s Instantaneous
d a sa s velocity
d a sa s or velocity
d a s a s and also d a sa
P Pad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P define it.
and mathematically.
Ans. (i) If a function is represented by y = f (x), then Ans. (i) The instantaneous velocity at an instant t or
alailai laailai represents
saasdy/dx
i i
saaslaalathe derivative
i i
saaslaalaof y with
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala‘velocity’ aiai
slalan
saaat laailai
staasis
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d ad
PaPa respect PtoaPx. daad PaPad a
d d
PaPa
ad PaPadsimply
a
d d
PaPa
ad instant
PaPad a
d defined d
PaPa
a
d
P
as limiting value of the average velocity as
ur
(ii) Mathematically this represents the variation ∆t →0, evaluated at time t.

alailai a laailayi with respect
of a laailto
ai change in a aailafor
lx, i various alaailai laailai
aother aslaailai is equal aailai
aslto aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s
PaPad continuous d ad sa s d a sa s d a sa s (ii) dIn
a sa s words,
d a velocity
sa d a s a rate of d a sa
P PaPavalues of x.PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
change of position vector with respect to
PaPad
(iii) Mathematically the derivative dy/dx is time. Velocity is a vector quantity.
.s
alailai a defined
l a ilai as follows a l a ilai a l a ilai a l ailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala→
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a a a a
sas sas sas sas →
d ad d ad d a
d d ad d a
d d
→ ad ∆ r d r d a
d d a
d
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPva= lim a
= P Pa PaPa
dy y ( x + ∆x) − y ( x) ∆y ∆x → 0 ∆t dt
= lim = ∆lim
w
dxi ∆x→ 0 ∆xi x → 0 ∆x

alailai a laalai a laalai aslaailai aslaailai (iii) In aslaailai
component form,
ilai
aslaathis velocity laailai
ais aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s
PaPad dy represents d a sa s
PaPad the limitPthat d
aPada sa d a
PaP∆ayd
sa d a
PaPad →
sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s a s d
PaPad
as a
P the quantity
dx ∆x
→ dr d ∧ ∧ ∧
v= = (xi + y j + zk )
w
attains, as ∆x tends to zero. dt dt

alailai a laailai y(x) a laailai saa laailai i i
saaslaala a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d s
a s d
PaPa
a
d s
a s d
PaPa
a
d ys d
PaPa
a
d d a
dsa s
PaPa dx ∧ dy PaPd a
d
∧ a dz ∧
d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad
P
= i+ j+ k
w
dy
dx
at a point P represents the dt dt dt
tangent to the curve at P.

Tangent i
aslaalai i ai
aslaaldx aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
Here
a = v =
d a
dxs–
a componentd
PaPad
a s
of
a velocity. d
PaPad
a sa
P P dt PxaPa
∆y
dy
∆x
i i = vy = y – component of velocity.
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaalax
i i
saaslaalxa a a i
lala i a laldt
a a a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
aPaad d
PaPa
a
d s
a s d
PaPa
a
d s
a s
dz PaPa d a
d sa s d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P Derivative of aPfunction = vz = z – component of velocity.
dt
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 82 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala ai i
saaSura’s
slala  XI dStd
ai i
slala ➠ Volume
sa-aPhysics
i i
ilai
aslaaKinematics i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d a
d PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad PaPad a
d a
PaPa d a
d
P
3. A particle is moving in a straight line its
Numerical Problems
displacement ilai at anyalainstant t is given by
alailai asailai
la aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai x = 5ta2sa+aslaa i
alai aslaailai in asaaslaailai
daadsasa d a
1.PaPThe
sa
ad displacement d a sa
PaPad of a particle d a sa
PaPad moving Palong d
aPada sa d
PaPad
20t 3
. Findd
PaPad
the
a sa saverage acceleration
d
PaPad
a sa
PaPdad
P
x – axis is given by x = 6t + 12 t2, calculate the the interval t = 0 to t = 3 seconds.
alailai
instantaneous
i i velocity i i at t = 0 and it =i 2s. Solution:
i i i i i i i i i i
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala sa2aslaala 3 saaslaala saaslaala
m
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d a
d d
PaPa
ad PaPa d a
d d a
PaPa equation PxaP
Given d d a
=a5t + 20t PaPa
d d a
d PaPa d a
d
P Solution:
Time t = 0 to t = 3 s.
Displacement of a particle x = 6t + 12t2
alailai i
aslaalai i
laalai i
aslaalai ilai
aslaa aslaailai of particle aslaailav i= dx asaaslaailai aslaailai
co
Differentiate with arespect to ‘t’
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
P2 aPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
aVelocity
sa d
PaPad
a sa d
dtPaPad PaPadd a sa
P
x = 6t + 12 t
d
dx v = (5t 2 + 20t 3 )
alailai saaslaala dt dadsaaslaala
i i i i n n −1 i i i i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa ddt
adsaa=slaa6 l+a 24 t dadsaaslaa[la x = nxdadsa]aslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d ad d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
Differentiate PaPrespect
with a a
to ‘t’P Pa PaPa
s.
dx
∵ The instantaneous velocity vi = = 6 + 24t. v = 10t + 60t2
dt
alailai adsaasal
a i
l a i a ii
l a
adsaasal
i
a il a
adsaasal
ai i ai i
l a Againsdifferentiate
adsaasal
l a
adaasal
ai i
with l la ai i
adsaasarespect toda‘t’saaslala aslaailai
daadsasa a d
P PInstantaneous
a a d
P Pvelocity at t P
a a
=P d
0,a a d
a a da ada P Ptad
a da
PaPad
s
a
ok
P PP PP PvP = 10 + 120
vi = u + at = 6 + 24 (0) = 6 At t = 0,
alailai ∴svai l= aaila6i m/s a l ailai a la ilai la
sas
a ilai a la ilai ailai
v0 dads=aasla10 + 120 d(0)
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
a ad a s
PaPInstantaneous d adsas
PaPvelocity
a
a
at t P
=aPd
2s.
aa dsas a
PaPad ad
a d
PaPa
adsas a
Pa a Pa a
ad d
PaPa
a
d
P v0P = 10 m/s. P
vi = u + a t = 6 + 24 (2) = 6 + 48
alailai ∴ vai l= aaila54i ms–1 alailai
o laailai laailai
At t = 2 sec,
laailai
v2 = 10
laailai
+ 120 (2) i
la ai aslaailai
daadsasa d s
ada s d s
ada s a d s
ada as d s a
ada
s d s
ada as s a
v2adad=a 10 + 240.
s d adsaasal d asa
PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
ab
P PP PP PP PP PP PP PP
2. The displacement x of a particle varies with v2 = 250 ms–1
2 Δv = vi2 –i v0
time ‘t’i as, i x = 3t a−laa4t ilai+ 30. Findalthe position,
alailai a l a l a aailai a laailai a laailai s=aaslaa250
la i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ads
velocity
a s a and d
PaPa
ads
acceleration
a s of
PaPad ads
the
a s particle
PaPad at
adsa s d
PaPa
adsa s d
PaPa
ad – 10
PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d
P
t = 0. = 240 ms–1
ur
Δta=i ti2 – t1 = a2i –i 0 = 2.

alailai Solution: aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslala aslala aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa d a sa d a sa da sa Thed s
PaPaaverage
a a d a s
acceleration
a is, PaPadd a s a d a s
a
P ad
PaPPosition of aPaPad x = 3tP2 aP
particle – a4td + 30. PaPad d PaPad PaPad
∆v 240
dx d aave = =
.s
velocityvilai = = a(3lat 2ila−i 4t + 30) alailai ∆t lailai2

alailai a l a
dt dadt
i i
saaslaala saasa −2
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa asas
PaPdad
a
PaPad
sasa asasa
PaPdnad n −1 d
PaPa
ad a d=a
d120 ms
aPaa = 120 msPaPa –2 dad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d
P  x = nx 
∴
Pave
= 6t − 4 ave
w
dv
4. Two particles move along x axis. The position
alailai aslaailai a = aslaa=iladi (6t − 4)asaaslaailai a laailai
of a
particle
laailai
1 is given a
by
laailai
x = 6.0 t aslaailtai+ 2.0, asaaslaailai
2 +s4.0
daadsasa a s
a
PaPAcceleration
d
ad d a s
a
PaPaddt dt PaPdad d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a s
a s d
PaPad
a s
a s d
PaPad
a a
Padad
P acceleration of particle 2 is given by a = −6.0 tP
a=6
w
and t = 0, its velocity is 30 ms–1. When the

alailai asaaslAt aailatime
i t = s0, ilai have,
aslaawe i i
saaslaala a i i
saaslala velocities
iai
saaslaalof
i i
saaslaala match,
the dparticles ai i ai i
slala their dadsaaslala
saafind
daadsasa Position d
PaPa d d a
d a 2
PxaPa= 3t – 4t +P30 d
aPa a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
P velocities.
2
= 3(0) − 4(0) + 30
w
Solution: ai i
a i
laalai a laalai x = s30
i a laam.
ilai a laailai a laailai aslala aslaailparticle
ai ilai
aslaaparticle aslaailai
s
daada s a s
a s a a s a sa s a s
a s List all
a s
ainformations about
a s
a 1 and
a s
a 2 a sa
P Velocity
d
PaPad PvaPa=d 6t – 4 = 6(0)
d PaPa–d 4
d d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad
= −4 m/s = −4 ms −1 For particle 1,
2
a ilai Acceleration
a ilai a = 6 lms a ila−2
i ailai a ilai a ilaix1 = 6.0 t a+la4.0
ilai t + 2.0 alailai i i
a
dadas asl a
∵
d a
d s
a asl a
Position x d=a
d s
a a
30s a
m, Velocity
d a
d saasl
v
a
= −4 msd−1
a
d s
,
a asl a
For d a
d s
a asl
particle
a
2, d a
d s
a s a d a
dsasa d a
d saaslaala
Acceleration = 6 ms−2 a2 = −6.0 t
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 86 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala ai i
saaSura’s
slala  XI dStd
ai i
slala ➠ Volume
sa-aPhysics
i i
ilai
aslaaKinematics i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a d PaPa d ad a
PaPa d a
d
P
14. Chennai is at a distance of 500 km from
Magnitude of A + B
Coimbatore. (A) sets out from aCoimbatore
alailai la i
l ai
asaspeed of 50 la
askmh i
l a i l i
l a i
asasets out aatsaasa l a i
l a i aslaailai a2laailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa at
d
PaPad
a saa d
PaPad
a sa a −1 and d
PaPad
a(B)
sa d
PaPad d a sa 2 dasas
PaP|aAd + B | = (6P) aP+a(d2) = 36 P d a sa
+ a4Pa=d 40 = 6.3 PaPad d a sa
P
the same time from Chennai at a speed of
−1  1
40 kmh . When will they meet each other? Magnitude = 6.3 and direction θ = tan −1  
alailai i i i i i i i i i i i i  i i i i
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala dadsaaslaala saas3laala saaslaala
m
daadsasa Solution:
d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d ad
PaPa For A − B ;PAaP−aB = 2i − j − 4i −P3aP daad aa d a
d
P (iv) j = −2i − 4 j = −i −P
2 jP
Relative speed of A with respect to B
Magnitude and direction of A − B i
alailai Speed i ai A, v = s50
aslaalof i
lai
aslaakm/h i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaala i i
aslaalai aslaalai aslaailai
co

daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa Ad
Pa ad
a a d
Pa ad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d a sa d a sa
PaPad| A − B | = P(a−P1a)d + ( −2) = P1aP+a4d = 5
2 2 d a sa
PaPadd a sa
P Speed of B, vBP = −40 km/h P
( −2) −1
∵ Relativeilai speed, vaAB tani θ = = 2 ⇒ θ = tan (2).
alailai a l a l ailai a l a ilai l a
sas
a ilai a l a l a i ( −1) alaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa dadsas a
PaPavAB = vA −PvaP d adsas a d
PaPa
a
d sas a d
PaPa
a
d
a d
PaPa
adsas a
PaPad a
d sas d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
B = 50 – (−40) = 50 + 40 = 90 km/h
P a
s.
16. The position of a particle is given by
∧ ∧ ∧
Timelatakenilai to cover laaailadistance of 500laailakm
2
i with a alaailai r = 2.00at liaa−ila1i.00t j + 3.00 k where tlaiais in
alailai a a i a aslaailai asal i aslaailai
daadsasa d s
PaPspeed
a s a
ad of 90 Pkm/h.
a d
aPada sa s d
PaPad
a s
a s d
PaPad
a sa s seconds
d
PaPad
a sa s and the d
PaPad
a s
coefficients
a haved
PaPad
a sthe
a proper d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P
distance distance 500
units for r to be in metres. Find the velocity
Speed = ; time = = = 5.55h and acceleration of a particle then what is
alailai a ilai time a ilai speed al90 a ilai laailai laailai laailai laailai i i
daadsasa d a
d saasl a d adsa asl a d ads
a s a d a
d saas the d a
d saa
magnitude
s andd adsaa
direction
s of d a
d saa
velocitys of the d a
d saaslaala
Hence they will meet after 5.55 hours from the start.
o particle at t = 2 s?
alailai la
a ilai ala ilai a l aailai a l aaSolution:
ilai aslaailai of the aslaailai is asaaslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a s s a
ad A = 2i − Pj aand
a s s a a s s a s s Given a sposition a s particle a s
PadB = 4i + 3Pj aPthen,
a a a a a a a
PaPIf
15. d d d
ad obtain PaPthe
d
ad d
PaPad ∧ d
Pa∧Pad ∧ d
PaPad d
PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
scalar magnitude and directions from x – axis 2
r = 2.00t i − 1.00t j + 3.00 k
of, laiai
alailai saasaA l saaslaala
i i sasla i
alai
i i
saaslaala Velocity:
ilai
saaslaaThe rate d aslaailai of position
ofadschange
i i
saaslaaislacalled dadsaaslaala
i i
daadsasa d a
PaP(i)
a d PaPad ad (ii)
PaPaB
d ad a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
a
PaPad a
d PaPa
P velocity

ur
(iii) A + B (iv) A − B dr d ∧ ∧ ∧
velocity vla=ilai = (2.00ltaiil−a1i .00t 2 j + 3.00 kla)i
alailai l
asa a il a i l
asa a il a i l
asa a il ai l
asa a il a i asa dt dt asaasa l
asa a i aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
aPada sa d
a ada sa d
PaPad
a sa d a
PaPad∧
sa d
PaPad PaP dada sa d
PaPad
a sa
P Solution: A = 2Pi − j , B = 4i + P 3 jP  ∧  ∧ ∧ 
=  2.00 i − 2.00t j + 0 ms −1 ; v =  2.00 i − 2.00t j  ms −1
   
.s
alailai (i) alaFor

ilai A : i i i i i i i i ailai i i i i
daadsasa d a
d sasa d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala The drate
Acceleration: ad slachange
saaof of
d a
d saaslaala over dadsaaslaala
velocity
P PaPa PaPa A = (2)P
Magnitudeof 2 a a
+P( −1) 2 = 4 + 1P=aPa5 PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
time is called acceleration

w
−1  1 dv iadi
i Direction
i of A la=ilatan θ= ⇒ lθail=aitan −1   lailai
a l a l ai l
asa a l ai asa i
2asaasa  2a saasa aslaailai
Acceleration a a=sasla a=l (2.00di a−sa2a.s00laailtaji) aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa a dd a s
a d
PaPad PaPadd d
PaPad
a sa a
PaPad dt dt PaPad
d d
PaPad
a sa
P P Pa
(ii) For B :
= 0 − 2.00 j = −2.00 j mss −2
w
3  3 
alailai iai
saaslaalDirection of sBas=la ilai θ = ⇒ θ =altan
atan
i −i1 i i
sasaala  4  dadsaaslaala At time
i i
saasltaa=la2s: dadsaaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d a 4 d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d
PaPa
a
d PaPa PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
2 2
Magnitudeof B = (4) + (3) = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5  ∧ ∧  ∧ ∧
w
Velocity =  2.00 i − 2.00t j  ms , =  2.00 i − 2.00 × 2 j 

−1
   
s a laailai s a laailai saslaailai s a laailai s a laailai s a laailai s a l aailai s a l aailai s aslaailai
daada s (iii)
d
PaPad
a a s For A + B
PaPa:d
d a a d
PaPad
a a s d a a s d
PaPad PaPad =  2.00PiaP
a a s  ∧
d a
− a4d
a s∧
.00 j  d
PaPad
a a s da
PaPad
a
P
 
A + B = 2i − j + 4i + 3 j = 6i + 2 j Magnitudei and direction of the particles.i i
alailai ilai
saaslaaDirection sasla
i
alai 2 as
ai i
1aaslala −1  1 a
ai i
 saaslala a laalai a laailai saaslaala−1
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad PaPaof
d a
A
d a+ B = tan θ = d=
PaP6 a 3 d ⇒ θ = tanPaP d
 ad v aP
P d a
d s
a s
= a (2) + ( −4)Pa
2 2 d a
d s
a s
=Pa 4 + 16 = 20 PaPd ad
= a4.47 ms
d
PaPa
a
d
P 3

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
saasUnit saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i 87
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d a s
PaPa d a d PaPa d a
d PaPad ad PaPad ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
If θ is the angle which v makes with x-axis, then,
Value based questions
alailai la
aθsa= il a−
i 4 la
astan ila i
a 63.5° dasaasa l a il a i l
asa a il a i aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa dtan
a sa = − 2
d a= sa− d a sa 1. Balu d a s
went
a to kuttraalam
d a sa with his d a s
grandpa,
a when d a sa
P PaPad 2 PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
he saw the waterfalls falling down from the top
θ = – 63.5º below the x- axis. of a mountain he could not believe his eyes. He
alailai laailai laailai laailai laailai laailai laailai laailai i i
saaslaala
m
a a a a loved a
admiring it. He aasked grandpa a how this
daadsasa d
PaPIf
a
d sa s
a position of d a dsa s
PaPaaparticle atPinstant aPad a
d sa s d
PaPaby
adsa s
PaPad adsa s d
PaPa
adsa s d
PaPa
a
d sa s d
Pa a
a
d
P 17. t is given is possible. Grandpa said even now the answerP
x = 3t2, find the velocity and acceleration of to this question from where the water is coming
alailai l a il a i l a il a i l a il a i l a il a i
from the
ilai
aslaatop aslaailai is a puzzle,
of a mountain aslaailabut
i
we dasaaslaala
i i
co
aparticle. asa asa asa
daadsasa the
d
PaPad
a sa s a
PaPadd a sa
PaPad d a sa d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
ad scientific
PaPsome d adsa
PaPatruths d a
d
PaPathis
sa a d
P got behind flow. P Pa
Solution:
(i) What is the science behind this flow or
2i i
alailai The saasposition
a
lalai i of the saasparticle
a
lalai i is x =sa3t a
slala
a
saaslala
i i falling i i
saaslaalaof these water i i
saaslaalafalls? dadsaaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d
PaPVelocity
a aa d a d d a
d a
PaPa (a) = ? PaPa d ad d ad
PaPaGive the formula d ad
PaPa for time PaPofa flight of the d
PaPa
a
d
P (v)P=P? and acceleration (ii)
s.
waterfall.
Velocity of the particle:
alailai l a
asdxa dil a i l
asa a il a i asal a il a i l
asa a il a i (iii) What aslaailis
aithe speedsaof ilai of waterfall,
laaflow aslaailaiwhen asaaslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPavd=
sa
= (P3aP
d a
t 2a) d
sa
PaPad d a sa d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
PaPaitdreaches the d
PaPa
ad a s d
PaPad
a sa
PaPdad
ground.
ok
P
dt dt n n – 1
[∵x = nx ] Ans. (i) Actually the science behind this flow of water
ilai = 6t ms–1alailai fall
saasis
laaan
ilai example for
saaslaathe
alailai =sa2laa×3t i i i i ilai projectileamotion.i i In i i
daadsasa d a a s d a sasa d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a d a d a saslaala d a saaslaala
P d
PaPAcceleration
a d
PaPofa the particle: PaPa d PaPa d PaPahorizontal projection
d PaPa d waterPacomes
Pa d from the PaPa d
top of the mountain with an initial horizontal
alailai aslaaala=i dv = da(6sata)slaa=la6i ms–2 asaaslaalai
i i
o i i
aslaalai velocity
aslaailai (u) asaaslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a s a s a s a s a s
d
PaPad
a d
dtPaPadt d PaPad d d
PaPad
a (ii)
PaPaTime
d d a of flight:
PaPadIt is the time
d PaPataken
d d a for the d
PaPad
a
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
projectile (here waterfall) to complete its
18. Determine that vector which when added to
trajectory.
alailai a laailai a laailai ∧ a l∧aailai ∧ a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa the
d
PaPa
a
d sa s resultant PaPa d a dsof
a s A = 2
PaPai d a
−
d sa4s j + 6 k PaPaand
d adsa s d ad
PaPaIt's expression d a
PaPais T = 2h PaPa
d d a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P ∧ ∧ ∧
B = i + 3 j − 3 k gives unit vector along g
ur
z-direction. h → vertical displacement from top to the

alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa
PaPad d a sa d
PaPad
a sa d ads
PaPaground
a level. d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P Solution: g → gravity
.s
Given ivectors, i i (iii) Using i equations of linear

i i motion,alailai
alailai i i i
saaslaa∧la ∧ d∧ adsaaslaala ∧ ∧dadsaa∧slaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaavla2 = u2 +d2as saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d
PaPaA = 2 i − 4 j +Pa d ad d ad ad d a
d sasa d a
d
P 6Pkaand B = i +P3aPj a − 3k PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
If v is the final velocity after waterfall hits
w
Thus the resultant vector is given by C = A + B the ground, u is the ainitial velocity,aai =i g,
alailai a laa∧ilai ∧ ∧ s∧aslaail∧ai ∧ a laailai∧ a laailai a laailai a lailai aslala aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s d a a
ad= (2 i − 4 j +P6aPka+di + 3 j − 3 kP
PaPC d a
∧ sa s
∧
) =aP3aid− j + 3 k PaPad d a sa s d
PaPad
sa =
sa sh d
a ada sa s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
Then v 2 = uP 2P
+ 2gh
∧
w
But the unit vector along the Z axis = k 2

alailai a ilai a ilai a ilai a ilai Final velocity a ilai of the waterfall a ilai v = u al+ aail2agh
i i i
daadsasa d a
d saa sl a d a dsaasl a d a
d saas l a d adsaasl a d adsaasl a d adsaasl a d a
d sa s d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa Required vector PaPa = k − (3 i −PajP+a3 k )
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
PaPa 2. All PaPplanets
a were PaPonce
a fire balls PaPfrom
a the sun, PaPa
which have been projected out so many long
w
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
= k − 3 i + j − 3 k ; = − 3 i + j − 2 k years back. aiNow these fire
ilai balls have attained
alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai theirasolid aslaailsurface, aslaathough aslaailai core asaaslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa
PaPad d a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
sa d
PaPad
even
a sa the
d
PaPad
acentral
sa
Padad
P is still hot. Neptune is the last planet in our solarP
system (out of eight). At what angle it should
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a l a ilai have been i i
saaslaalaprojected aslaailaithe sun?
safrom
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d
PaPada
d sas a
Ans. Since
d a
d
PaPa Neptune has d a
d
PaPabeen thrown d a
d
ataangle of 45°,
PaP d
PaPa
a
d
P
it would have reached longer distance.
alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
as a d
PaPad
a sa
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
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PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
saasUnit
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i 89
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d a s
PaPa d a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
Total length L = l1 + l2 = 20 + 500 = 520 m 8. A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform
−2
alailai a laailai a laailai−1 5 a laailai a laailai acceleration
a laailai of 0.2 ms a laailafor
i 3 minutes. aslaailai
Find
aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
Speed
a s of train, s
PaPad=
d a s
40a skmh = 40d×a
PaPad18
sa sm/s = 11 ms
d
PaPad
−
a1 sa s the d
PaPad
as
speeda s and distance
d
PaPad
a sa s travelled.d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
Distance 520 Solution:
Time (t ) = = = 47 s
laailai laailai Speed saslaa11
ilai laailai laailai Initialsvelocity
laailai ‘u’ =sasl0aailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
as as a s as a as as a sas a a s a a a
dada d
PaPa d a
PaPad d a d
PaPa d a d
PaPa da d d a
Acceleration
PaPa d d a −2
‘a’PaPa = 0.2 ms PaPad d d
PaPa d
P
5. The position of an particle is given by
Time (t) = 3 minutes= 180 seconds.
x = 6t +i 2t3. Find laout whether its motion is laiai
alailai l a i
l a il a i l a i
l ai l aslaaailabus,
i asluaail+aiat = 0 +as0.2 ilai
aslaa× aslaailai
co
daadsasa d saasa
uniform
a or d a s
a asa
non-uniform. d asaasa
d a s
a asa Speed
d a s
aof v d a=s
a d a 180 d a s
a
P PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
= 36 m/s.
Solution:
alailai The laailai
saasposition ofda
an ai i
slala x =d6t
saaparticle aslaa2tila3 i
sa+
i i
saaslaala Displacement
i i
saaslaala s = ut
i i
saa1slaaatla2
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad PaPa d PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d a
PaPa 2
+
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
s.
By differentiating with respect to ‘t’
1 1
dx d dx = 0×180 + × 0.2 × (180)2 = 0 + × 0.2 × 32400
alailai aslaailai = (6at s+aa2sltaa3il);ai = 6 +a6sata2slaailai aslaailai aslaail2ai aslaailai 2 aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a dt dt d
PaPad dt adad d
PaPad
a s
a d a s
a
aPad m = 3.24Pakm d a s
a da s
a da s
a
Pad PaPad PaPad
ok
P
dx
PP =P3240
 velocity v = = 6 + 6t 2  x n = nx n −1 
dt i ilai A person
alailai a laailai 2 ala lai a laailai a laa9. a laailatravels
i along
a laailaai straight a lroad
aailai for salaailai
daadsasa a
PaPdad
sa s v = 6 +
PaPdad
6
atsa s a a
PaPdad
s a s a
PaPdad
sa s the s
PaPdafirst
a s
da half P distance s s
aPdada 4 m Pwith
a s s
aPdadaa velocity
a a as
PaPdad
P
⇒ Velocity is dependent with time. 1 ms−1 and the second half distance 3 m with
a laailai ∴sThea laailamotion
i is snon-uniform
a laailai
o
motion.
a laailai a laailai a velocity a laail0.7
−1
ai ms . What aslaailaiis the mean aslaavelocity
ilai aslaailai
s
daada s a a s a a s a sa s a sa s a sa s a sa a sa a sa
d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad of the
dad person? PaPad d d
PaPad d
PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
PaP
ab
P
6. If three cars A, B and C move with velocities Solution:
a i i along idifferent
i directions
i i on the i road
i side, alaailai i i ailai i i i i
al la
daadsasa a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a sas Time a saaslaalaby person
taken a slatravel
saato 4 m a saaslaala a saaslaala
P PaPwhat
da d is the Pvector
aPa hiddenPinaPthis
d d da case. PaPa
d d d d
PaPa d PaPa d d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d
d
Ans. When two or more vectors lie on the same plane,
ur
  d 4 4i
2
a laa
ila i thosea l a
a vectors
i
l a i are said
a l a
a
il ai to be coplanar
a l a
a
i
l ai vectors. a l a
a
il a i a l a
a
i
l a i t1 = a l=aailai = =ala a=la2i s. dasaaslaalai
i
s
daada s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d v
a sa s 2 v 2 ×
d 1
a sa s2
P PaPLet
ad velocityPa vector
Pad is taken PaPfor
ad the threePacars. Pad PaPad PaPad1 1
PaPad PaPad
All the velocity vectors are lying on the same Time taken by person to travel 3 m,
.s
i i plane called
i i road surface.i i So, the vectori i concept i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa
a
al la a
a
saaslala a
a
saaslala a
a
saaslala a
a
saaslala a saaslaala ddasaasla alai a saaslaala asaaslaala
d
PaPabehind
d this is coplanar
PaPad d vector. d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPa d a d d d
PaPa d
P 2 d P P3a 3
t2 = = = = = 2.14
7. (i) Name the quantity which remains v2 2 v2 2 × 0.7 1.4
w
alailai ilai
asaunchanged
l a laailai
asduring laailai of ansaslaailai
the saflight aslaailai  Totalatime aslaa=ilat1i + t2 = 2 a+sa2as.l14
aaila=i 4.14 s. salaailai
daadsasa d a sa
PaPad oblique d a
ad
sa
PaPprojection. d
PaPad
a a s d
PaPad
a a Mean
d
PaPad
a s(or)
a average d
PaPad
s
velocity,
a d
PaPad
a as
PaPdad
P
vm = d = d d
w
(ii) If the velocity of the projectile is 10 ms–1 =

i i d d
alailai t1s+atla adlai 1 + da 1 ala
ilaiwhat angle iai the horizontal i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa d a saaslaaat d a saaslaalto d a saaslaala should d a saaslaala d a a sa 2 la + dasaasla  sasala d a saaslaala
P PaPa d d
PaPa as thatPitaPcovers
be projected a d PaPa
maximum d PaPa d 2v1PaP2av2
d d
 2v1PaP2av2  PaPa d
w
horizontal distance? 2v1v2 2 × 1 × 0.7 1.4

= –1
alailai Ans. (i) a l a il ai
Horizontal component
a l ail a i of velocity
a l a i
l u
a i = u cos θ a la ila i =
va +la i
l
v a i
1 + 0 .7 a laa=ila1i.7 = 0.82sams laailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
ad
PaP(ii)
sa s a d a sa s a
PaPadof 45º to the d adsa s a
PaPahorizontal.
x d
PaPad
a sa s a d
PaPad
a sa1 s a 2 d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a a s d
PaPad
a sa
P At an angle Covers
∴ Mean Velocity = 0.82 ms –1
maximum distance.
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d PaPad ad P d a
d
aPa   PaPa d ad PaPad a
d PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d
P

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
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a d
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asa d
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daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
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PaPad
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a is Only
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PaPad
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PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
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PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
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a
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alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
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P
UNIT
07
daadsasa a s
a a s
a a s
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Properties of Matter
d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad d
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daadsasa dad d a
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P PaPa PaPa PaPa Properties
PaPa of Matter
PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
s.
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alailai i i
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Archimedes
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d d d a
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d d
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tension rise
w

daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
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a s
a d
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PBernoulli’s d
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theorem Applications
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PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad
P
w
Stoke’si law
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaalai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
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a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
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Poiseuille's
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala equation i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
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PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
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d
P
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alailai 240 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala Sura’ss aailaStd
alXI i - Physics ➠ ilai - II
salaaVolume ➠ aslaaila07
saUnit
i ➠ Properties iai Matter
saaslaalof
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saaslaala
daadsasa d
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d d
PaPa
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d d
PaPa
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d a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
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d PaPad a
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FORMULAE
aslaailai
TO REMEMBER
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
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F 2
(1) Normal ilai Stress a(S) ila=i A ; A = πr aa;ila(Fi → Force; A → Area)
alailai la l a l laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
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saaslaala
m
a a a
daadsasa PaPdaadsa s a d
aPa a
d s
a s a d a
dsa s
PaPastress × area d a
d s
a s
PaPofa cross-section d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P (2) BreakingP force = Breaking
∆l
alailai (3) saLongitudinal
laailai aslaailai= l ⇒as∆l
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aslaalaChange
i i in laailai l → Original
aslength; aslaailai lengthasaaslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d
PaPad
a a s d
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a sa d
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a sa d
PaPad
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a
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PaPad
a s
a d
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a
P ∆VP P
(4) Volumetric Strain = ⇒ ∆V → Change in Volume; V → Original volume
V
alailai ai i saaslaaεsla= θ, εs d=adsxaasl⇒
i i aailaθi → Angle aailashear
i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa (5)
d a
d slala
saaShearing Strain,
d a
d d a
d saaslof dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa PaPa PaPa h PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
s.
F
(6) Pressure = A = hρg (F → Force; A → Area)
daadsasa a s
a
PaPad Where, PaPad
d d a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
ok
P
h = height, r = Density of fluid, g = Acceleration due to gravity
alailai ai i
(7)asaGauge
slala Pressure
iai
saasl=aalTotal Pressure i i
saaslaal–a Atmospheric
i Pressure
saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa d a d
PaPa
a
d d
aPa a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P F1 FP
(8) Hydraulic lift = = 2
alailai l
asa ail a i l a
A1 A 2
asailai
o
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a Where, d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
F1, F2 = Force on pistons of area of cross-sections A1, A2
alailai (9) saArchimedes’

ai i Principle
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a a slala d a d a d a d a d a d a d a
P PaPa Loss of P
d weight
aPa of bodyPinaPliquid
d a d = weight
PaPaof liquid displaced
d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
= Volume × Density of liquid × g
ur
alailai (10)
i
laalai of floatation
aLaws i
aslaala: i i
daadsasa d a s
a s
PaPad A body will d a
d s
PaPafloat
a d a sa
PaPadof the body PaPdads a d a sa
PaPaddisplacedPby d
aPada sa d
a d a sa d
PaPad
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a
P if, Weight =aWeight of liquid the body. P Pa
Mass Density of substance
.s
alailai (11) aDensity

i i = i ,i Relative densityi i = alaailai ilai i i i i i i
daadsasa d a
d saslaala d a
d saaslaala
Volume d a
d saaslaala daDensity
dsas of water
d a
d sataas4laa°C dadsaaslaala dadsaaslaala d a
dsaaslaala
(12) Stroke’s law: F = 6 πηrv
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P 1 2 lailai
alailai (13) laailai
aBernoulli’s aslaailai
theorem: + v as+ a gh = Constantaslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa a
ρPaPa2d
d s a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa
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(14) Venturimeter: Volume of liquid flowing per second
w
alailai i i
saasVlaa=laa a d2( s∆ ai i
sla) la
aP i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d 1 2 Pa
a
d a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad
P Pa 2 2
ρ(a1 − a2 )
w
(15) Velocity of efflux

alailai aslaailai aslaailavi= 2 ghasaaslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
PaPdρaVD
d d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
P
Reynolds number = Rc =
η
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala π
i i
saras4laaPla
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a
PaPa Poiseuille’s
d d a
PaPaequation = PaPa
d d V =
dad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
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d
P 8 ηl

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alailai XIla
aStd ➠ laailai07 ➠ Properties
saasUnit
i i i i
saaslaalaof Matterdadsaaslaala
i i
saaslaala
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saaslaala
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saaslaala 241 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
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d d
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ad d
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d
P
alailai aslaailai
Important
aslaailai aslaailai
Terms aslaailai
& Definitions
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
Stress : It is defined as the internal restoring force acting per unit area of a
alailai i i i i deformed i i body. alailai i i i i i i i i
saaslaala a
saaslala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
m
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
adsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
Restoring force F
Stress = =
Area A
alailai aslaailai aslaailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaailai aslaailai ilai
a1slaa–1 aslaailai
co
daadsasa d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d as
PaPaThe
d S.I. unit
a
PaP d a
d s
ofastress
a is N/m 2d a
PaPaand
s
d its dimensional
a a s
PaPad formula
d a a
=a[M
PaPd s
d L T ]PaPad
a –2 d a s
a
P
Stress is scalar quantity.
Types i of
i Stress: alaailai
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d a
PaPa(i)
d Longitudinal
d a
d sas d a
PaPa Stress:PIfaPaabody changes
d d a
PaPits
a length under
d d a
PaPaa deformingPaPa
d d a
d
P
s.
force and the stress is normal to the surface of the body then the
stress
ilai is called longitudinal stress. The longitudinal stress cani be a
alailai aslaailai aslaailai a laatensile stress a laailcompressive
or ai a aailai
lstress. a laailai a laalai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa s d
Pa ad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d
Pa ad
a sa s d
Pa ad
a sa s d
Pa ad
a sa
ok
P (ii) VolumePStress: If a body changes itsPvolume underPa deforming P
force acting on every surface of the body, the stress set up in the
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala sas body
a la ilai is volume i ai
saaslaalstress.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d a
d
PaPa(iii)
a d a
d
PaPa Stress: When d a
d
PaPa a deforming d a
d
PaPaforce applied d a
d
PaPatangentiallyPaPa d a
d
P Tangential
to the surface of the body changes the shape of the body without
o aslaachanging
ilai its avolume,
laailai the stress aslaailasetup
i is knownaslaailaas
i tangential aslaastress.
ilai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
d s
a
PaPaStrain: d
PaPad
a s
a d a sa
: aPaItd is defined d a sa s
PaPasadthe ratio of d a sa
PaPchange
ad d a
in Dimension
PaPad
sa of a P d a s
deformed
aPad a d
bodyPaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P P
because of a deforming force on it, to the original Dimension of the body
it means
alailai saaslaalaStrain =dChange
saaslaalain Dimension
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d a
d d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPaOriginal DimensionPaPa PaPa PaPa
ur
Types of Strain:
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai Change
ilai
aslaain length a∆l aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d a
PaPa(i)
s
d Longitudinal
a da s
a d
ada s
PaPad Strain =PaPOriginal
a d s
a
PaP=adl d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P length
.s
(ii)alaaVolumetric Strain Change in iVolume ∆V i i

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilai a laailai = a laalai = sala
sala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d sa s d
PaPa
a
d sa s d
PaPa
a
d s
Original
a s Volume
PaPad a
d Va d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
(iii) Shearing Strain: It is the strain produced when a deforming force
w
is acting tangentially to the surface of a body.ai i

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslala aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
a
PaPaHooke’s
d law: d
PaPad
a s
a
P d a
d sa
: aPaHooke’s law a s
states
PaPd a
ad that within a s
a
PaPaelastic
d d limit,
PaP
a s
stress
d a
ad is directly a sa
PaPproportional
d
ad d
PaPad
as a
P
to strain, stress α strain.
w
alailai Deforming
saaslaala force:
i i i i
saaslaala : Deforming i i force isalthat
saaslaala sasaala force dwhich
i i
saaslaalwhen
iai applied
saaslaachanges
ilai the sshape
aslaailaiand asaaslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d a
PaPasize of the body.
d d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
ad PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d a
PaPdad
P
w
Elasticity: : Elasticity it the property of the body by virtue of which the body regains
alailai aslaailai aslaailai its aoriginal
laailai shapesaand laailasize
i when the aslaaildeforming
ai force
aslaailaiare removed.aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
d s
a
PaPaPerfectly d a s
a
PaPadbody: d a
a ad
sa s d a a s
PaPad perfectlyPaP d
ada sa d a sa
PaPad form onPaP d a
ad
s
a d
a d a sa
P elastic P
: P The body which regains its original removing theP Pa
external deforming force from it, e.g., quartz.
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
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a s
a or d
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alailai 242 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala Sura’s aailaStd
saaslXI
i - Physics ➠ ilai - II ➠ Unit
saaslaaVolume
i i
saaslaala07 ➠ Properties
iai Matter
saaslaalof
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
ad PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d
P
Plastic body: : The body which does not regain its original form at all on the removal
alailai aslaailai aslaailai of adeforming
laailai force,
aslaailaihowever asmall
laailai the deforming
aslaailai force amay
laailai be, aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d s
PaPae.g.,
a s
d putty and
a d ds
PaPaparaffin
a a wax. d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa
P
Elastic limit: : It is the limit or maximum stress upto which the body regains its original
shape and size afterathe removal ofadeforming force.
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala laailai lailai lailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
a a a
daadsasa d a
d
PaPaViscosity: PaPa d a
d P d a sa s
: aPaIt is the property
d d a sa s
PaPa of a liquidPor
d d a sa s
aPagas to oppose
d d a
PaPthe
sa
a relative motion
d d a
PaPa betweenPaPa
d d a
d
P
its layers.
alailai aslaailai Theorem:
Bernoulli’s aslaailai : Bernoulli’s
aslaailai Theorem aslaailstate
ai that the astotal
laailai energy of asan
laailaincompressible
i aslaailanon-
i aslaailai
co
daadsasa d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a a sa
PaPaviscous
d d liquid a sa
PaPaind steady flow
d a s
PaPremain
dad a constant a sa
PaPathroughout
d d Pthe
d a sa
aPadflow of thePaPad d a sa
P
1
liquid i.e. P + rgh + rV2 = constant
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala a laailai a laail2ai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa dad
PaPaReynold Number: d
PaPa
a
d d a sa s
: aPaA pure number
P d d a sa s
PaPa which determines
d d a
PaPa the nature
d d a
PaPaof flow of liquid
d d a
PaPa through aPaPa
d d a
d
P
s.
pipe.
alailai Venturimeter:
aslaailai aslaailai : A deviceaslaailai used for ameasuring
laailai the aspeed
laailai of incompressible
aslaailai liquidaandlaailairate aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
PaPaof
d s
d flow of liquid
a a d sa s
PaPadthrough pipes.
a d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa da
PaPad
s a s d
PaPad
a s a
ok
P
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala EVALUATION
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P o
I. Multiple Choice Questions : 4. For a given material, the rigidity modulus is
alailai i i
aslaalai i aslaalai aslaalai aslaailai rd laiai
Ê 1 ˆdadsaasal aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
a ada sa d a
d sa d
ada sa d a
d s
a
ÁËPaP˜¯ a of Young’s
a s
a
PaPmodulus.
d
ad ItsPaPd a
ad
s
a
Poisson’s ratio d
PaPad
asa
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPawires PaPY. PaPaof
ab
P 1.P PConsider two X and The radius 3
wire X is 3 times the radius of Y. If they are
ilai i i is [HY-2018]
a laa stretched
saaslaala by the aslaailai load then
sasame aailaistress onsalaailai
saaslthe
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsas d
PaPY
a
d
a is d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d a as
PaPdad (a) d
PaP0a
a
d (b) P0.25d a d a
aPa (c) 0.3PaPa (d) 0.5 PaPa
d d d a
d
P
[Ans. (d) 0.5]
ur
(a) equal to that on X

alailai laailai that on Xsaslaailai
(b)sathrice aslaailai ilai
aslaa5. aailai
aslsphere aslaailai2cm falls laailai
asfrom aslaailai
daadsasa d a a s
ad nine times
PaP(c) d a a
ad on X
PaPthat d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa A small
d
PaPad
a sa of
PaPadd radius
a sa d
PaPad
a sa rest d
PaPad
a sa
P
in a viscous liquid. Heat is produced due to
(d) half that on X viscous force. The rate of production of heat
.s
alailai asasla ilai [Ans.

a l a ila(c)
i nine times a l a ilathat
i on X] alaailai
when aslaailsphere
sthe ai i i
saaslaalaits terminal
attains
ilai
saaslaavelocity
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa d a a
PaPad adsas a d
PaPa
adsas a
PaPa d adsas d
aPa a
d a d
aPa a
d d ad
PaPa model 2018) PaPad a
d
P
2. If a wire is stretched to double of its original isPproportional Pto (NEET
(a) 22 (b) 23 (c) 24 (d) 25
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length,i then the strain in the wire is

alailai i
a1slaalai (b) a2saaslaalai (c) 3 asaaslaa(d) ilai 4 i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaaila(d)
[Ans.
i
2 5] aslaailai
daadsasa (a)
d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad d
PaPad PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
[Ans. (a) 1] 6. Two wires are made of the same material
w
3. The load - elongation graph of three wires of i i and have ithe

alailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laala a laalai same volume. a laailai The area a laaof
ilaicross i i
saaslaala
daadsasa the
d a
d sa same
s material
d adsa are
s shown d in
adsafigure.
s Which d adsa s sections
d a
d sa s of the first
d a
d s
and
a s the second
d adsa swires are d a
d
P PaPa PaPa Pa a PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
of the following wire is the P thickest? A and 2A respectively. If the length of the first
w
(a) wire 1 Load i

Wire 1 Wire 2 wire is increased by Δli on applying ia force
alailai a laailai a laailai a laalai ai i
3 asl ala F, how a l aailai
much force is lai
aslaaneeded to aslaalai the asaaslaailai
stretch
daadsasa s s s
s s s Wire s s s s s
d a
(b) a wire 2 d a a d a a d a a d a a d a a d a a
P PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad wire byPthe
second
aPad
same amount? PaPad PaPdad
(c) wire 3 O Elongation (NEET model 2018)
alailai (d) aall a iof i them have same
a i i thickness a i i a ilai a ilai a ilai ilai i i
daadsasa a sas l a la
a a
sas l a l a
a a
sas l a l a
a a
sas l a a l
(a) d2aFsas (b) 4 Fdasas(c) 8 F da(d)
a a l a saaslaa16 F a saaslaala
P
d
PaPa
d PaPad d PaPa[Ans. (a) wire
d d PaPa1]
d d Pa a
P
d PaPa d d
PaP[Ans.
a
(b) 4 P
aa
F]P
d d

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
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a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
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PaPad
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afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
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a Online
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PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
saasUnit
i i i i
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 243 dadsaaslaala
i i
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d a s d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d PaPa
P
7. With an increase in temperature, the viscosity 13. The following four wires are made of the same
of liquid and gas, respectively will i i material. Which of thesei willi have the largest
s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaala s aslaailai extension
s aslaailwhen
ai the same
s aslaalatension iss aslaailai
applied? s aslaailai
daada (a)
d a a increase anddincrease
a a (b) increase
d a a and decrease
d a a d a a d a a d a a d a a
P PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad ad = 200 P
PaPlength
(a)
d
aPadiameter
cm, ad
PaPmm
= 0.5 PaPad
(c) decrease and increase (d) decrease and decrease (b) length= 200 cm, diameter = 1 mm
[Ans. (c)
i i decrease andi iincrease] i i (c) length =i 200
i cm, diameter i i = 2 mm
alailai saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala (d) dlength=
saaslaala200 cm,ddiameter
i i
saaslaala = 3 m dadsaaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa 8.PadThe
a d a d a da a a d a
P Pa Young’s
d modulus
PaP a d forPaaPperfect
ad rigidPbody
aPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa
[Ans. (a) length = 200 cm, diameter = 0.5 mm]P
Pa a d
is
14. The wettability of a surface by a liquid depends
alailai (a) a0lailai (b) 1 alailai (c) 0.5 ala(d) ilai infinity alailai aslaailonai aslaailai [HY-2019] aailai- 2020] salaailai
primarily a;sl[Sep
co
daadsasa d a
PaPad
sa s a d
PaPad
a sa s a a s
PaP[Ans.
d a s a
ad (d) infinity] d
PaPad
a sa s a d a
ad
sa
PaPviscosity d a sa
PaPad (b) surface d adsa
PaPatension
a as
PaPdad
P (a)
9. Which of the following is not a scalar? (c) density
alailai a i i a i i a i i a i i (d) angle ofi contact
i between i the
i surface and the
i i liquid i i
daadsasa a saaslala a saaslala[HY-2019; a
Sep-2021;
saaslala May-2022] a saaslala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
P
d
PaP(a)d d d
a viscosityPaPa(b) surface Ptension d
aPa d PaPad d [Ans.d
PaPa d(d) angle of
PaPacontact
d d between d
PaPa d the surface d
PaPa d
s.
and the liquid]
(c) pressure (d) stress [Ans. (d) stress]
15. In a horizontal pipe of non-uniform cross section,
alailai 10. dIfadsathe
i i
aslaalatemperature a i ai the wire
laalof a laailaincreased,
is
i a laailai
water a
flows
laailai
with a velocitya laailai –1 saslaailai
of 1 ms at a point where aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s
PaPad modulusPa d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a a d a sa
PaPthen
a Pad PaPad ad
PaPdiameter aPad ad
PaPThe a ad
ok
P the Young’s will [Mar-2019] the of P
the pipe is 20 cm. velocityPofP
(a) remain the same (b) decrease water (1.5 ms–1) at a point where the diameter of
alailai laailai rapidly
(c)sasincrease i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala the dpipe
iai cm) alailai
saaslisaal(in
ilai
saaslaa[Aug-'22]
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
PaP(d)d a
a increasePby d a
d
aPavery a small Pamount d
aPa a
d PaPad a
d PaP8a
(a)
ad (b) P
d
16aPa
a
d sasa d ad
(c) 24 PaPa (d) 32 PaPa
d a
d
P
[Ans. (b) decrease] [Ans. (b) 16]
alailai i
aslaalai of fixed i
laalai
o i
aslaalai into aasaaslaaII. ilai Short aslaaA i i i
aalai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa 11. Copper
d a sa d a saavolume
s V dis
a sadrawn d d a sa
lanswer
d a sQ
aasluestions
d a:sa d a sa
ad of length PaPal.d When this ad is subjected PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPwire PaPwire
ab
P 1. Define stress and strain.
to a constant force F, the extension produced Ans. The force per unit area is called as stress.
alailai in aslaailawire
sathe
i is Δl. saaIf ailairepresents
slaY
ilai Young’s alailai
saaslaathe
i i
saaslaalaForce daFdsaaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d ad
PaPmodulus, d a
d d ad d a
d sasa d a
d d ad d a
d
P a PaPawhich of the
then PaPfollowing
a PaPa
graphs PaPa s =
Stress, PaP=a PaPa PaPa
Area A
is a straight line?
ur
(NEET 2014 model)
alailai (a)saΔ laal lversus

i ai V sasla alai (b) Δdl aversus
i aslaailaYi aslaailai The fractional
aslaailai change asin
laailthe
ai size ofsathe laailaobject,
i aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a a s d
PaPad
a a
PaPad
sa
1 PaPad
d a sa when d a sa
PaPada force is d a sa
PaPapplied,
ad strain d a a
PaPameasures
d s
the d
PaPad
a sa
P
(c) Δl versus F (d) Δl versus degree of deformation.
l
.s
alailai laiai i i i i i i i i Change inalsize i i ∆l i i i i

daadsasa adsaasal
d d a
d saaslaala [Ans. d adsaaslaaΔllaversusdF]
(c) a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaaela=
Strain, d a
d sasaala = d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala
P Pa a PaPa of spherical PaPadrops of a P aPa PaPa Original
PaPa size lPaPa PaPa
12.PA certain number liquid
of radius R coalesce to form a single drop of 2. State Hooke’s law of elasticity. [HY-2018; Aug-'22]
w
alailai radiusaslaailR ai and volume ilai

aslaaV. If T is the aslaailai tension
surface
ilai
aslaaAns. Hooke’s
aailai
asllaw is for a aslaaildeformation,
small ai ilai
aslaawhen the aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
ad the liquid,
PaPof d
ada
PaPthen
sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
PaPadand strainPare d
aPada sa d a sa
PaPtoadeach other.PaPad d a sa
P stress proportional
w
1 1
alailai
(a) energya i i = 4 V T  ai− i  is released a ilai a ilai Stress αalStrain i i i i i i i i
daadsasa d ad
a
sas l a l a
d a
d
a
sas lra l a R
d ad
a
sas l a d a
d
a
sas l a F d A
a
d sasaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa PaPa 1 1 PaPa PaPa αa
PaP PaPa PaPa PaPa
  A L
(b) energy = 3 V T  +  is absorbed
w
r R 3. Define Poisson’s ratio. ai i

alailai aslaailai asl1aailai1  aslaailai a laailai a laailai aslala aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa s s s s s
PaPad Ans. ItPais
s s s s s
Padefined as Pthe
aParatio of relative
PaPad contraction
d a a d
ad energy =P3aPVaTa a d
d  −  PisaPreleased
ada a d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a a d a a
P PaP(c)  r R
PaPad
(lateral strain) to relative expansion (longitudinal
(d) energy strain). Itaisi denoted by the symbol μ. ai i
alailai a laailai is neither a lreleased
aailai nor absorbed
a laailai a laailai a lalai a laailai saaslala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ads
a s
PaPad a
d s
a s 1
Pa adadsa
1
s d
PaPa
a
d s
a s d
PaPa
a
d s
a s d a
d s
a sLateral strain
d ad d a
d
P [Ans. (c) energy =3VT P is released] Poisson’s ratio, PμaP=a PaPa PaPa
Longitudinal strain
r R
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
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a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 244 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslXI
saaslaaVolume
i i
iai Matter
saaslaalof
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad PaPad a
d PaPad ad PaPad a
d d
PaPa
ad PaPad a
d d
PaPa
ad PaPad a
d
P
4. Explain elasticity using intermolecular forces. From Young’s modulus of elasticity,
Ans. In a lsolid, interatomic forces bindlatwo or more lailai
alailai asaailai aslaailai asailai asa Fsasla Lilai YAlsasla i
alai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
PaPatoms
ad together
a
PaPand
a s
ad the atomsPoccupy
d a a s
aPad the positions
d a d
PaPad
a sa Y =d a
PaPaAd l
a× a ⇒ F =
PaPLdada a d
PaPad
a sa ...(2) d
PaPad
a sa
P
of stable equilibrium. When a deforming force
is appliedilai on a body, ilaitsi atoms are pulled apart ai i Substituting ilaiequation (2) ilin equation (1),i we get
alailai la l a la ilai l l a l a l a a i
saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
m
a a a a a a
daadsasa d
PaPa
or
ad s a
sapushed closer.
PaPad a
d saWhen
s a the
PaPa
deforming
d adsas a force
PaPad is
a
d sas a d
PaP=a
a1s s
d YA
a a
l YAa l
d 2asas
d 1
a
a d ad PaPad a
d
P
removed, interatomic forces of attraction or W ∫ L dl = PLP.2a = 2 .Fl P Pa
0
repulsion restore the atoms to their equilibrium
alailai i
aslaalai If a body i ai
aslaalregains i
laalai shapesaslaalai i 1
aslaal ′ila i YA  l ′ 2 allaailaYA i l 2 1  YA asllaailal =i 1 Fl asaaslaailai
co
positions. its aoriginal W = YA
daadsasa d a
ad
PaPand
sa d
ad
PaPthe
a sa d
aPada sa s d
aPada a
PaPa∫d
d a sa dl ′ = 
d a s
PLaPa2d 
a s = = d a

sa
d  2 PaPdad
P size after removalPof deforming Pforce, 0
L L 2PaP2a L 
0
it is said to be elastic and the property is called 1
alailai elasticity.
a ilai a ilai a ilai a ilai W = a Fl ilai i i i i i i
a l a l a l a l 2sasla saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
adsas a
PaPad a
d sas a
PaPad adsas a
PaPad a
d sas a d
PaPa
ad
a
Pa ad a
d d
Pa a
ad Pa ad a
d
P work done isPknown as the Pelastic potentiaP
s.
5. Which one of these is more elastic, steel or This
rubber? Why? [HY-2019] energy of a stretched wire.
alailai l
asa a il a i l
asa a il a i asal a il a i l a il a i
asa9. StateaPascal’s aslaailai law in a laailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa Ans. d
PaPad
a s
Steel
a is more d
PaPad
s
elastic
a a than d
PaPad
s
rubber.
a a If an equal
d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
sa d
PaPad
a safluids.
s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P
stress is applied to both steel and rubber, the steel Ans. If the pressure in a liquid is changed at a particular
produces less strain. So the Young’si modulus is i i point, the i change is transmitted to the entire
alailai a
higher
laailai
for steel a
than
laailai
rubber. The a laalai
object which a laala a laalai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
adsa s
PaPad a
d sa s
Pa ad adsa s
Pa ad a
d sa s liquid
d
PaPa
ad swithout
a s being
PaPad a
ddiminished
sa s in
d
PaPa
magnitude.
adsa s
PaPad a
d
P has higher young’s modulus P is more elastic.P
10. State Archimedes principle.
alailai 6. A spring i
aslaalai balance showsi
aslaalai wrong
o
readings
i
aslaalai after ilai It statesalthat
aslaaAns. aailai when a sbody aslaailais i partiallyaor laailawholly
i aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
PaPusing
ad for a P
a longd a s
aPadtime. Why?
a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa s d a a
aPad it experiences d a sa s
PaPad an upward d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
immersed in a P fluid,
ab
P
Ans. When a spring balance has been used for a long thrust equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
time,laitiladevelops an elastic
i i fatigue, the
i i spring of alailai by it and its
i i upthrust acts i through thealaa centre
i i of
alailai saasa
i
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
i
sas la
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
such
d a balancePaPad a
take
d longer PaPad a
timed to recoverPaPad a
its
d sasa d a
gravity
PaPa of the liquid
d a
PaPa displaced.PaPa
d d d ad PaPad a
d
P
original configuration and therefore it does not Upthrust or buoyant force = weight of liquid
ur
give correct measurement.

alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaalai displaced.
daadsasa d a sa
ad is thePeffect
7.PaPWhat
d a sa
aPad of temperature d a sa
PaPad on elasticity? d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
11. What do you mean by upthrust or buoyancy?
Ans. As the temperature of substance increases, its
.s
alailai elasticity i i i i i i i i The upward

Ans. i iforce exerted i byi a fluid that opposes
iai i i
daadsasa d adsaaslaala decreases. d a
d saaslaala the dweight ad saaslaalaof an immersed d a
d saaslaala object d adsaaslaaalfluid
in is d a
d saaslaala
8. Write down the expression for the elastic called upthrust or buoyant force.
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potential energy of ai stretched wire.

alailai a laailai
Ans. dConsider a wire whose
i
aslaalaun-stretch laailai
alength is L and
ilai
aslaa12. Stateathe aslaalawilai aslaailai
of floatation. aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a
ad
PaParea
sa s d
aPada sa d adsa
PaPaaforce
s d
PaPaan
a
d sa d d
PaPalaw
sa d a sa
PaPadstates thatPaaPbody d a
ad
sa d
PaPad
as a
P of crossPsection is A. Let produce Ans. The of floatation will float
w
extension l. in a liquid if the weight of the liquid displaced by

alailai The l a ilai
saswork done
a by l a ilai l a ilai
sas the forcedFadsaiss equal to dthe
a a a l a ilai the immersed i i
saaslaala part dofadsthe
ilai equals athe
aslaabody i i
saslaalaweight dadsaaslaala
i i
daadsasa daad
PaPenergy
a d
PaPby
a a
d
a
aa
a
PaPa
adsas a
PaPd ad
a body. PaPa
a d
PaPa
ad PaPa
P gained the wire. P P of the
w
The work done in stretching the wire by dl,

13. Define coefficient of viscosity of a liquid.
alailai dW as=laaFiladl
i aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
ad
PaPThe
s
a d a
d s
a
PaPadone d a s
a
PaPad the wirePfrom
a s
a
aPad Ans. The
d a s
a
PaPacoefficient
d d Pof
a s
a
aPaviscosity
d d of a s
a
PaPaaliquid
d d is the da
PaPad
s
a
P total work in stretching
viscous force acting tangentially per unit area of
0 to l is
alailai a laa1 ilai a laailai a laailai a laailai a liquid a
layer
laailai havingsaaslunit
aailai velocitysgradient
a laailai in saslaailai
daadsasa PaPdW
a s s
ada= ∫ Fdl PaPdada a s s a
PaPdad
s
a s a
aPdada
P....(1)
s s a s
aPdirection s
aPdada perpendicular a
PaPdad
a to the direction a
PaPdad
s
a of flowadaada
PP
P
0
of the liquid.

d
PaPad
a s
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PaPad
s
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PaPad
a s
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PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
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a d
PaPad
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a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
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PaPad
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a is Only
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PaPad
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a s
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PaPad
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alailai XIla
saasUnit
i i
i i i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
i i
daadsasa PaPad ad a s
PaPad a
d PaPad a
d PaPa PaPad a
d PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
P
14. Distinguish between streamlined flow and 17. Write down the expression for the Stoke’s
turbulent flow. ai i [HY-2018; Aug-'22] ilai force and aailexplain the symbols involved ilain
i it.
alailai aslaailai aslala aslaailai aslaaAns. aslforce ai aslaaon ilai aslaabody aslaailai
daadsasa Ans. d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa Viscous
d a sa
PaPadr dependsPdirectly
F acting
d
aPada sa a spherical
d
a ada sa of d
PaPad
a sa
P radius on P P
Streamlined flow Turbulent flow (i) radius (r) of the sphere
(i) When a liquid (i) When a speed of
saaslala (ii) dadvelocity
saaslaala (v) of the
saaslaasphere
alailai a i i a i i a i i a i i i i ilai and alailai i i
saaslalsuch
a saaslala aslala saaslaala
m
daadsasa PaPad a
flows
d that
PaPad a
deach the
PaPad a
d samoving fluid
PaPa d a
d (iii)
PaPa coefficient of
PaPad a
viscosity
d η of d
PaPa
a
the
d sasa
liquid PaPad a
d
P
particle of the liquid exceeds the critical F = 6ph rv
passing through ai speed, i vc the x y z x y z
alailai laailamoves
i laalai laalaibecomessaslaailai Therefore laailFai∝ η r v s⇒ ilai kη r v , where
laaF= aslaailai
k is a
aslaailai
co
daadsasa dpoint
adsaas d along
a saas motion
d a saas d a a d a saa
dimensionlesss constant.
d a aa s d a sa d a sa
P PaPathe same path PaPadwith aPad
Pturbulent. PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
Using dimensions, the above equation can be
the same velocity written as
alailai assalitsaailai predecessor a l ailai a l a ilai a l a ilai
saa]sla
–2
i
alaki [ML–1dTa–1
i i
saa]sxlaa×la[L]y × [LT asl]aazilai
sa–1
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a a s d a sas a d a sas a d a sas a [MLT d a = d a d a
P PaPathen the Pflow
d aPa of
d PaPa d PaPa d Pa a d PaPa d Pa a d PaPa d
OnPsolving, we get x=1, y=1, andPz=1
s.
liquid is said to be a
streamlined flow. ai i Therefore, F=kηrv
alailai l
asa a il a i l
asa l a l
asa a il a i l
asa a il a i aslaailai
Experimentally, Stoke aailai that the
aslfound ilai
aslaavalue of asaaslaalai
i
daadsasa a
PaPaThe
(ii) d sa
d velocity PaPof
d a sa
ad the (ii) PThe d
aPada sa velocity
PaPadd a sa d a
ad
sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
kP=aP6π
ok
P
particle at any point changes both in F = 6πη rv
is constant. magnitude and ai i This relation i i is knownaas iStoke’s law.alaailai
alailai a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
direction
i i
from saaslala saaslaala saslaala
i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPad ad PaPad a
d d
aPa a
d PaPa d a
d d a
d
PaPa Bernoulli’s d ad
PaPtheorem.
a d
PaPa
a
d sas
PaPad a
d
P Pparticle to particle. 18. State
Ans. According to Bernoulli’s theorem, the sum of
alailai
(iii) The i actual
l a l a i
asa by the particle
pathai (iii)
l
asa l a i
o
The path
l a il a i
asa particles
taken ai i pressure aenergy,
l
asala aslailai kinetic
aslaailaenergy,
i and aslaapotential
ilai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
taken
a sa d
Pa ad
a sa by d
PaPad
a sathe
PaPadd a sa energy
d a sa
PaPad per unitPaPmass d a sa
ad of anPaincompressible,d a sa d a sa
Pad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P of the movingPfluid is in turbulent flow non-viscous fluid in a streamlined flow remains
called a streamline, becomes erratic a constant.
alailai which
a l a ilaisi a curve, the a l a ilai and a l a ilai
whirlpool-like a l a ilai i i
saaslaaPla 1 2 dadsaaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d adsas a
PaPatangent to Pwhich d a
d
aPa at
sas a d
aPa a
d
Pcircles
sas a d
aPa a
d sas a d a
PaPai.e.
d + vPaP+agh = constant d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d
P called Peddy
r 2
any point gives the current or eddies.
ur
19. What are the energies possessed by a liquid?

alailai direction
l a i a i of the flow l a i a i l a i a i asailai Write
l a aslaailai their equations.
daadsasa s asa l s asa l s asa l s sdown s s s
PaPaof d the fluid PaPatadthat
d a a d a a d a a d a a d a a d a a d a a d a a
P PaPad PaPad Ans. APaPliquid ad in motion PaPadpossessesPa Pad
following PaPad
three
point.
types of energy:
.s
saaslala (i) dadKinetic saaslaala energy: saaIt ais

alailai 15. What i i i i i i i i i i i ithe energyapossessed i i i i
daadsasa a saaslala is Reynold’s
a
a saaslala number?
a
a saaslalaGive dits
a
a
a
a slalaof its motion. a saslaala a saaslaala
P
d d
PaPsignificance.
a d
PaPa d d d
PaP[Jun.-2019;
a PaPa
May-2022]
d PaPa by a liquid by
PaPad virtue
d d
PaPa d PaPad d
1
Ans. Reynold’s number (Rc) is a dimensionless KE = mv2
w
2
alailai i
aslaalai which is
number, i
aslaalaito find aout
used i
aalai nature ofsalaalai
aslthe i aslaailai aslaailai 1 a2saaslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
ad of the liquid.
PaPflow d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
sa
PaPadd a a s
a sa
PaPad KE per
d a
PaPunit
d sa
ad mass = P2aPad v mv
d 2 d
PaPad
as a
P =
m 2
w
ρvD
Rc = lailai (ii) Potential
laailai energy: lIt
aailis
ai the energy possessed
alailai saasa η
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala a a a laailai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d ad
PaPwhere,
a d a
d
PaPa of the liquid, d a
d
PaPa v –The velocity d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d s
by
a s a liquid by
d
PaPa
a
d s
a s
virtue of its d
PaPa d s
height
a a sabove the d
PaPa
a
d
P ρ- density ground level.
w
of flow of liquid. D- Diameter of the pipe,

PE = mgh laiai
alailai laailacoefficient
η -saThe i laailviscosity
asof ai of laailafluid.
asthe i aslaailai aslaailai asal aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a a s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d a s
a
PaPad PE per d a s
a mgh
ad mass = PaPad= gh
PaPunit d a s
a da
PaPad
s a
P
16. Define terminal velocity. m
(iii) Pressure energy: It is the energy possessed
Ans. The maximum constant velocity aacquired by ai i
alailai a laailai a laailai a lailai l a
asaasal by iai
saaslaaalliquid by avirtue i i
saaslaalaof its pressure.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a body
a
PaPdad
sa s whileadfalling
P Pad
a sa freelyathrough
s a
P Pdad
sa s a viscous
PaPdad PaPad a
d d
PaPa d d
PaPa
a
d P d
PaPa
a
d
P Pressure energy per unit mass =
medium is called the terminal velocity VT.
mv
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 246 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslXI
saaslaaVolume
i i
iai Matter
saaslaalof
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPad ad PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad ad PaPad ad PaPad ad PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
20. Two streamlines cannot cross each other. 24. Distinguish between cohesive and adhesive
Why?ai i forces. ai i
alailai a lala a laailai a laailai a laailai aslala aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa Ans. d
PaPadIf
a sa s
two streamlines
d
PaPad
a sa s cross each
d
PaPad
a sa s
other, the fluid
d a sa s
PaPad Ans. The d ads
PaPaforce
a between d a s
PaPadthe like molecules
a d
PaPad
a sa which d
PaPad
a sa
P
particle at the point of intersection will have two holds the liquid together is called ‘cohesive
different directions of flow. This will destroy the
alailai steady l a ilnature
a i of the l ilai flow. alailai
fluid
a l a ilai force’. When l a ilai the liquidalisailin a i
contact withi a solid,
aslaalai will asaaslaailai
the dmolecules of dthese
sas solid and saliquid
m
a a a a
daadsasa PaPad adsas a
PaPad a
d sas a d
PaPa
a
d sas a
PaPad adsas a
PaPa
adsas a
PaPa
ad
a d
aPa a
d PaPdad
P
21. Define surface tension of a liquid. Mention its experience an attractive forcePwhich is called
S.I unit and dimension. ‘adhesive force’.
alailai l a il a i l a il a i l a il ai l a il a i aslaailathe
i ilai
aslaaaffecting ilai
aslaasurface aslaailai
co
daadsasa Ans. dThe
a saassurface
a tension
d a saasaof a liquidaissaasdefined
d a as dthe
a sa asa25. Whatasaare
d factors
d a sa d athe
sa d a sa
ad
PaPenergy d
PaPaarea aPad PaPad PaPad of a liquid? PaPad PaPad [HY-2019] PaPad
P per unit of the P surface of a liquid tension
F Ans. (1) The presence of any contamination or
alailai Ta= a ilai a ilai a ilai a i i i i i i aailai force salaailai
daadsasa d a
l
sas l a d a a
sas l a d a a
sas l a d a a l
sas la a d a saaslaala
impurities d a saaslaala
considerably affects
d a saaslthe a as
P PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPa of surfacePaPtension a d d
PaPa upon the
depending PaPdad
s.
The SI unit and dimensions of T are N m−1 and degree of contamination.
alailai M Ta−2 ,
i
laalai respectively. i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaalai (2) aThe
i aslaailpresence
ai ofsadissolved
laailai substances
aslaailai can asaaslaailai
daadsasa d a
ad
PaPHow
sa s d a sa
PaPad tension Prelated d
aPada sa d
PaPad
a sa d sa
PaPadalso affectPthe d a a
aPavalue
d s
of surfaced a sa
PaPadtension. For PaPdad
ok
P 22. is surface to surface
energy? example, a highly soluble substance like
sodium
laailai chloride l(NaCl) when ldissolved
alailai Ans. Consider
a laailai a rectangular a laailaiframe ofswire a laailaiABCD insaslaailai a a aailai iai
saasaalsurface
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d adsa s
PaPaa soap solution. d a
d sa s
PaPa Let AB be d a
d
PaPthe
a s
a movablePwire. d
aPa ad a
PaPad ads
ina s water (Hd
PaPa2
a
d s
O)a s increases
PaPad a
dthe d
PaPa
a
d
P
tension of water. But the sparingly soluble
Suppose the frame is dipped in soap solution,
alailai soapalafilmilai is formed laailwhich
ai
o
pullsalthe aailai wire ABsalaailai
substance like phenol or soap solution
aslaailamixed
i aslaailadecreases
i laailsurface
ai aslaailai
daadsasa a s s a a s as a s s a s awhen
s inaswater a s athe
s a s
PaPinward due to PaPsurface tension.
PaPaLet
d F be thePforce
dad a d
ad a d a d
aPad a d a d a d a d a
PaPadtension ofPwater. aPad PaPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
due to surface tension, then
(3) Electrification affects the surface tension.
F = (2T)l
alailai a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i i i
saaslaala a liquid
When i i
saaslaaisla electrified,
ilai
saaslaasurface
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPad a
Here,
d 2 is PaPa
a
introduced
d d because
d
PaPa
a
d it has two
PaPad a
free
d d ad
PaPa tension decreases.PaPad a
d d
Since external
a
d
PaPa force acts d
PaPa
a
d
P
surfaces. Suppose AB is moved by a small on the liquid surface due to electrification,
ur
distance Δx to a new position A′B′. Since the area of the liquid la surface increases which
alailai area
i
aalai
aslincreases, some
ilai has to
aslaawork ilai against
aslaadone
be
i
aslaalai aslaailai asailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
ad
PaPthe
sa d a sa
PaPaddue to surface d a sa
PaPadtension. PaPad d a sa d
PaPad
a s
acts
a against the
d
PaPad
a sa contraction d
PaPad
s
phenomenon
a a d
PaPad
a sa
P inward force of the surface tension. Hence, it decreases.
Work done = Force × distance = (2T l) (Δx)
.s
(4) Temperature plays a very crucial role in

alailai laailaiin area ofsathe
Increase
a laailafilm
i
ΔA = laaila(Δx)=2l
(2l)
a i
Δx a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPad adsa s
Pa ad a
d a s d
PaPa
a
d sa s
PaPad adsa s
PaPad aaltering
dsa s the
PaPadsurface
a
d sa s tension
PaPad a
dof
sa s a liquid. d
Pa a
a
d
P Therefore, P Obviously, the surface tension decreasesP
work done linearly with the rise of temperature.
w
Surface energy = lailai

alailai l
asa a il a i asaincrease in asurface l a i
asa areal a i l
asa a il a i aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
PaPad 2Tl ∆x PaPad d sa a sa
PaPad 26. What
d a sa
PaPad happensPto
d a
aPathe
d sa
d pressure a s
PaPinside
d
ad a a soap d
PaPad
a sa
P
= =T bubble when air is blown into it?
w
2l ∆x
Ans. The pressure i i inside athe laailaibubble is inversely
alailai Hence, i i
saaslaalathe surface
ilai
saaslaaenergy aslaailaiarea ofaasaaslaailai
per sunit saaslaala to the dsize aiai
slalthe
saaAs
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa daad
PaPsurface d
aPa a
d
is Pnumerically d a
d a
PaPa to the surface
equal PaPad d proportional
PaPad ad PaPa
a
d sasof the bubble.
PaPad a
d size d
PaPa
a
d
P
of the bubble increases while air is blown into
tension.
w
it, the pressure decreases proportionally. Hence,

alailai 23. Define a laailaangle
i laailai for asagiven
of scontact
a laailai pair ofsaslaailai the pressure aslaailaidecreases. aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s
ad and liquid.
PaPsolid d
PaPad
a a s d
PaPad
a a s d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
27. What do you mean by capillarity or capillary
Ans. The angle between the tangent to the liquid
alailai surface a ilaiat the point a ilaofi contact aand a ilai the solid alailai action?alailai aslaailai in a narrow i i i i
daadsasa d a a
sas l a d a a
sas l a d a sas l a d a sasaAns. Theda sasaor fall ofdaadsliquid
rise a d a saaslaalatube is dadsaaslaala
P PaPsurface
a d insidePaPthe
a liquid is known
d PaPa as the angle
d PaPaof d PaPa d PaPa PaPa d PaPa
contact between the solid and the liquid. called capillarity or capillary action.

d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
Ph:8124201000/8124301000
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
as a d
PaPad
a sa
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
saasUnit
i i i i
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
i i
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d a s
PaPad a
d PaPa d a
d PaPa d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
P
(iii) Experiment to demonstrate the boiling of 3. The upper end of a wire of radius 4mm &
H O at temperature below 100°C: length 100cm i is clamped ilai and its aother end
alailai aslaaila2i aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai is twistedaslaailathrough aslaaangle laailai aslaailai
daadsasa d s
PaPad (1) The
a a d
ad
s
PaPboiling
a a pointPisaPad
d a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd aan
sa of d30°.
PaPad
a sa s Find the d
PaPad
a sa
P
the temperature at angle of shear.
which a liquid’s vapor
alailai a ilai pressurealaisilaiequal i i ilai i i i i i i i i
l saaslaala saaslaaSolution: saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
m
a
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d sas a
toPthe a
d sasa
aPa surrounding
d PaPa d a
d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
pressure pushing Angle of twist at free end
down on it. For
alailai i
aslaalai wateraon i
aalai the salaalai
aslearth, i i
aslaalai 30° =asa30 aslaaila×i p rad =asπaaslaa ilai aslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d sa
PaPad boiling point
standard PaPadd a a s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad180 d
PaPad6
rad d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
of water is given to be 100°C. Displacement of free surface
(2) This temperature assumes that the
alailai i i
saaslaala water
ilai
saaslaaone
has atmosphere
i i
saaslaalaof pressure
i i
saaslaala ai i
slala = 2πrd×adsπaaslala
saaDL ai i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d a
d
PaPa down onPit.aPWhen d
a a
d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d P2πaPa 6 d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P pushing this pressure
s.
is decreased the temperature at which πr π × 0.4
water can boil will decrease. = = ilacm
alailai a i
laalai a i
laalai a i
laalai a i
laalai a i
laalai 6 a6la i aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a s s
PaPad (3) To
a
Palook
a sa s a sa s a sa s a sa s a sa s a a sa a s a
Pad at is another PaPway,
ad we can atPwater PaP=ad∆L
d d d d
aPad d
PaPadof shear or d
ad
PaPshearing d d
PaPad
ok
P
at the (simplified) molecular level. Angle strain
L
(iv) Bubbles can form π × 0.4
alailai a ilai a ilai and rise since a ilaithe vapor alailai a ilai = radi i i i i i
daadsasa d a
d
l
sas pressure can
a a d a
d
asl
saovercome
a d a
dsasa l
atmospheric a pressure
d a
d sas a d a
d
a
sas l a 6 ×d100
a
d saaslaala
P PaPa aPa
liquid Pturning into bubblesPaPa and escaping PaPaas PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
π × 0.4 180
alailai l
asa a
it boils.
il a i l
asa a il a i
o l
asa a il a i l
asa a i
l a i l
asa a il a i
= ×
6 × 100 laiaπi
asa l
degree = 0.12°
aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d s
PaPad Numerical
a a d a sa Problems
d a sa d a sa
PaPad 4. APa d
wire
a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
PaPad PaPad Pad of lengthPaL Paand
d cross section PaPad A is made PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
1. The poisson ratio of a material is 0.5 if a force of material of youngs modulus y. It is stretched
alailai isasapplied
a i
aslala to a awire
i a i
saaslalof a this material,
i i
saaslala theredad
a i i
issaslala by anasamount
a i aslaailai x. What i i
saaslaaislathe work aslaailai
sadone?
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d d a
PaPaa decrease P d d
inaPthe
a cross sectional d
PaPa
a
d area by PaP4%a a d
PaPa d a
PaPad a
d PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d
P Solution:
what is the percentage increases in the length.
ur
F
alailai Solution: l
asa a il a i l
asa a il a i l
asa a il a i l
asa a i
l a i Dl = xas;aasay = A aorsaaF
l a il a i laa=ilaiyA ∆l saslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
ad
PaP
sa a sa
PaPAad= pr2 ; soPa∆PA
d a sa
ad= 2 ∆r = P
d 4 aPad
d a sa d
PaPad
∆l d
PLaPad
s LPa ad
d a a d
PaPad
a sa
P P
A r 100 The work done from o to x = Dl change in length.
.s
∆r
alailai iai i i 1 ∆l i 2i ∆r 4 i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa a saaslaalgiven sdads=aaslaalar = dor a saaslaa=la = dasaasla alai saaslaala distance
Average
a a saaslaa=la 0 + ∆l d=ad∆salaslaala a saaslaala
P
d
PaPa d PaPa ∆ l P2aPa l l d r PaP100
a d d
PaPa d PaPad d 2PaPa 2
d
PaPa d
work done = force × distance
∴ % increase in length
w
2i
yA s( a a) lai= yA dxasaaslaalai
2
alailai aslaail∆lai aslaa4ilai aslaailai aslaailai = yAas∆aalsl×aail∆ ali ∆lla i aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa × P100 d a
aPad=
sa × 100 a s
PaPa=d 4%
d a
PaPadd a sa d
PaPaLd
= d a a s d as a
P l 100 2 PaPad2L P2aPLad PaPad
w
ailai 2. Foralaailgiven i material, a ilaithe youngs amodulus

ilai is a5. ilai The average a ilai depth ofalaIndian
ilai ocean isi about
i i i
a
daadsas
l a 2
d a
d- a a
sa4s times that d a
d aa
sof l a
s rigidity modulus.
d a
d
a
sas l a Whatd is
a
d
a
sas l a
3000 d a
dm.
a l a
sas What is dthe a
d s a
safractional d saaslaala
compression,
a
d d a
d saaslaala
its poisson’s ratio? DV/V of water at the bottom of ocean?
w
alailai Solution:
9 i i –2 &
aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai (bulkasmodulus
aslaailai of wateraslaaila=i 2.2 × a10 aslaaNm
la aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPY
a sa
ad = 2η (1 +Ps) d a sa
aPadBut Y = 2.4η d
PaPad
a sa d a
ad ms–2) PaPad d a sa d
PaPad
sa d
PaPad
a sa
P gP=aP10
2.4 η = 2η (1 + s) Solution:
a i i a i i a ilai a ilai a i i i i iai i i i i
a
daadsas
l a l a
d a
d
a
sas l a la
d
l
1+dsasa=s1.2
a a d a
d
a
sas l a d a
d
a l
sas la Pressure
a d a
d saaslaa=lahρg= 3000
d a
d saasl×aal1000 × 10
d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa = 3 ×P
a
10P7aNm2 PaPa PaPa
⇒ s = 0.2

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 268 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslXI
saaslaaVolume
i i
iai Matter
saaslaalof
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad PaPa d ad PaPad a
d
P
Fraction all compression 8. 0.1m3 of water at 80°C is mixed with 0.3m3 of
∆V laiρ 7 −2 water at a60° C. What isaithe final temperature
alailai a = l ai = 3 × 10 a lNm
aailai aslaailai aslaailai of theasmixture?
aslailai aslalai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPaV
a s
d Ba s a d a sa s9
.2a×d10 Nm PaPad
P2aP
−2 d a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
–2
= 1.36 × 10 or 1.36% Solution:
3
alailai 6. A spiecelsaailai of solidsaweight
lsaailai 120g sin ai 80g insaslaailai Volume
lsaaiair, ofa ilahot
i water alaa=ila0.1 i m = 0.1 a ilai 6C
×10 i i
l l l saaslaala
m
a a a a
daadsasa d a
d
PaPwater
a a
PaP d ad a d
aPa a
d a d
PaPa
a
d a =
d
PaPa
adsas a d
PaPa
adsas
10 5 C dadsas
PaPa
a
PaPad a
d
P & 60g inaliquid findPthe relative density
Mass of hot water, m1 = 105 × 1 = 105 g
of solid & liquid.
alailai laailai laailai laailai laailai Mass of lhot
aailaiwater, m2salaa=ila(0.3i × 106)a× laail1ai aslaailai
co
a a a a a
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
Solution:a s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad

a sa s d a a s
PaPad = 3 × P d a
10aP5agd
sa s d
PaPad
a sa
P
Relative density of solid If q is the final temperature of mixture, the heat
alailai a i i
saaslala = dadsaaslala a weight
i i in air a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i loss bysahotai water
i = heat
saaslaagained
ilai by coldsaaslaawater
ilai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa
d a
d d a
d d a
d d ad5a slala d ad d
5 ad d a
d
P PaPa aPa in air − Pweight
Pweight aPa in waterPaPa PaP10
a × 1 × (80 – aq) = 3 × P
PaP 10aPa× 1 × (q – 60) PaPa
s.
120 (80 – q) = 3 q – 180
ai i = =3
alailai a lala 120 −s80
a laailai aslaailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai qsaslaa=ila65°C
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a s d
PaPad
a a s d
PaPad
a s
a d a sa
PaPad 9. APsoap d
aPada s
a d a a d a sa d a sa
Pad
Pavacuum aPad a d
of 3cmP&Pa
ok
P
Relative density of liquid bubble in has aPradius
another soap bubble in vacuum has a radius of
alailai a ilai weight ina i − weightain
ilair a illiquid
i a ilai aslaail2aibubblesascoalesce
aslaailai under aslaailai i i
daadsasa
d a a
sasl a = dadsas
a l a a
d asasl a a
d a a
sas l a 4cmdaifsathe d a d a saisothermal d a saaslaala
P PaPa d aPa in air −Pweight
Pweight aPa in waterPaPa
d d PaPa d d
PaPa is radius ofPtheaPa d PaPa d
o conditions then what new bubble?
120 − 60 3 Solution:
alailai aslaailai = 120 a−sa80
=
aslaaila2i aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai4S aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa Pressure
d
PaPad
a sa inside the d
PaPad
s
bubble
a a in vacuum
d
PaPad
a sa r = d
a d a sa
www.Padasalai.Net R P Pa
ab
P
7. A body floats in water with 40% of its volume 4
Volume of bubble, V = p r3
outside 3
alailai a laailaiwater. When a laailathe
i same a body
laailai floats insaslaailai saslaaas ilaiPV = a constant
a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
oil
d sa s
60% of its
PaPad a
d s s
volume
a d
PaPa
a
remains
d sa s outside d
PaPa
a
oil.
d a d
PaPa
a
d a
PaPad a
d sa s
Pa ad a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P 4s 4 4S 4 3 P 4S 4 3
What is the relative density of the oil? × pr = 3 × πr1 + × πr2
ur
R 3 r1 3 r2 3
Solution:
alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaala2i i
aslaala2i aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a s a s a s a s a s a s
2 a s a s
Pard1 + r2
a a a a or a a a a
P
d
PaPLet
ad V be thePtotal d
aPad volume of d
body
PaP ad d
PaPad PaPad R
d Pa= d d
PaPad d
PaPad
When body is floating in water, then = 32 + 42 = 25
.s
alailai iai
saaslaalVr g = 0.6
body dasaasa
lailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala R =da5dsacm aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d d
PaPa
ρbody
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d a
d
PaPair
a PaP a d a
d
PaPa is at a depth d
PaPa
a
d
P 10. An bubble of radius r in water
Vr water g (or) r water =
0.6 h below the water surface at some instant if
w
alailai When l ail ai

asabody is floating l a i
l a i
asa in oil, then asal ail ai l
asa a i
l a i P is atmospheric
aslaailai pressure
aslaailai and d a& asT
laailare
ai the saslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa a
density
d sa
PaPad and surface d a sa
PaPad tension of
s
ad whatPisaPdaada
PaPwater,
d a
P
Vr body g = 0.4 Vr oil g the pressure inside the bubble?
w
ρ ilai Solution:
alailai or
i i
saaslaala r oildads=aaslaabody saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d d a
d d a
d d
Excess
a
d of pressure d a
d
PaPa inside Paair d a
d d a
d
P PaPa PaPa 0.4 PaPa PaPa PaPa Pa bubble PinaPa
Relative density of oil 2T
w
water =
ρbody lailai
alailai l
asa a i
l a i l
asaρa i
l a i asa 6 l
asaa il a i
Total aslaarilai insideasair
pressure
ilai
aslaabubble = aslaailai
atmosphere + aslaailai
daadsasa d
ada
PaP =
sa d
PaPad
a s
a oil d
=PaPad
a s0
a .4 = d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
PaPad due to P d
aPad a
PaP da
ad
s a da
PaPad
s a
P ρ pressure liquid column + excess pressure
ρwater body 4
0.6 due to surface tension.
alailai i i
saaslaala laailai
s=aas1.5
i i
saaslaala a l a ilai ∴Totalapressure
i i
saslaala inside i i
saaslaala aailai
saasl2T
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa
d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d sas a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
= P +Phpg
a
d
aPa + d
PaPa
a
d
P air bubble R

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 272 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslXI
saaslaaVolume
i i
iai Matter
saaslaalof
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPad ad PaPad ad PaPad a
d PaPad a
d PaPad a
d PaPad a
d PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d
P
9. Are the intermolecular forces involved in the 16. A wire suspended vertically from one of its end
formation of liquid & solids different in nature? ai i is stretched by attaching a weight ofa200N ilai to
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslala the lower aslaailend.
ai aslaailai stretches aslathe aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
If
a syes
a how? d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa Thed
PaPad
a weight
sa d
PaPad
a s a wire d
PaPad
a sa
P
Ans. Yes. The intermolecular forces involved in the by 1mm. Find the elastic energy in the wire.
–3
alailai
formationa ilai of liquidsaare a ilaattractive
i in nature
a ilai while in alaAns. ilai Here F a=la100 ilai N, l = 1 mm a ila=i 10 m alailai i i
l l l l saaslaala
m
a a a
daadsasa PaPadthe
ad s a
saformation of
PaPadsolids,
ad
a
sas the repulsive
PaPad a
d
a
sasintermolecular
PaPad a
d sas a
Elastic
PaPad a
d sas a
potential PaPad a
energy
d sas a
stored in
PaPa
a
the
d dsasa
wire is d
PaPa
a
d
P
forces are more important.
1 1
10. Whatlais a perfectly elastic body? Give example? U = Fl = × 200 × 10i –3i = 0.1 J
alailai il a i l a il a i l a il a i l a il a i 2 l a il a i 2 aslaala aslaailai aslaailai
co
asa asa asa asa asa
daadsasa PaPIf
Ans. d a sa
adon removalPof d
aPa a sa
deforming
d force, a sa
PaPaadbody completely
d d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s a d
PaPad
a sa
P
regains its original configuration, then it is said 17. What does slope of stress versus strain graph
alailai
to belaperfectly
ilai elastic. a ilai a ilai a ilai give? alailai aailai i i i i
daadsasa a a
sas a a a
sas l a a a
sas l a a a l a
sas Ans. It gives a sasthe a modulus a saaslelasticity.
of a saaslaala a saaslaala
P PaPExample:
da d quartic
PaPad d PaPad d PaPad d PaPad d PaPad d PaPad d d
PaPa d
s.
11. How does youngs modulus change with the rise
alailai of temperature?
aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai V aailai based
aslalue aailai
aslquestions aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
ad
sa
PaPYoung’s
Ans. modulusd a sa
PaPad decreases d a
d
PaPawith
sa
the rise d
PaPaof
a
d sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s a d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P
temperature. 1. Rajesh went with his family for Bombay tour.
alailai saaslala Thedwhole saaslaalafamily was saawaiting
ai i for the saasarrival
laailai of saslaailai
12. Why i i i i i i i
saaslaarela springsasmade aslalaof steel a &sanot
slalaof copper?
a i a i a i a
daadsasa d a d a d a d a a d a slala d a aa
P d
PaPYoung’s
Ans.
a d
PaPa of steel is
modulus PaP a d
greater PaPaof
than that
d train. d
PaPa Rajesh was a d
PaPstanding near
PaPthe d
a pavement PaPdad
copper. So steel spring is stretched lesser than a looking for the train. His family members were
alailai copper i i
aslaalaspring under i
o
lai same adeforming
aslaathe i
aslaalai force. aslaalai seated.
i aWhen
laailai train came aslaailainear Rajesh, aslaailahe
i felt aslaailai
daadsasa d a
ad
sa d adsa d
ad
sa d
aPada sa pulledd a sa s
PaPad by the train d a sa
PaPadwith a drag,
a
PaPabut
d s a
d suddenly d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPMoreover, PaPareturns
steel PaPoriginal
to its statePmore
ab
P
quickly than copper on the removal of deforming his grandma saved him from falling. Rajesh
alailai force.
a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai was shocked a laailai and nervous a laailaidue to this a lincident.
aailai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa Pa ad adsa s
PaPad adsa s
Pa ad a
d sa s
PaPad a
d sa s Why
PaPad a
d s
Rajesh
a s
PaPad a
d s
experienceda s this pull?
PaPad ads a s d
PaPa
a
d
P 13.PState the 2 factors on whichPmodulus of elastic (i) What does equation of continuity mean?
ur
depends.
(ii) Givelathe expressionlafor Bernoulli’slatheorem.
alailai Ans. d(i)
ilai
aslaaNature of the laailai
asmaterial aslaailai aslaailai asailai asailai asailai aslaailai
daadsasa PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa (iii) a
PaPaWhat
d d sa is thePspeed d a sa
aPad of flow of d a s a
Pawaterfall, when d a sa
P Pad PaPad
(ii) Type of stress used in producing the strain it reaches the ground?
.s
alailai 14. Possible i i to doubleathe i length

i of aametallic
i i wire alaaAns. i i Rajesh experienced i i thisapull, i ibecause ofaBernoulli’s i i i i
daadsasa a saaslaala a saslaala a saslaala a sas la a saaslaala a saslaala a saslaala a saaslaala
P PaPby
da apply inPaaPforce
d da d over it? PaPad d PaPad d theorem.
PaPad d As we know,
PaPadpressure
d is inversely
PaPad d proportional d
PaPa d
Ans. No. It is not possible because within elastic limit to velocity; i.e. as velocity of air increases, the
w
alailai strain
aslaais
ilaionly of thealorder aailai of 10–3s,awires laailai actuallysaslaailai pressure of it decreases and
aslaailai aslaailai
vice versa. The
aslaailai
region
aslaailai
daadsasa a
PaPbreak
d sa
ad muchPbefore d a sa s
aPad it is stretched d a a s
PaPad to double PaPthe
d
ada a (air d
PaPad
a s
space)
a between d
PaPad
a s
Rajesh
a and the d
PaPad
s
speeding
a a train d
PaPad
a sa
P
length. has air which is of greater velocity. So here in this
w
alailai a ilai a ilai a ilai a ilai region the a ilpressure

i
is less.i But the regioni behind
i lai air is asaslaailai
daadsasa
15. Aawire
d
a
sas l a fixed at
d
the
a a
sasupper
l a & stretches
d a a
sas l a by length
d a sasa l a Rajeshd a a l
sahas a a
s more pressure. d a saaslaala i.e. velocity
d a saaslaaof a
P d
PaPlaby applying d
PaPaaforce F. What d
PaPais the workPdone aPa d d
PaPaDue to thisPreason,
less.
aPa d d
PaPa behind him,
the pressure PaPdad
w
by stretching the wire? pushes him forward towards the train, so if is

alailai Ans. Work l il a i
asadone in stretching
a l a il a i
asa the wire, l
asa a il a i l
asaa ila i saferato laailai distancesafrom
askeep laailai any moving aslaailaobjects
i aslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPad 1
sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d d sa
PaPabuses, d
ada
PaPetc.
a s d
PaPad
a s a d
PaPad
a sa
P like lorries
W = stretching force × increase in length (i) Equation of continuity :
2
alailai a i
saasl1ala
i a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i
saasla
a ila i For ilai incompressible
saaslaaan
i i
saaslaala fluid, aslaaimass
sthe lai is asaslaailai
daadsasa d ad
PaPa = Fl. PaPa d ad PaPad a
d PaPad a
d d a
d
PaPa conservedPi.e. d a
d
aPam = m PaPa d ad a
PaPdad
a
P 1 2
2

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
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s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
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a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
saasUnit
i i i i
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
i i
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d a s d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
P
a1v1 ∆t . = a2v2 ∆t . crown with some other metals too along
laaila v = a2v2 ⇒lav = constant lailai with Gold. (i.e. Impure gold). Goldsmith
alailai asa 1 i 1 asaailai asa aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
a
PaPad i.e. a ∝P1aPad d a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
as
was
a caught red
d
PaPad
a shanded
a by the
d
PaPad
a s
king.
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
v (ii)
Archimedes Principle states that, when a
ai =i cross – sectional area of thei pipe
laailai laala laailai saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala body
saaslaalais partially
i i
saasorlaailawholly
i immersed
saaslaala in a dadsaaslaala
i i i i
m
a s as a s as v = velocity
a s a
ofs the fluid. a a a a a
dada d
PaPa d a d
PaPa d a d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d d
PaPa fluid, it experiencesPaPa d d an upward d d
PaPa thrust equal PaPa
P
(ii) Mathematically, Bernoulli’s theorem is to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
expressed as laiai
alailai aslaailai asal aslaailai aslaaV.
ilai Conceptual aslaailai Questions aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d a s
a
PaPad P v PaPad 2 d a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d a s
PaPad 1.
a d a s a
PaPadcoffee runs PaP d a s a
adinto a sugar d a sa
ad (a small
PaPlump d
PaPad
a sa
P + + gh = a constant Why up
ρ 2 cube of sugar) when one corner of the sugar
alailai saaslai.e.
la Pressureahead
saaslal+aKineticdhead saasl+alGravitational saaslala lump sisaasheld
laailai in the liquid?
a i i a i i a i i a i i i i i i i i
daadsasa d ad d d ad
a
d ad d a
d d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa head =Pconstant.
aPa PaPa PaPa Ans. (i) PaPa If sugar cube PaPa is dropped PaPinto
a liquid the PaPa
s.
outermost layer has to dissolve first, then
2. A king ordered his Goldsmith to make a crown,
alailai i ai
aslaalshould i
aalai gold. Sosathe
aslpure i i
laalagoldsmith i
aslaalai next aslaaillayer,
ai then next aslaailauntil
i the whole
aslaailaisugar asaaslaailai
daadsasa which
a s be a of
s a s a s a s a s a s
PaPadis dissolved.
d a d a d a d a d a d a d a
ad
PaPmade PaPaofd pure goldPa& d
Pabrought a ad PaPad PaPad PaPdad
ok
P a crown itPtoPthe (ii) The coffee runs up into the pores of sugar
king. But the king was not contented with the lumpi due to capillary action of the iliquid.
alailai crowna laailaas
i he suspecteda laailai whether a laailis
it ai made ofsaslaailai a laalai a laailai saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d ad
PaPpure
a
sa s
gold or PaP d a
d
not.
sa s
a So he called d a
d sa s
PaPa for Archimedes PaPad ad a 2. Why d a s a s
PaPa two holesPare
d d a s a s
aPamade to empty
d d a
PaPa an oil tin?
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
and asked him to check whether it is a pure Ans. When oil comes out from a hole of an oil tin,
alailai goldalcrown.
aailai Archimedes aslaailai was serious
o
aslaailaabout
i this alailai pressurealinside aailai it decreased aslaailai
than the atmosphere.
aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPand
s s
ad went his
a a
PaPhome
s
ad thinking
d a a
PaPahow
d s
d to solve
a a
PaPthis
dad
sa s a d
PaPad
s
Therefore,
a a s the surrounding
PaPadd a s a airPrushd s
aPad up into the
a a d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
issue. He wanted to take bath, all of a sudden same hole prevents the oil to come out. Hence
alailai
he jumped
a ilai on to athe a ilaibath tub.aWater a ilai inside alailai two holes a
are
ilai made to aempty a ilai the oil tin. i i i i
daadsasa the
a a l
satub
s had splashed
a a
l
sas out of it.
a aAn
l
sas idea striked
a a sas a a sas a l a a sas l a a saaslaala a saaslaala
P
d
PaPa d Pa ad d d
PaPa d PaPad d 3. We PaPacan cut vegetables
d d PaPa d d easilyPaPwith
da d a sharp d
PaPa d
him suddenlyPhe went running naked straight knife as compared to a blunt knife. Why?
ur
from his bathroom to the king’s place shouting

Ans. The stress produced onlaithe vegetables by the
alailai aslaailaiEurekaason
Eureka
ilai
aslaathe aslaailaFrom
road aside. i this aslaailai aslaailai asalai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
ad do wePinfer?
PaPwhat d
aPad a d
PaPad
sa d
PaPad
a sa sharp
d
PaPad
a sknife
a is higher
PaPadd a s a than the blunt
PaPadd a sa knife. So, d
PaPad
a sa
P
Vegetables can be cut easily with the sharp knife.
(i) How Archimedes would have solved this
.s
alailai laailai i i i i i i Why the

4. ipassengers arei i advised to remove
i i i i
saasproblem?
i
daadsasa a a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
d
PaPa d PaPad d d
PaPa d PaPad d the d
PaPaink
d from their
PaPa d pens
d while PaPagoing
d d up in an d
PaPa d
P (ii) State Archimedes principle.
aeroplane?
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Ans. Archimedes discoveredi that the weighti ofi his body Ans. When anlaiaero-plane ascends, the atmospheric
alailai a laailai a laalai aslaala(splashed) aslaailai pressure i
asaisladecreased. laailai
asHence, ilai
aslaafrom aslaailai
daadsasa dis
PaPad
a equal
sa s to the weight
d
PaPad
a sa s of the displaced
d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s a
PaPadd a s a the
PaPadd ink
a sa the d
PaPad
a sa
P
liquid out of the tub. So Archimedes principle pen will leak out. So that, the passengers are
w
was the out come of this incidence, here ‘Eureka’ advised to remove the ink from their pens while
alailai means l a ilai
sas I have found
a l a
sasout.
a ilai a l a ilai a l a ilai
going sup aslaainilathe
i aero-plane.
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad
a
PaPad a
d
a d
PaPa
a
d sas a
PaPad adsas a d
PaPa
a
d a
PaPa d a
d PaPa d a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
(i) Archimedes took that much amount Gold 5. We use straw to suck soft drinks, why?
w
and immersedlain water and lameasured its laAns. When welasuck the soft drinks through lthe straw,
alailai aslaailai asailai asailai asailai asailai aslaailai asaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa original d
PaPad
a s
weight.
a Then, when
d
PaPad
a sa he immersed d
PaPad
a sa the d
PaPad
a s
pressure
a inside
PaPaddthe
a s a straw becomes
PaPadd a sa less than d
PaPad
a sa
P
the crown, the weight of the actual gold was the atmospheric pressure. Due to the difference
not in pressure, the soft drink rises in the straw and
alailai a ilai shown byathe a iladuplicate
i
gold crown,
a ilai from i
a i aslaailatoi ai i i i i i
daadsasa d ad
a l
sas this he guessed,
a d a
d
l
sas the goldsmith
a d a
d
a l
sashad madedthe
a ad
a
sas l a l a we dare
a
d saable enjoy d a
d slala
itsaaconveniently. d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
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s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
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a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
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a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
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PaPad
a s
a or d
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a s
a d
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a
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alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
UNIT
Kinetic Theory
09
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
Of Gases
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
co
daadsasa asa a s
a asa a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a
Concept MPap
d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad d
aPad d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad
P
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
s.
Kinetic theroy of gases
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
ok
P
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
Origin of pressure Average Kinetic energy Origin of temperature
o aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d a s
a
ad speed PaPad d a s
a d
PaPad
asa
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PaPRMS
ab
P
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala Mostdprobable
i i i i
saaslaala speed dadsaaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
a
d PaPa d
PaPa
a
d
P
ur
Mean speed
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aailai
aslMaxwell aslaailai
- Boltzman aslaailai i i
la a
adsaasal aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d a s
a
PaPad distribution da s
a d
PaPadfunction PaPad
a s
a a
PP d
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
.s
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d
P
w

daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a asa
PaPad DegreePof
d a s
a
aPfreedom
d
ad d
PaPad
a s
a
PMean
d a s
a
aPad free path PaPad
d a s
a d
PaPad
asa
P
w
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aailai
saaslLaw
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d of equipartition
d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d a
PBrownian
aPa d motion d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad
P of energy
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daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
P
Sp t of gas
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
[324]
d
PaPad
a s
a da
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s
a d
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s a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
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a sa d
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a sa d
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as a d
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a sa
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daadsasa d
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a s
a da
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This
s
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PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
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a Full Bookd
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a s
a or d
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alailai XIla
aStd ➠ laailai09 ➠ Kinetic
saasUnit
ilai Of Gasesalailai
saaslaaTheory
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 325 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d asasa
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P

FORMULAE
aslaailai
TO REMEMBER
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
V
(1) Ideal gas equation: PV = nRT (2) Charles’s law: = constant
alailai i i i i i i i i i i T i i i i i i
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
m
daadsasa d
(3)
PaP
a
a Boyle’s P
d law:d a
aPa PV = constant
d d a
PaPa
d d
PaPa
ad d a
(4)PaPa Gay Lussac’s
d d a P
PaPalaw: = constant
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
T
1 MN 2
P = ⋅ i i ⋅ Vrms
alailai laailai laailai R laailai laailai laailai laailai 3asla
aVla aslaailai
co
a a a a a a
daadsasa (5)
PaPd as s
ad Boltzmann’s
a a s s
PaPadconstant: PkBaP=adN
d a d as a s d
PaPad
a s
a s a s s
(6)PaPadPressure exerted
d a a s s
PaPad by a gas:
d a d
PaPad
a sa d
a ada sa
P 1 2P P
(or ) P = PVrms
R → Gas Constant; N → No. of gas molecules 3
alailai a i
saaslala
i a i
saaslala
i a i i
saaslala V12 +daV a i
2al ala 2
i a i i a
saaslalaR → GasdaConstant
saaslala
i i a i
saaslala
i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPd a
a rms velocity
(7)d d a
PaPa of gas molecule
d d a
d
PaPa Vrms = PaPa dsa
2
s+ ...Vn 3
dRT
a
d
=PaPa = M →PMolar d
aPa Mass PaPa d a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
s.
N M T → Temperature
alailai (8) laailai

aAverage K.E of ai E = 3 sPV
aslaaailgas aslaai=lai 3 RT =as3asklaailNT
ai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a s d
PaPad
a s
a d a
PaPa2d
a d
2 PaPad2 Ba d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
ok
P
3
(9) Ave. k . E per molecule of a gas E = kBT
2
alailai a laailai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPdaadsa s d
aPa a
d s
a s d a s
a s
PaPaand K.E: P P=aP2aE
d d a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P (10) RelationPbetween pressure
3
oaslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa s s
PaPad Important
s s s s s s
Terms &PaPDefinitions
d a a d a a d a a d a a d a a d a a d a a d a a
PaPad PaPad PaPad ad PaPad PaPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
It states
saaslaathat saaslaaalgan massdof
ilai at constant
saaslaalatemperaturesaaslthe
aailaivolume of saaaslaagas
alailai Boyle’s laailai i i i i i i ilai is i i
daadsasa d a
dsaaslaw d a
d saaslaala: d ad d a
d d a
d d a
d a
d d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa Pa1a PaPa PaPa
inversely proportional to the pressure, i.e. V ∝ P or PV = constant
P
ur
alailai Charles’s ilai

aslaalaw aslaaila:i At constant i
aslaalaipressureasthe i
aslaavolume
lai i
of asgasnlaamass
lai of a gas ais ilai
laadirectly aslaailai
proportional aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d a
toaPits
P
sa d
adabsolute temperature.
PaPad
a d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
V
= constant (or) V ∝ T
.s
T
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala ai
l la
saasa
i lailai
saasa
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d
Graham’s d
PaPa
law of
a
d : d ad
ItaPstates
P a that the d a
d
PaPrate
a of diffusion d a
d
PaPaof a gas isPinverselyd
aPa a
d d a
d
proportional
PaPa d
to the PaPa
a
d
P
diffusion square root of its density.
w
alailai aslaailailaw asaaslaaila:i

Avogadro’s It states aailaiequal volume
aslthat aslaailaofi all gases laailai similar conditions
aunder aslaailai of temperature
aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a
PaPdad and
P d adsa
aPapressure d a sa
PaPad equal number
contain d a sa s
PaPadof molecules. d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
as a
P
w
Avogadro’s no. : It is the number of particles present in one mole of a substance.

alailai a l ailai a l a ilai
The total
ilai
saaslaanumber of
i i
saaslaala
independent modes
i i
saaslaainlawhich adsystem
i i
saaslaalacan possess laailai
saasenergy.
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa Degrees
PaPdad
a
asas of freedom asas :
PaPdad
a
PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
Law of equipartition : For any system in thermal equilibrium, the total energy is equally distributed
w
of energy i among itsi various degreei of freedom and the energy associated with ieach
alailai aslaalai aslaailai a laalai a laalai a laailai a l aailai aslaalai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a degree
P d a sa s
aPad of freedom d a sa1s
PaPaisd kT. PaPad d a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s da
PaPad
s a da
PaPad
s a
P
2
Mean free path : The average distant travelled by a gas molecule is known as mean free ipath.
alailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a s
Brownian
PaPdad
s
a motion a
PaPdad
s
a s : Thed
PaPa
a
d s
zig
a s – zag motion
d
PaPa
a
d s
a s
of gas d
PaPa
a
d s
molecules
a s is Brownian
d
PaPa
a
d s
a s
motion. ∵ it
d
PaPa
a
occurs
d due d
PaPa
a
d
P
to random collision of molecules.

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a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
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daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
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a
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alailai 326 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaalaSura’s daXI ai i
slal-aPhysics ➠
Std
saa
i i
saaslaala - II ➠ Unit
Volume aiai Kinetic Theory
slal➠
saa09
iai Gases
saaslaalOf
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
ad PaPad ad PaPad a
d
P

EVALUATIONaslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
I. Multiple Choice Questions: 6. If the internal energy of an ideal gas U and
alailai a i i a i i a i i a i i volumeaV iare
i doubled, then
i i the pressure i i i i
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala[Sep-2021] saslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
m
daadsasa 1.PaPA a
a particle Pa of a a a a a a a
Pa mass m Pis
d d d d d
aPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPad d PaPad d
P
moving with speed u in a (a) doubles (b) remains same
direction which makes 60° (c) halves (d) quadruples
alailai l aailai laailai l aailai l aailai l aailai laailai (b) remains
[Ans. aslaailasame]
i aslaailai
co
daadsasa with
d a saas respect dto
a saax
s axis. Itd a saas d a saas d a saas d a saas d a sa d a sa
ad
PaPundergoes aPad
Pelastic PaPad PaPad PaPad a d
CPPPa PaPad PaPad
P collision
v
7. The ratio γ = C for a gas mixture consisting

with the wall. What is the 60º V
alailai change a ilaiin momentum ailai in x alailai a ilai of 8 g of a ilai

helium ands16 aslaagilaof
i oxygen aislaailai i i
daadsasa a a
sas l a a a
sas l a a sas a a a
sas l a a a
sas l a a a a sas a saaslaala
P PaPand
a y direction?
d d PaPad d [Aug-'22]
PaPad d d
PaPa d d d
PaPa (Physics Olympiad d
PaPa d -2005) P
d
aPa d
[Jun.-2019; PaPa
May-2022]
d d
s.
(a) Δpx = −mu, Δpy = 0 23 15 27 17
(b) Δp (a) ila(b) (c) (d) i i
alailai laaxila=i −2mu, Δp
aΔp
=0
ayslaailai aslaailai a laailai 15sala i 23 sala ilai 17 aslaal27
a aslaailai
daadsasa d(c)
a s
a ad xa s = 0, Δp d=
ayada s
mu
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a a s a d
PaPad
a a s a d
PaPad
a sa d
27PaPad
a s
a
ok
P PP PP
(d) Δpx = mu, Δpy = 0 [Ans. (c) ]
17
[Ans. (a) Δpx = −mu, Δpy = 0] ai i
s aslaailai s aslaailai s a slaailai s a slaailai saasla8.
i i
saaslaala has one
la A container aslaailaof
smole
i
monoatomic
i i
saaslaala ideal dadsaaslaala
i i
a
dada 2.PaPA
d a
d a
a sample ofPideal d a
d a
aPa gas is atPequilibrium.
d
aPa a
d a Which
d a
d d a
d d a
d a d a
d
P PaPa PaPaEach molecule
gas. PaPa has f degrees PaPa of freedom. PaPa
of the following quantity is zero? CP
a i
laalai
(a) rms
a i
laalai
speed
a i
laalai
(b) average
a
o speed
i
laalai a i
laalai
What is
a
the
i
laalai
ratio of γ
a
= i
laalCaVi
?
aslaailai aslaailai
s
daada s (c)
d a s
a average
s velocity
d a s
a s (d) most
d a s
aprobable
s speed
d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa d asa
PaPad PaPad Pa ad PaPad PaPad PfaPad fPaPad f + 2PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P [Ans. (c)Paverage velocity] (a) f (b) (c) (d)
2 f +2 f
s a laailai 3. Ansaslideal aailai gas sisalaamaintained
ilai
s a lat
aailai constantsalaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaalaf + 2 dadsaaslaala
a
d a s pressure.
a a If athea temperature
a s aofa an idealadgas
s a as a a [Ans.a
Pad PaPdad P Pdad PaPdad P Pad a d
P Pa
d d
PaPa d PaPa (d)
d d Pa]Pa
increases from 100K to 10000K then the rms f
ur
speed of the gas molecules 9. If the temperature and pressure of a gas

a la il a i (a) a laailai
increases by 5 times
a laailai (b) increasesa ilai10 times alailai
laaby is doubledaslaailai the mean ilai path of
aslaafree ilai gas
aslaathe aslaailai
da as s a s s s s s s s s a s s s s
Pad aadaremains same
PaPd(c) PaPdad
aa aPdaada by 7 times
(d)Pincreases
aa
PaPdad d a a
molecules
PaPad d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a a
[Ans. (b) increases by 10 times] (a) remains same (b) doubled
.s
i i ai i (c) tripled (d)

i i quadrapoled
a
al la i a i
saaslaidentically
la slala rooms
saasized aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa 4.PadTwo ad PaPad ad PaPad adsaA and B are
d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa a
d da
PaPa [Ans. (a)
d PaPd a
remains
d same] d
PaPa
a
d
P Pa a
connected by an open door. If the room A is
10. Which of the following shows the correct
w
air conditioned such that its temperature is relationship

alalaii
4°C
i
laalai
aslesser than
i
aslaalaB,
room
i
which
i
aslaalaihas more
room aslaailai aslaailai between athe
laailapressure
i andaslaaildensity
ai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa of
Paan
d s
ideal gas atPconstant
a a d a s
a s temperature?
d a s
a
PaPad [HY-2019] d asa
P air in it? Pad aPad
P P P
PaPad
P
P P P P
w
(a) Room A (b) Room B

alailai (c) a a
Both
l ilairoom has same
a l a ilaair
i i i
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala (a) dadsaaslaala dadsaaslaa
ilai
(b)
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d
PaP(d)
sas a
PaPd adsas a d a
d d a
d d a
d dad
P a Cannot be a
determined PaP[Ans.
a (a) Room PaPaA] PaPa PaPρa ρ
ρ ρ
PaPa ρ ρ ρ
PaPa ρ
w
P P P(b) P
The average translational kinetic energy of
(d)
5. P P P P (a) (c) (b) (d) (c)
(a)
alailai gas laailai

asmolecules aslaailai on asaaslaailai
depends aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
a
ad number of
PaP(a) PaPd a s
a
ad and T PaPad d d
PaPad
a s
a (c) d
PaPad
a s
a d s
PaPad (d)
a a da
PaPad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
P moles
(b) only on T ρ ρ ρ P ρ ρ
P ρ
(d)
ρ
(c)
P
(d)
ρ
P
(a) (b)
alailai ilai T i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
(a) (b) (c)
(c)saPsla
aand saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
daadsasa dad
PaP(d)
a
a P only P[Ans. dad
aPa (a) number dad
PaPa of moles and d a
d
PaPaT] d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d [Ans. d
PaPa
a
(d)
d ] d
PaPa
a
d
P
ρ ρ ρ ρ
(c) (d)

(a) (b)
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
saasUnit
saaslaaTheory
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
i i
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d a s d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d sasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad PaPa
P
11. A sample of gas consists of μ1 moles II. Short Answer Questions :
of monoatomic molecules, μ2ai moles of ai i
alailai aslaailai molecules aslaailaand
i aslalaiof linear asla1.la Whatasisaslthe aailai microscopicaslaailaorigin
i of aslaailai
pressure? aslaailai
daadsasa diatomic
d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa μ d moles
a
PaP3 ad
sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
triatomic molecules. The gas is kept at high Ans. With the help of kinetic theory of gases, the
temperature. What i is the total number of i pressure is linked to the velocity of molecules.
ailai a ilai a i a ilai a i i i i i i i i i
l l l l a l l l a saaslaala 1 N da2dsaaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
m
a
daadsas a degrees
a sas of freedom?
a a a a
sas a a a
sas a a a
sas a a a a
P
d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPad d d
PaPa d PaPa P = 3 VPmaPva
d d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d
(a) [3μ + 7( μ + μ )] N
1 2 3 A
(b) [3μi1 + 7 μ2 + 6μ3] Ni A m- mass of a molecule ; N = Avogadro number
l ail ai l a l ai la l a i l a i
l ai l a i
l a i aslaailai v 2 Avogadro aslaailavelocity
co
a a[7μ a + 3( μ d+aμsaas)]aN asa asa
daadsasa (c)
d
PaPad
asa s 1 2 ad 3
PaP A d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a V - volume,
d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
molecules.
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
(d) [3μ1 + 6( μ2 + μ3)] NA 2. What is the microscopic origin of temperature?
[Ans. (a) [3μ1 + 7(aμi 2i + μ3)]NA] aAns. The average kinetic energy per molecule
s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai saslala s aslailai s a slaailai s aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
dada d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a dad a 3 d a
d a d a
d d a
d
P PaPIf
12. a s and s denote PaPa the specific PaPaheats of nitrogen
PaPa PaPaK.E = ∈ =PaPkT. a PaPa PaPa
s.
P V 2
gas per unit mass at constant pressure and
alailai aslaailai volume
constant aslaailai
respectively, aslaaila
then (JEE
i 2007) aslaailai The aequation
aslaailai implies aslthat
aailai the temperature
aslaailai of asaaslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPad
sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa aPgas
sa
aPadis a measure
d a
PaPaof
d sa
d the average d a s
a
PaPadtranslational PaPdad
ok
P [Sep-2020]
(a) sP – sV = 28R (b) sP – sV = R/28 kinetic energy per molecule of the gas.
ilai Why moon
alailai saaslaala has nodaatmosphere? saslaa[Jun.-2019]
i i i i ilai i i i i ilai i i
daadsasa
(c)
d a
d saassPlaa–lasV = R/14
d a
d saaslaala (d) sPd–adssaVas=laaR d a
d saaslaa3. d a
d d saaslaala d a
d a d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPaescape speed
Ans. The Paof aPa
Pagases on thePsurface of MoonPaPa
[Ans. (b) sP – sV = R/28]
is much less than the root mean square speeds
alalai 13. Which
i aslaalaof
i i the following
aslaalai gasesaswill
i
o
aslaalahave
i i leastsalaalai of gases
i asldue
aailai to low gravity.
aslaailai Due toasathis,
aslaailaall
i the aslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPrms
sa
ad speed at d a sa
PaPaagiven
d d
temperature?
PaPad
a d
PaPad
a a s da s a
PaPadescape from
gases d a sa
ad surface of
PaPthe d
adMoon. PaPad
PaPthe d as a
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
(a) Hydrogen (b) Nitrogen
4. Write the expression for rms speed, average
(c) Oxygen
lailai i i (d) Carbon dioxide
alailai a saslaala
i i
saslaala la i i
sas la speed
a ai i
saaand
i i
saaslaala speed
slala most dprobable laailaai gas saslaailai
saasof
daadsasa PaPa
d adsas a
PaPad a
d a [Ans. P(d)d a
d a
aPaCarbon dioxide] d
PaPa
a
d
a d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d aa
PaPdad
P molecule.
ur
14. For a given gas molecule at a fixed Ans. Root mean square speed : (v )
a laila i aslaailai
temperature, the aailai undersathe
aslarea laailaMaxwell-
i aslaailai aslaailai aailai rms
asklT aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
ad
sa
PaPBoltzmann d
aPada s
a d a a s
PaPadis equal toPaPadda s a d a sa
PaPavdrms = VP d a
2 a ad
s3
a
= 1.73
k
dT
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a
P Pdistribution curve P=
m m
.s
aailai : (v) salaailai

PVi i kT
alailai (a)sasla la asaslaailai (b) i i
saaslaala a laailai Average a lSpeed i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a a a
kT d a PV
d a d a sa s d a sa s
PaPa = v1 + vP d a a s
aPav3 + ....vn PaPa d a d a
2 +
P PP aa d aa d
PP aa d PP PaPa d d d d PaPa d
P PV v N
w
(c) ai i (d) PV [Ans. (a) ] 8RT 8kT

alailai asNkT
lala i
aslaalai i
aslaalai kTasasla i
alai
i
a=slaalai = aslaaila=i 1.60 akTsaaslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a
PaPavd
d a sa d a
πm PaPadpm
sa d
PaPamd d
PaPad
a sa
P
P
15. The following graph Most probable speed : (vmp)
w
T 1
alailai represents
a i i the pressurea i i versus a i i a i i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
P PaPnumber
d
a d density
PaPa for idealPagas
d d d
Pa d d
PaPaTd d
PaPavd 2RT
PaPad d 2k T d
PaPa d k T d
PaPa d
mp = = = 1.41
2
at two different temperatures m m m

w
T1 and T . The graph implies lailai

alailai aslaailai 2 aslaailai asa n alailai aisslaailthe
ai ilai
aslaabetween ilai
aslaaaverage aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
ad T = T PaPad
PaP(a) d a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa s a5. What d
PaPad
a sa relation
d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
the
a sa da
PaPad
s a
P 1 2 kinetic energy and pressure?
(b) T1 > T2
alailai ilai i i i i i i The internal
Ans. i ienergy ofathe i gas
i is givenalbyi i i i
daadsasa (c)
dadsaaTslaa< T dadsaaslaala
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saslaala d a
dsasaala d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa 1 2 Pa
Pa PaPa PaPa PaPa 3 PaPa PaPa PaPa
(d) Cannot be determined [Ans. (b) T1 > T2] U = NkT
2
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 328 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaalaSura’s daXI ai i
slal-aPhysics ➠
Std
saa
i i
saaslaala - II ➠ Unit
Volume aiai Kinetic Theory
slal➠
saa09
iai Gases
saaslaalOf
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d ad PaPad a
d PaPa d d
PaPa
ad PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d
P
The above equation can also be written as 9. Deduce Charles’ law based on kinetic theory.
3 ilai Charles’
alailai a lUaailai = PVsalaailai aslaailai aslaaAns. aslaalaw:
ilai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa s 2
PaPadd a a s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d a s a
PaPadthe equation, d a s
PaPad P = 2 U
a d a s
PaP=ad2 u, we get
a d
PaPad
a sa
P From
since PV = NkT 2
3 V 3
2 PV = U.
alailai i i
saaslaaPla = 3 dkE aslaailai
s...(1)
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
s3aaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
ad a
PaPad a
d PaPad a
d d ad
PaPaa fixed pressure, d a
d
PaPa the volume d a
d
PaPaof the gas PisaPa d a
d
P For
From equation (1), the pressure of the gas is proportional to internal energy of the gas or
alailai equal l a to
il ai two thirds la of
il a iinternal energy
l a i
l ai per unit l a il a i average laailai energysaof
askinetic ilai
laathe gas and aslaaiaverage
the lai aslaailai
co
asa asa asa asa
daadsasa d a sa
PaPvolume
ad d
or internal
a sa
PaPad energy density d a sa
PaPad (u = U/V). d
PaPad
a sa d a s a
PaPad energy isPdirectly d a a s
aPad proportional d a sa
PaPad to absolute d
PaPad
a sa
P kinetic
Writing pressure in terms of mean kinetic energy temperature. It implies that
alailai density a i using
i equation a i i a i i a i i aslaaVilai= constant i i i i i i
daadsasa d a
d saaslala d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala V αdTadsor a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa P1aPa 1 PaPa PaPa PaPa T PaPa PaPa PaPa
s.
P = nmv 2 = ρv 2 ...(2)
3 3 This is Charles’ law.
alailai where l
asa a ρ
il a=i nm = mass l
asa adensity
il a i (n is number
asal a i
l a i density) l a il a i
asa10. Deduce laailai
asBoyle’s aslaailai on kinetic aailai
asltheory. aslaailai
daadsasa d
ada s
PaPMultiply
a and
PaP d a
divides
ad R.H.SPofaPa
a d a
d s
equation
a (2)Pby a
aPa2,
d d sa d
PaPad
a s a lawd
PaPad
a based
sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P
we get Ans. Boyle’s law:
alailai Pilai = 2  ρ ν2ala...(3)

ilai laailai laailai From sequation
2 U 2
laailai P = saslaaila=i u, wesaknow ai i ai i
slala that dadsaaslala
a l a   a a a
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d sa s a 3
PaPa d2adsa s a
PaPad a
d sa s
PaPad a
d sa s d a
PaPa 2d a s
PaPad a
d 3
a V 3 d
PaPa
a
d a
PaPa
P 2
P = K.E PV = U
3
alailai ilai
aslaaequation
3
ilai
aslaapressure
o aslaalaito 2/3 aofsaaslaalai But the
i i ainternal
laailai energy asof
laailan
ai ideal gas asislaaequal
ilai to aslaailai
daadsasa From
a sa (3),
a sa isasequal
a a s a s a sa a sa a sa
d
ad kineticPaenergy d
Pad per unit
dad d
PaPad NPaP
times
dad the average PaPadkinetic energy
d PaPad(∈) of each
d d
PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPmean PaPvolume.
ab
P
molecule.
6. Define the term degrees of freedom. i i U
i i= N∈
alailai adaadsaasa
lailai i i
saaslaala[Jun.-2019;
i i
saaslaala May-2022] saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PP PaPa d ad PaPad a
d Sep-2021;
PaPad a
d d a
PaPaa fixed temperature,
For d d a
PaPa the average
d d a
PaPa translational
d PaPad a
d
P
Ans. The minimum number of independent coordinates kinetic energy ∈ will remain constant. It implies
ur
neededi to specify the iposition and configuration

alailai of aa aalai
lthermodynamical a i
laalasystem in laailai is calledsaslaailai that saslaailai
aspace aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s
ad degree of
PaPthe PaP d a
ad
sa s dada s
PaPsystem.
a s d
PaPad
a a d a 2a
PaP=ad N ∈ Thus d a sa
ad = constant
PaPPV d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P freedom of the PV
3
Therefore, pressure of a given gas is inversely
.s
7. State the ilai law of equipartition of energy.

alailai a l a a l a ilai a l a ilai a l ailai
proportional
i i
saaslaalato its volume
ilai
saaslaaprovided the aslaailai
temperature
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa Ans.
PaPa
According
d a
d sas a to
Pa ad a
dkinetic
sas a theory,
PaPad a
d
a
sasthe average d
PaPa
a
d sas a d a
d
PaPa constant.PThis d a
d
aPa is Boyle’sPlaw. aPad a
d sa d
PaPa
a
d
P kinetic energyPof system of molecules in thermal remains
equilibrium at temperature T is uniformly 11. Deduce Avogadro’s law based on kinetic
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alailai aslaailai
distributed to saall laailai degrees saslof aailai freedomsalaailai theory. aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
ad or y or zPdirections d
aPada a s d a a
aPad so thatPaeach d a a s d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
P PaP(x of P
motion) Pad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
Ans. Avogadro’s law:
1
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degree of freedom will get kT of energy. This (i) Thisailaw states thataat constant temperature
alailai laailai laailai 2 laailai laailai lalai lailai ilai
aslaaall i i
daadsasa a s as a s as a s as a s as aand
s a s pressure, a s a
equals volumes a sof gases a saaslaala
PaPais
d d called
a law of
PaPadequipartition
d a of
PaPad denergy.
a d
PaPa d a d d a
PaPa contain thePsame d
aPa d a aa d d a d
PaPa d
P number P ofPmolecules. For
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8. Define mean free path and write down its two different gases at the same temperature
alailai expression.
l
asa a il ai l
asa a il a i l
asa a il a i l
asaa ila i andaslaaipressure,
lai aslaailai to kinetic
according aslaailatheory
i aslaailai
daadsasa d
ada sa
PaPAverage d a
d sa
PaPatravelled d a
d sa
aPamolecule d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
PaPadof gases, PaPad d a sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P Ans. distance byPthe between
two successive collisions is called mean free path From equation
alailai (λ). i i i i i i i i i i
saaPslaa=la 1 N1 mdvad2saa ai i i i i i
sla1 laN 2 m2 v22d....(1)
a
saaslalaKT a
saaslala a
saaslala a
saaslala saaslaala saaslaala
daadsasa d a
PaPaλ =
d aad a
d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d = a
d d a
d
3 VPaPa 3 V PaPa PaPa
1 1
P 2P P
2pd p

d
PaPad
a s
a da
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a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
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a da
PaPad
This
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d
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a Full Bookd
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alailai XIla
saasUnit
saaslaaTheory
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
i i
daadsasa a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d asasa
PaPdad PaPad a
d PaPad ad PaPad ad PaPa
P
2 2 (v) The molecules collide with one another and
where v1 and v2 are the mean square
alsoaiwith i the walls aaof
ilai the container.
alailai a la ilai for twoalgases
speed aailai and Nsaand l aailaN i are the alaailai a l l a a l aslaailaso
i aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s
PaPad number
a d a sa s
PaPofadgas molecules d a 1a s
PaPadin two different
2 d
PaPad
a sa s (vi) d
PaPad
a s
These
a s a collisions
d
Pa ad
a saare
s perfectly d
Pa ad
a s
elastic
a that d
Pa ad
a sa
P there is no Ploss of kineticPenergy duringP
gases. collisions.
alailai (ii)salaaAt ilai the sameatemperature,
l a ilai average
l a ilai kinetic alailai i i
saaslaala two successive
(vii)daBetween
i i
saaslaala collisions,
ilai
saasalaamolecule
i i
saaslaala
m
a
daadsasa PaPad a
d a s energy per
PaPad ad sas a
molecule is
PaPa d a
the
dsas a
same for
PaPad a
twodsas a
d
PaPa moves with d ad
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a PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d
P
gases. velocity.
1 2 1i 2
(viii) The molecules do not exert any force of
alailai l a il ai m n 1 = l a l ami n2 ....(2) l a il a i l a il a i attraction
aslaailai or repulsion aslaailai on eachaother aslaailaexcept
i aslaailai
co
asa 1 sasa 1 asa asa
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa 2 d
PaPad
a a 2
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
PaPadduring collision. d a sa
PaPadThe molecules d
PaPado
sa
d not possess d
PaPad
a sa
P
Dividing the equation (1) by (2) we get any potential energy and the energy is wholly
N 1 = N2 kinetic.
alailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai ilai
saaslaacollisions
ilai
saaslaainstantaneous. saaslaa
ilai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPa
(iii)
d a
d sa s This is Avogadro’s
PaPad ad sa s law.
PaPa d adIt
sa sis sometimes
PaPad adsa s (ix)
PaPad a
dThe PaPad a
dare PaPad ad The time d
PaPa
a
d
P
s.
referred to as Avogadro’s hypothesis or spent by a molecule in each collision is very
Avogadro’s Principle. small compared to the time elapsed between
alailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai two
ilai
aslaaconsecutive laailai
acollisions. aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa 12. List
d
PaPad
a sa sthe factors d
PaPad
a sa s
affecting the
PaPadd s
mean
a a s free path.
d
PaPad
a sa s d a sa
PaPadThese molecules d a sa s
PaPad obey Newton’s d
PaPad
a sa d
a d a sa
laws PofPa
ok
P
[Sep. 2020]
(x)
motion even though they move randomly.
Ans. (i) Mean free path increases with increasing
alailai a i i
saaslatemperature.
la saaAs a i i
slalathe temperature
a i i
saaslalaincreases, a
saasla2.
ila i ai i
slalaexpression
saathe aailai
saaslof aslaailai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPad a
d d ad
PaPa speed ofPaeach d ad d a
PaPwilld Derive
PaPad a
d PaPad a
d pressure
PaPad adsaexerted by d
PaPa
a
d
P the average Pa molecule a
the gas on the walls of the container.
alailai
increase. It is the reason why the smell of
asahot
l a ilai sizzling afood
o
laailai reachessasseveral laailai metersaslaaAns. ilai Expression aslaailai
for pressure exerted by alagas
aslaailai asailai
:
aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
PaPad away than d a sa s
PaPadsmell of cold d ad a d
PaPad
a a (i) d a s
PaPadConsider PaPad
a d a sa a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPafood.
ab
P
(ii) Mean free path increases with decreasing monoatomic gas of
N amolecules each
alailai a laapressure
ilai of the a laagas
ilai and diameter a laailaiof the gassaslaailai a lailai aslaamilai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPad a
d sa s molecules. PaPad ad sa s
PaPa d adsa s
PaPad a
d a d a
dhaving
sa s a
PaPa inside aPaPacubical
mass
d a
d sa
PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d
P
13. What is the reason for Brownian motion?
ur
container of side
alailai Ans. (i)sasla ilai
According toasal a i
kinetic
l a i theory, l
asa a i
any
l a i particle l
asa a il a i laailashown
lsasas i aailai
insaslthe aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a a a
PaPad suspended d a sa
PaPadin a liquid P d a sa
ad is continuously
oraPgas d
PaPad
a sa d a a
PaPadfigure (a).PaPad d a a Gas a
d
PaPad
sa
molecule
Container d
PaPad
a sa
P
bombarded from all the directions so that (ii) The molecules of the
(a) Container of gas molecules
.s
the mean free path is almost negligible.

alailai a i
saaslaThis
la i a
lala
saasthe
i i
saa a
slala
i i a i
saaslala
i gas ilai in random
saaslaaare
i i
saaslaalamotion.daThey
i i
saaslaalacollide dadsaaslaala
i i
daadsasa PaPa(ii)
d a
d leads
PaPad adto motion PaPa dof
ad the particles
PaPad in
a
d d a
d
PaPa with each Pother d a
d
aPa and also Pwith d
aPa the walls PofaPa
P
a random and zig–zag manner. the container. As the collisions are elastic
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in nature, there islano loss of energy, but a

alailai III.aL laalai Answer
aong i aslaalQ i ai uestions i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaailai asailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
sa s d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
change
a in d
PaPad
s
momentum
a a occurs. d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
1. Write down the postulates of kinetic theory of (iii) The molecules of the gas exert pressure on
w
gases.i i [Mar-2019; Sep-2020] thelawalls

ilai of the acontainer due tolacollision
alailai a laala a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai i
alai
saasmolecules
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa Ans. d
PaP(i)
a a
d sa s
All the d ad sa
PaPmolecules
a
s d adsa s
ofPaaPagas are identical, PaPad a
d sa s
PaPad a
d s
ona s a
it. DuringPaPad a
d s
eacha s collision,PaPadthe
ad d
PaPa
a
d
P
elastic spheres. impart certain momentum to the wall.
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Due to transfer of momentum, the walls

alailai (ii) alaThe ilai moleculesalof aailadifferent
i gases laaare
ilai different. alailai aslaailai aslaailai laailai force saslaailai
daadsasa a sa s a a sa s a saas a sa s a aexperience
sa adcontinuous
a sa force.a saasThe aa
P PaP(iii)
ad The number
d PaPad of molecules
d PaPadin a gas isPaP
d very
dad d
PaPadexperienced ad unit area P
PaPper dad walls of the
ofaPthe PaPdad
large and the average separation between container determines the pressure exerted
them is larger than size of the gas molecules. byalaathe
i i gas. It is essential to adetermine
alailai a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i a i
saaslala
i
sas la
i i
saaslaala saslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPad a
(iv)
d The PaPad a
moleculesd of a gas
PaPa d aare
d in a state
PaPad a
of
d PaPad a
dthe total PaPad a
momentum
d PaPad a
transferredd by the d
PaPa
a
d
P
continuous random motion. molecules in a short interval of time.
d
PaPad
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alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
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daadsasa d
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UNIT
11
Waves
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
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a s
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PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
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asa d
PaPad
a s
a d
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alailai i i
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i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
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i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
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m
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a
d d
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a
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ad d
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a
d d
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d d
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co
daadsasa asa a s
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Concept MPap
d
PaPad d
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alailai i i
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i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
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i i
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i i
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i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
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a
d d
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a s
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a s
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a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
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a s
a da
PaPad
s
a da
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s
a
ok
P
Interference
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala a ai i
slala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
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a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d s
a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P o
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
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a s
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s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
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a d
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asa
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alailai i i
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i i
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i i
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i i
saaslaala
i i
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daadsasa d
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a
d d
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a
d d
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a
d d
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a
d d
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d d
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a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
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P
ur

daadsasa d
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a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
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a s
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a
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.s
alailai i i
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i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
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i i
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i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
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daadsasa d
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a
d d
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a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
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a
d d
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ad d
PaPa
ad d
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a
d
P
w

daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
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a s
a d
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asa
P
w
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
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i i
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i i
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i i
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daadsasa d
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a
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daadsasa d
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a s
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alailai i i
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ad d
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alailai 390 i i
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saaslaalSura’s
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saaslaa- lPhysics
 XI Std
i i
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sa11
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FORMULAE
aslaailai
TO REMEMBER
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
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P
alailai (1) aVelocity

i i of theawave i i is v = λf.alailai i i i i i i i i i i
saslaala saslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
m
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
dsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P T
(2) Velocity of transverse wave on a string is v = ms–1
µ
E iai –1
alailai laailai
(3)asaaVelocity aslaailai
of longitudinal wave ainlaailan aslaailai is v =asaaslaams
ai elastic medium l aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d
PaPad
s d
PaPad
a sa d a
ds a s d
PaPad
a s
a
PaPad ρ
d d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P 2π PaPa –1
(4) Wave number k = rad m .
λ
alailai (5) saFor i
lsalaconstructive
a i i
interference,
a i I a ilai = ( I a+lailaI i )2 = (A a +laAia)i2 i i i i i i
daadsasa d a
d a d a
d
a
sas l a l a
d a
d
a l a
sasmaximum dads1asa 2 d a
d1sasal2
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
s.
(6) For destructive interference, Iminimum = ( I1 − I 2 ) = = (A1 – A2)
2
2

daadsasa PaPd a s
a
ad Sound intensity d a sa
PaPad level, DL d a sa I
PaP=ad10 log P1 aPdecibel.d
ada s
a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa da
PaPad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
(7)
ok
P
10 I0
alailai (8) ai i
slala
saaFrequency aslaail(Closed
ofadsathe ai iai
saaslaalpipe)
organ
i i
saaslaala is fnd=ads(2n
nthdharmonic aslaa+ila1)
i
f1. dadsaaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
a
d PaPa
a
PaPa PaPa d a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
th harmonic is f = n f .
(9) Frequency of the (Open organ pipe) n
alailai l
asa ail a i l
asa a i
l a i
ol
asa a i
l a i l
asa a i
l a i
n 1
aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
ad When the d a
ad
sa d a
ad
s
a d a sa
PaPad observer, d a s
a
ad apparent Pfrequencyd
aPada s
a d a saν
ad s  d
PaPad
asa
www.Padasalai.Net
(10)
PaP PaPSource moves towards
PaP a stationary PaPthe f ′ =Pf aP1+
ab
P 
ν
alailai ai i i ai laailai the observer i i  ν i i i i i i i i

daadsasa (11)
a a saaslaalmoves
slala the Source
saaWhen away
a saasfrom a saaslaalaf ′ = f d1ad−saaslsaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
P
d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPa ν  d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d
 ν 
ur
(12) When the Observer moves towards the stationary source, f ′ = if 1 + 0 
alailai l
asa a ila i l
asa ai l ai l
asa a il ai l
asa a i
l a i aslaalai ν ala i
alai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa d
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a s
a s d
PaPad
a s
a d
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a s
a
P
 ν0 
(13) When the Observer recedes away from the stationary source, f ′ = f 1 − 
.s
ν
alailai a l a ilai a l a ilai a l a ilai a l ailai a l a ilai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d sas a d
Pa a
a
d sas a d
PaPa
a
d sas a
Pa adadsas a d a sas a
Pa a  ν + ν0  PaPa
d dad d
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ad d
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a
d
P (14) When the PSource and Observer approachP each other, f P ′= 
 ν − νs   f
w
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaa ilνa−i ν0  asaaslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a
(15)
PaPd s
a
ad When the a s
a
PaPSource
dad as
and Observera
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d a s
a
aPad each other,
d a sa
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d PaPdfad d
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a s
a d
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asa
P  ν + νs 
w
 ν −i νi 
alailai (16) ai i
slala the Source
saaWhen
iai
saaslaalchases the aslaailai
sObserver,
i i
=saaslaala 0  f dasaaslaala
f d′ a
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
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a
d d
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a
d d
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a
d a
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d d d
PaPa
a
d d
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a
d d
PaPa
ad
P
w
 ν+ ν 
(17) When the Observer chases the Source, f ′ =  i i 0 f
alailai l
asa a i
l ai l
asa ail a i l
asa a i
l a i aslaaνla+ νs  aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
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a sa d
PaPaL
a sa
d − 3L PaPad d a sa d
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a sa d
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a s
a da
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s
a da
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s
a
P 2 1
(18) To find end correction, e =
2
alailai L a i→ i Length at which
a i i second resonance
i i Occur i i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa d a
d saasla2 la
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa L → Length
1
PaPa at which first PaParesonance P aPa
Occur PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa

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alailai 392 i i
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saaslaalSura’s
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 XI Std
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sa11
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d d
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d PaPad a
d
P

EVALUATION
daadsasa d
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a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
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a s
a
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I. Multiple Choice Questions : Options for (1), (2) and (3), respectively are
laailai laailai laailai laailai i i
saaslaala
i i ilai
saaslaalaand (A) dadsaaslaa(b)
ilai
saaslaa(B)
i i
saaslaala
m
a s as a s as a s as as as a (a)ad(B),(C)
a (C), (A)aand a
dada aad d a aPad d a d d a
PaPa by striking d d
PaPa a P Pa d PaPa d
PaPa d d
PaPa d
P 1.P PA student Ptunes his guitar
(c) (A), (B) and (C) (d) (B), (A) and (C)
120 Hertz with a tuning fork, and
l ail ai aslaailai
simultaneously aslaailai the 4thasastring
plays aslaailai on his aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai(a) (B),(C)
[Ans. ilai (A)]
aslaaand aslaailai
co
a
daadsasa d a
ad
sa
PaPguitar. d a sa
aPad observation, d
PaPad he hears d a
ad
PaPthe
sa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a
P By Pkeen
5. Eqution of travelling wave on a stretched
amplitude of the combined sound oscillating
alailai thrice
saaslaalaper second.
i i
saaslaalWhich
iai ofsathe ai following
slala
i i i
saaslaala
string oflaialinear
a l i
density
a laailai5 g/m issaslyaaila=i 0.03 saslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPfrequencies
a d d a
PisaPthe
a most likely
d d a a
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d d a
PaPaof
d sin(450t a s
a s a
PaPdad – 9x),Pwhere
a s s
aPdada distance aada time are
PaPdand PaPdad
aa
P
s.
th
the 4 string on his guitar? measured in SI units. The tension in the string
alalaii (a) a130laailai (b) 117 aslaailai (c) 110asaaslaa(d)
ilai 120 aslaailai is aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPad
sa s
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad [Ans. (b) PaPd a
ad
sa d a s
a
PaP5adN PaPad (b) 12.5
(a) d a sa d
PaPNad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a
ok
P 117]
(c) 7.5 N (d) 10 N
i 2. A transverse i wave amovesi from aaimedium A ai i i i i
a
al la i a i
saaaslamedium
la i
slalamedium
saaIn saaslathela i
saaslala dadsaaslala a i a
saaslala [Ans. aslaail12.5
sa(b) ai N] saslaailai
daadsasa to
d
PaPa
a
d PaPadB.
a
d PaPad a
dA, velocity
PaPad a
d PaPa PaPad ad PaPad a
d PaPdad
aa
P -1
of the transverse wave is 500 ms and the 6. A sound wave whose frequency is 5000 Hz travels
laailai
wavelength
laailai
is 5 m. i The frequency
laalai in medium
o and the
laailaBi when itssaslaailai in air and aslaaithen
lai hits the aswater
laailai surface. aslThe
aailai ratio salaailai
s
daada
as wavelength
a s as of the
a s awave
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d
ad a d a
aPad -1 d
aPad a d
aPad a of d a
itsadwavelengths d a
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aPair
ad isa aPdaada
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PaPvelocity aP
ab
P P P
is 600 ms , respectively are P P P P P
(a) 120 Hz and 5 m [Sep-2021; May-2022] (a) 4.30 (b) 0.23 (c) 5.30 (d) 1.23
alailai (b) a i i a i
slalaHz and d5admsaaslala
saa100
i a i
saaslala
i a i i a
saaslala dadsaaslala
i i a i
saaslala
i
[Ans.
ilai
saaslaa(a)
i i
4.30] dasaaslaala
daadsasa d a
d
PaP(c)
a PaP6a m d
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a
d d
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d PaPa d
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a
d d
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d PaPa d
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7. A person standing between two parallel hills
ur
(d) 100 Hz and 6 m [Ans. (d) 100 Hz and 6 m]

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailaifires a gun
aslaailaand
i hears athe laailafirst
i echo after aslaailait1 sec asaaslaailai
daadsasa 3.PadFor a s a s a s a s a s a s s a s
Pad a particular PaPad tube, among PaPad six harmonic
a a a a and a a
aPad after t2 sec. a
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d d d
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d d secondPecho d PaPaThe
d d distance PaPdad
frequencies below 1000 Hz, only four harmonic between the two hills is [HY-2019]
.s
laailai frequencies
laailai are given laaila:i 300 Hz, s600 laailHz,
ai 750 Hzsaslaailai v(t - t2il)ai ilai v ( t t ) i i i i
(a) das1aasla saaslaa(b) saaslaala saaslaala
1 2
a
d a s as a s a
anda 900 Hz. What
s a s a
aare the two
s other
a a
a frequencies
s aa a a a a
PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad d 2 ( t + t
d ) d
Pad d
PaPa 2 PaPa d 1 a a
P P2 d PaPa d
missing from this list? v (t + t )
(c) v (t1 + t2) (d) 1 2
w
(a) 100i Hz, 150 Hz i 2

alailai laalai
a150 aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai laailai
av(t + t ) aslaailai
daadsasa (b)
d
PaPad
a sa s Hz, 450dHz
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
as a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
[Ans. PaP(d)d a sa s
ad 1 2 Pa]Pad d a sa
P
(c) 450 Hz, 700 Hz 2
w
(d) 700i Hz, 800 Hz i

alailai saaslaala
i
saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
ilai
saaslaa8. ai i
slala in d
saacolumn
iai
saaslaalwhich
i i
saaslaalaat one dadsaaslaala
i i
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d [Ans.P(b)d a
aPa150 Hz, 450
d d
a a
PaPHz]
d An air
d
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a
d a
PaPa
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a
d is
PaPa d closed
ad PaPa
P
end, will be in resonance with the vibrating
w
4. Which of the following options is correct?

body of lafrequency 83Hz. Then the length of
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai asailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa APaPad
d a sa
PaPadB
d a sa d
PaPad
a sa the
PaPair
d s
ad column PisaPad
a a d a sa d a sa
PaPad [Mar-2020] d
PaPad
a sa
P
(1) Quality (A) Intensity (a) 1.5 m (b) 0.5 m (c) 1.0 m (d) 2.0 m
(2) Pitch i (B)
i Waveform [Ans.saas(c)
laaila1.0
alailai i i i i i i i i i i i m] i i
daadsasa da saaslaala da saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a d a saaslaala
P PaPa(3) LoudnessPaPa
d d (C) Frequency
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d

d
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a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
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a s
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PaPad
a s
a d
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asa d
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a
P
daadsasa d
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daadsasa d
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ad a s d
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a d d
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ad PaPad a
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a
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9. The displacement y of a wave travelling in 14. A uniform rope having mass m hangs vertically
the xai direction is agiven by y =ai(2i × 10–3) ai i from a rigid support. Aatransverse wave ipulse
laailai lalai lailai l a l a aslaailai at theaslower
aslailai end. Which aslaailaof aslaailai
s
daada
as d s
ada as d s
apda as d adsaasal d adsaasal is aproduced
d a sa d a d a sa the d a sa
P P Psin (300 t – 2x
a a P P+ ), where xPand
a a aP y are measured
a a
PP a P Pad PaPad PaPad PaPad
4 following plots shows the correct variation of
in metres and t in second. The speed of the speed v with
i i wave i i i i i i i i ilai height hafrom ilai the lower end?
iai i i
a
al la saaslaaisla saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala l a l a l a
sas l[Aug-'22] saaslaala
m
a a
daadsasa d a
PaP(a)d
a 150 ms–1P d
aPa a d d ad
aPa ms–1 d
PaPa
a d d
PaPav
a
d sas a d
PaPa
a
d sas a
aad a
d
a d
PaPa
a
d
P (b)P300 v PP
(c) 450 ms–1 (d) 600 ms–1
laailai sasla ilai laailai [Ans. (a) i ms–1] alaailai (a)
laaila150 aslaailai
(b)
laailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
s as a s as s as s s s h
s as s h s
daada d
ada a
Pa Consider
10. d a a
a ad uniformPa wires
Ptwo d a
ad a d
Pa ad
a
vibrating
a d a
Pa aod
a aa
PaPdad
o d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a a
P P P P P P
simultaneously in their fundamental notes. The v v
tensions, densities, lengths and diameter of the
alailai a i
lala
saaswires
i a i i
aslalratio
a a i
sa1asl:a2,
la i a i i
saaslala (c) dadsaaslaala
i i ilai
(d)
saaslaa
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa two
d a
d are
PaP4a : 1 respectively.
in
d a
d sthe
a
PaPa If the note
8 :
d 1,
a
d x
PaPofa the higherPpitch
: y and
d
aPa a
d PaPao d
PaPah
a
d d
aa a
d h Pa
d a
d
P o PP Pa
s.
has a frequency of 360 Hz and the number of
v
alailai beats aslaaproduced
ilai per aslaasecond
ilai is 10,sathenlaailaithe valuesaslaailai aslaailai a laailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
adx : y is PaPad
PaPof d a sa d
PaPad
a a s d
PaPad
a a d
PaPada s
a d
PaPad
a s
a s
[Ans. (d) PaPad da s
a a
Pha]Pad
d s
a
ok
P
o
(a) 36 : 35 (b) 35 : 36 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 1 : 2
a i i a i i ai i [Ans. a i i An organ
i 36 : 35] alaa15.
i(a) ipipe
i A closed aailat
ai one endsais aallowed
ilai i i
al la
daadsasa 11. d a saaslala d asaaslala d asaaslala d a d a saaslaalain its first
sas la to vibrate d a saaslharmonic d and
a a slaanother d a saaslaala
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ad represents
PaPa d a wave?
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
(a) (x – vt) 3
(b) x(x + vt) pipe B open at both ends is allowed to vibrate
alailai lal1a saslaala (d) sin(xs+aslvt
i i i i aa
o la a i i i i in its third
laailai
harmonic. Both
laailai
A and Bi are
laalai
in
aslaailai
(c)
adsaas( xa+ ada al) adsaasal a a a
daadsasa d vt ) d ada d d resonance
da
PaPad
s
a s with a given
d
PaPad
a s
a s tuning fork.
d
PaPad
a s
a The
s ratio d
PaPad
asa
www.Padasalai.Net
a a a a a a a a
ab
P P P PP P P (d) sin(xP+Pvt)]
[Ans. of the length of A and B is
12. A man sitting on a swing which is moving to 3 1 1
alailai ilai ilai ilai ilai (a) 8 alaila(b) i (c)
i (d) i i i i
daadsasa dana sl
saangle
a a
a of 60° d afrom l a
sas the vertical
a a d a
l a
sas is blowing
a a d a asasa l a
a d3asasa 8 asaasla
d alai 6 d a saaslaal3a d a saaslaala
P a d
PaPwhistle whichPaPhas
a d
a frequency
d
PaPa of 2.0 k Hz. PaPThe
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d 1PaPa d
[Ans. (c) ]
6
ur
whistle is 2.0 m from the fixed support point

alailai aslaailswing.
of sthe ai aslaailai detector
A sound laailai detectssaslaaII.
awhich ilai Short aslaaA
ilanswer
i Q aailai
asluestions :saaslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a a
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PaPad
a sa d
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a sa d
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a d
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1. What is meant by waves?
The maximum frequency the sound detector
.s
alailai detected
a laailai is a laailai a laailai a ilai The disturbance
laaAns. a laailai which
a laailaicarries energy a laailai and saslaailai
daadsasa a s s
ada2.027 kHz
PaPd(a) PaPdad
a sa s a s
aPdadakHz
(b)P1.974
s a
PaPdad
sa s momentum
P
a
aPdada
s s from
P
one
a
aPdada
s point
s in space
P aPdada another
a s to
s
P aPdaada
P point in space without the transfer of the medium
(c) 9.74 kHz (d) 1.011 kHz is known as a wave.
w
alailai sasla ilai l

asa a il a i [Ans. (a)l
asa a i2.027
l ai kHz] l a il a
asa2. Writei aslaailai the types laailai
asof aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
Pa ad
a a a
1PaPadd a sa d
a ada sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sdown
a d
PaPad
a sa waves. d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P 13.PLet y = 2 at t = 0 P s Pbe the amplitude Ans. waves can be classified into two types
1+ x
w
of thei wave propagating in the ilai positive alailai 1. Transverse waves ai i

alailai l a
x-direction.
a l ai
At t =
a l a
2
ilai
s, the l
amplitude
a a
of the a laailai saaslala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d s
a s a
PaPa d a
d sa s a
PaPad adsa s a
aad ad sa s a 2.
PaPad ads
Longitudinal
a s
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d a
d PaPad ad PaPad ad
P 1P P
wave propagating becomes y = . 3. What are transverse waves? Give one example.
w
1 +( x − 2) 2
Ans. In transverse wave motion, the constituents of
alailai Assume i
aslaalai that the ashapei
laalai of the swave i
aslaalai does not aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa dada s
a
PaPchange d a sa s
PaPadpropagation.
during d a a
PaPadThe velocity d a
PaPaofd sa the d a
ad
s
PaPmedium
a oscillated s
PaPador vibratePabout
a a d s
aPad their mean
a a d
PaPad
a sa
P
the wave is positions in a direction perpendicular to the direction
(a) a0.5 –1 –1 of propagation (direction of energy transfer) of
alailai laailami s saslaailai (b) 1.0 msasslaailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaP(c)
a s
a s
a 1.5 m s P
d –1

aPad a
d a (d)P2.0d a
aPam s
d a –1 d
PaPa
ad sa s waves.
PaPad adsa s
PaPad a
d sa s
PaPad adsa s
PaPad ad
P
[Ans. (b) 1.0 m s–1] Example: light (electromagnetic waves)

d
PaPad
a s
a
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
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alailai XIla
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saasUnit
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
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saaslaala
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saaslaala
i i
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daadsasa d
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a
d a s
PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
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a
d d
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d PaPa
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when a = 2; x = 2; y = 2 + 2 = 4 2d = 344 × 0.1 = 34.4 m
aslaailadi = 17.2 aslaam
y
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai ilai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a 5 d
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a sa d
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a sa d
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The d a
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PaPad
a sa
P
4
wall to hear an echo at 20°C is 17.2 meter.
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilai
saaslaaIII. Ldong ilai
saaslaaA nswerasQ aailai
asluestions i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
3
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
aPa
Pa=0
a
d d
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a
d PaPa
a
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2 1. Discuss how ripples are formed in still water.
Ans. A stone isaidropped in a ltrough of still water, i we
alailai aslaailai 1 aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai can see alai
aasldisturbance asaailai at theasplace
aslaailawhere aslaailai
co
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asa d
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a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
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a sa d
ada s
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a sa
P
2 5 x
the strikesPthe water surface
1 3 4
disturbance spreads out (diverges out) in the
a
a=
alailai i i i i i i i
saaslala form
i of ai i
saaconcentric circles iai ever increasing
saaslaalof
i i
saaslaala radii dadsaaslaala
i i
2
daadsasa saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala a

slala
1
da d a d a d a d a d a d a
P PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d (ripples)
PaPa d and strike PaPathe boundary
d PaPaof the trough.
d PaPa
s.
Explanation: This is because some of the kinetic energy of
the stone is transmitted to the water molecules
alailai This ilai
aslaaimplies, when ilai
aslaaincreasing aslaailvalue
the ai of aa,saaslaailai on the aslaailai Actually
surface.
aailai
aslthe particles
aailai
aslthe
of water aslaailai
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Foraalaai= vt, y = x – vt satisfies the differential
alailai saaslala a paper saastrip
ai ion the water saaslaasurface. Thesstrip
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differential equation, it is not finite for all values on the water surface. This shows that the water
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of x and
a laailait. Hencesitasldoes aailai not represent
o a laailaia waves.saslaailai
molecules ionly
a laalai
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about
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PaPWrite
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dad factors affecting PaPad d velocity
PaPaof
d d d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
sound in gases. (Mar-2020) 2. Briefly explain the difference between travelling
alailai Ans. (i) aEffect

a ilai of Pressure a ilai a ilai a ilai waves and a ilastanding
i
waves. i i i i i i
daadsasa d a sas l a d a a
sas l a d a a
sas l a d a a l a
sas Ans. d a a
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a Effect of
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(iii) Effect of Density S. Travelling Waves
Standing Waves (or)
ur
(or) Progressive
alailai (iv) asEffect
laalai of Moisture
i aslaalai(humidity)
i i
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aslaalai No i i
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ad troughs are
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PaPad
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15. What is meant by an echo? Explain. formed in transverse formed in transverse
.s
progressive waves,i stationary waves,

alailai laailaiis a repetition
Ans. Ansaecho a laailaof i sound produced a laailai by thesaslaailai and a ilai
laacompression a laalaand
and
i a
compression laailai and saslaailai
daadsasa a
ada
s
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a s s
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a sa s
PaPdad
a a a s
da s
PaPdararefaction
a
das
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s a sa s
PaPdad are formed
aa
PaPdad
P ofPsound a wall, mountain are rarefaction
or other obstructing surfaces. The speed of in longitudinal progressive in longitudinal stationary
w
sound i m s . If –1 waves. These waves move aailawaves. These laailawaves

alailai aslaain
ilai air at 20°C isla344
aslaa i we
aslaa ilaishout ataasaslaalai i aslaailaior backward aslin i aforward i aslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPwall
sa
ad which is d a
ata344
PaP
sa
d m away, d
PaPthen
a sa
ad the sound d
PaPwill
ad a d forward
a sa
PaPaadmedium i.e., d a
ad
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sa neither move
d a sa s
PaPadin a medium
nor d
PaPad
a sa
P will backward
take 1 second to reach the wall. After reflection, advance in a medium with i.e., they will not advance
w
the sound will take one more second to reach us. a definite
laailai velocity.saslaailaini a medium.
alailai a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i a i
saaslala
i
saasthe
iai
saaslaalall
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
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a
Therefore,
d we
PaPad a
hear
d the echo PaPa after
d ad two seconds.
PaPad a
d 2.
PaPad All
ad particles
PaPad in
a
d a the Except at
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ad other d
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a
d
P medium vibrate such particles of the medium
Scientists have estimated that we can hear two
w
that the amplitude of the vibrate such that amplitude

sounds properly if the time gap or latime interval lailai
alailai l
asa a il ai l
asa a il a i
thsaasa
il a i asa aslaailai for all particles
vibration aslaailaofi vibration ilai
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for different
d sa
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a sa
P 
10  amplitude is minimum
or zero at nodes and
(persistence
laailai of hearing)
laailai i.e., 0.1 ss.asThen,
alailai a a laailai i i
saaslaala a l a ilai a l a ilamaximum
i at ai i
saaanti-nodes.
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i i
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daadsasa d
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ads
a s dad
PaPa =
sa s Distance d a a
travelled
PaPa d 2d d
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a
d d a
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d sas a
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a a
d
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PaPa
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d
P Velocity =
time taken t while propagating. transport energy.

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alailai 426 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
iai
saaslaalSura’s
iai
saaslaa- lPhysics
 XI Std
i i
➠ aVolume aslaa➠
sa11
ilaiWaves i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
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ad PaPad d d
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4. In an empty room why is it that a tone sounds
Conceptual Questions louder than in the room having things like
alailai asa ai
la il aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
a ada sa d
aPada sa d a
ad
PaPwaves
sa d
PaPabe
a
d sa furniture
d
PaPad
a sa etc. d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa
P 1.P PWhy is it P that transverse cannot Ans. Sound is a form of energy. The furniture which
produced in a gas? Can the transverse waves act as obstacles absorbs most of theai energy.
alailai laailai laailai laailai laailai laailai laailai aslalai i i
saaslaala
m
a a a a a a
daadsasa be
d
PaPa
a
d sproduced
a s in
d
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a
dsolids
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d sa s So d
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s of
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d s
sound
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PaPa
adsalow but in
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d
P
Ans. Transverse waves travel in the form of crests empty room, due to the absence of obstacles the
alailai
and troughs
laailai and so linvolve
aailai changelain ilaishape. As alailai intensity of sound remaini mostly
laailai laalai
same iand
laalai
we
aslaailai
co
a a a a a a
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PaPgas
d sa s
ad has no elasticity d a sa s
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d sa s
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it
a slouder.
a s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s
PaPadd a sa
P
cannot be produced in it. 5. How do animals sense impending danger of
hurricane?
alailai Yes. a laailai and liquid
solids a ilai elasticity
laahave a laasoilatransverse
i a laailai aslaailai i i
saaslaalato be sensitive
i i
saaslaalato low dadsaaslaala
i i
daadsasa d a
d
PaPwave
a
sa s d
aPa a
d sa s
PaPad a
d sa s
PaPad a
d sa s Ans. Somed
PaPa
ad sanimals
a are believed
PaPad a
d d
PaPa
ad PaPa
P can bePproduced.
s.
frequency sound waves emitted by hurricanes.
2. Why is the roar of our national animal They can also detect the slight fall in air pressure
alailai a laailai
different from the a laailai
sound of a
laailai
mosquito?
a a laailai a laailai a laailai laailai
asapproach. aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s and dwater
PaPad
a sa s pressure that
d
PaPad
a sa signal
s a storm's
d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa
ok
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Ans. Roaring of a national animal (tiger) produces 6. Is it possible to realize whether a vessel kept
a sound laailai of lowsapitch laailai and high laaintensity or laiai under the tap is about toi fill with water?
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saaslby
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d sa s
loudness, d
PaPa
a
whereas
d a s the buzzing
PaPad a
d sa s of mosquito
PaPad a
d sa s aAns. The d
PaPa
ad s
frequency
a s of
PaPathe
d a
d sa note
s produced
d
PaPa
ad an air
PaPa d a
d
P
produces a sound of high pitch and low intensity column is inversely proportional to its length. As
alailai or loudness.
a laailai a laailai
o
a laailai a laailai
the level of
a laailai
water in the vessel
a laailai
rises, thei length
lai
aslaaproduces aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s
ad sound Psource d a sa s
aPad and Plistener d
aPada sa s d
aPad a sa s of the
d
PaPad
a sair
a s column above
d
PaPad
a sa s it decreases.d
PaPad
a saIt
PaPadd a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
3.PaPA are Pboth
ab
P
sound of decreasing frequency. i.e., the sound
stationary and a strong wind is blowing. Is
alailai a ilai a ilai a ilai a ilai becomes shorter.
a ilai From thei shrillness of sound,
a i ilai it i i
daadsasa there
d a
d
a
sas l aa Doppler d a
d
effect?
a
sas l a d a
d
a
sas l a d a
d
a
sas l a is possible
d ad
a l
sas to realize
a d a
d aasl
swhether
a l a
the vessel
d ad
a l a
sas is filled dadsaaslaala
a
Ans. Yes. It does not matter whether there is sound with water.
ur
sourcei or transmissioni media in motion. vmin = 11.71 ms–1.

alailai l
asa a l a i l
asa a l ai l
asa a il ai l
asa a il a i l
asa a il a i aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa da s a d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
P Pad
Pa PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
.s
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d
P
w

daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
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asa
P
w
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
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d d
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d d
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a
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a
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a
d d
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a
d d
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P
11
Register Number
alailai aailai
saaslth
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
Ans.
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a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
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d d
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d d
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INSTANT SUPPLEMENTARY exam - AUGUST 2022
STD. i i
alailai alaala aslaailai aslaailai Partaslaa- ilaIIIi aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa asas
PaPdad d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
PaPd a
d s
Pahysics
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
Time Allowed : 3.00 hours ] (With Answers) [ Maximum Marks : 70
alailai i i
saaslaala: (1) aslaailai the question ilai
saaslaapaper
i i
saaslaala of printing. aailai
saaslIf ai i
slalaof fairness, laailai the saslaailai
m
daadsasa Instructions
PaPad a
d d a
d sCheck
a
PaPa Hall Supervisor d a
d
PaPa immediately.
fordfairness
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d there is any
PaPad a
d saalack
PaPad a
d saasinform aa
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P
(2) Use Blue or Black ink to write and underline and pencil to draw diagrams.
l ail ai l a i
l ai laaila-i I aslaailai ilai
aslaa9. ilai
aslaarope aslaailm
ai aslaailaifrom a asaaslaailai
co
a
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d aPsaaart
s d a s
a d a sa A d a s
uniform
a having
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mass
a hangs d a s
vertically
a
P PaP:ad(1) AnswerPaall
Note
d
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a ad
(15 × P
a ad
1 =P15) rigid
d
PaPasupport. PaPad wave pulse
A transverse
d
PaPisaproduced PaPdad
at the
(ii) Choose the most appropriate answer from the lower end. Which of the following plots shows the correct
laailai ilai four alternatives
laagiven laailai and write lthe
aailaoption
i code laiai variation of
laispeed
ai v with height
laiaih from the lower
laiaend?
i i i
as as a s as and the a s a
corresponding
s answer.a sas sasal vasaasa
l asaasal v asaasal saaslaala
d a
Pad P aPdada P aPdada P aPdada P aPdaada PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad d
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a
d
s.
1. A ball of mass 1 kg and another of mass 2 kg are dropped
from a tall building whose height is 80 m. After a fall of (a) (b) h
h o
40 m leach
aailai towards Earth, their respective lkinetic energies lailai o
alailai abe aslaailai asaailai asaasa aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa will
d
PaPad
a sa s in the ratio
d
PaPad
of
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
PaPdad d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
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s
a da
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P (a) 2 :1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2 v v
2. If an object is dropped from the top of a building and
ilai i i i i aslaailheight
ai i lailai ilai i i i i
a
daadsas
l a
a d a saaslaala the ground
it reaches
d a saasatlaatla= 4 s, then
d a sathe d a a alai
of thesasla (c)
d osaasa
a d
h sasla
a a a(d) o
d a saaslaala h
d a saaslaala
P a d
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–2 d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
(a) 77.3 m (b) 78.4 m (c) 80.5 m (d) 79.2 m 10. If an object is at rest and no external force is applied on
alailai 3. Aapendulum
aslaailai is hung in
aslaaailvery
ai high building
o
aslaailaoscillates
i to alailai
the object, the static friction acting on the object is :
aslaailai ilai i aslaailai
daadsasa s s s a (a) zero aslaa(b) μs mg asaasla alai
and
d
ad afro motion d
aPada
freely a like a simple d a
harmonic
aP−2ad a oscillator.
d a
aPaIfdsas d a s
a
PaPμasdmg sin θ d a sa
PaPad (d) μs mg dad θ d
PaPad
asa
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPthe PaPcos
ab
P P P
acceleration of the bob is 16 ms at a distance of 4 m P (c)
from the mean position, then the time period is 11. In a horizontal pipe of non-uniform cross section,
water flows ilawith
i a velocity of
ilai1 ms–1 at a apoint
alailai (a) a2las ilai (b) 1 salailai (c) 2πs ala(d)i i πs
sasala
i i
saaslaala a l a a l a laailaofi where laiai
water dadsaasal
daadsasa 4. Padgaadsand
asa d a
d sasa
PaPathe acceleration
gp donote d a
d
PaPdue d ad
a to gravityPinaPathe
the ddiameter
PaPms
a
d s
a s a of the pipe
d a
d is
sa s20a cm.
aPa the diameterPof
a –1) at a pointPwhere
The velocity
d a
d
aPthe
s
a s
a pipe is (in cm) PaPa
P Pe (1.5
Earth and a planet. The mass and radius of the planet are
ur
(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 24 (d) 32

twice lthat of the Earth. Then _______. laiai
alailai asaailaig e aslaailai asal ilai
aslaa12. aailai
aslof aslaailawith
i aslaaa ildirection
ai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
a
ad gp =
PaP(a) d
PaPad
a s
a (b) PgaPd a sa
= d2ge
p a
da
PaPad
s
a d a s
A particle
a mass
PaPadmakes 60° with
m is
d ds
moving
a a
PaParespect
speed
d a
a adus
ain d
PaPad
a s
a
P 2 which to x P P
ge
(c) gp = ge (d) gp = axis. It undergoes elastic collision
.s
2 i i with the wall. What is the change

alailai a laailai a laailai a aa
slalof
i i
saaslaala a laailaiin x and y direction?
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a s
5. adAdropea s is woundad
a radius 40 P ds
around
a a s d ds
a hollowacylinder
a a massa3dkgad in momentum
d
PaPΔp
adsa s d
aPa ad dad
PaPa v d
PaPa
a
d
P P Pand PaWhat is the angular
cm. P Pa accelerationPofPathe (a)
a
= −mu; ΔpPy = 0
x
cylinder if the rope is pulled with a force 30 N?
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(b) Δpx = −2mu; Δpy = 0 60º

(a) 0.25 i s–2 alaailai (b) 25 rad as–2laailai
laaila–2rad
alailai a aslaailai a=slaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
Pa ad
a
(c)sa 5s ms d adsa s
PaPasuddenly
(d) 25 d
Pa ad
a
ms s–2s
a d
Pa ad
a sa (c) dΔp
PaPad
a s
a
x
0; Δp y
= mud
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a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa
P 6. PWhen a cycle tyre bursts,Pthe air inside thePtyre (d) Δpx = mu; Δpy = 0
expands. This process is :
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(a) Isothermal (b) Adiabatic i i 13. Which of thei following pairs iof iphysical quantities have
alailai (c) laailai
Isobaric
a a laailai (d) Isochoric a laala a laailai same a laalai
dimension? a laala a laailai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a
dadas s a sa s
PaPdad uniform circular
a sa s
PaPdadmotion, choose
a s
da
PaPdathe
s d a
dsa s d a
d s
a s d a
d s
a s dad
P 7. PaPIf a particle executes PaPforce
(a) a and power PaPa PaPand
(b) torque a energy PaPa
correct statement
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(c) torque and power (d) force and torque

(a) The velocity and speed are constant
alailai (b)saThelaailaacceleration
i aslaailspeed
and ai are constant.aslaailai ilai
aslaa14. A book
i i
la a
adsaisasatalrest on the
i i
saaslaawhich
atable la exertsaasa a i i a
slala force dadsaaslala
normal
i i
daadsasa d a
PaP(c)
a s
ad The velocity d a
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sa
ad acceleration PaPare
d a sa
adconstant. PaPad d a sa ona d
P Pthe book. If thisPforcea d d a d d a a
P (d) The speed and magnitude of acceleration are constant.
a P is considered
a P Pas reaction force,
a PP a
what is the action force according to Newton’s third law?
8. An object of mass 10 kg is hanging on a spring scale (a) Gravitational force exerted by Earth on the book
alailai which i i
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ilai of a lift. Ifathe
aslaaroof i i
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freesala
sala
i i i i
saaslaala force
(b) Gravitational i i
saaslaalaby the book
exerted saaon ailai
slaEarth
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
fall,
d the reading in
PaPa thea spring scale d
is
PaPa
a
:d PaPa
ad a (c) d ad
PaPNormal
a force P d a
exertedd
aPa by the book PaP d a
d
onathe table d
PaPa
a
d
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(a) 98 N (b) Zero (c) 49 N (d) 9.8 N (d) None of the above
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saasSupplementary aslaaila-iAugust 2022 aailai
saaslQuestion aslaailaanswers
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saaslaala
daadsasa 428 d
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a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
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a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
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a
d sExam
a d
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a
d
paper
PaPad a
d sawith
PaPad a
d
P
15. In stationary waves, the distance between a node and its 37. (a) Explain in detail the Triangle Law of Vector Addition.
neighbouring anti-node is : (or)
alailai asλlaailai λ ala
i
alai (c) 3λda(d)saaslaaλla
i i aslaailai (b) Derive l
asaa i i
Poiseuille’s
l a aslaailafor
formula i the volume aslaaofilaai liquid asaaslaailai
daadsasa d a
(a)
PaPad 4
s
a (b)
PP 2
ss
adaada a
P P4 a d d
PaPad
a s
a d adsa
PaPaflowing d a sa
PaPadthrough a pipe
per second d a sa
ad streanlined
PaPunder PaPdad
P
Part - II flow.
ai i Note: Answer
a i i any six a ilaquestions.
i Q.No
a ilai 24 is ala38.i i (a) Write a note on Triangulation method and radar method
aslaailai larger distances.i i i i i i
l l a l la l l sasala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
m
a a a a a a a a to smeasure
daadsas d
PaPa
a
d sas
compulsory. d
PaPa
a
d sas d
PaPa
a
dsas
(6 × 2 = d
PaPa
a
12)
d d
PaPa
ad a d ad
PaPa(or) d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
16. Write any two limitations of dimensional analysis? (b) Explain the variation of ‘g’ with depth from the Earth’s
17. What isimeant by Escape ispeed in the case of the Earth? surface.
laailai 18. A mobile i
laalaphone laalai a wave ssignallaailaofi frequencysaslaailai ai i
l a ai i
l a l a ai i l aai i
adsaasal adsaasal adsaasal adsaasal
co
s as s as towers a
transmits
s as ANSWERS
da a aadaMHz. Calculate
PaPd900
ada
PaPdathe daada daada d d d d
Pad PaPwaves
length of the transmitted PaPfrom a
PP a a
PP a
Part - I
a
PP a a
PP a
the mobile phone tower.
19. State Stefan - Boltzmann Law. 1. (d) 1 : 2
i i i i i i i i ilai laailai i i i i i i
a
al la 20. Define
daadsasa 21.PadWhat ad
a
saaslacentre
la of mass.
d a
d
a
saaslala d ad
a
saaslala d adsaasla2.
a (b) 78.4
dadsaasm d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
P Pa is meantPbyaPperiodic
a PaPa
and non-periodic motion? PaPa 3. PaPπs
(d) a PaPa PaPa PaPa
s.
22. state Hooke’s Law of Elasticity. ge
23. Define Inertia. 4. (a) gp =
i i i i ilai 2
alalai 24. Consider i trains A aand
aslaalatwo laalaBi moving along lai
aslaaparallel trackssala a laaila–2i aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPwith
sa
ad same velocity d
PaPain
a sa s d
d the same direction.a sa
PaPad Let the velocity d
PaPad
a a s a5.
PaPa
s
(a) d0.25
ada rad s
s d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
ok
P
of each train be 50km / hr due east. Calculate the relative 6. (b) Adiabatic
velocities of the trains.
i i i i 7.
i (d) The speed
i and magnitude of
i acceleration areiconstant. i i
alalai saaslaala
i P aslaala- i III
sart saaslaala
i lai
saaslaa8. alaalai saaslaala
i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa Note: d a
d
PaPaAnswer anyPsix d a
d a
aPaquestions. Q.PNo d a
d
aPa33 is compulsory. d
PaPa
ad PP
ss
aada
(b)adZero d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
(6 × 3 = 18) v
alailai
25. State Newton’s
laailai of three laws
laailaof
o
i motion. alaailai lailai laiai laiai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa 26.PadAn a saaelectron
s mass
d a s
a a9.1
s × 10–31 kg
d a revolves
sa s around
d aasaasa9. (d) daodsaasal d hsaasal
a d a s
a d asa
ad PaPad orbit of radius PaPad0.53Å. WhatPis d PaPad PaPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
aPathe Pa a
ab
P Pnucleus in a circular P
angular momentum of the electron? (Velocity of electron
10. (a) zero
v = 2.2 ×i 106 ms–1)
alailai a i
saaslala between
27. Distinguish a i
aslala
sstreamlined
i a i i
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saasla11. alaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
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d
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a
d (b)ad16
PP
ss
aada d
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a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
29. Derive an expression for Energy of Satellite. 12. (a) Δpx = −mu; Δpy = 0
ur
30. Show that path of a projectile is a parabola in horizontal

13. (b) torquelaand energy
alailai aslaailai
projection. aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai asailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa P ad
a s
a
31. adDerive the relationd
Pa ad
a sa
between momentumd
PaPad
a s
a
and kinetic a
energy.
d s
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a
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ad force P d a
exerted
s
a
aPad by the book d a s
a
onathe
PaP d table d
PaPad
a s
a
P 32. PState the laws ofPSimple Pendulum.
33. During a cyclic process, a heat engine absorbs 500 J of heat λ
15. (a)
.s
from laahot ilai reservoir, does ilawork

i and ejects ilan i amount of alaailai 4
alailai a a l a a l a a i i
saaslaala Paart
ilai
saas-laaII
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa heat
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s 300 a
s J into thedsurroundings
aadaefficiency P
sas
aadheat
a (Cold a
dareservoir).
dsas Calculate
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d dad dad d a
d
P ofaP
the engine.PaPa PaPa P Pa PaPa PaPa
16. (i) This method gives no information about the dimensionless
w
Part - IV constants in the formula like 1, 2, ……..π, e (Euler

l ail ai l ail ai aslaailai aslaail(5
ai × 5 = 25)saslaailai aslaailai etc.
number), aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa Note:
a a s
a asa all the questions.
Answer a s
a asa aa a sa a s
a a s
a asa
d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad PaPdad d
PaPad method cannot
(ii) This d
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about its centre and perpendicular to the axis of the is a vector or a scalar.
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rod. 17. The escapelaspeed

i i is independent i iof the direction
alailai a ai i
slala laailai
saas(or)
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala alathrown.
saasis saaslaala of whether laailaini which saslaailai
saasthe
daadsasa daadsa
PaP(b) What PaPad ad d
aPa a
d d
PaPa
a
d theaobject
d a
d Irrespective
d ad
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Explain how to determine the frequency of tuning fork
w
requires the same initial speed to escape Earth’s gravity.

using sonometer.
alailai 35. (a) laailaiis Inelasticsacollision?
What
a laailai Derivesa an
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laaexpression for aslaailai This can
i
alai
slawritten
asabe
i la ai
as=asal2gR E
as, ve aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s
PaPad loss of kinetic d ad
PaPaenergy
a s d a
d a s
PaPainelastic
in perfect d
PaPad
collision.
a sa d
PaPad
a d
PaPad
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a
P 18. Frequency, f = 900 MHz = 900 × 106 Hz
(or)
(b) Explain in detail the kinetic The speed ofi wave is c = 3 × 10 ilai ms
8 –1
alailai laailai in detailsabout i interpretation

laailathe
of temperature.
laailaiof cooling.saslaailai a i8 a i i i i
daadsasa 36. (a)a saa
Explain
s a aas Newton’s
a saasLaw aa a l a l
vadsas3 × 10
a
a a
sasl a asaaslaala a saaslaala
P PaPdad PaPdad (or) PaPdad PaPdad d
λP=aPa =
f 900 × 106 P
d d
P=a0.33
a m d
PaPa d d
PaPa d
(b) Describe the method of measuring angle of repose.

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alailai aslaailai aslaailai 11 Standard

alailai aailaiSura’s Bio-Botany

alailai aslaailai laailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai lailai : Work,sEnergy

alailai UNIT aVII

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

Physical World and

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai of Physics

Tech. & Society i i Significant Figures &

Physics relation to other

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

(12) Percentage error,laDa = a × l100%

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

1015 i i peta P 10–15 femto i i f i i

alailai aslaailai asImportant

Science : Science is the systematic organization of knowledge gained through

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

constant is  [JEE–2000] [QY-2019]

 [QY. - 2018; Jun.-2019; CRT & May - 2022]

alailai three ilai aslaailai i i i i (c) andalNewton’s i i gravitational

significant 5′9″. When it is measured with a yardstick, the

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during the forward and backward path of the

radio waves, it is divided by 2 to get the actual

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P (5) also be used

the height, at which an aeroplane flies from

 [Mar & QY-2019]

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(1) Let AB = h be the It is classified as follows

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alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

P1[Ml1aailaLi1b T1c] = P2[M a b c

I. Multiple ChoicelailQ uestions :ai i 2. The word scientia is meaning to _______.

(a) Mesoscopic (b) Microscopic

alailai expression i i for l alisailadimensionally

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Nucleus : Nuclear physics.

in the position of an object with respect to the

Radio laaitelescopes have laailaenabled the astronomers to la41.

35. Define the SI unit of length. ilai Chandrasekhar

A tiny massi of electron (9.11×10 −31kg). The huge

revolutionized the concept of communication. –6

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[QY. - 2018; Jun.-2019; CRT & May - 2022]

[Mar & QY-2019]

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