10th Science EM Slow Learners Material 2022 2023 English Medium PDF Download

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2022 -2023
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a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
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a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala asaas
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ad PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
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a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
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a d a d
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i i i i i i laailai ilai i i i i i i
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1.
d saasLAWS OF
d a
d saaslaaMOTION d a
d saaslaala d adsaasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
1. Define inertia.Give its classification.
Inertia:
s aslaailai aslaailinherent
sThe ai property
i i
saaslaala of a body aailai
saaslto resist any aslaailai in its state
schange
ilai
saaslaaof
i i
saaslaala is called
rest ordmotion aslaailai
sinertia. sasl
ada d ad a d a
d d a
d d a
d a d a
d ad d a
d a aPdaada
a PaP a P aPa
Types of inertia: 1. Inertia of rest. P aPa P aPa
2. Inertia of motion P aPa P aPa
3. Inertia of directionP aPa P
i i i i aailai based son ilai application? i i i i i i i i

adsaaslaala 2. Classify
d a
dsaaslaalathe types
d a
d aaslforce
sof d a
d
aslaatheir
a dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a
P PTypes a
P Pa 1. Like parallel
of Force: a a
P Pa force 2.PUnlike a
Pa parallelPforce
Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i 3. If a a5laNilaand i a 15 N ilai
aslaaforces are acting aailai opposite to i one
i another. i i the resultant
Find i i force and i the
i
a saaslaala d a sasa of action d a saof d asaaslforce d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d
direction PaPa d the d
resultant
PaPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Given , 𝐹1 = 5𝑁 𝐹2 = 15 𝑁
Twoi forces acting opposite to one ianother. Therefore, Resultanti force is,
s alsaailai s alsaalai s alsaailai s alsaalai s alsaailai s alsaalai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
ad a a d a
d a Fneta= d ad 𝐹
a 2 − 𝐹1 adada a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
a P Pa P P=a 15 − 5 =P10 Pa𝑁. P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
Fnet
Resultant Force = 10 N. The direction of 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝟏𝟓 𝐍.
ailai a ilai i i i i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasa l
d a a
sasa l
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d 4.PaP a d
Differentiate d
aPa and weight.
Pmass PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Mass Weight
i i i i
Fundamental i i
quantity i i
Derived quantity i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa Quantity a
P Pof a matter P Pa a a
P Pa force P Pa
Gravitational a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Its unit Kg Its unit Newton
i i scalar
i i quantity i i vector
i i quantity i i i i i i i i
l
5. Define moment of a couple.
 Thei product of theiforces and the perpendicular distance is calledi moment of a couple M = F i×i S
a
a
a
a
d
d
saa
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lsaailai
i i
saaslaala
ad
P Pa
d
a
d
dsaalsaalai
Its SI
ilai
PaPa equal to zero.
unit
d
PaPa
a
P Pa
is
d a
6. State the principle of moments.

aslaaequilibrium,
asaAt a
d
s
Nm.
d aalsaalai
laailaalgebraic
saasthe
i
d
PaPa
a
d
a d
P Pa
a
d saa
aslaailaof
sasum
lsaailai
i the moments
d
PaPa
ad
a
P Pad
i i
a
d saalsaailai
saaslaala of allda
PaPa
the
d
a
P Pad a
d
aailai
sa
saaslindividual
alsaalai
d
PaPa
forces
a
d
a d
P Pa
i i
a
d saalsaailai
saaslaalaabout any
PaPad a
d
a d
P Pa
a
d saaslaala
aslaailai is
sapoint asaas
PaPdad
l
a d
P Pa
a
d saasl
i i 7. StatealNewton’s
i i second i law.
i i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a sasaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaasl
ad P Pa The forceP P
a d a a d
acting a d a d
P Pais directly Pproportional
on a body Pa a d
Pa rate of change
toPthe a d a
P Pa of linear momentum
P Pa d a
of P Pa d
the body F = ma
i i ilai i i i i aiai i i i i i i
a saaslaala 8. Whyd a saasalaaspanner d a saaslaaalalong handle
with d a saaslaaislapreferred
d a slaltighten
saato d a saaslaalain heavy
screws d a saaslaala
vehicles? d a saaslaala asaas
l
 High torque with less force
 Moment of force = F× 𝑑
adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a a
P Paa cricket ball a a a
P Pa his hands a a aPa a
P Pa a
P Pa
9.P P
While catching P Pthe fielder lowers P Pbackwards. PWhy?
 Increase the time of contact
ailai aslaailai the impulse i i i i i i i i i i i i
a a l
sasa dasDecrease
a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala da saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP d
a Thus he pulls
d
PaPaback his hand d
PaPawhile catching d
PaPathe ball. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
i i laailai an astronaut i i ai i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala 10. How
dadsaasdoes d a
dsaaslaala float in
dad a slala shuttle?
asaspace
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
PPa Space station a
P Paand astronauts a a
P Pahave equalPacceleration,
Pa a
P Paare under free
they a
P Pafall condition.a
P Pa a
P Pa
 Hence, both the astronauts and the space station are in the state of weightlessness.
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i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
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laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
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d saaslaala d a
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d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
Answer in detail:
i i ilai laailainertia?
i iai laailaeach
i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala 1. What d adsaaslaaare the types
d a
d saasof d d saaslaalan
Give
a example
d a
d saasfor type.
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a
P PTypes a
P Pa
of Inertia a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
1. Inertia of rest
i i ilai i i i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a s2.
aaslaaInertia
d a saaslaala
of motion
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa 3. InertiaPof d
aPadirection PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
a) Inertia of rest:
 To resist alabody to change its state of rest Ex: After Shaking leaves fall down
a saaslaailai a s aaslaailai a saasailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
b)
P Pa d Inertia of a
P Pad
motion:
d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
 To resist a body to change its state of Motion Ex: An athlete runs some distance before
jumping
a laailai aslaailai of directionsaaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s dc)
a s Inertia
a d a d a d a d a d a d a asaas
a d PaPa d aPa
 ToPresist
d
a body to PaP a d
change its direction.
d
PaPa Ex: a sharp d
PaPaturn while driving d
PaPa a car, you d
PaPtend
a
to lean PaPdad
side ways.
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a Newton’s
State
2.P P a
P Palaws of motion? a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
a) Newton's First law
i i i i Everybody i i
continues toabe iini its state of i i or the state
rest i i uniform motion
of i i along a astraighti i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d d
PaPunless
line a d
PaPaupon by some
it is acted d
PaPaexternal force. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
b) Newton's second law
 The force lacting on a body is directly proportional to thelarate of changelaofialinear momentum
a saaslaailai a s aaslaailai of theasbody aasaailai F = ma a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saasailai a saasal i a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
c) Newton's third law
 For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. F -F
ailai a ilai a ilai a ilai a ilai a ilai B = Aalailai i i
a a
sasal
d a a
sasa l
d a a
sasa l
d a a
sasal
d a a
sasal
d a a
sasal
d a sasa d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d aa
3.P P
d
Describe rocket
d
PaPapropulsion. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Based on Law of conservation of linear momentum and Newton’s III law of motion.
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a i i aslaailaiwith fual
 asFilled ailai propellant ilai i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d d a d a
d slathe
saain d a
d saaslaatank d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
PPa When theProcket aPa is fired,Pproducing a
Pa a
P Pamomentum.P Pa
a huge a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 This momentum makes the rocket project forward.
i i  sThe aslaailmass
ai of thesarocket ai i ilai iai fuel is completelyi i aailai i i
a saaslaala d a a d a a slala gradually d a saaslaadecreases, d a saaslaalthe
until
d a saaslaala burnt
d a saaslout. d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP d
a The massPof d
aPathe rocket decreases
PaPa d d
PaPa which results
with altitude, d
PaPa in gradual d
PaPincrease
a d
PaPa of the
in velocity PaPdad
rocket.
a i i  aAt laailaistage, it sreaches
aslaailai escapeasvelocity
aslaailai i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d dsaasone d a
d a d d a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
4. Give the applications of universal law of gravitation.
i i  Dimensions i i of heavenly i i bodiesacan i ibe measured i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d a Mass, radius
PaP d d
PaPaof the Earth, PaP a d
acceleration d
PaPato gravity can
due PaPbe d
a calculated. PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Helps in discovering new stars and plants.
aslaailai  To ilai
aslaaExplain aslaailai
the germination aslaailaiusing geotropism.
of roots i i i i i i i i
a s a s a s a s a saaslaala asaaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saasl
a d a ad
P Pa d a
To predict d
the
a
P Pa d a
path of the d d a
astronomical
a
P Pa d d
bodies.
a
P Pa a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
l
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
2. OPTICS
s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aa
d a Short
a d a
d Answers
a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
1. What is refractive index?
 The ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in a medium is refractive index.
a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saa𝝁slaa=la 𝒄
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a d a d a d a d a d a d a asaas
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d a
𝒗 P Pa
d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
2. State Snell’s law.
i i  The iratio
i of the sine i of
i the anglealof i incidence
i andi sine i of the angle i i of refraction iisi equal to the i i
ratio
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d sasaala dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa of refractivea
P Paindices of theatwo
P Pa media. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊 𝝁𝟐
=
i i 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒓i i 𝝁𝟏
saaslaala 3. Draw saasalaaray
la aailai
saaslto aslaailai aslaailai saasla
i
alai thedobject
i i
saaslaalais placed
i i
saaslaala l
a da d a
diagram show the
d asimage
a formed
d a sby
a a convexd a
lens when a d abetween asaas
F and 2F.
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
4. Define dispersion of light
i i aslaailai a beamasof
 sWhen aailai light refracted i i laailaitransparent ilai aslaailainto
i its component i i
a
d saaslaala d a
d a d d aaslwhite
d a
d saaslaala throughd a
d saasany d a
d saaslaa
media. It is ssplit
d a
d a d a
dsaaslaala al
daadsas
a PaPa colours. This PaPaphenomenon Pais
P acalled a a
dispersion
P P of light. P a
P a P a
P a P a
P a P a
P
5. State lRayleigh’s lawlaof scattering lailai

a s aslaailai a s asaailai a s asailai a saasais inverselya aslaailai
saproportional a
ai i
slalafourth power
saathe a
ilai
saaslaaof a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a ad
P Pa d a
The amount
a
P Pad
ofd a
scattering of
a
P Pad d
light a d
P Pa 𝟏d a d
P Pa d
to a
P Pad d its d d
wavelength.
a
P Pa a d
P Pa d
S∝
𝝀𝟒
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala 6. Differentiate
d a saaslaala d a saasla alai d a saaslaala lens. dadsaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d convex
PaPa d lens and
PaPaconcave
d PaPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Convex lens Concave lens
Thicker in the middle than at edge Thinner in the middle than at edge.
www.Padasalai.Net
lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai i i i i
adsaa
dads aaConverging d a
d saa
lens d a
d saa
d a
d saa Diverging d ds
lens
a aa
d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa It is used a a
P Ptoa treat Hypermeteropia
P Pa a
P Pa a a
P Pto a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
It is used treat myopia
Produces mostly real images Produces virtual images
a ilai a ilai a ilai a ilai a i i i i i i i i
a a
sasa l
d a a
sasa l
d a a
sasa l
d a a
sasa l
d a
l
sasala
a
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d
7.PaP a
What
d
is power PaPof d
a accommodation d
PaPa of eye?PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 The ability of the eye lens to focus nearby as well as the distant objects is called power of
ai i aslaailai aithei eye. i i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d saccommodation
a d a
d saaof
slala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
8. What are the causes of ‘Myopia’?
i i  Lengthening of eye laailaball.
a saaslaala a aslaailai
sThe a saasof
i
a aslaailai
sareduced a
i i
saaslaala a saaslaala
i i
a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala asaas
l
a d 
PaPad d a focal d d
length
PaPa eye lens
PaPad d
is d
PaPa d PaPad d PaPad d d
PaPa d PaPdad
 The image of distance objects are formed before retina.
i i ai i aslaailai in blue aslaailai i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala 9. Why d a
d slala the sky
saadoes d a
d sappear
a d a
d sacolour? d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 The blue colour of shorter Pwavelength is scattered to a great extent
 This scattering causes the sky to appear in blue colour.
a ilai i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasa l
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPWhy
10.
d
a are traffic d
PaPasignals redPain d
Pacolour? PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Red light has longest wavelength.
a i i  asThe aslaailRed
ai light travels i i i i laailaicolour used i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d d a d a
d saaslaala long distance.
d a
d saaslaala Therefore,
d a
d saasred d adsaaslaainlatraffic dsignals.
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
Answer in detail:
i i aslaailafive
i properties i i aslaailai any five ai i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala 1. List d a
dsaany d a
d saaslaala of light.
d a
d s(Write
a d a
d slala
saapoints) d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a a a a a a a
PPa Light is aPform Pa of energy. P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
 Light always travels along a straight line.
ailai aslaailaidoes notasneed
 asLight aslaailamedium
i aailapropagation.
i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasa l
d a d a d a saaslits
for
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP d
a The speedPof d
aPalight in air P d
isaPCa = 3 × 108 𝑚𝑠 PaPa
−1d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Light is in the form of waves, C = 𝜸 𝝀
l
saasal a i ai  sViolet
aslaailai light has ai i i i
saaslaala anddared
slalalowest wavelength,
saathe aailai has theshighest
saasllight aslaailai wavelength. i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
2. Explain the rules for obtaining images formed by a convex lens with the help of ray diagram.
i i Rule 1lailai
a saaslaala a asa
sWhen
a a aslaailai
sof
a a
aailai
saaslthe a aslaailai
salens a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa d a ray
PaPad d light PaPad
strikes
d d
convex
PaPa d PaPad d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
obliquely at its optical centre, it continues to
follow its path without any deviation.
s alsaailai s alsaailai s a lsaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a dad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
Rule 2
i i When i i rays parallel i toi the principal i iaxis strikes ai i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala asaas
l
ad d
PaPa convex lens, d
PaPathe refracted d
PaPrays
a are converged PaPa d to PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
the principal focus.
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a 3
P PRule a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
When a ray passing through the principal focus
i i aslaailai a convex ilai the refracted i i aailai i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a sstrikes
a d a saaslaalens d a saaslaala ray dwill
a saaslbe da saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa parallel toPthe d
aPa principal axis. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a aPa
3.PDifferentiate aPaeye defects:
Pthe a a
P PMyopia aPa
andPHypermeteropia a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Myopia Hypermeteropia
i i i
short i sightedness i i i i i
long i sightedness. i i i i i i
l
a d d
PaPa Lengthening d
PaPa of eye ball PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPa of eye ball.
Shortening PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Nearby objects can be seen clearly but Distant objects can be seen clearly but
distant objects cannot ilai be seenalclearly. nearby objectsacannot be seenaiclearly.
a saaslaailai a sa
laailai
asThe image a saaslaadistant
of a sa
objects s
aailai
are a
formed sa
ilai
aslaaThe image a sa
lailai
asof nearby a
objects
i
saaslala are formed a
i i
saaslaala asaasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pa d d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
before retina. behind retina.
This defect can be corrected using concave This defect can be corrected using convex
ailai a ilai a ilai a ilai i i i i i i i i
a a
sasa l
d a a l a
saslens. d a a
sasal
d a a
sasal
d a a l a
sasala lens.dadsaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
4. Explain the construction and working of a ‘Compound Microscope’.
a i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d d saaslaala
Construction
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa  It consists a
P Pa of two convex a
P Pa lenses P Pa a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 The lens is placed near the object is called as objective lens
i i lailaThe i lens with near the observer's i i eye is called aailaieye lens salaailai
a saaslaala a saasa Both lens a aslaailai
sarea a saaslaala tube dwith
a saasladjustable a s a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa d  PaPad d a fixed in
PaPadadnarrow PaPa d PaPa d d a
provision. PaPad d PaPad d PaPdad
Working
 i The object ABi is placed at a distance slightlyi greater than the ilai focal length ilof objective lens
s alsaailai s a
 l a
a l ai
s A real, inverted s a l a
a l a i
s and magnified s a l a
a
ilai
s image A'B' s a l aa l a i
sis formed at s
the a l a
a
sother sidedof s a
thel a
a a i
s objectivedalens.
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a a
d a a d a d a
d
P Pa  This Pimage Pa A'B' behaves P Pa as the object P Pafor the eye P Pa
lens. P Pa P Pa P Pa
 The position of the eye lens is adjusted in such a way, that the image falls within the principal
i i i i laailai i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaalafocus ofdthe a saaseyepiece. d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa  This P aPa d
eyepiece formsPaaP a d
virtual, d
PaPand
enlarged a erect image d
PaPaA''B'' on thePsame d
aPa side of the d
PaPobject.
a PaPdad

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
3. THERMAL PHYSICSai i
s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai saaslala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aa
d a Short
a d a
d Answers
a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d ad
1. Define one calorie.
 One calories is defined as the amount of heat energy required to rise the temperature of 1 gram of
s as laailai aslaailaithrougha1℃.
swater
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala sasl
aada d
aPa a
d a d
aPa d d
aPa a
d d
aPa a
d d
aPa a
d d
aPa a
d d
aPa a
d aPdaada
P P P
2. Distinguish between linear, arial and superficial expansion. P P P P P
i i Linear Expansioni Arial / Superficial Expansion

saaslaala s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaalai s alsaailai s alsaailai ilai
saaslaaof
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a d a
d a When a body
a d a
d ais heated, the
ad adlength
a of thea d a
d aWhen a body
a d a
d is
a heated, the
a d a
area
d the body
a d a
d a d a
d
P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P a P Pa P Pa P Pa
body changes changes P
∆𝐿 ∆𝐴
i i Coefficient
i i of linear i i expansion 𝛼i 𝐿i = 𝐿 ∆𝑇 Coefficient i i of Arial i iexpansion 𝛼i𝐴 i= 𝐴 ∆𝑇 i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala ₒ
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala ₒ
d a saaslaala asaas
l
3. What is co-efficient of cubical expansion?
 The iratio of increase in volume ofithe body per degree rise in temperature to itsi unit volume isi i
s alsaailai s as l
called
aalai s a
as coefficient l aailai
s of cubical sas l aalai
expansion. s as l aailai s as l aailai s asl aalai saaslaala saasl
aad a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a dad a a d a
d a ad ad a d a
d
P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa∆𝑉 P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
 The SI unit is 𝐾 −1 𝛼v =
𝑉 ∆𝑇
ₒ
i i laailai i i i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala 4. State
d a saasBoyle’s law.
l
 When the temperature of a gas is kept constants, the volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely
𝟏
ai i proportional
a i i to itsapressure.
i i P∝ ai i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d
l
saasal a
d a
d
l
saasal a
d a
d
l
saasala
𝑽
d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
5. State-the law of volume.
 When the pressure iofi gas is kept constant, the volume of a gas isi directly proportional to the i i
laailai laailai laala laailai laailai laalai laailai la a l
s
aada
as aas as
temperature of
aas as
the gas. aas as 𝑽 ∝ 𝑻 aas as s
aa as s
aa as asaasal asaas
PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
6. Distinguish between ideal gas and real gas.
www.Padasalai.Net
i i i i iai i i i i i i i i i i
d saaslaalIdeal gasd a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaalaReal gas d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
If the atoms or molecules of a gas do not If the molecule or atom of a gas interact with
interact with each other each other
ailai ailai ailai a ilai aslaailai is no force i i i i i i
a a l
sasa d a a l
sa of attraction
saForce d a a l
sasa is very dweak a a
sasal
da sThere
a d a saaslaaoflaattraction
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
7. What is ico-efficient ofireal expansion?

a saaslaailai  a sThe
a
ai
aslaalratio of a
the sa slaalai
atrue rise in a
the
ai i
slala of the
saavolume a aslaailai per degree
saliquid a
ilai
saaslaarise in a
temperature
i i
saaslaala to itsdunit
a
i i
saaslaala asaasl
ad a d
P Pa d a
P ad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
volume. P
 The SI unit is 𝐾 −1
l
a d d
aPa is co-efficient
8.PWhat
d
PaPa of apparent d
PaPa expansion? PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 The ratio of the apparent rise in the volume of the liquid per degree rise in temperature to its unit
ai i aslaailai aslaailai i i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d svolume.
a d a
d sa−1 d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
PPa The SI unit a
P Pisa K . a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i 9. StateaAvogadro‘s
i i Law? i i i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala a saslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala asaas
l
a d a At constant
PaPd d d d
PaPpressure
a d d
andPatemperature,
Pa the
P d d
aPavolume of PaaPgasd d
a is directly d d
PaPproportional
a d d
PtoaPanumber of PaPdad
atoms or molecules present in it. V∝ 𝐧
i i ilai ilai i i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala 10. What
d a
d saaslaa
is Avogadro’s
d a
d saaslaanumber? d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 Avogadro’sPnumber (𝑁𝐴 ) is the total number of atoms per mole of the substance.
 It is equal to 6.023 × 1023 /mol.
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
Answer in detail:
i i ilai laailai i i i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala 1. Derive
d a
dsaaslaathe idealdgas
adsaasequation. d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa An ideal gas a a
P Pobeys Boyle’s a a Charles’s
P Plaw, a a and Avogadro’s
P Plaw a
P Pa a
law. P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
According to Boyle’s law PV = Constant
i i i i i i i i
𝑉 i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala
According
d saaslaala lawdadsaaslaa𝑇la= Constant
to aCharles’s
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa 𝑉 PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
According to Avogadro’s law = Constant
n
i i Combine
i i these three
i i equations i i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala𝑃𝑉 = Constant
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
nT P Pa
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
𝑃𝑉
Substitute 𝐧 = 𝛍𝐍𝑨 value we get = Constant
𝜇N𝐴 𝑇
a saaslaala d a aaslaalConstant
sThe a
d a=saa𝐾sl𝐵aal(Boltzman
a
d a aslaala
saconstant) d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPa d 𝑃𝑉 Pa a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
= 𝐾P 𝐵
𝜇𝑁𝐴𝑇
i i 𝑃𝑉 = 𝜇N𝐴 𝐾𝐵 𝑇ai i
a saaslaala a saaslaailai𝜇N 𝐾 a=saa𝑅.
Here slaailai
a
(Universal slala
saaConstant) a
i i
saaslaala R = 8.31
a
ai i
saa𝑚𝑜𝑙 ai i
slala−1 𝐾 −1dadsaaslala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d 𝐴 a𝐵
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pa a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
𝐏𝐕 = 𝐑𝐓
i i iai experiment i i i i iai i i aslaailai with aaneat i i
a saaslaala 2. Explain
da saaslaalthe d a saaslaala of measuring
d a saaslaalathe real d a saaslaalapparent
and
d a saaslaala
expansion of a
d
asaliquid
d saaslaala asaas
l
ad aPa d
Pdiagram. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 The liquid whose real and apparent expansion is to be determined is poured in
ai i aslaailai up toasaaalevel.ai i Mark this aailai as L1. salaailai i i i i i i
a
l
saasal a
d a scontainer
a d slala da saasllevel d a a s d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saasl
a d a
PPa Now, heat
d a d
a container
P Pthe a d
a the liquid
P Pand a d
P Pausing a burner. a d
P Pa InitiallyP the a
Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
container receives the thermal energy and it expands.
i i  Aslaailaresult, the volume
laailai of thesaliquid ai i appearssatolaahave i i reduced. iMark this lailai i i
a saaslaala a asa i
sreduced
a a saasliquid a a slala a a s la a saaslaala
i
a saasa a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa d level
PaPad d
of as L d
PaP2a. d PaPad d d
PaPa d PaPad d PaPad d PaPdad
 On further heating, the thermal energy supplied to the liquid through the
container results ini the expansion iofi the liquid. Hence, the leveli of liquid
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lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai
lsaalai lsaala lsaalai i i i i
adsaa
d a
d s a
rises
a to L3 .adada s a
d adsa a
d a
d saa
d a
d saa
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa P Pa a
P a a
P a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 The difference between Pthe levels L1 Pand 𝐿3 is called as apparent
expansion. Apparent expansion = 𝐿3 = 𝐿1
a ilai aslaaidifference
lai i i ilai ilai ilai i i i i
a a
sasa l dasThe
a d a saaslaala the levels
between d a saLas2laaand a saaslaareal
L3 isdcalled saaslaaReal
expansion.
d a expansion
d a saasl=aalLa3 − L2 dadsaaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPdad
i i
4. ELECTRICITY
a saaslaala Short a aslaailai
sAnswers
a a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
ad a d
P Pa d a
P a d d a
P ad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
1. Define the unitPof current. P
 The SI unit of electric current is ampere (A).
ailai aslaailcurrent
ai i i aslaailai i i i i i i i i
a a
sasal dadsThe
a saaslaalathroughdaadsaconductor
flowing
d a saaslaatolabe onedampere,
isdasaid a saaslaala whendaadcharge
saaslaala of onedacoulomb
saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa PaPa d PaPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPa 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐨𝐦𝐛PaPa d PaPdad
flows across any cross section of a conductor, in one second. , 1 ampere =
𝟏 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝
i i 2. What happens to the resistance, as the conductor is made thicker?
a saaslaala  a aaslaailresistance
sThe ai
a aaslaailai
sdecreases, as a
the
laailai
saasconductor isa aslaailaithicker.asaaslaailai
smade
a a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
3. Why is tungsten metal used in bulbs, but not in fuse wires?
i i aslaailai has ahigh
 sTungsten ilai i i i heat
i for glowing. i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d a d dsaaslaamelting d d saaslaaitlacan bear
point,
a d a
d saaslaala
high
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala dadsaaslaala al
daadsas
a PaP P a P a
 But in fuse Pwire, the wiredPused in it should
a a a P a a
P melt. P a
P a P a
P a P a
P a P a
P
 So a metal wire which has low melting point should be used in a fuse wire, but not tungsten wire.
i i aailai i i ai i ilai i i ilai i i
adsaaslaala 4. Named a
d saaslany two asaaslaalawhich dare
devices,
d d a
d slala
saaworking ond a
d saaslaaheating
the a saaslaaoflathe electric
effect
d d d a
d saaslaacurrent. d adsaaslaala d adsaasl
a a
P1.Pa Electric iron a
P Pa a
Pa a a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
2.PElectric heater.P P
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
5. Define electric potential and potential difference.
i i iai i i i i i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d dsaaslaalpotential
Electric
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
PPa The amount a
P Paof work done a a moving aPunit
P Pin a
Pa positive P aPa from infinity
charge a
P Pa to that point a
P Pa against a
P Pa
the electric force.
i i Potential i difference.
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
l
a d a The electric
PaP d d
PaPpotential
a d
PaPa between
difference PaPtwod
a points isPdefinedaPa d as the P d
aPa of workPadone
amount d
Pa in PaPdad
𝐖
moving a unit positive charge from one point to another point against the electric force. V = 𝐐
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a aPa is the role
6.PWhat a
P Paof the earth aPa in domestic
P wire a
P Pa circuits? P Pa a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 The earth wire provides a low resistance path to the electric current.
i i
saaslaala  sThe aslaailearth
ai wire ssendsaslaailaithe current aailai the body
saaslfrom aailathe
saaslof
i appliance ilai the earth alailai
saaslaato
i i
saaslaala l
a d a a d a a d a d a d a d a sasa d a asaas
a d d
a Thus, thePearth
PaP d
aPa wire serves PaPasd
a a protective d
PaPconductor,
a d
PaPa saves us P
which d
aPa electric shocks.
from PaPa d PaPdad
7. State Ohm’s law. lailai

a s aslaailai a s aslaailai a saasa a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a ad
P Pa d a
At a constant
a
P Pad temperature,
d a the
d
P Pa d steady current
a
P Pad d ‘I’ flowingathrough
P Pad d a conductor
a d
P Pa d is directly
a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
proportional to the potential difference ‘V’ between two ends of the conductor. V = IR
i i i i aailai aailai i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala 8. Distinguish
da saaslaala between
d a saaslthe d a saasland
resistivity d a saaslaala of a conductor.
conductivity d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala asaas
l
Resistivity Conductivity
The resistance of a conductor of unit length and The reciprocal electrical resistivity
i i ai i i i i i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d s
a aslalaof cross
unit
d dsaaslaala
section.
a dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa It’s unit P a a metre P Pa
isPohm a a
P Pa a
Pa is mho metre
It’sPunit a
P Pa .
-1 a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i laailai ai i in domestic i i laailaiwhy? saslaailai i i i i

a saaslaala 9. What d a saasconnection d a
issaused
a slala d a saaslaalaappliancesd a saasand d a a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP d
a All the circuits d
PaPa in a house PaP d
a connectedPin
are d
aPaparallel, so Pthat d
aPa the disconnection d
PaPa of one circuit d
PaPa does PaPdad
affect the other circuit.
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adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a Answer
a
P Pa in detail:
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
1. a) What is meant by electric current? b) Name and define its unit. c) Which instrument is used to
measure the electric current? How ashould it be connected in a circuit?
a laailai a laailai a laailai a lailai a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s a)d a s s
Electric
a current
d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a d a d a asaas
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa 𝐐d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 The rate of flow of charges in a conductor. I =
𝐭
i i b) Name and define its unit.
saaslaala aslaailai
sThe
i i
saaslaala current aslaailai
sis saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad ad
P Pa
ad a SI unita d
of
P Pa
ad
electric a
P Pad a
d a ampere d
(A).
a
P Pa
ad a
P Pad a
d a
P Pad a
d a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
 The current flowing through a conductor is said to be one ampere, when a charge of one coulomb
𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐨𝐦𝐛
ailai flowsa ilaiacross anyacross a ilai section of aailaconductor,
i inlaone
ilai second. a,la1ilaampere
i = 𝟏la𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝
i i i i
a a
sasal
d a a
sasal
d a sasal
d a a
sasal
d a a
sasa d a sasa d a saasala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d Pc) d
aPaWhich instrument PaPa d is used PaPto d
a measure Pthe d
aPaelectric current? PaPa d d
PaPa it be connected
How should PaPa d in a PaPdad
circuit?
Ammeter. laiai It shouldlabe connected in a series in a circuit.
a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saasal a saasailai a saaslaailai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d
PaState Joule’s
2.P a)
a
P Plaw of heating.P Pab) An alloyP of Panickel andPchromium Pa P Pa as the heating
is used P Pa element. P Pa
Why? c) How does a fuse wire protect electrical appliances?
ilai a) Joule’s i i aslaailai i i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasal a
d a saaslaala law d of sheating
a a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa Joules’ law PaPof d
a heating states d
PaPathat the heat d
PaPproduced
a d
PaParesistor is PaPa
in any d PaPa d PaPdad
 Directly proportional to the square of the current passing through the resistor.
i i  Directly i i proportional i i to the resistance i i of the resistor. i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a s2aaslaala a saasl
a d ad
P Pa d Directly a d
P Pa d
proportional to a
P Pa
the d d
time for a d
P Pa
which d
the current a
P Pad d
passing through a
P Pad
the d resistor. H =
a
P Pad dI Rt a d
P Pa d
b) An alloy of nickel and chromium is used as the heating element. Why?
(i) It has high resistivity.
a laailai a laailai iai
saaslaalmelting
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sa s (ii) It has daahigh a
point.
d d a d a d a d a asaas
a d PaPa d Pa a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
(iii) It is Pnot easily oxidized.
i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
c) How does a fuse wire protect electrical appliances?
i i ilai Whenaasaa ai i i i ilai aslaailawire
i ai i ai i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaa d d slala current
large
d a
d saaslaala through
passes
d a
d aaslaacircuit,
sthe theasa
d d
fuse melts
dad slalato joule’s
saadue d a
d slala
saaheating d a
d saasl
a a a
P Paeffect and Phence
Pa the circuit a a disconnected
P Pgets a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
a laailai 3. Explain a laailaabout

i domestic
a laailai electricscircuits.(circuit
a laailai a ldiagram
aailai not required)
ai i
slalameter. dadsaaslala
saa(ii) ai i i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sa s
Important d a sa
componentss of the
d a a
mains box are d a
(i)saas fuse box a
and
d d a asaas
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPa d PaPdad
 Tow insulated wire 1) Red wire  Live wire 2) Black wirw  neutral wire.
 An electrical potential at 220 V. i i
alsaailai a lsaailai alsaailai saaslaalawire enter aslaailabox
i
saa aiai
slalmain
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aadsa ad a
d sBoth,
a the live
a d ads
wire
a and thead a
neutral
d a d a
d sinto
a where
a d a
d the a d a
switch
d a d a
d a d a
d
P Pa P a P Pa P a P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
 It passes to Pmain switch which has to twoPseparate circuits.
1) 5A rating. 2) 15 A rating.
ailai laailai be noted ilai i i ilai i i i i i i
a a
sasa l dasItaasshould d a saaslaathat all the
d asaaslaala in a house
circuits d a saaslaaare connected
d a saaslaainlaparallel.
l
4. a ) What are the advantages of LED TV over the normal TV? b) List the merits of LED bulb.
a) Theaadvantages of LED TV over the normal TV
a saaslaailai  a sa
It
lailai
ashas brighter a saaslaailai quality.asaaslaailai
picture a
i i
i i
a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pa d d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
 It is thinner in size.
 It used less power and consumes very less energy.i i
a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sIts
a s life span is
d a sa s
more. d a sa s d a d a d a d a asaas
 It is more reliable.
b) List the merits of LED bulb.
s alsaailai  aslaailapower
sLow
i ,dNo laailaiof energysaslaailai
saasloss
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a d a
d a a ad a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
P Pa It is not harmful P Pa to the environment. P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
 A wide range of colours is possible here.
a ilai aslaailai and other
asMercury ilai material ilai not required. i i i i i i i i
a a
sasa l
d a d a saaslaatoxic d a saaslaaare d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
5. ACOUSTICS
www.Padasalai.Net
i i aslaailai i i i i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala Short d a
d sAnswers
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a aPa is a longitudinal a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
1.PWhat wave?
 These are the waves in which the particles of the medium vibrate along the direction of wave motion
a ilai aailai longitudinal i i i i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasal
d a aslcalled
sis
a d a saaslaala wave.dadsaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
2. What is the audible range of frequency?
i i  20 i i to 20 kHzalailai
Hz i i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d sasa d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
3. What is the minimum distance needed for an echo?
 17.2 m
a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a s a s d a d a d a d a d a d a asaas
4. Name three animals, which can hear ultrasonic vibrations.
1) Mosquito 2)Dogs 3) Bats
ai i a i i ai i i i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d
l
saasal a
d a
d
l
saasal a
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
5.P P a does sound
Why a a
P Pa faster on aP rainy
Pa day than a a a dry day?
P Pon a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 Presence of moisture in air decreases the density of air.
i i
saaslaala  sVelocity
aslaailai increases ilai the decrease
saaslaawith
i i
saaslaala in density
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a d a a d a d a d a d a d a da asaas
a d d
a Hence, velocity
PaP d
PaPa of soundPincreases
aPa d d
aPa day.
on aPrainy PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
6. Why does an empty lvessel producelamore sound than a filled one?

a s aslaailai a s aslaailai as asaailai a s asailai a s aslaailai a
ilai
saaslaaliquid a
i i
saaslaala so emptya
aailai
saaslvessel a saasl
a d a ad
P Pa d a
The amplitude
a
P Pad d aof vibration
a
P Pad da
of air d d
molecules
a
P Pa
a is greater a
P Pad d
than d d
molecules,
a
P Pa a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
produces more sound than a filled one.
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
7. Explain why, the ceilings of concert halls are curved.
i i  asTheaslaailceiling
ai i i ai i aailai sound, after iai i i ai i
a
d saaslaala d d a d dsaaslaala hallsdare
ofaconcert ad slala curved
saamade d a
d
aslthat
sso
a d a
d saaslaalreflectiond a
d saaslaalathe curved
from
d a
d saaslala
ceiling,
d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa reaches all PPa a paths of the
the a a
P Phall. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 A curved ceiling actually acts like a large concave soundboard and reflection sound down onto the
i i i i sitting ainlathe
audience i i Hall. alailai i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a sasala d a sasa d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
8. Mention two cases in which there is no Doppler effect in sound?
i i  When source (S) land listener (L)laboth are at rest.
saaslaala s aslaailai s asaailai s asailai ai i
slala
saaperpendicular aslaailai
sadirection.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad ad
P Pa
a
d a
When source
a
P Pad a
Sd aand L are a d
P Pa
a
moving
d a in d a
mutually
a
P Pa d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
 When S and L move in such a way that distance between them remains constant.
i i 9. Difference between the Sound and iLight waves. i i
saaslaala a laailai a laailai a laalai saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a d a d a d a asaas
a d PaPa d d
PaPa SOUNDPaPa d PaPa d PaPa d LIGHTPaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Medium is required for the propagation Medium is not required for the propagation.
i i i i i i i i aslaailai i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala
Longitudinal.
d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d sTransverse.
a dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P PaA speed of P a
Pa 340ms PatPNTP.
about –1 a a a
P Pa A speed of a
PP3a× 10 ms .P Pa
8 –1 a a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala Answer d a inlaidetail:
saaslaa d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
ad aa
1.P P
d
What are thePfactors
aPa d d
PaPa the speedPa
that affect
d
Pasound in gases?
of PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Effect of density :
ai i ilai ai i aailai laailai laailai 1 saslaailai i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d saaslaa
The a
velocity
d d saaslala
decreases asda saasldensity
the
d ofd a
the
dsaasgas a
increases.
d d saasV α √ d a
d a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
PdPa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Effect of temperature :
i i i The
i velocity i isound in aalgas
of i iincreases awith i ithe increase i itemperature.
in iVi ∝ √T. alailai
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a sasaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asasa asaas
l
a d d
PaPEffect
a of relative d
PaPa humidityP:aPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad PaPdad
Humidity increases, the speed of sound increases.
www.Padasalai.Net
i i i i i i ilai i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala 2. a)dadWhat saaslaala do youdaunderstand
d saaslaala by
d a
d aaslaaterm
sthe d dsaaslaala vibration’?
‘ultrasonic
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa aPasound waves a a a
P Pagreater thanP20 aPakHz. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
ThesePare P Pwith a frequency
b) State three uses of ultrasonic vibrations.
a ilai ilai Used in SONAR i i to measure i i ailai i i i i i i
a a
sasal
d a saaslaa d a saaslaala d a saaslaala the depth
d a slasea.
saaof d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d  Used d
PaPafor scanning PaP d
a position of
the PaP a d
stones in the P aPa d
kidney. PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 To make an image of a person’s internal body structure.
i i c) aName i i three animals, i i which a cani hear
i ultrasonic i i vibrations. i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d adsaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
P Pa 1. Mosquito,
a
P Pa 2. Dogs,
a
P Pa 3. Bats
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
3. What isian echo? a) State two conditions necessaryi for hearing an echo. b) What are the medical
a laailai a laalai a laailai a laailai a laalai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a s
a s
applications ofd a s s
echo?c)
a How a
can
d s
a s
you a
calculate
d s
a s
the speed of
d a s s
sound
a usingd a s
echo?
a s d a asaas
a d d
PaPaEcho : PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
An echo is the sound reproduced due to the reflection of the original sound
i i aslaailaiconditions aailai aailai i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d
a)
a
d saTwo d a
d saaslnecessary d d saaslhearing
for
a d d saaslaala
anaecho:
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa aPa
1. ThePminimum a
Pa between the
timePgap a a
P Poriginal a a an echoPmust
P Pand
sound aPa be 0.1 s. P Paa a
P Pa
2. The minimum distance required to hear an echo is 17.2 m.
i i b) The i medical
i i i
applications of echo: i i i i i i i i i i
l
a d PaPa d Echo isPausedd
Pa in obstetric d
PaPaultrasonography, PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
a) Calculation speed of sound :
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝟐𝐝
i i lsaailai lsaailai of Sound
Speed lsaailai 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐧
= lsaailai = 𝐭 saslaailai i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d saa
d a
d saa
d a
d saa
d a
d saa
d a
d a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
6. NUCLEAR PHYSICSai i
s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai salsaailai s alsaailai saaslala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aa
d a Short
a d a
d Answers
a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a dad a d a
d a d a
d
1. Who discovered natural radioactivity? Henri Becquerel
i i ilai aslaailai i i laailapitchblende?
i i i aslaailai i i
a saaslaala 2. Whichd a saaslaaradioactive
d a samaterial a saaslaala in thedore
isdpresent a saasof d a saaslaalaUranium, d a saRadium d a saaslaala asaas
l
3. Write any two elements, which are used for inducing radioactivity? Boron, Aluminium
ai i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a aPa the name
4.PWrite a a
P Paof the electromagnetic
P Pa a
P Pa
radiation, a a
whichPisPemitted a
P Paa natural P Pa
during a a
P Pa
radioactivity. Gamma
a ilai 5. If A is aiaradioactive
a i element
a ilai which lemits
a ilai an α - particlea ilai and produces a
259
ilai 104Rf .aWritelaailai the atomic i i
a saasl a d a
numbersaasl a l
and mass
d a saasl
numbera of the
d asaas a
element A. d a s
Massaasl a number d a=s aasl
263,a Atomic d a sa s
number = 106
d a saaslaala asaas
l
6. What is the average energy released from a single fission process? 200Mev (or) 3.2 × 10-11 J
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
7.P P a
Which a
P Pa radiationP is
hazardous a
Pathe cause for a a
a genetic Pdisease?
P Pthe Pa a
P Pa Gamma ray a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i isilathe
i amount i i ai imay cause aailai of a person i i i i aailai
a saaslaala 8. What
da saaslaa d a saaslaaoflaradiation
d a saathat
slala d a saasldeath d a saaslaala whendexposed
a saaslaala to it?d600
a saaslR asaas
l
9. When and where was the first nuclear reactor built? 1942 at Chicago, U.S.A
i i laailai ai i aailai i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala 10. Give
d a
d saasthe SI unit
d a
of
d slala
saaradioactivity. dadsaaslBecquerel d a saaslaala
(Bq)
d d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
11. Which material protects us from radiation? Lead
l
a d
12. a d
PaPWrite any three
d
PaPa features of PaP a d
natural and P
aPa d
artificial PaPa d
radioactivity. PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Natural radioactivity Artificial radioactivity
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i i i i i i i i i i aailai ilai i i
adsaaslaala dSelf-
ad
l a l a
saasadisintegration
d a
d saaslaaoflaa nucleus.
d a
d saaslaala d a
d
la
asal a
saDisintegrationd a
d aaslnucleus
sof through
d a
d saaslaainduced d a
d saaslaala
process. d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Alpha, beta and gamma radiations are Mostly elementary particles such as neutron,
emitted. positron, etc. are emitted.
i i i i i i i i aslaailai process. i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala
Spontaneous d a saaslaala
process. d a saaslaala da saInduced d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
This cannot be controlled. This can be controlled.
a
d saaslaala 13. dDefineadsaaslaalaCriticaldamass.
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 The minimum mass of a fissile material necessary to sustain the chain reaction is known as ‘critical
mass’.
ailai i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasal
l
a d
14. a d
PaPDefine one P
aPa d
Roentgen. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 The quantity of radioactive substance which produces a charge of 2.58 ×10-4 coulomb in 1 kg of
i i ilai standard ilai aailai i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d
aslaaunder
sair
a d a
d saaslaaconditions d a
d saaslpressure,
of
d d saaslaala anddahumidity.
temperature
a d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
15. State Soddy and Fajan’s displacement law.
 When a radioactivei ielement emits an alpha particle, i a daughter i nucleus isalaaformed whose mass
a laailai a laailai is less by a l4aalunits
a a aailai
latomic a laaisilaless a laailathan ilai laailai
saasatomic l
a sa s d a s a s
number d a sa s andd a s
thea s number
d a sa s by 2
d a sa s
units, thed a s
mass
a s number and
d a asaas
a d d
PaPa number ofPathe d
Pa parent nucleus. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 When a radioactive element emits a beta particle, a daughter nucleus is formed whose mass number
i i aailasame
i aslaailatomic
ai i i i ai i laailathe i i
a
l
saasala a
d a aslthe
sis
a and
d a sathe d a saaslaalais moredby
number a saa alai thandthe
1slaunit, a slala number
saaatomic d a saasof
i parent nucleus.
d a saaslaala d a saasl
a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
16. Give the function of control rods in a nuclear reactor.
i i  Tolacontrol the numberlaailai of neutrons
saaslaala asailai
sTo saasreaction.
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala asaas
l
aad 
PaPa d a
d a control d a
chain
PaPa d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d PaPdad
 Mostly boron or cadmium rods are used as control rods.
i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
17. In Japan, some of the newborn children are having congenital diseases. Why?
i i aslaailatoi high exposure
 asDue i i i i i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d da d a
d saaslaala of radiation
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a PPa
a Caused byP atom aPa bomb during a
P Pa second world a
P Pa war a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i ai i is working i i ilai aslaaailhospital.

ai ilai does not wear i i aslaailai
a saaslaala 18. Mr.
d a saaRamu
slala d a saaslaalaas an Xd-adray
saaslaatechnician d a sin
a d
But,
a saaslaahe d a saaslaala the lead
d a saaprons. asaas
l
a d a d
PaPWhat d
PaPa will you give
suggestion PaPa to Mr. Ramu? PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Lead coated aprons and lead gloves should be used .
 Avoid eating while handling radioactive materials.
s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai saaslaala
i i ai i
slala
saaradiation.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a ad
P Pa
a
d a
Dosimeters a d a
d a
should
P Pa be worn
ad
P Pa
a
d
by athe users to
a
P Padad
check the level
a
P Pad a
d
of a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
19. What isi stellar energy?

a laailai a laalai ai i
slala takes place
saathat
i i
saaslaainlathe cores
ilai
aslaathe aailai
saaslSun
i i
saaslaalaamountdof ai i
slala
saaenergy, al
adsa s 
d a
d s
a s
Fusion reaction
d a
d d a
d d a
d saof stars like
d a
d emit a
d a
dlarge ad daadsas
a PaPa which is calledPaPa as ‘stellarPa P a
energy’. P a
P a P a
P a P a
P a P a
P a P a
P
i i aailai two usessaof aiai ilai the field aoflaagriculture?

i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala 20. Gived a
d saaslany d a
d a slalradioisotopes
d a
d saaslaain d a dsasala d a
a a
PPa The radioisotope a
P Pa of phosphorous a
P Pa a
(P-32)PhelpsPa to increase a
P Pathe productivity a
P Pa of crops. P Pa a a
P Pa
 To kill the insects and parasites and prevent the wastage of agricultural products.
l
a d PaPa
Answer d in detail:PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
1. Explain the process of controlled and uncontrolled chain reactions.
Controlled chain lreaction:
s aslaailai s aslaailai aailai
saaschain aailai
saaslthe laailai
saasneutrons
i i
saaslaalais maintained
iai
saaslaalto
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a ad
P Pa
a
d a
In the a
P Pad
controlleda
d a
P Pad a
reaction,
d number
a
P Pa d a dof a
P Pad a
released
d a
P Pad ad be one.
a
P Pad a
d a
P Pad ad
 The energy released due to a controlled chain reaction can be utilized for constructive purposes.
 Controlled chain reaction is used ini ai nuclear reactor to produce energy in a sustained and controlled
a laailai a laailai a laailai a laala a laailai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a s s
manner.
a d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a asaas
Uncontrolled chain reaction:
 In the uncontrolled chain reaction, the number of neutrons multiplies indefinitely and causes fission
www.Padasalai.Net
lsaailai aslaaaillarge
ai amount i i ai i i i i i i i i i
adsaa
d a
d sin
a d a
d saaslaaoflathe fissile
d a
d slala
saamaterial. d a dsaaslaala d a
a a
PPa This results a a the releaseP of
P Pin aPaa huge amount a
P Paof energy within a
P Pa a fraction PPaofaa second. P Pa a a
P Pa
 This kind of chain reaction is used in the atom bomb to produce an explosion.
l
a d 2.PaP a d
Compare aPa d
thePproperties d
aPa beta and
ofPalpha, PaPgamma
a d PaPa
radiations.d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
α rays β rays γ rays
0
i i Helium i inucleus i i i i
electrons ( e ), i i i iphotons. i i i i
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saasl
-1
aad a d ad
Positively d
charged
a a
d a d a
d Negatively a d a d
charged a d a
d Neutral a d ad
particles. a d a
d a d ad
Ionising power greater than β Ionising power Comparatively Ionising power Very less
rays and γ rays. lowi i ionization power
a laailai a laailai a laailai a laala a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaalaa very
ilai
saaslaahigh l
a sa s d a s s
Penetrating
a d a s
power
a s Low d a sa s
Penetrating d a s
power
a s is a
greater
d sa s They d a
have d a asaas
penetrating than that of α rays. penetrating power
Deflected by both Effect of Deflected by both Effect of They are not deflected by both
s alsaailai electric
i i
saaslaala of magnetic
ilai
saaslaafield aslaailai of magnetic
saelectric
i i iai
saaslaala field dadsaaslaalEffect
i i
saaslaala of magnetic
of aelectric
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a d a a d d a d a
d a d ad
P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa field P Pa P Pa P Pa
1/10 to 1/20 times the speed of 9/10 times the speed of light. They travel with the speed of
i i i i i i i i i i i ai i i i i
a saaslaala d saaslaala
light.
a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaallight. d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
3. What is a nuclear reactor? Explain its essential parts with their functions.
Nuclear reactor:
s aslaailai s aslaailai ilai
saaslaathe aslaailai
sfission ai i laailai
slala place dinadsaaasself-sustained
saatakes ai i
slalacontrolled
saaand ai i
slala
saamanner saasl
aad a ad
P Pa
ad Aa device ina
P Pad a
which
d a
P Pad
nuclear a
d a a
P Pa d
reaction a d a
P Pa a
P Pad ad a
P Pad a
d a
P Pad ad
to produce electricity.
Fuel:
s as laailai s aslaail ai i
ai A fissilesamaterial
slala is saaslaa
used as
ilai
the fuel.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala sasl
ad a d ad a d a
d a d a
d d a d d a
d d ad d a
d aPdaada
a PaPa P aPa P aPa
 The commonly used fuel material is uranium. P aPa P aPa P aPa P aPa P

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
Moderator:
i i iai It is usedalto i i ai i aailai i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaal d a
d sasaalaslow down d ad slalahigh energy
saathe d a
d saaslneutrons d dsaaslaala slowdneutrons.
toaprovide a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa and heavy
 Graphite a a
P Pwater are thePPa a
commonly a a
P Pmoderators.
used a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Control rod:
i i ii To control i i number of
the i i
neutrons in order i to
i have sustained i i chain reaction. i i i i
l
a d PaPa d  Mostly d
PaPa boron or cadmium PaPa d d
PaPaused as control
rods are d
PaParods. PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Coolant:
i i  A coolantlaisilaused to remove the heat produced in the reactor core, to produce steam. lailai
saaslaala s aslaailai s asa i s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai asaasa saasl
aad a
PaPdad
a  This a
PaPdsteam
a
ad is used a
dad
PaPto
a
run a turbine PaPdin
a a
adorder to produce a a
PaPdad electricity.
a
PaPdad
a
PaPdad a d
P Pa
a
d
Protection wall
i i  A thick concrete lead wall isi built around the nuclear reactor in order to prevent the harmful
saaslaala a laailai a laailai a laalai a laailai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala l
a d a sa s radiations
d a sa s
from escaping
d a sa s
into the d a sa s
environment. d a sa s d a sa s d a asaas
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d Pa a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Water, air and helium are some of the coolants. P
i i i i aslaailai and nuclear i i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala 4. Compare
dadsaaslaala Nuclear
d a
d
fission
sa d a
d saaslaala fusion.dadsaaslaala dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa aPa
P Nuclear a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Nuclear Fission Fusion
i i The laprocess
ilai of breaking
laailai up (splitting)
laailai of a Nuclear laailai fusion issathe
laailacombination
i laaof
ilaitwo lighter laanuclei
ilai
a saaslaala da saa
heavys a nucleusd a s
a
intoas two a
smaller
d s
a as nuclei is d a
tos
a as
form a a
heavier
d a s
nucleus. d a s
a as d asaas asaas
l
called ‘nuclear fission’.
i i Canalbe i performed
i at iroom
i temperature. i i Extremely i i high temperature i i i i is needed.
and apressure i i
adsaaslaala d a
d sasaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Alpha, beta and gamma radiations are Alpha rays, positrons, and neutrinos are emitted.
i i emitted. i i ilai
a saaslaala a saaslaala leadsdadto
saaslaaemission a aslaailai
sof
a a
ilai
saaslaalight a
ilai
saaslaaenergy a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPaFission
d PaPa d
PaPa d gamma d
PaPaOnly
d andd
PaPa heat
d is
PaPad
emitted.
d d
PaPa d PaPdad
radiation.
www.Padasalai.Net
i i iai i i aslaailai i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala 5. Explain
d a
d saaslaaluses of a saaslaala
Radioactivity
d d in
d a
d smedicine
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Uses of Radioactivity in medicine
 Radio sodium (Na24) is used for the effective functioning of heart.
i i aslaailai – Iodine laail)aiis used tosacure ai i ai i i i i i i i
a saaslaala dadsRadio
a d a sa(Ias131 d a a slala goiter.dadsaaslala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP a
 Radio - iron PaPis
a d
(Fe59) is used
d
PaPato diagnosePaanemia Pa PaPa
and also
d PaPa
to provide treatment
d aPa d
for thePsame. PaPdad
 Radio phosphorous (P32) is used in the treatment of skin diseases.
i i aslaailai cobalt (Co 60 i i laailai (Au198) are ilai i i aailai i i
adsaaslaala  asRadio
d d a d a
d saaslaa)laand radio d a
d s-aasgold dadsaaslaaused d dsaaslaala
in theatreatment
d dsaaslcancer.
of skin
a dadsaaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
PPa Radiations a
PP a used to sterilize
are a
P Pa the surgical a
P Padevices as they a a
P Pa can kill thePgerms
Pa and microbes. a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i
7. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
a saaslaala Short a aslaailai
sAnswers a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala sasl
a d P d
aPa d a
P d
aPa d P d
aPa d P d
aPa d P d
aPa d P d
aPa d P d
aPa d P aPdaada
1. Define: Relative atomic mass.
Relative atomic mass of an element is the ratio between the average mass of its isotope to 1/12 th
i i ai i aailaai carbon-12 aailai i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d slalaof the mass
part
saa d a
d saaslof d a
d saaslatom. d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d adsaasl
a a
P Pa RelativePatomic aPa mass AP aPa Average a
P Pa
mass of the isotopes a
P Pa
of the element a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
r = 1 ⁄12th of the mass of one carbon 12 atom
i i ilai laailai i i aslaailaits

i i i i i i i
a saaslaala 2. Write
d a saaslaathe a
different
d saastypes of a saaslaalaof oxygen
isotopes
d d a saand a saaslaalaabundance.
percentage
d d a saaslaala da saaslaala asaas
l
Isotope Mass (amu) % abundance
16
i i i i 8O 15.9949 i i 99.757
saaslaala saaslaala laiai
saasal s alsaailai s alsaala s alsaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a dad a O
8d d a17 a dad a 16.9991
a d a
d a a d a
d a 0.038 a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
18
8O 17.9992 0.205
i i Thei atomic
i masslaofilaoxygen
i i i
= (15.9949 × 0.99757) i i + (16.9991 i ×i 0.00038)al+ail(17.9992
i × lailai
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaasa d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a sasa a d a saasa asaas
l
a d PaPa d
0.00205) PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPad PaPdad
= 15.999 amu.
i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
3. Define: Atomicity.
ai i ilai number of ilai presentala i i molecule ilaicalled atomicity. i i i i i i
a
d
l
saasal a
d a
d saaslaa
The
d a
d saaslaaatoms d a
d sasin alathe d a
d saaslaais d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
4.P P a any twoPexamples
Give aPa aPa
forPheterodiatomic a a
P Pmolecules. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
HCl, HF
l
a d 5.PaP
What
a d is Molar d
PaPvolume
a of aPgas?
aPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Molar volume of a gas: One mole of any gas occupies 22.4 litre (or) 22400 ml at STP. This
volume is called Molar Volume. i i
a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P a d d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
6. Find the percentage of nitrogen in ammonia. (N-14, H-1)P
Molar mass of NH3 = 14 +3 = 17 g
a ilai aslaaila%i i i 14 i i aslaailai i i i i i i
a a
sasal
d a sMass
a d a saaslaala = ×
of Nitrogen d a saaslaala = 82.35
100 d a sa% d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPa d 17a
P Pa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
7. Calculate the number of water molecule present in one drop of water, which weighs 0.18 g.
i i ai i i i laailai ilai of wateralailai i i i i
adsaaslaala dad slala
saaNumber of a saaslaala
molecules
d d d a
d s=aasAvogadro number
d a
d saaslaa×mass d a
d sasa d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a a
P Pmolecular
Gram a
P Pa
mass a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
6.023×1023 ×0.18 23
= = 0.06023 × 10
18
i i i i i i i i 10 as.aaslaalaii i i i i i i
saaslaala a aala laala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
25
a d a saaslalano of water
The
d a saaslmolecules d a s=aas6.023× d d a d a d a asaas
l
8. N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3
i i (Thei atomic
i mass i initrogen isal14,
of i iand that ofalhydrogen
i i is 1)alaailai i i i i
a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a sasaala a sasaala a sas a saaslaala asaaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d 1 mole of nitrogen
a
P Pad d (__g) +a
P Pa 3
d moles
d of hydrogen
a
P Pad d (__ g) →a
P Pad2d moles of a d
P Pa d
ammonia (__ g) a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
(The atomic mass of N is 14 and that of hydrogen is 1)
i i Na2 i+ i3 H2 → 2 NH 3 (N = 14, H =i 1)
saaslaala a laailai a laailai a lala a laailai lai
saas2laamoles
i i
saaslaala (34 g)
i i
saaslaala l
a d a sa s 1 mole d a
of sa s
nitrogen (28g)
d a s +
a s 3 moles of
d a s s
hydrogen
a (6g)d a→ ofdammonia
a d a asaas
9. Calculate the number of moles in i) 27g of Al ii) 1.51 × 1023 molecules of NH4Cl
www.Padasalai.Net
adsaaslaala dadsaa l a
i)sa27g a
l of Al:asasal
d d a
l a a
d a
d
l
saasala a
d ad
la
saasal a
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P a a a
MassPofPAl a
P Pa 27 a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Number of moles P = Atomic mass = 27 = 1 mole.
of Al
23
ilai ii) 1.51 ilai × 10 molecules of NH4Cl :
a la a l a a laaila i a laailai g i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s a d a sa s a
Molecular d a s
mass
a s of NH Cl =
4 dadas s
53.5 d a d a d a d a asaas
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa Number P d
aMolecules
of P a PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Number of mole = Avogador′ s number
23
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala =
s als1.51×10
aailai 23 = 1salaailai laailai mole. saslaailai
s=aas0.25
i i
saaslaala saasl
a d a d a a a 6.023×10 adaad4as a aa a a
ad a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad PP a d
P Pa d PaPdad a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
i i Answer ini idetail: i i i i i i i i i i i i

l
a d aPa
1.PGive
d
the salient PaPa d aPa
features of P“Modern
d d
PaPatheory”. PaPa
atomic
 An atom is no longer indivisible (after the discovery of electron; Proton and neutron)
i i aslaailai of the asame iai ilai differentalatomic
i i mass (isotopesi i 35 lailai37 i
a
l
saasala a  asAtoms
d a d saaslaalelementd
may
a saaslaa
have
d a sasaala d asaaslaala 17Cl s,as17
d a a aCl ) dasaaslaalai d a saasl
a d a d a d a d a d a d a d a d a d
PPa Atoms ofPdifferentPa P Pamay have same
elements P Pa atomic masses P Pa (isobars 18PAr Pa , 20Ca ). P Pa
40 40 P Pa
 Atom of one element can be transmitted into atoms of other elements. In other words, atom is no
i i aslaailai in destructive i i ai i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a slonger
a d a saaslaala (artificial
d a saatransmutation).
slala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d a Atoms may
PaP d d
PaPnot
a always combine PaPa d d
PaPa whole number
in a simple d d
PaPa ratio. (Eg:PGlucose.
aPa PaPa d PaPdad
 Atom is the smallest particle that takes part in a chemical reaction.
i i  The lsaailmass
ai of ansatom lsaailaican be converted
lsaailai into energy.
2
lsaailai (E =mc s) aslaailai i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d s a
a d a
d aa
dadsaa
d a
d saa
d a
d a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
2. Derive the relationship between Relative molecular mass and Vapour density.
i i ilai i i aslaailai i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
d aaslaaRelative
s(i) d a
d saaslaala Mass
Molecular
d a
d s(Hydrogen
a d d saaslaala
scale)
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
a a
P Pa a
P Pa Molecular
The Relative a
P PaMass of a gas a
P Pisa the ratio betweena
P Pa the mass PPa
ofaone molecular a
P Paof the gas P Pa a
of one atom of Hydrogen
i i (ii) i i
Vapour Density: i ai aslaailai aslaailai ilai laailai aslaailai
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaalaVapour ddensity
a
d saaslaalis the d
ratioa
d sof
a the mass d
of a
d
a scertain
a volumed a
d saaslaaagas
of or d a
d
vapour saasto the massd a
d
of saan al
equal PaPdaadsas
a PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
volume of hydrogen, measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.
mass of a given volume of gas at STP
s alsaailai s alsaailai Vapoursdensity
alsaailai (V.D) s=asmass laailai of the same laailai of Hydrogen
saasvolume
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d ad
P Pa P Pa to Avogadro’s
According P Pa law P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
mass of n molecules of a gas at STP
Vapour Density (at STP) = mass of n molecules of hydrogen
a saaslaala da saaslaaHydrogen
la
d a
laala
saasdiatomic
is d asaaslaala so, dadsaaslaala
molecule d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d P aPa of 1 molecule
mass Paof d
Pagas at STP PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Vapour Density = 2×mass of 1 atom of hydrogen
i i i i Massof 1 molecule of a gas at iSTP
saaslaala saaslaala 2as×
s laailVapor
ai density
s aslaailai = masss s laail1aatom
asof i
saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a dad a d a
d a a d ad a a d a
d a of
a a
hydrogen
d d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
P Pa P Pa 2 × Vapour a
P Pdensity =P Pa
Relative P Pamass of a gas.
molecular P Pa P Pa P Pa
Relative molecular mass = 2 × Vapour density.
a saaslaala da a
sasa l a
l
ad aPa d
3.PDistinguish d
PaPa atoms Pand
between d
aPa molecules.PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Atom Molecule
i i lsaailai particle i i i i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala Thesa
d a
d a
smallest
d a
d
l
saasalaof aan element.
d ad
l
saasala a
d ad
The
l
saasala asmallest
d a
d
a
particle
l
saasal a of
d a
d saaslaala or compound
an element
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
PP a not exist
Does PPainafree state (Excepta
P Pa Noble gas) a
P Pa MoleculeP exists aPa in free P a
Pa
state. a
P Pa a
P Pa
highly reactive. (Except Noble gas) Molecules are less reactive.
i i Atomaldoes i i not have a i i
chemical bond. i i Atomsi i in a molecule i i are held aby ichemical
i bonds. i i
a saaslaala d a sasaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
4. Write the application of Avogadro’s law
 Explains Gay – Lussac’s Law. i
www.Padasalai.Net
i i aailai aailai i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala dadTo
saa l
s determinedad saasl
Atomicity adsaaslaala
ofadgases d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
PP a aPa P Pa of gases P Pa a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 To derivePmolecular formula
 To derive the relationship between molecular mass and vapour density
i i ilai i i aslaailai( 22.4 litre laailSTP)
ai i i i i i i
a saaslaala dasToaaslaadetermine
d a saaslaalamolecular
gram d a mass
sa d a saasat d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
8. PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OFlailELEMENTS

a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a sa aslaailai a saaslaailai a saasa a
i
a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala asaasl
ad Short
a d
P Pa d Answers a
P Pa d d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
1. What is rust? Give the equation for formation of rust.
hydrated ferric oxide is known asi rust.
a laailai a laa+ilai a laailai aalai
sa2aslFe alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d 4
a sa s
Fe 3 O + XH s
2 dada 20 s d a 2O3 XHd 20adsasa d a d a d a asaas
a d PaPa d PaPa PaPa d aa
(Rust)P P PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
2. State two conditions necessary for rusting of iron.
ai i ilai aslaailai air i i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d saaslaaPresence
(i)
d
of
a
d samoist d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa(ii) Presence a
P Paof water P Pa a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
(iii) Presence of oxygen
i i 3. Define i i
Alloys? i i i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala asaas
l
a d a It is a homogeneous
PaPd d PaPa d d d d
PaPaof two or more
mixture d d
PaPa metals or P d d
aPaor two more
one d d
PaPmetals
a d d
PaPametals
with non PaPdad
4. What isaiAmalgam ? Give Example?ai i

An
lai
aslaalloy of asaaslaailaiwith metal
mercury a saaslala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
 Ex: Silver tin Amalgam
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
Answer in detail:
i i ilai i i ai i ai i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala 1. What d a
dsaaslaaare d d saaslaalaincludedato
the methods
a d slala
saapreventing d d slala
ofsaacorrosion.
a d a
a a
P Pa (i) Alloying a
P P: a The metalsPcan a
Pabe alloyed P a a
toPprevent a
P Pa of corrosion.
the process a a
P PaEg: StainlessP steel.
Pa a
P Pa
(ii) Surface Coating: It involves application of a protective coating over the metal.
i i ilaiis of the followingi i types.salaailai i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaaIt d a
d saaslaala d a
d a s d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala al
daadsas
a PaPa Galvanization PaPa PaPa Pa a
zinc
P on iron P a a
sheets
P P aP a P a
P a P a
P
Electroplating coating the metal by electric current.
ai i ai i a i i a i i iai ilai laailai i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d
l al a
saasAnodizing d a
d
l
saasal a
d a
d
l
saasal a
Change
d a
d saaslaalthe corrosion
d adsaaslaaresistant. dEx:
a
d saasAluminium d a
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
corrodible metal act as anode and the protected metal act as
Cathodic Protection
ilai cathodeai i
a l a a laailai a laailai a laailai saaslala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s a d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a d a d a d a asaas
2. a) State the reason for addition of caustic alkali to bauxite ore during purification of bauxite.
b) Along with cryolite and alumina, another substance is added to the electrolyte mixture. Name
s alsaailai the aslaailai
sasubstance and ai i
slala one reason
saagive
ilai
saaslaafor the addition.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d ad
P Pa a) BauxiteP ore Pa does not dissolved
P Pa P Pa solution by
in ordinary a
P Padding a it can be
P Psoda
caustic a
P Pdissolved P Pa
b) Fluorspar – Lowers the fusion – temperature of electrolyte
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala asaas
l
9. SOLUTIONS
Short Answers
s alsaailai 1. Define ilai
saaslaathe term:
i i
saaslaala
Solution
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a d
a a
d ad a
d a dad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
PP
 A solutionP is Paa homogeneousP Pa mixture ofPtwo
Pa or more substances.
P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
i i isilamean
i aslaailai solution. i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala 2. What
d a saaslaa byasbinary
d a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP d d
a A solutionPaconsisting
Pa of P
d
aPacomponents
two
d
PaPare d
PaPasolution. PaPa
a called binary d PaPa d PaPdad
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i i 3. Giveaan i example
i each i i)i gas in liquid i iii) solid inalliquid
i i iii) solid i isolid iv) gas
in i ini gas i i
adsaaslaala dadsaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d sasaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa i) Gas inaliquid
P Pa - a
soda
P Pawater a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
ii) Solid in liquid - salt in water (NaCl dissolved in water)
iii)ai Solid in solidai -i copper dissolved in gold ai i
a laailai a lalai a lala a laailai slala
saaoxygen.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a s
a s
iv) Gas in gas
d a sa s - mixture
d a sa s
of Helium a
and
d d a d a d a asaas
4. What is aqueous and non-aqueous solution? Give an example.
i i i i i i laailai ai i aslaailaini water,asaaslaailai i i
a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala solution
Aqueous d a
d saaslaala The
d a
d saassolution d d slala E.gda:dsasalt
inasaawhich
d d d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
PP a acts as Pa P
water a a
solvent a
P Pa Sugar in Pwater, a
Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
The solution in which any
i i i ilai E.g : Sulphur dissolved iini carbon -
a laalai Non a ai
laa- lAqueous laala
solution
a i liquid a laaother laailai
thansawater a laailai saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a a s d a s
a s
disulphide d a d a asaas
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaP d
a as a solvent
acts PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
5. DefinelaVolume percentage
s aslaailai s asailai saa ailai
slavolume aslaailai
ssolute
i i
saaslaala in thedgiven
iai
saaslaalvolume aslaailai
sthe
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a ad
P Pa
a
d a
The d
percentage
a
P Pa
a
d by a d
of
P Pa
a
d a (in ml)
a d
P Pa
a
d
present a
P Pa
ad a d
of
P Pa
a
d a solution.
a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
i i 6. The aquatic animals live more in cold region Why?

saaslaala a laailai a laailai a laailai iai
saaslaalwhere aslaailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala l
a d a s
The
a s solubility
d a s
ofa s
gas is moredat
a s
a s
lower temperature
d a as
d it
a sdecreases
a with
d a sincreasing
a temperature.
da asaas
7. Define Hydrated salt.
i i aslaailionic
ai substances, i i i i aslaailai ai i aslaailai salts.asaaslaailai
a saaslaala  asThe
d a d asaaslaala whichdacontain
saaslaala waterdof
a sacrystallization,
d a slalaknown as
saaare d a shydrated
a a saasl
a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad a d
P Pa d
i i 8. A hotalsaturated
i i solution i i of copper i i
sulphate forms i crystals
i i i Why?alailai
as aitlaacools. i i
a saaslaala a sasaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a sas la a sasa a saaslaala sasl
a d a solubilityPincreases
PaPd d d
aPa d d
aPa d
with Pincrease PaPad d
in temperature PaPad d
while decreases with P d
aPa d
decrease d
PaPa d
in temperature. The PaPdaada
solubility of copper sulphate at 250C is 20.7 g in 100g of water.
a saaslaailai a saaslala a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslala a s aslaailai
a a saslaailai
a a saaslala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d ad
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
9. Classify the following substances into deliquescent, hygroscopic.
i i i i laailai Copper ssulphate
aslaailai pentaashydrate,
aslaailai Silicaasgel,
aslaailCalcium
ai i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala Sulphuric
(Conc.
d a
d saasacid, d a
d a d d a d d a d a
d saaslaala and dGypsum
chloride, a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pasalt.) a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Deliquescent substances Hygroscopic substances
i i i i i i i i i i ilai iai gel, salaailai
a saaslaala d a saasCalcium
laala chloride
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala Conc.
d asaaslaaSulphuric d
acid,
a saaslaalSilica a as asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPGypsum
a saltPaPa d PaPdad PaPdad
i i inilaidetail: saslaailai i i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala Answer d adsaaslaa d a
d a d a dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
1.P P a
Write notes on a
P Pa i) saturated a a
P Pasolution ii)Punsaturated
Pa a
P Pa
solution a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
i) Saturated solution:
laailai A lsolute
aailai in which laano
ilaimore solute laacan
ilai be dissolved laailain
i a definite laaamount
ilai of thelasolven
ilai at a given i i
a saas d a s a
a s
temperature. d a sa as d a saas d a saas d a saas d a sa as a d a saaslaala asaas
l
Example : 36 g of sodium chloride in 100g of water at 250C forms saturated solution.
ii) Un saturated solution:
s alsaailai aslaailai is oneasthat
ssolution aslaailcontains
ai aailai than that
saaslsolute
less
ilai
saaslaaof
i i
saaslaalasolutiondat
the saturated aailai temperature.
saaaslgiven
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a daad a a d d a a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a a
d a d a
d a d a
d
P PExample :10P gPaor 20 g or 30 PPg aof sodium chlorideP Pa dissolved P Pain 100g of water P Pa at 25℃ forms P Pa an P Pa
unsaturated solution.
l
a d 2.PaP a d
Write notes on a d
PaPvarious d
PaPaaffecting solubility.
factors PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
There area three main factors which govern the solubility of a solute.
They are,
a saaslaailai a s aslaailai
a a aslaailai
saof a
ilai
saaslaasolvent a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d i) Nature
a
P Pad d the solute
a
P Pad and
d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
ii) Effect of Temperature
iii) Pressure
ailai a ilai ai i i i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasa l
d a a l a
i)sasNature of dthe
a slala anddsolvent
saasolute a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d
 Non PaP d
a compound
polar
d
PaPado not dissolve d
PaPa in polar solvents. d
PaPa Polar compounds PaPa d d
PaPdissolved
do not a PaPdad
in Non polar solvents.
www.Padasalai.Net
a i i a i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
ii)
dsaasall a
Effect
d d saaslaala
of temperature
a d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa of solidPinPaliquid:
a) Solubility a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 solubility of a solute in a liquid solvent increases with increase in temperature.
i i i i  In endothermic i i process ilsolubility
ai increases
i i with increase i i in temperature. i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala  Indexothermic a saaslaala d a saaslaasolubility
process, d a saaslaala withdaincrease
decreases saaslaala in temperature.
l
b) Solubility of gases in liquid:
 The solubility of gas is more at lower temperature whereas it decreases with increasing
s alsaailai s a lsaailai saaslaala
temperature.
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a d ad a a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
P Paiii) EffectPofPaPressure: P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
 Effect of pressure is observed only in the case of solubility of a gas in a liquid. When the
i i i i i laailai ai is i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala pressure d a sais alai
aslaincreased,
d
the
a saassolubility of saagas
d a a slala
i also increased.
l
3. a) What happens when MgSO4.7H2O is heated? Write the appropriate equation
b) Define solubility lailai
a saaslaailai a s aslaailai
a a saasa sulphate a aslaailai
sheptahydrate
a a
i i
saaslaala are gentlya
aailai
saaslheated, a saasla
i
alai water a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa a)
d When magnesium
a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad crystals
d a
P Pad d it
a
P Paloses
d d seven a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
molecules and becomes anhydrous magnesium sulphate.
l
i i ai i i i i i ai i laailaibe dissolved ilai i i

adsaaslaala db)
ad slala
saaSolubility is
d a
dsaaslaala as thedanumber
defined dsaaslaala of grams
d a
d slalaasolute dthat
saaof adsaascan d a
d saaslaain 100g dofadsaaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa solvent to a a its saturated
P Pform a a
P Pa solution atPaPgiven
a a
P Pa and pressure. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
temperature
Ex: 36 g of sodium chloride need to be dissolved in 100g of water to form it saturated solution.
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
4. In what way hygroscopic substances differ from deliquescent substances.
i i i i i i substances i i i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d d saaslaala
Hygroscopic
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d d saaslaala
Deliquescence
a d d saaslaala
substances
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa 1. They absorb a
P Pa moisturePand a
Pa do not a
P Pa 1. TheyPabsorb aPa moisture a a dissolve.P Pa
P Pand a a
P Pa
dissolve.
i i 2. Do i inot changealits i physical
i state i i 2. iChange
i i i state alailai
its physical i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a sasaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala d a sasa d asaaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa 3. amorphous d
PaPa solids or liquids.
PaPa d d
PaPa 3. Substance d
PaPa are crystalize d
PaPasolids. PaPa d PaPdad
i i i i aslaailaTYPES
i aailai CHEMICAL i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d sa10. d a
dsaaslOF dadsaaslaala d d saaslaala
REACTION
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa Answers a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Short
1. When an aqueous solution of potassium chloride is added to an aqueous solution of silver
i i i i i i i i laailai i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaalaa whitedaprecipitate
nitrate, saaslaala d a saaslaala Givedthe
is formed. a saaschemical saaslaala of thisdareaction.
equation
l
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaP(aq)
KCl d
a + AgNO3(aq) d
PaPa⟶ AgCl Pa+ d
Pa KNO3(aq) PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
White Potassium
i i i i i i i i i i
Precipitate initrate
i i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
2. Why does the reaction rate of a reaction increase on raising the temperature?
 Most of the reactions go faster atahigher temperature. Because adding heat to the reactants, ai i
laailai laailai laailai lailai laailai laailai laailai l a l
s
aada
as s a
 a ita providesaenergy
s s as
a a to break s as
a a bonds. aSo,
more s as
a speed
a aas as
of theadreaction aas
is increased. as asaasal asaas
PaPdad P Pdad PaPdad P Pdad P Pad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
3. Define combination reaction. Give one example for an exothermic combination reaction.
i i ailai laailai i i aailai or more sreactants
aslaailai combine ilai i
a saaslaala d a slacombination
saaA d asaasreaction saaslaala in which
isdaareaction d a saasltwo d a a d a saaslaato form adasaaslaalai d a saasl
a d a d
P Pa compound..Ex a d
P Pa : a d
P Pa+ H2(g) ⟶P2HC𝑙 a d
Pa (𝑔) a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
H2(g)
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala and irreversible
reversible
d a saaslaala reactions.
l
a d PaPa d d
PaPReversible
a PaPa
reactiond PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPa reactionPaPa
Irreversible d PaPdad
It can be reversed under suitable condition. It cannot be reversed
www.Padasalai.Net
i i Bothaforward i i and backward i i reactions i take
i place alItaailproceeds
i only i i forward direction.
in i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d saslaala d a
d saaslaala d ad saaslaala d a
d sas a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a arelatively
P Pa slow a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa completely a
P Pa converted a
into
P Pa products. a
P Pa a
P Pa
It attain equilibrium Equilibrium is not attained.
l
a d Answer
PaPa d in detail:PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
1. What are called thermolysis reactions?
In this type of reaction, the reactanti isi decomposedi by applying heat.
s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaala s alsaalai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a d a
dExample:
a 1adada a d ad a a dad a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
P Pa MercuryP II Paoxide is decomposed P Pa into P Pa
mercury metal P Paoxygen gas.
and
a
P PAs the molecule P Pais P Pa
dissociated by the absorption of heat. It is otherwise called “Thermolysis.”
ailai laailai heat saslaailai i i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasa l
d a a
sas2Hgo → d a a2Hg + O d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d (S)
PaPa d (l)
PaPa
2(g) d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Example: 2
Calcium carbonate is heated, it breaks down into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. It is a type
s alsaailai s a laailcompound
sof ai sato
ilai
aslaacompound aslaailai
/sacompound saaslaala
decomposition
i i
reaction.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a d a
d a a d a
d a d ad a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
P Pa PP a
heat P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
CaCo3(S) → CaO(S) + Co2(g)
Commonly decomposition reactions are endothermic reaction.i
a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a s a s d a d a d a asaas
a d aa
2.P P
d
Explain the types
d
PaPa of doublePa Pa d
displacement
aPa d
Preactions with
d
Paexamples.
Pa PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 When two compounds react with each other if their ions are interchanged, then the reaction is
a i i aslaailai doubleadisplacement i i i i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d scalled
a d d saaslaala d d saaslaala
reaction.
a d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa (i) Precipitate a
P Pa reaction P a
: Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
When the clear aqueous solutions of potassium iodide and lead II nitrate are mixed, a double
i i laailai
displacement laailai takes splace
reaction
aslaailai
between them. aailai laailai aslaailai i i
a saaslaala d a saasPotassium d a saaslead d a a d a saaslform d a saasprecipitate d a salead d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPa d
and displace
PaPa d to one other
PaPa d
and a d
yellow
PaPa PaPa d
of II oxide.
PaPa d PaPdad

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
(ii) Neutralization reaction :
i i laailai i i i i ilai i i reaction. i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasSodium d d saaslaala with hydrochloric
hydroxide
a d a
d saaslaala acid d a
d
issaaslaatypical
a d d saaslaala
neutralization
a dadsaaslaalaHere sodium
d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a
P Pa replacesPhydrogen
Pa fromPPa a
hydrochloric P a
Pa forming sodium
acid a
P Pa chloridePand a
Pawater. a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i 3. Explain i the i i
i factorsainfluencing the i i of a reaction.
rate i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa 1. NaturePofaPreactant:a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 The reaction of sodium with hydrochloric acid is faster than that with acetic acid.
2. Concentration ofi the reactants:i i
a saaslaailai a saaslaailai Changing a sa
lai
aslaathe amount a aslaathe
saof la
reactantsa
ai i
slala increases
saaalso a aslaailreaction
sathe ai
a
rate.
i i
i i
a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
3. Temperature:
 Most of the reactions go faster at higher temperature.
ailai a ilai i i i i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasal
d a4. a l a
sasPressure: d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d
 IfPthe
aPa d
reactants are
d
PaPgases,
a d
PaPa their pressure
increasing
d
PaPa increases the PaPa d
reaction rate. PaPa d PaPdad
5. Catalyst:
i i i iai a substance, iai i i ilai without abeing i i i i
saaslaala A catalyst
a i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d d adsaaslaalis d adsaaslaalwhich d d saaslaalathe reaction
increases
a d a
d saaslaarate d adsaslaala consumed d a
d saaslaainlathe d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa
reaction. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
6. Surface area of the reactants:
i i i i Powered i i
reactants havealmore i i surface aarea. i i The collision i of
i reactantaparticlei i is increased. i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a sasaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
4. How does pH play an important role in everyday life?
 Ouraibody works within the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8. If any increases (or) decreases in this valuealeads
a saaslaailai a s
to
a a lai
asldisease. a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslala
i i
a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
 pH of the saliva normally ranges between 6.5 to 7.5. When the pH of the mouth saliva falls below
5.5, the enamel get weathered.
a ilai aslaailai ai i ilai ilai iai ai i i i
a a
sasal dadsToothpastes
a dare
a slala
saagenerally basic
d a saasitlaacan neutralize
d a saaslaathe excessd a saaslaaland
acid prevent
d a slala decay.
saatooth d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d aPa
P Citrus fruits
d
PaParequire slightly d
PaPa alkaline soil, d
PaPawhile ricePrequire aPa d aPa
acidicPsoil
d
and sugarcane
d
PaPa requires PaPdad
neutral soil.
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a i i  asThe aslaailPaHi of rainaswater
aslaailaiis approximately i i aailai than 7. sItalisaailcalled
i aslaailai i i
ad
l
saasal a
d d a d d a d adsaaslaala 7. its d a
d
PsHaslless
a d a
d a s a acid
d adsarain. d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
5. What is a chemical equilibrium? What are its characteristics?
i i Chemical i i equilibrium: i i Ratei of i forwardareaction i i = Ratealof i backward
i i i
reaction. i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a sasaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPa3(s) ⇌ CaO(s)
CaCO d
Pa+PaCO2(g) PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Characteristics of equilibrium:
i iIn a chemicali equilibrium the rates of the forward and backward reactionsi are equal. i i
a saaslaailai a saaslaala
Pressure,a saaslaalai
concentration, a saaslaailai density,
colour, a sa
laailai
asviscosity etc.,
a sa
laailai
aof
s the system a s aslaalai unchanged
remain
a a saaslaala asaasl
a d a d
P Pa d PPa da d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
with time.
 Both the forward and backward reactions continue to occur even though it appears static
a a
sasal
d a sasaala externally.
a l
l
a d d
PaPa  In physical PaPa d d
PaPa the volume
equilibrium, PaPof d
a all the phases d
PaPa remain constant. PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala 11. saaslaala saaslaala ITSdaCOMPOUNDS
saslaala saslaala saaslaala saasl
aad a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d adaadCARBON
PP adaadAND
PP a ada adaada
PP PP a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
Short Answers
1. Name the simplest ketone and give its structural formula.
i i aslaail3aCOCH
i ai i i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala dads(CH
a 3d)as slala
-aaAcetone d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala da saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
2. How is ethanoic acid prepared from ethanol? Give the chemical equation.
a i i aslaailai is oxidized i i laailai with alkaline i i aslaailai K2Cr ai i i i
ad
l
saasal a
dadsEthanol
a d ad saas𝑂laalato ethanoic
d a
d saasacid d a
d saaslaalaKmno 4dor
a
d saacidified d a
d sla7 la
s2aaO d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a K
P Pa 2 𝐶𝑟 2 7⁄ + P Paa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
H
CH3CHOH → CH3COOH + H2O
2[O] ethanoicaacid
a laailai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a s
a s d a sa s d a d a d a d a d a asaas

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i iwww.Padasalai.Net i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
a a
PP a a
PP a PPa a a
PP a PPa a PPa a PPa a a
PP a
3. How do detergents cause water pollution? Suggest remedial measures to prevent this pollution?
ai i aslaailaidetergents
 asSome laailai a branched i i iai ilai biodegradable i i i i
a
d
l
saasal a
d d a d a
d saashaving d adsaaslaala hydrocarbon
d a
d saaslaalchain d dsaaslaafully
areanot
dadsaaslaala by micro-
d a
a a
P Pa organismsPpresentaPa a
P PaSo they cause
in water. a a
P Pwater a
P Pa
pollution. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Remedial measures
i i  i i
Replaceing detergents i i with branched i i hydro carbon i ichains with i i hydro acarbon
linear i i chains which i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa are biodegradable.
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
5. Differentiate soaps and ilai detergents.

a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaaSoap a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala Detergenta
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d
Sodium salt of long chain fatty acid Sodium salts of sulphonic acids.
Biodegradable. Non-biodegradable.
s aslaailai Poor s a laailai
foaming
s s
capacity aslaailai s aslaailai s as
ilai
laaRich foaming
ilai
saaslaacapacity
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala sasl
ad a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d d a
d d a
d aPdaada
a PaPPrepared
a P aPa P aPa
from animal fats or vegetable oils. P aPa P aPa P aPa
Prepared from hydrocarbon obtained from crude P aPa P
oil.
a i i a i i ai i a i i a ilai not form i i iai i i
ad
l
saasal a It aform
d d
l a
saasala scum in d a
d
l a
saasalwater. dadsaasal
hard l a
d a
d
l
saasaDoes dadsaaslaaalascum in d a
d saaslaalwater
hard
d a
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Answer in detail:
i i isilacalled
i i i ilai any three iai its characteristics?
i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala 1. What
d adsaaslaa d d saaslaala
homologous
a d dsaaslaaGive
series?
a d a
d saaslaalof d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala al
daadsas
a PaP a a a
 A group ofP organic compounds
P P a
P a P a a P a a
having Psame general Pformula and similar P a
P a P a a
chemicalP are called P P a
homologous series.
i i i i
Important i i
characteristics i i
of homologous series: i i i i i i i i
d saaslaala d a
a a
P Pa i) Each a
series
P Pa differs a
from
P Pa 2 CH group, a
molecular
P Pa mass a
of
P Pa 14 amu. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
ii) All members of homologous series contain the same elements and function group.
iii) Chemical properties of theaimembers of aahomologous series are similarai i
a laailai a laailai a laailai a lalai a lailai a laailai saaslala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sa s iv) All the
d a s s
members
a can d a
bes
a s
prepared by
d aas a s
common a s
method.
d a s d a d a asaas
2. Arrive at, systematically, the IUPAC name of the compound: CH 3–CH2–CH2–OH.
www.Padasalai.Net
i i aslaailai The present iai ilai aslaailai The root ilai i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d sStep1:
a d a
d saaslaalchain d adsaaslaaof
consists 3 carbon
d a
d saatoms. d a
d saaslaaword is “prop”
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa Step2: There a
P Paare single bonds a
P Pa between the a
P Pacarbon atoms a a the chain.PSo
P Pof a
Pathe primaryP suffix a
Pa a
P Pa
is “ane”.
i i Step3: i i The compound i i contain –OH i igroup, it isalan i alcohol.
i The icarbon
i chainalis i numbered
i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a sasaala d a saaslaala d a sasaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPthe
from d
a end which d
PaPisa closest to P –OH d
aPa group. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
3 2 1
i i aslaaila4:i The locant ilai iCH3-CH2-CH
aslaailagroup laaila2-OH
i i i ilai i i
a
dsaaslaala d a
d sa
Step d a
d saaslaanumber of
d ads
–OH
a is
d a
1
d saas
and thus thed a saaslaala suffix
secondary
d d a
d
aslaa1-ol
sais d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
So the name of the compound is
Prop + ane + 1 – ol = Propan – 1 – ol
a saaslaala d a a
sasa l a
l
a d
3.PaP
d
a is ethanol
How
d
PaPmanufactured
a d
PaPafrom sugarcane? PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Ethanol is manufactured from molasses. Molasses obtained the manufacture of sugar from
adsaaslaala d a
d ssugarcane.
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa (i) Dilution a a molasses P Pa
P Pof a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 Molasses is first diluted with water to bring down the concentration of sugar to about 8 to
i i i 10 percent. aslaailai i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a saasla alai d a saNitrogen d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d
(ii) Addition PaPaofd Source
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 If the nitrogen content of the molasses is poor, it may be fortified by the addition of
i i ammonium isulphate (or) ammonium phosphate.
saaslaala s alsaailai s alsaalai s alsaailai s aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a d a
(iii)
d a Addition a d a
of
d ayeast a d ad a a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
P Pa P a P Pa P a P a P Pa P a P Pa
 ThePsolution obtained in step (ii)Pis collected toPin large fermentation tanks P
and yeast is
added to it. The mixture is kept at about 303 K for few days. During this period, the
i i i i laailai aailaiconversion i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala enzymes d a saasinvertase about
d a saaslthe d a saaslaaoflasucrose.
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala asaas
l
(iv) Distillation of Wash.
i i ilai i i aslaailai aailaipercent alcohol, i i aslaailai i i
adsaaslaala d a
ds aalsaa
d a
d saaslaala liquid
The fermented
d a
dscontaining
a 15ato
d dsaasl18 d a
d saaslaala is now
d a
d sasubjected d d saaslaala
to afractional
d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa
distillation. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 The main fraction drawn is an aqueous solution of ethanol which contains 95.5 % ethanol
i i i i aslaaofilawater.
a saaslaala d a saaslaala and 4.5 d a sa% d a saaslaaislacalled drectified
This
a saaslaala spirit. dadsaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d  This PaPa d
mixture is then d
PaParefluxed over d
PaPaquick lime Pfor aPaabout 5 to P6aPhours
a d PaPa
and then d
allowed to PaPdad
stand for 12 hours.
i i 
i i On distillation i i of this mixture, i i pure alcohol i i (100%)aislailobtained.
i Thisi is i called absolute i i
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala alcohol.d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala dadsasa a d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
5. Explaini the i mechanism of cleansingi action of soap.
a laailai a laalaPolar a laailai a laalai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a si)
a s endd a s
is
a s attracted to
d a sa s
water. d a d a d a d a asaas
ad d
PaPa ii) Non-polar d
PaPa end is attracted d
PaPa to dirt onPthe aPa d
cloth. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
iii) The non polar end of the soap molecule traps the dirt
ai i aslaailaThe
i polar end i i i i aslaailai in water. i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d siv)
a d a
d saaslaalamake the d a
d saaslaalamolecule
entire
d a
d sasoluble d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa v) WhenPaPsoap a a is dissolved a
P Pa in water, the a
P Pamolecules join a a
P Patogether as Pclusters
Pa called P a
Pa
micelles. a
P Pa
vi) The polar end of the soap molecules makes the micelles soluble in water.
i i vii) i Thus
i the dirt isi washed
i away iwith
i the soap. i i i i i i i i
l
6. Write the important of organic compound in our daily life.
 Fuels
www.Padasalai.Net
like LPG, petrol, i kerosene.
a saaslaailai  a s aslaailai
Polymeric
a a s aslaailalike
materials
a tyre,a aslaailai containers.
splastic
a a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
 Alcohols used as a solvent and an antiseptic agent.
 Formaldehyde usedi as a disinfectant.
a laailai  a laailai used as lai
asalaasolvent aslaailaremover.
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a s a s
Ketones d a sa and
d a sastain d a d a d a d a asaas
a d PaP a d
 Ethers arePused
aPa d
to anaesthetic
d
PaPa agent andPpain aPa d
killer. P P
aa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 All the cooking oils and lipids contain esters.
s alsaailai i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a dad a d a
d a dad a d ad a d a
d
12. PLANT ANATOMY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
i i Short Answers
laailai aslaailai i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala 1. What
d a saasis d a svascular
a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d collateral
PaPa d bundle?
 Xylem lies towards the centre and phloem lies towards the periphery.
i i ilai i i ilai i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala 2. Where
d a
d saaslaadoes d saaslaalathat isdused
the dcarbon
a adsaaslaain d d saaslaala comedafrom?
photosynthesis
a dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
PP a a
P Pa taken from a a
P Patmosphere a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 Carbon dioxide
i i laailthe
ai common ilai is aerobic ilai anaerobic i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala 3. What
d a saasis d a saaslaastep d a saaslaaand d a saaslaalapath way?
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala da saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP d
a Glycolysis PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
i i 4. Namealthe i iphenomenon i by i i
i which acarbohydrates arei ioxidized to i i
release i i
ethylalalcohol. i i
a saaslaala a sasaala asaaslaala a saslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a sasaala a saaslaala a saasl
a d a AnaerobicP respiration.
a
PP d d a d
Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
a laailai 5. Givesaan laailaccount

ai on vascular
a laailai bundle
a laailof
ai dicot stem.
saaslaa
ilai i i
saaslaala and open.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a 
a s Vascular d asa s
bundles of dicot
d a s
a s
stem are a
conjoint
d collateral,
d a
endarch d a d a asaas
 They are arranged in the form of a ring around the pith.
i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
6. Write a short note on mesophyll.
i i ilaia leaf, theatissue
i i ai i the upper i i aslaailai i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
ds
aslaaIn
a d a
d saslaala presentd a
d slala
saabetween d a
d saaslaalaand lower
d a
d saepidermis d dsaaslaalamesophyll.
is called
a d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a
P Pa  It is differentiated
P Pa a a
P Ppalisade
into a
P Pa
parenchyma a
P Pa parenchyma.
and Spongy a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i 7. Drawaland i i label theastructure

i i i i
of oxysomes. i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a sasaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala asaas
l
adsaaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d 8.PNamed
aPa the three d
PaPbasic
a aPa d
tissuePsystem d
PaPa plants. PaPa
in flowering d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Dermal (or) Epidermal tissue system
aslaailai  Ground
aslaailai tissueasystem i i i i i i i i i i i i
a s a s saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saasl
a d a ad
P Pa d a
Vascular d
tissue
a
P Pa d system a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
9. What is iphotosynthesis and where ini ai cell does it occur?

a laailai a laalai a laailai aslaala autotrophic ilai
saaslaaorganisms
ilai
saaslaagreen laailai
saasalgae
i i
saaslaala l
a s
a s da sa s
Photosynthesisd a s
aiss a process by
d a swhich
a d a d alike a
plants,
d and a
chlorophyll
d asaas
containing bacteria utilize the energy from sunlight to synthesize their own food.
 Photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast.
s alsaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a d a
d
a shouldPthe a d a
d a dad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
P PWhy
10. Pa light dependent
P Pa reactionPoccur Pa before Pthe Palight independent
P Pa P Pa
reaction? P Pa
 During light independent reactions, CO2 is reduced into carbohydrates with the help of ATP and
i i aslaailai 2. asaaslaailai i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a sNADPH
a d d a saaslaala d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP d
a So light dependent
PaPa d d
PaPaoccur before
reaction PaP d PaPa
a light independent
the d PaPa
reaction. d PaPa d PaPdad
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aslaailai asailai aslaailai
11. Writelathe reaction for photosynthesis. i i i i i i i i i i
adsa dadsa d a
d s
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
l
a d PaP
12. a
Whatd is R.Q?PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
It is the ratio of volume of carbon dioxide liberates and the volume of oxygen consumed during
i i i i
respiration i i i i aailai i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala volume d a
d saaslCo
of d a
liberated
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa 𝑅𝑄 = a
P Pa 2 a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
volume of o2 consumed
l
a d PaP
13. d
Write
a down P the d
aPafunctions of d
PaPchloroplast
a PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Photosynthesis
 Storage of starch laiai
s aslaailai s aslaailai l
saasaacids.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a 
a
P Pa d a
d a
Synthesis of
a
P Pad a
fatty
d a d
P Pa
ad ad
P Pa
ad a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
 Storage of lipids.
i i ilai i i aslaailai i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala 14. dWhat
a saaslaaare the d a saaslaalaaffecting
factors d a sphotosynthesis
a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP a d
 External factors
d
PaPa → Light,PCo aPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
2, temperature, water and mineral elements.
 Internal factors → Pigments, leaf age, accumulation of carbohydrates and hormones.
s alsaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
Answer in detail:
1. Differentiate the following.
i i laailai ai i i i aailai aslaailai i i i i
a saaslaala d
a)
a saasMonocot root
d asaaslalaDicot root
and
d a saaslaala d a aaslAerobic
sb) and
d a saAnaerobic saaslaala
respiration
d a d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPaa) Monocot d
PaProot
a and Dicot d
PaParoot: PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
Dicot Root Monocot Root
a
d saaslaala d a
d
l
saasal
Tetrarcha a Xylem
d a
d
l
saasal a a
d a
d
l
saasal a a
d a
d
la a
saasal Xylem
Polyarch d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa CambiumPPresent a
Pa a
P Pa a
P PaCambium P a
Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
absent
Secondary Growth Present Secondary Growth absent
i i ilai ilai ilai iai i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a a l a
sasa absent dadsasa
Pith a l a
d a a
sasa l a
d saaslaalpresent
Pith
a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPa Pa a d Pa a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
b) Aerobic and AnaerobicPrespiration: P
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
i i lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai aslaailai i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d saa
Presence d d s
ofaoxygen.
a aa
d a
d saa
d a
d saa
ds
Absence aofdaoxygen.a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa P Pa a
P a a
P Pa P Pa a
P a a
P Pa a
P Pa
It occurs in most plants andPanimals It occurs in some bacteriaP
Glucose is converted into carbon dioxide. Glucose is converted into ethanol
i i ilai ilai ilai laailai i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a a
carbon
l a
sasa dioxide, d a a l
sawatera
sa and energy d a a
sasa l a
d a a
sasEthanol and
d a saaslaala
energy d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
2. Describe laailaand
i name athree laailai stages of cellular respiration that aerobic organisms luse to obtain energy
a saaslaailai froma s aaglucose.
s a sa s a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saasaailai a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d
Glycolysis:
 It is the breakdown of one molecule of glucose (6 carbon) into two molecules of pyruvic acid (3
s aslaailai aslaailai
scarbon).
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala sasl
ad a d a
d a d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d aPdaada
a PaP a P aPa P aPa
 Glycolysis takes place in cytoplasm of the cell. P aPa P aPa P aPa P aPa P
i i aailai i i i i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala Krebs
d adsaaslcycle: d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
a a
PPa This cyclePoccurs a
Pa a
P Pa
in mitochondria a
P Pa
matrix. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 At the end of glycolysis, the oxidation of two molecules of pyruvic acid enter into into CO2 and
i i water i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
l
a d aPa d
PElectron d
PaPa chain: PaPa
Transport d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 NADH2 and FADH2 molecules formed during glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle are oxidised to
+ +
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i i i NAD and FAD i to releaseathe ilai energy via electrons.
saaslaala s l
as a
a a i
l The electrons
s l a a i
asal as they more s aslathrough s laailai
asystem,
s
aailai
saaslenergy
iai
saasislaaltrapped aslaailaito
saADP saasl
aad a d ad a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
the
d a a d a
release
d which
a d a
d a by
d a
d a d ad
synthesize ATP.
 This process O2 the ultimate acceptor of electrons gets reduced to water.
adsaaslaala d a
d saslaala
a
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala al
daadsas
a P a a
P does the light
3. How P a a P a a P a a
P dependentPreaction differPfrom the lightPindependent reaction? P a a P a
P a P a a
WhatPare the end P P a
product and reactants in each? Where does each reaction occur within the chloroplast?
i i i i i i
Lightadependent Reaction i i i i Light i independent
i i i
Reaction i i
a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saslaala d a
d saaslaala dadsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaasl
a PPa
Itaneeds sunlight a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa It does not a
P Paneeds sunlight a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
The end products are ATP and NADPH2 and o2 End product is carbohydrate, ADP and NADP
i i aslaailai aslaailai i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala The
d a sareactants 3sachlorophyll,
aredad d saaslaala and dadsaaslaala
sunlight
a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP a d
water PaPa PaPa d PaPa The reactants d
PaPa are Co2, PATP d
aPa and NADPH PaPa
2.d PaPdad
It occurs in thylakoid membrane of the
i i It occurs in the lstroma of the chloroplast.
a saaslaala a aaslaailai
chloroplast.
s a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a s
a aslaailai as aasaailai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
13. STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION OF ANIMALS
a saaslaala Short d a sAnswers
a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala da saaslaala asaas
l
a d aPa
1.PGive
d
the common
d
PaPa name of the d
PaPaHirudinaria PaP ad
granulosa.
d
PaPa The Indian d
PaPLeech
a PaPa d PaPdad
i i ai i leech respire? i i aslaailai ilai throughathe i i i i i i

adsaaslaala 2. How dadsaadoes
slala d a
dsaaslaala dadsRespiration
a
takes
d a
d saaslaaplace d a
d saslaalaskin indleech.
a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
2 0 3 3 2033
3. Write the dental formula of rabbit. Dental formula is I , C , PM , M
1 0 2 3 1023
a i i a i i ai i a i i a ilai a ilai a ilai i i
a a
sasal l a
d a a l
sasa l a
d a a l
sasa l a
d a a l
sasa l a
d a a
sasa l
d a a l
sasa d a a
sasal
d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d 4.PHow d
aPa many pairs d
PaPaof testes are d
PaPpresent
a PaPa
in leech? d d
aPa of teeths.PaPa
11Ppairs d PaPa d PaPdad

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i iwww.Padasalai.Neti i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
5. How is diastema formed in rabbit? The gap between the incisors and premolar is called diastema
ai i a i i a i i a i i i i i i i i i i
a
d
l
saasal a
d a
d
l
saasal a
d a
d
l
saasal a
d a
d
l
saasal a
d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a aPa organsPare
6.PWhat aPa attached to a a two bronchi?
P Pthe a
P Pa P a
Pa
Lungs a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i 7. Which i i acts asalasuction

organ i i pump ini leech?
i i i pharyns
Muscular i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a sasala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala asaas
l
8. What does CNS stand for? CNS ⟶ Central Nervous System.
i i ailai ai i aslaailai i i aslaailaiare of different i i i i
adsaaslaala 9. Why
d a
d slathe
saais teethd of
a
d slala called
saarabbit d a
dsheterodont?
a dadsaaslaalaIn Rabbit
d a
d sateeth d a
d saaslaala typesdadsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
10. How does leech suck blood from the host?
i i  aLeech i i i i i i ilai skin of athe i i aslaaiblood
lai i i
adsaaslaala d dsaaslaala make daadtriadiate
saaslaala or Ydadshaped
saaslaala incision
d a
d
aslaathe
sain d a
d saslaalahost and
d a
d sthe
a d a
d saaslaala by dadsaasl
is sucked
a PaPaMuscular pharynx.
PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
i i 11. Whyalare i i the ringsaof icartilages

i found i i in trachea i irabbit? alailai
of i i i i
a saaslaala a sasaala a saslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a sasa a saaslaala a saaslaala a saasl
a d PPaTracheal walls
a d d a d d
P Pa are supported a d d a d
P Paby rings ofPcartilage,
Pa d which a d d a
a in the free
P Phelps d d
P Papassage of air.a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
a laailai 12. List a

out
laailathe
i parasitic a
adaptations
laaila i a lin
aailaleech.
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a s
a s d a sa
Bloods is sucked
d a s
abys pharynx. d a s
a s d a d a d a d a asaas
 The three jaws inside the mouth, caused a painless y shaped wound in the skin of the host.
 The salivary glands iproduced hirudin which does not allow the blood to coagulate.
alsaailai alsaailai alsaalai alsaailai alsaailai alsaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aadsa 
a d a
d s
Parapodia
a and
ad a
d s
setae
a are a d a
d s
completely
a absent.a d a
d sa a d a
d sa a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
Answer in detail:
i i 1. How is the circulatoryi system designed in leech to icompensate the heart structure?
saaslaala aailai
lleech, i
laalais laailai by haemocoeliclaalai system. laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala sasl
a dadsIna s s a
circulation
a s broughta s as
about a s as a s as a a
a d PaP a a
P d
aPa d a
P d
aPa d a
P d
aPa d a
P d
aPa d a
P d
aPa d P d
aPa d P aPdaada
 There are no true blood vessels.
 The blood vessels are replaced by channels called haemocoelic channels (or) canal filled with blood
www.Padasalai.Net
i i aslaailfluid.
ai i i i i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d adslike
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
a a
PPa The coelomic a
P Pa fluid contain a a
P Phaemoglobin. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 There are four longitudinal channels.
i i ilai channel alies i i i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaaOne
d a saslaalaabove (dorsal)
d a saaslaalathe alimentary
d a saaslaalacanal. dadsaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d d
PaPa (ventral) the
One below d
PaPalimentary
a PaPa
canal. d PaPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
The other two channels lie on either (lateral) side of the alimentary canal, which serve as heart
i i and have innerlavalves.
saaslaala s aslaailai i i
saasala are connected
i i
saaslaala together aslaailai
sposteriorly aailai
saasl26
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aa
d ad
P Pa
ad a
All the foura
P Pad a
channels
d a
P Pad a
d a
P Padad a a
P Pad
in a
the
d th
da
segment.
a
P Pa d a
P Padad a
P Pad ad
i i 2. How does locomotion take place in leech?

saaslaala a laailai in leech a laailai place bysaslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a d a s
Locomotion
a s d a sa take
s d a a d a d a d a d a asaas
a d PaP a d
 Looping (or)
d
PaPacrawling movement.PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Swimming movement.
i i i i ilai i i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d dsaaslaalaor crawling
Looping
a d a
d saaslaamovement: d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
PP a
a This typePofPmovement
a aPa
isP brought a
Pathe contraction
aboutPby a
P Pa and relaxationa a
P Pa of muscles.P Pa a
P Pa
 The two suckers serve for attached during movement.
a saaslaala d saaslaala movement:
Swimming
a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP d
a Leech swim PaPa d
very actively PaP d
a perform PaPa
and d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 undulating movements in water.
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
3. Explain the male reproductive system of rabbit with a labelled diagram.
i i  asTheaslaailmale
ai reproductive i i ilai consistsalof i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d d a d a
d saaslaala system d a
d aaslaarabbit
sof d a
d sasaalaa pair ofdatestes,
d saaslaalawhich dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a
P Pa are ovoidPinPshape. a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 Testes are enclosed by scrotal sacs in the abdominal cavity.
i i
saaslaala  sEachaslaailaitestis consists i i
saaslaala of numerous
i i
saaslaala fine tabulates
i i i i
saaslaala calleddaseminiferous
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a d a a d a d a d a d a d a asaas
a d d
PaPa tubules. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 This network of tubules lead into a coiled tubule called epididymis,
i i which leads into the sperm duct lcalled vas deferens.
saaslaala s aslaailai s aslaailai s asaailai aslaailai
spenis.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad ad
P Pa
a
d a
The vas d a
d
deferens
a
P Pa
a joins in d
the
a
P Pa
a
d a
urethra just d
the
a
P Pa
ad a a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
 The urethra runs backward and passes into the penis.
l
a d d
PaPa 14. TRANSPORTATION
PaPa d PaPa d d
INPaPLANTS
Pa aPa
PAND d PaPa
CIRCULATIONd d
PaPaIN PaPdad
ANIMALS
adsaaslaala Short dadsAnswers
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
Pa two layered
1.PName a
P Pa protective a a
P Pcovering a a
P Pa heart. P Pa Pericardium
of human a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i laailthe
ai shape sof ilai in human iblood?
i i i ilai disc shaped. i i i i
a saaslaala 2. What d a saasis d a aaslaa
RBC
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala Biconcave
d a saaslaaand d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
3. Why is the colour of the blood red ? Presence of haemoglobin in RBC
i i ilai laailai aslaaillymph?
ai i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala 4. Which d a
d saaslaakind a
ofacells
d d saasare foundadinadsthe
a d a
d saaslaala
Lymphocytes d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa P a P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
5. Name the heartPvalve associated with the major arteries leaving the ventricles.
 Semi - lunar valves
ailai i i ai i aailai to thesa ai i i i i i i i
a a l
sasa 6. Mention d a saaslaalathe arteryd a slala supplies
saawhich d a saaslblood d a a slala muscle.
heart
d a saaslaala The coronary
d a saaslaala arterydadsaaslaala asaas
l
7. What causes the opening and closing of guard cells of stomata during transpiration?
www.Padasalai.Net
 sThe
a i i aslaailopening
ai aailai laailai is duesato aithei change in ilai ilai i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d a d
and
a
d saaslclosing of the
d adsaasstomata d a
d a slala d a
d saaslaaturgidity d a
d aaslaaguards
of sthe cells.
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a PPa When water
a a
P Paenters into guard a
P Pa cells, theyPbecomea
Pa aPa the stomaPopen.
turgidPand a
Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 When the guard cells lose water, it become flaccid and the stoma closes.
a saaslaala 8. What d a saasis d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d cohesion?
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 The force of attraction between molecules of water is called cohesion.
i i aailai ai i i i laailai iai i i ai i
adsaaslaala 9. Trace d a
d saaslthe pathway
d a
d slala
saafollowed byd adsaaslaala molecules
water d a
d saasfrom theatime
d a
d saaslitaalenters saaslaalaroot to dthe
adaplant
d a
d slala it
saatime d a
dsaasl
a a
Pa
Pescapes a a
P Patmosphere aPa a leaf. P Pa
Pfrom a P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
into the
Root hair  Root  Xylem  Stem  Leaf  Stomata  Water is evaporated
a a
sasal
l
a d 10. a d
PaPWhat aPa
wouldPhappen d d
aPa of a plant
to thePleaves d
PaPathat transpires d
PaPa more water d
PaPthan
a its absorption d
PaPa in the PaPdad
roots?
i i  Ifalthe i ileaves of aalplant i i transpires i i than itsaabsorption
more i i in the iroots,
i i i i i
a saaslaala a sasaala a sasaala a saaslaala a saslaala asaaslaala a saaslaala asaaslaala a saasl
a d PPa The plantPwill
a d d a d d
Pa get dehydrated a d d
P Pa and it affects ad d
P Paplant growth, a d
a d
P Pphotosynthesis a d d
P Paand transpiration a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
a laailai 11. Describe

a laailai the structure
a laailaiand working a laailaof
i the human a laailaheart.
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s a
The
d sa s
structure of
d a sa
thes human a s
heart
d a s d a sa s d a d a d a asaas
 The human heart is four chambered. There are two atrium and two ventricles.
Working of the human heart
s alsaailai dadThe
s a laailai
s right atrium s a l aailai
sreceives deoxygenated
i i
saaslaala blood
ai i
slala different
saafrom ai i
slala of thedbody
saaparts
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a a a a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d ad a a
d a d a
d a d a
d
PP  The right Pand Paleft articlesPpump Pa blood into P Pathe right and PP a Pa
left ventriclesPrespectively. P Pa P Pa
 From the right ventricle arises the pulmonary trunk, which bifurcates to form right and left
a ilai aslaailai i i i i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasa l
d a spulmonary
a d a saaslaala
arteries.
l
a d PaP d
a The right Pand
d
aPaleft pulmonary d
PaPaarteries supply d
PaPa deoxygenated d
PaPablood to thePalungs d PaPa
Pa of the respective d
side. PaPdad

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
 The left ventricle gives rise to aorta. The oxygenated blood is supplied by the aorta to various organs
ai i aailaibody. salaailai i i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d ad aaslthe
sof d ad a s d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a is the circulation
P PWhy
12. a
P Pa a
P Pareferred to
in man PPaasadouble circulation?a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 For Human it is double circulation because the heart contains completely separated four chambers
saaslaala
i i  sThe aslaailOxygenated
ai laailai donot smix
saasblood aslaailwith
ai the deoxygenated i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
blood i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a d a a d a d a a d a d a d a d a asaas
13. What are heart sounds? How are they produced?
 The rhythmic closure and opening of the valveslacause the sound of the heart. lailai
s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s asailai s aslaailai saatricuspid
sa
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a 
a
P Pa d ad a
The first d
sound
a
P Pa
ad aLUBB is d a
longer
a
P Pa d a duration a d
and
P Pa
ad a
produced by
a
P Pad ad
thea closure of
a
P Pad ad
the a
P Pad ad a d
P Pa
a
d
 The second sound DUPP is of a shorter duration and produced by the closure of semilunar valves
i i ilai i i laailai i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala 14. What d a saaslaa
is the a saaslaala of valves
importance
d d a saasin the heart?
l
a d PaPa d PaPa d Pa a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Regulate the flow of bloodPin a single direction
 Prevent back flow of blood.
s alsaailai saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a d ad
a discovered a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad a d ad a d a
d
P PWho
15. P Pa Rh factor? a was it named
P PWhy P Pa so? P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
 Rh factor was discovered by Landsteiner and Wiener in Rhesus Monkey.
i i  sSo aslaaitilaisi namedasas aailaifactor. salaailai i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a a d aaslRh
d a a s d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
16. How are arteries and veins structurally different from one another?
i i i i i i
Artery i i i i i i Vein alailai i i
adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsasa d adsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa Distributing vessel
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa Collecting a
P Pavessel a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Pink in colour Red in colour
Deepalocation Superficial in location
a laailai a lailai a laailai a laailai a laailai ilai
saaslaalow
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sa
Blood s flow with
d a sa s
high pressure d a sa s d a sa s
Blood flow d a
with pressure
d a d a asaas
Wall of artery is strong thick and elastic Wall of vein is weak, thin and non-elastic
All arteriesilai carry oxygenated blood except Alli veins carry deoxygenated bloodilai expect alailai
www.Padasalai.Net
lsaailai l a l a ilai l a ilai la i l a ilai l a
s a s a
pulmonary
adas a arteriess as a s as a s a a la
pulmonary
s s
veinsas a s as a s sa saasl
aada PaPdaInternal P aPdaada P aPdaada P aPdaada P aPdaada P aPdaada P aPdaada a d
P Pa
a
d
valves are absent Internal valves are present
i i aailathe
i Sinoatrial i i aailai pacemaker ilai heart? alailai i i i i
a saaslaala 17. Why
d a saaslis d a saaslaalanode called
d a saaslthe d a saaslaaof d a sasa d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP d
a SA node acts d
PaPaas the pacePmaker d
aPa of the heart PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 It is capable of initiating impulse which can simulate the heart muscles to contract.
adsaaslaala 18. Guard
d a
d saaslaacells ared a
d saaslaala
responsible d
for a
d saaslaala anddclosing
opening adsaaslaala of stomata.
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 The opening and closing of the stomata is due to the change in turgidity of the guards cells.
 When water entersaiinto guard cells, they becomeaiturgid and theastoma open. ai i
a laailai a laailai a lalai a laailai a lalai a lailai saaslala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sa s
When the a
guard
d sa s
cells lose a s
water,
d a s it become d a sa s
flaccid and the
d a s a
stomas closes.d a d a asaas
19. The walls of the right ventricle are thicker than the right auricles.
i i aslaailai The awalls iai ai i aslaailai than the ai i i i i i
adsaaslaala dadsReason:
a d dsaaslaalof the right
d ad slala
saaventricles are
d a
d sthicker
a d a
d slala auricles.
saaright d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa  From the a
P Paright ventricle a a
P Paarises the pulmonary
P Pa a a
P Pwhich a
P Pa to, from Pright a
Pa and left a
P Pa
trunk, bifurcates
pulmonary arteries.
i i inilaidetail:asaaslaailai i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala Answer
d a saaslaa d d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d 1.PHow d
aPa do plants d
PaPabsorb
a d
PaPExplain.
water? a PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 There are millions of root hairs on the tip of the root, which absorb water and minerals by diffusion.
i i
saaslaala  sRootaslaailahairs
i aslaailawalled,
are sthin i i i
saaslaala extension
slender laailaepidermal
saasof
i ai that
cell i increase iai surface aarea
saaslaalthe
i i
saslaala of
ad d a
d a d a
d a d ad d a
d d a
d saaslala d a
d d a
d d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa absorption. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 Once the water enters the root hairs, the concentration of water molecules in the root hairs cells
i i become more thanlaithat of the cortex.
saaslaala aslaailai
sThus alai
saasthe aslaailai
smore
i i
saaslaalacells bydosmosis
i i
saaslaala and then ai i
slala thedxylem.
saareaches
i i
saaslaala asaas
l
aad d
PaPa
a
d a water d a
d
from
PaPa root d
hair
PaPa
ad a to the d a
d
cortical
PaPa PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
a
d PaPdad
 From there the water is transported to the stem and leaves.
i i Page | 26 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i
a saaslaala a saaslala a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a s aaslala a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
2. What is transpiration? Give the importance of transpiration.
i i i i i i ai i laailai in plantssathrough
ai i laailthe
ai leaves. saslaailai
a saaslaala d asaaslaala ⟶ dTranspiration
Transpiration a saaslaala is the
d a slala
saaevapouration d aof
saaswater d a a slala stomata d a saasin aa a saasl
ad PPa a d
Importance P a a d
ofPtranspiration: a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad a d
P Pa d
 Creates transpirational pull for transport of water.
i i
saaslaala  sSupplies
aslaailai water ilai
aslaaphotosynthesis.
safor saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a d a a d a d a d a d a d a d a asaas
a d a Transports
PaP d PaP a d
minerals d
fromPasoil
Pa to all parts PaP d
ofathe plants.PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Coals the surface of the leaves by evaporation.
i i  Keeps i i the cells turgid, i i hence maintains i i their shape. i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
3. Why are leucocytes classified as granulocytes and agranulocytes? Name each cell and mention its
i i functions. i i
saaslaala saaslaala aailai
aslNeutrophils laailai
sa:asincreased
iai
saaslaalinfection
ilai
saaslaainflammation
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a Granulocyctes
d a :
d a s1.
a d a during
d a d and
a d a d a asaas
a d PaPa d d
PaPa 2. Eosinophils d
PaPa : detoxification d
PaPa of toxins. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
3. Basophils : They release chemicals during the process of inflammation.
i i i i aailai iai ilai aslaailai bacterial ai i i i
adsaaslaala d d
l
saasal
Agranulocytes
a
a a
d ads1.
a aslLymphocytes
d a
d saaslaa: lThey produce
d a
d saaslaaantibodies dadsduring
a d a
d saaand d a
d saaslaala
slalaviral infections d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa 2. Monocytes a a
P Pa : They arePphagocytic
Pa PP
and a a energy bacteria
can a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i 4. Differentiatei i between isystole

i i i
andadiastole. Explain i the
i conduction i i of heart a beat.i i i i
a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
ad PaPa d PaPa d Systole
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d d
Diastole
PaPa PaPa d PaPdad
One complete contraction of the atrium and One complete relaxation of the atrium and
ventricles of the heart constituteaheart beat. aventricles of the heart constitute heart beat. ai i
a saaslaailai a s
a aslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslailai a saaslailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslala a saasl
a d a d
Conduction
P Pa d of
a d
heart
P Pa d beat: a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
 The human heart is myogenic in nature.
 It is isituated in the iwall of the righti atrium
a laailai a laalai a laalai aalai
saaslnode
ilai
aslaaatrioventricular ilai
saaslaa(AV)
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a s
The
a s wave of a s s
contraction
d a from d a
SA reaches
d a sthe
a da noded a d a asaas
 An impulse of contraction spreading to the ventricular bundle and the Purkinje fibres.
www.Padasalai.Net
adsaaslaala 5. Enumerate
dadsaaslaala the functions
d a
d saaslaala of blood.
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa Functions a
P Pofa blood a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 Transport of respiratory gases
i i aslaailai
 sTransport i i i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a a d a saaslaala food dmaterials
of digested
a saaslaala to theddifferent
a saaslaala bodydcells.
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP d
a It is involved d
PaPain protection PaPofd
a the body and d
PaPadefense against d
PaPa diseases. PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 It acts as buffer and helps in regulation of pH and body temperature.
i i
saaslaala  sItamaintains
ai i i water
saaslaala
proper i ilai the body. alailai
saaslaain
balance i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ad d a
d a slala d a
d d a
d d a
d sasa d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
dsaasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
6. Tabulate different types of blood groups.
i i Blood i i Antibodies i in i iCan receives
saGroup Antigens
a
i i
saaslaala on RBC a saaslaala a saaslaala
i
a aslaailadonate
sCan
a
i toa saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d Plasma
d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d from
PaPa d d PaPdad
A Antigen A Anti – B A and AB A and O
B i i Antigen B Anti – A B and AB B and O i i
a saaslaailai a saaslaala a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a aaslaala
sand a saasl
a d a d d
P Pa AB a d d
P PaAntigen A and a d
P PaBd a d d a d d a d d A, B, ad
AB d O a d d
No P Pa
antibody P Pa AB P Pa P Pa P Pa
recipient
A, B, AB and O ai i
a laailai O
a laailai No a laailai
Antigen a laailaBoth
i antisA a ilai B
laaand a laailai saaslala O saslaailai l
a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a a s d a sa s
(Universal a
Donor)
d d aa asaas
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPad PaPdad
;
15. lNERVOUS SYSTEMlailai
a saaslaailai a saaslaailai asaaslaailai a s
a asaailai a s
a aslaailai a saasa a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d Short
a d
P Pa dAnswers a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
1. Define stimulus. It refers to the changes in the environmental condition.
i i aailai aslaailhind
ai brain. i i i i i ai aailai i i
a saaslaala 2. Name
d a saaslthe parts dofadsthe
a d a saaslaala a saaslaala
(i) dcerebellum a saaslaal(iii)
(ii)dpons medulla
d a saasloblongata.d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
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laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
3. What are the structures involved in the protection of brain?
i i ilai ilai aslaailPiamater
ai i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
d aaslaaDuramater
s(i) d a
d aaslaaArachnoid
s(ii) d a
d s(iii)
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
4. Give an example for conditioned reflexes.
i i  Playing i i harmonium i by i i
i striking aalaaparticular keyaon i seeing
i a music i note
i is an example i i of conditionedi i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a sas la d a saslaala d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa reflexes. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
5. Which acts as a link between the nervous system and endocrine system?
a saaslaailai asa
laailai
asHypothalamus a s
a aslaailai asaaslaailai a s
aaslaailai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
6. Define reflex arc.

i i aslaailpathway
a saaslaala  asThe
d a d a saaslaala
taken
d saaslaala to accomplish
by nerve aimpulse
d a saaslaala reflexda saaslaalais called
action
d a saaslaala arc. dadsaaslaala
reflex asaas
l
Answer in detail:
i i i i i i actions. i i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala 1. Voluntary
d a
d saaslaala and involuntary
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a a
P PVoluntary a
P Pa
action a
P Pa a
P PaInvoluntary a
PP a
action a
P Pa a
P Pa
Controlled by the brain Controlled by the spinal cord.
i i i i i i i i aslaailai your aown ilai i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala by ourdaown
initiates saaslaaconscious.
la
d a saaslaala d a sawithout d saaslaaconscious.d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPaunder the control d
PaPa of the will. PaPa d d
PaPa not underPthe aPa d
control of Pthe
aPa d
will. PaPa d PaPdad
For example- Breathing, eating For example-heartbeat, sneezing
ai i a i i ai i ai i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d d
l
saasal
Medullated
a
a
d d
l
saasal a
and anon-medullated
d a
d
l a
sal fibre.
saanerve d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Medullated (Myelinated) Non-medullated (Nonmyelinated)
Nerve Fibres Nerve Fibres
i i i i i i i i i i aslaailai i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaalasheathdisadspresent.
Myelin
aaslaala
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala sheathdis
Myelin a saabsent. d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPawhite matter PaP
ofabrain. PaPa d d
PaPathe grey matter d
PaPa of brain. PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Nodes of Ranvier are present Nodes of Ranvier are absent.
www.Padasalai.Net
i i ilai ilai i i i ai iai i i i i
adsaaslaala d dsaaslaacarry
They
a d d saaslaafaster.
impulses
a d a
d saaslaala d d saaslaalcarry
They
a d d saaslaalslower.
impulses
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
2. With a neat labelled diagram explain the structure of a neuron.
i i aailai typically i ai ai i ilai i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a sAaslneuron
a d a saaslaalconsists d
of
a slala basic dparts:
saathree a saaslaaCyton, d a saaslaala and dadsaaslaala
Dendrites
d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa Axon. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPa d PaPdad
(i) Cyton: (cell body or perikaryon)
i i ii It help in i i
transmission of inervei impulses i to
i and from i i cell
the i i i i
a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala body. d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
(ii) Dendrites:
i i  These are ithei numerous branched cytoplasmic processes that
saaslaala a laailai projectsafrom
laala the surface a laaofilathe
i a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a d a s a s d a a s d a sa s cell
d a s
body.
a s d a sa s d a d a asaas
a d PaPa d d
PaPa conduct nerve
 They
d
PaPaimpulses towards d
PaPa the cyton. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
(iii) Axon:
i i i i i i i i laailai i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala Thedaxona
d saaslaaislaa single,daelongated,
dsaaslaala slender d a
d saasprojection. d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Paaxons mayP P
 The abea covered P a a
byPaa protectiveP Psheath
a a
calledP Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
myelin sheath
i i i i ai i is further
myelin asheath iai
acovered laailai of Schwann
by aalayer i cells
i aailai
calledalneurilemma. laailai
a saaslaala d a saaslaala Myelind a slala breaks
sasheath d a slalintervals
saaat d a sasdepressions d a saaslaala Nodesdadof sasRanvier. da saasregion asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
by PaPa dcalled PaPa d
The
PaPa PaPdad
between the nodes is called as internode.
adsaaslaala 3. Illustrate
d a
d saaslaala the structure
d a
dsaaslaala and functions
dadsaaslaala of brain.
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Structure Functions
Cerebral cortex Sensory perception, control of voluntary functions, language, thinking,
a ilai a ilai ailai aslaailai making, ilai i i i i i i
a a
sasal
d a a
sasal
d a a l
sasa memory, d a sadecision d a saaslaacreativityd a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d a d
PaPThalamus PaPa d PaP
Acts
d
asarelay station. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
Hypothalamus Temperature control, thirst, hunger, urination, important link between
a
d saaslaala d a
d
l
saasal a a
d a
d
l a a
saasal nervous d a
d saaslaala and endocrine
system
d adsaaslaala glands. d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a
P PCerebellum a
P Pa a
P Pa a a
P Paand balance,Pcoordinate
Pa a
P Pamuscle activity. a
P Pa a
P Pa
Maintenance of posture voluntary
Pons and medulla Role in sleep-awake cycle, cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive
i i ilai ilaicontrol centers. i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a a
sasal a
d a a
sasal a
l
4. What will you do if someone pricks your hand with a needle? Elucidate the pathway of response
i i i i
with aalneat-labelled i i
diagram. i i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d sasaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
(i)
P Pa When a
someone
P Pa pricks a
your
P Pahand with a a
needle,
P Pa the a
stimulus
P Pa is the a
pain, which
P Pa is a
sensed
P Pa by a
P Pa
receptor called as pain receptors in our hand.
i i (ii) The isensory neuron transmits thei message to thei spinal cord. i i
saaslaala a laalai a laailai a laalai a laalai saaona
slalato the relay
ai i
slala
saaneuron, aiai
slalturn
saain l
a (iii)
d a sa s
Spinal cord d a s s
interprets
a the a s
stimulus
d a s and thed a s s
impulse
a is a
passed
d d a which
d a asaas
a d PaPa d Pa a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
transmits it Pto a motor neuron.
(iv) Motor neurons carry command from spinal cord to our arm.
i i aslaailai in ouraarm ilai i ai i i i ilai i i
a saaslaala (v) asMuscle
d a d saaslaacontracts d
and
a alaiwithdraw
saaslawe d a d a saaslaala from
slalahand immediately
saaour d a saaslaaneedle.
the
a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
5. Describe the structure of spinal cord.
i i
saaslaala  sSpinal
aslaailai cord isaasaacylindrical
ai i i i
saaslaala lying dinadsa
structure aslaailneural
the ai canal i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a d a a d slala d a d a d a d a asaas
l
ad d
PaPa of the vertebral d
PaPa column PaPa d PaPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 It extends from the lower end of medulla oblongata to the first
i i lumbar vertebra. laiai
saaslaala s aslaailai saasal region dof ai i
slala corddtapers
saaspinal
i i
saaslaalainto a dthin
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad 
a
P Pad a
d a
The posterior
a d
P Pa
a
d most a
P Pa
a
d a
P Pa
ad a
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
ad a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
fibrous thread like structure called filum terminale.
i i  Internally, the spinal icord contains a cerebrospinali fluid filled i i
saaslaala a laailai known as a laailacentral a laailai a laalai saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a d a sa s
cavity d a sa s
the d a s
canal.
a s d a sa s d a d a d a asaas
a d PaP a d
 The grey P
aPa d
matter of spinalPcord
aPa d PaPa
is ‘H’ shaped.
d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 The upper end of letter ‘H” forms posterior horns and lower end forms anterior horns.
www.Padasalai.Net
i i aailai of fibres ilai aslaaiposterior
lai ilai i i ai i i i
adsaaslaala dasA
d aaslbundle
d adsaaslaapasses into
d a
d
the
sa d dsaaslaaforming
horn
a d d saaslaalaor afferent
dorsal
a d ad slala
saaroot. d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a a a a a a a
PPa Fibres pass a
P Poutward Pa anterior horn
fromP the P Paforming ventral P Pa or efferent a
P Proot. P Pa P Pa
i i i i aslaailaPLANT
i aailai i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a sa16. d a saaslAND da saaslaala
ANIMAL d a saaslaala
HORMONES d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
Short Answers
1. Which hormone promotes the production of male iflowers in Cucurbits? Gibberellin
asaaslaailai a saaslaailai a s
aaslaailai a s
a aslaailai a s
a aslaalai a s
a aslaailai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala asaasl
ad a da d a d d
P Paof a synthetic a d d
P Paauxin. 2,4 a d
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
2.P P
Write the name PP
D
i i ilai i i i i i i aslaailai i i i i
a saaslaala 3. Which
d a saaslaahormone d a saaslaala parthenocarpy
induces
d a saaslaala in tomatoes?
d a saaslaala d a sGibberellin
a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
4. What is the hormone responsible for the secretion of milk in female after child birth?
i i i i Prolactinaor i lactogenic
i i i
hormone i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
5. Name the hormones, which regulates water and mineral metabolism in man.
Minneralocorticoids - Aldosterone
a laailai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a d a d a d a da asaas
a d aa
6.P P
d
Which hormone
d
PaPais secretedPduringaPa d d
PaPa situationPin
emergency
aPa d
man? AdrenalinePaPa d PaPa d
or Epinephrine PaPdad
i i ilai iai i i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala 7. Which
dadsaaslaagland d dsaaslaaldigestive
secretes
a dadsaaslaala anddahormones?
enzymes
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala Pancreas
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
8. Name the endocrine glands associated with kidneys. Adrenal
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
9. What are synthetic auxins? Give examples.
i i aslaailai
 asArtificially i i auxinsalthati i i i i i i i ai i
a
d saaslaala d da d d saaslaala
synthesized
a d a
d sasaala have dproperties
adsaaslaala likedadauxins
saaslaala are called
dadsaaslaaasla synthetic
d a
d slala
saaauxins. d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa Example:P2, a a
Pa4 D (2,4 Dichlorophenoxy
P Pa aPa Acid) P Pa
PAcetic a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i 10. What isi bolting?

i How i can
i it be induced i i artificially? i i i i i i i i
l
a d PaPa Sudden shoot
d d d d
PaPa elongationPfollowedd
aPa d d
PaPa d
by flowering is known d d
PaPaas bolting. PaPa d d d
PaPa d PaPdad
 It can be artificially induced on rosettle plants by the treatment of Gibberellin
i i ilai ai i aslaailai i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala 11. Bring d a
dsaaslaaout any two
d a
d slala
saaphysiologicald a
d saactivities ofd a saaslaala acid.dadsaaslaala
abscisic
d d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 ABA promotes – Abscission
 During water stressi and drought conditions ABAicauses stomatali closure.
a laailai a laailai a laalai a laailai a laalai saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a d a d a asaas
a d PaP
12.
a d
What will youPdo
aPa d
to prevent leaf
a d
PaPfall aPa
and fruitPdrop
d aPa
in plants?PSupport
d d
PaPa with reason.
your answer PaPa d PaPdad
 Auxins prevent the formation of abscission layer.
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a PP
13. a a
What a
P Pa messengers?
are chemical a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 Hormone.
l
a d PaP
14. d
Write
a PaPa
the differencesd d
PaPaendocrinePand
between d
aPa exocrine gland. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Endocrine glands Exocrine glands
Without ducts With ducts
a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a
P Pa dSecrete
d hormones
a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa Produce
d enzymes
a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
Ex. Pituitary, Thyroid Salivary glands, Gastric glands
i i i i ai i i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala 15. What
d a saaslaa
islathe roledaof slala
saaparathormone? d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP a d
 It regulates
a d
PaPcalcium and P
aPa d
phosphorus PaPa d
metabolism
aPa
in thePbody.
 They act on bone, kidney and intestine to maintain blood calcium levels.
www.Padasalai.Net
lsaailai i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
adsaa
dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a PP
16. a a
What aPa
are thePhormones a
P Pa by posterior
secreted a
P Pa lobe of the a a
P Ppituitary a
P Pa Mention the
gland? a
P Patissues on a
P Pa
which they exert their effect.
i
saaslaala
i  sVasopressin
aslaailai aslaailai
orsAntidiuretic i i
saaslaala (ADH)
hormone i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a d a a d a a d a da d a d a d a asaas
a d PaPa Oxytocin:PThey
d d
aPa exert their d
PaPeffect
a d
PaPaand mammary
on uterus d
PaPagland. PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
17. Why are thyroid hormones referred as personality hormone? lailai

s aslaailai s aslaailai saslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai saasa It is also ai i
slala as personality
saaknown
i i
saaslaala saasl
aa
d a a
P Pad a
d a
Essential for
a d
P Pa
a
d a
normal a
P Pad
physical,a
d a
mental anda da a
personality
P Pa d d a
development.
a
P Pa d a
P Pa dad a d
P Pa
ad a d
P Pa
a
d
hormone.
i i iai i i ai i i i ilai i i laailour
ai
a saaslaala 18. Which
a saaslaalhormone a saaslaala iodine
requires a a saaslaala Whatdwill
slalaits formation?
saafor a saaslaahappen ifdadsaaslaala of iodine
intake a saasin sasl
a d da d
PaPdiet P d
aPa d P d
aPa d P d
aPa d P aPa d P aPa P d
aPa d P aPdaada
is low?
 Thyroid hormone requires iodine for its formation.
i i  asIfaslitaailis
ai low Goitre ilai Cretinismalfor i i ai i ilai i i i i
adsaaslaala d d a d a
d saaslaaand d a
d sasaala childrens.
d a
d slala
saaMyxoedema d a
dsaaslaaadults.
for
d adsaaslaala d a
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Answer in detail:
i i aslaailai the gaseous iai i i aiai i i ai i i i
a saaslaala 1. (a)
d a sName
a d a saaslaalplant d a saaslaala Describe
hormone.
d a slalthree
saaits d a saaslaalaactionsdain
different slala
saaplants. d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa Ethylene. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Its three different actions in plants.
i i i i Ethyleneapromotes i i the ripeningi i of fruits. i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala a saaslaala asaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d  a d d
Ethylene
P Pa inhibits a
the
P Pad d
elongation a
of
P Pad d
stem and a
root d
in
P Pa d
dicots. a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
 Ethylene hastens the senescence of leaves and flowers.
laailai (b) lWhich
aailai hormone laailaisi knownsas laastress
ilai hormone laailaini plants s?asWhy?
laailai ai i ai i
a saas d a saas Abscisic a
acid.
d s
a as Because it
d a aas
increases a
tolerance
d saas of plants to
d a a
various kinds
d aof slala So, ditadissaaalso
saastress. slala asaas
l
a d PaPa d Pa a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPdad
called asPstress hormone.
i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
2. Describe an experiment which demonstrates that growth stimulating hormone is produced at
a
d saaslaala d dsaaslaaoflacoleoptile.
theatip
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a PPa a
a In First experiment,
P Pa a
P Pa went removed
Waemolt a
P Pa the tips ofPAvena a
Pa coleoptiles. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 The cut tips did not grow indicating that the tips produced something essential for growth.
i
saaslaala
i  sInalhis ai isecond experiment, i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala the agar
he placed aslaailai on the adecapitated
sblocks
i i
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala tips. dadsaaslaala
coleoptile l
a d a a sala d a d a d a a d d a asaas
a d PaP d
a The coleoptile d
PaPa tips did not d
PaPshow
a any response. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPdad
 In his next experiment, he placed the detached coleoptile tips on agar blocks.
i i  After i an
i hour, itagrew i i straight up i i
indicating that i i chemical
some ihad
i diffusedafrom i i the cut alailai
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala asasa a saasl
a d a
P Pa d coleoptile tips
a
P Pa dinto the agar
a
P Pa d
block, which d
stimulated
a
P Pa the d
growth.
a
P Pa a
P Pa d PaPdad a d
P Pa d
3. Write the physiologicali effects of gibberellins.

a laailai a laailai a laalai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s a s s
Physiological
d a a
effects
d sa s of a
Gibberellins:
d d a d a d a d a asaas
a d PaPa d PaPa d Pa a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d Pa a d PaPdad
 Treatment of rosette plantsPwith gibberellin induces sudden shoot elongation followed Pby
flowering. This is called bolting.
s alsaailai  s aslaailai
Gibberellins promote
i i
saaslaala the production
i i
saaslaala of male aslaailai in monoecious
sflowers
i i
saaslaala plants aslaailai
s(Cucurbits).
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a d a
d a a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d
PPa Gibberellins P Pabreak dormancy P Pa of potato P Pa
tubers. P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
 Gibberellins are efficient than auxins in inducing the formation of seedless fruit - Parthenocarpic
ailai aslaailae.g.
i Tomato. i i i i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasa l
d a sfruits
l
4. Where are estrogens produced? What is the role of estrogens in the human body?
i i  Estrogen i i is produced i i by the Graafian i i follicles i ithe ovary.alailai
of i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d sasa d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a Functions
a
P Pa of estrogens:
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 It brings about the changes that occur during puberty.
laailai  It initiates
laailai the processlaailai of oogenesis.
s a s a s a aslaailai
saovarian aailai
saaslin
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala asaas
l
aad a s d
PaPa
a
d a
It s
stimulates PaPad a
the
d a s
maturation PaPad a
of
d d
PaPa
a
follicles
d the d
PaPa
a
ovary.d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPdad
 It promotes the development of secondary sexual characters
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i i ilai i i i i ilai laailai ai i i i
adsaaslaala 5. What
d adsaaslaa
are d d saaslaala which
the conditions
a d a
d saaslaala due todlack
occur a
d saaslaaof ADH dand
a
d saasinsulin? How
d a
d saaare d a
d saaslaala
slalathe conditions d a
d saasl
a a a
P Pdifferent a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
from one another?
 It Reduces reabsorption of water
a ilai laailai an increase
 asItaascauses i i i i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasal
d d a saaslaala in urined a saaslaala (polyuria)
output
l
a d PaPa d d
PaDiabetes
Pa PaPa
insipidus
d PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPamellitus PaPa
Diabetes
d PaPdad
Increase in urine output Increase in blood suger level
ai i a i i a i i a i i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d ad
l
saasal a
d a
d
l
saasal a
d a
d
l
saasal a
dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
P Pa 17.a a
P PREPRODUCTION a
P Pa aPa PLANTS
PIN a
P Pa AND ANIMALS a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Short Answers
i i laailai grain produces i i aailai ai i i i ailai i i
a saaslaala 1. Ifdone
a saaspollen d a saaslaala two dmale
a saaslgametes, howsamany
d a a saaslaalaare needed
slala pollendagrains d a slafertilize
saato d a saaslaala
10 ovules?
asaas
l
a d d
PaPa 10 pollenPgrains d
aPa needed.PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
2. In which part of the lflower germination of pollenlagrains takes place? Stigma

a saaslaailai a s
a aslaailai a s
a asaailai a s
a aslaailai a s
a asailai asaaslaailai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
3. Name two organisms which reproduces through budding. Yeast, Hydra
i i i i ilai i i aslaailato
i i i i i i i
a saaslaala 4. Mention
d a saaslaalathe function
d a saaslaaof d a saaslaala Provides
endosperm. d a safood the d a saaslaala embryos.
developing d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
5. Name the hormone responsible for the vigorous contractions of the uterine muscles. Oxytocin
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a aPa is the enzyme
6.PWhat a
P Pa presentPin aPaacrosome of a a
P Psperm? a
P Pa
Hyaluronidase a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
th
a ilai 7. Whenalis a ilaWorld
i Menstrual
ailai Hygiene aDay
ilai observed? a ilai May 28 alailai i i i i
a a l
sasa d a sasa d a a l
sasa d a a l
sasa d a a l
sasa d a sasa d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
8. What is the need for contraception? It is the best birth control measure.
i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
i i ilai part of the ilai i i iai iai following ilai i i

a
d saaslaala 9. Named a
dsaaslaathe d a
d saaslaahuman d d saaslaalareproductive
female
a d a
d saaslaalsystem where
d a
d saaslaalthe d a
d saaslaaoccurs. d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Paa. Fertilization a
P Pa: Fallobian a a or ampulla
P Ptube a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
b. Implantation : Uterine wall
l
a d 10.
PaPWhat
a d will happen d
PaPa if you cut d
PaPplanaria
a intoPa d
small
Pa fragments? PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Each fragments of the organism to give rise an individual new organism.
i i laailai aslaailai i i i i iai i i i i
adsaaslaala 11. Whyd a
d saasis vegetative
d a
d sapropagation d a
d saaslaala
practiced ford a saaslaala somedad
growing
d saaslaalof
type plants?
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P a a
P Pa a
P a a
P Pa a
P a a
P Pa a
P Pa
 It has only Pmitotic division, no gametic P fusion and daughter plants areP genetically similar to the
parent plant.
l
a d PaPHow
12.
d
a does binary d
PaPa fission differ d
PaPa from multiple d
PaPa fission? PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Binary Fission Multiple Fission
i i i i i i i i i i asaailai laailform
ai i i
adsaaslaala dad a
l a a
asal parent organism
sThe d a
d
l a a
saasal splitsdato d
l
saaforma a
sal two new d a
d
l a
saasaThe a
l parents
d a
d
l
saorganism splits
d a
d saasto many
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa organisms. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
new organisms a
Pa time. P Pa
at thePsame a a
P Pa
favourable environmental conditions. unfavourable environmental conditions.
i i i
Amoeba, i Paramecium, i i etc. i i i i
Plasmodium. i i i i i i
l
13. Define triple fusion.
 Among the two male gamete produced by generative cells one fuses with egg.
s alsaailai aslaailother
dadsThe ai sperm laailai with thesasecondary
saasfuses ai i
slala nucleus
i i
saaslaalais called
i i
saaslaalafusion.dadsaaslaala
triple
i i i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a a a d a
d a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d
14. Write the characteristics of insect pollinated flowers.
i i  asTo ilai aailai flowerssaare ai i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d aaslaaattract
d a saaslthese
insects
d a a saaslaala havedasmell
slalabrightlydacoloured, saaslaalaand nectar.
l
15. Name the secondary sex organs in male
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i i  Vas ideferens,
i i i
epididymis, seminal i vesicle,
i prostate i i gland andapenis. i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
16. What is colostrum? How is milk production hormonally regulated?
 Theaimilk producedafrom the breast during the first 2 to 3 days after child birth is calledacolostrum.
a laailai a lalai a lailai a laailai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sa s
Milk a
production
d sa s
is stimulated
d a sa
bys prolactin d a sa s
hormone d a sa s d a d a asaas
 The ejection of milk is stimulated by oxytocin hormone
i i laailaimenstrual aailai i i i i ai i i i i i
a
d saaslaala 17. Howd a
d saascan d a
d saaslhygiene bed a
d saaslaala
maintained d dsaaslaalamenstrual
during
a d a
d slala
saadays? d a
dsaasl
a PPa a a
P Pashould be P a
Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 Sanitary pads changed regularly,
 Use of warm water to clean genitals helps to get rid of menstrual cramps
ailai aslaailai looseasclothing
aslaailai rather aslaailatight
i aailai i i i i i i
a a
sasal  asWearing
d a d a d a than
sa d a saaslclothes
fitting
l
18. How does developing embryo gets its nourishment inside the mother's body?
i i
saaslaala  sPlacenta
aslaailai allows laailaiexchangesaof
saasthe ai food
i i i
saaslaala diffusion
materials, saaof aioxygen,
i i i
saaslaala
excretion i i
saaslaala
of nitrogenous
ad d a
d a d a
d d a
d a slala d ad d a
d slala d a
d d a
d d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa wastes anda
P Pa
elimination a
P Pa
of carbon a
P Pa
dioxide. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
a laailai 19. Identify

a laailathe
i parts A, a laaB,
ilaiC and D alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
s
aada
s s
aa s s
aa s asasa a a a a asaas
PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad d d
PaPaA – Exine PaPa d d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
B – Intine
i i i i i i i i C –laGenerative
ilai celllaiai i i i i
a saaslaala da saaslaala d asaaslaala da saaslaala a
D saa–saVegetative a saasa
cell
l a saaslaala a saaslaala a saasl
a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad PaPdad a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
20. Write the events involved in the sexual reproduction of a flowering plant.
i i ai i the first ilai aslaailaithe types. i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
d a slala
a.saDiscuss
d a
d saaslaaevent andaswrite
d d a d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa Pollination. a a
P Pa 1. Self-pollination
P Pa a
Pa pollination
2.PCross a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i b.aMentioni i i i
the advantages andalthe i idisadvantages i i of that event. i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a sasaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d d
PaPa self-pollinationPaPa d PaPa d PaPa d d
cross-pollination
PaPa PaPa d PaPdad
Advantages: Advantages:
i i  laFlowers
ilai do not depend onlai agents for lai iIt leads to the production of new varieties.lai i
saaslaala s asapollination. s aslaailai s asalai s asala s aslaailai s aslaailai saasala saasl
aad a d
P Pa
a
d a a d
P Pa
ad a a d
P Pa
a
d a a d
P Pa
a
d a  More a
P Pad a
d a
viable seeds are
a
P Pa d a
d a
produced. a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
 There is no wastage of pollen grains.
i i Disadvantages:
ilai Disadvantages of cross-pollination
saaslaala a laaThe a laailaiin numbers. a laailai a laailai a aailai
lmay aailai
asldistance i i
saaslaala l
a d a sa s seedsd a s
area sless d a sa s d a sa s Pollination
d a sa s fail due
d a sto
a barrier.
d a asaas
a d d
PaPa  The endosperm PaPa d d
PaPa Therefore,
is minute.
d
PaPathe  More d
PaPwastage
a d
PaPa grains PaPa
of pollen
d PaPdad
seeds produce weak plants.  It may introduce some unwanted characters
i i ilai varieties aoflaplants
ilai cannotabe aaiproduced
i i i aslaailai on theasexternal
aslaailai agencies ilai
adsaaslaala d a
d s
aasl a
aNew
d adsa s a d a
d sa sl l a
d a
d saa l aa
s la Flowers dadsdepend
a d d a d a
d saaslaafor d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
pollination a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i laailaithe human ilai located ilai aslaailai i i laailai in which ilai

a saaslaala 21. Whyda saasare d a saaslaatestes d a saaslaaoutside thesabdominal
d a a d a saaslaalaNamedthe
cavity?
a saaspouch d a saaslaathey asaas
l
ad PaPared
a present.PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Because sperm formation requires a lower temperature than the normal body temperature.
aslaailai alaName
ilai laailai is Scrotum.
of theapouch i i i i i i i i i i
adsa d a
d s
a s a d adsa s d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
22. Luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is also called the secretory phase. Give reason.
 The ihormone progesterone is produced by the ovaries.
a laailai a laalai a laailai a laailai laailai
saaswhich
ilai
saaslaafrom
i i
saaslaala follicle. aslaailai l
a sa s d a s
a s
Progesterone d a
issa s
secreted by d a
thesa s
corpus a
luteum,
d a
develops
d the a
Graafian
d d a s...
a asaas
 For this reason, this phase of the menstrual cycle is called the secretory phase.
www.Padasalai.Net
i i laailaifamily planning i i ilai ai i iai i i i i
adsaaslaala 23. Whydadsaasare d a
d saaslaala methods d a
d saaslaanot adopted
d a
d slalaall the people
saaby d a
d saaslaalof d d saaslaala
our country?
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a a a a a a a
PPa Poverty, illiteracy,
P Pa a
P PMost
Fatalist. Pa in IndiaPare
of the Ppeople Pafatalist,Religious
P Pa Opposition, P Pa Lack of P Pa
Finance,Lack of Cheap and Effective Methods,Shortage of Trained Staff
l
a d PaPa
Answer
d PaPa
in detail:
d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
1. With a neat labelled diagram describe the parts of a typical angiospermic ovule.
ad
l
saasal a
d d saaslaala of thedOvule
Structure
a a
d saaslaala: d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
PPa Nucleus P a a
is Penclosed a
Pa integuments
by Ptwo a
P Paleaving an P a
Pa
opening a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
called as micropyle.
i i  The i i is attached
ovule itoi the ovary wall i by
i a stalk known i as
i funiculus. i i i i i i
l
a d a Chalaza isPthe
PaPd d d d
aPabasal part. PaPa d d PaPad d PaPad d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
 The embryo sac contains seven cells and the eighth nuclei
located within thelanucelus.
s aslaailai s aslaailai i
alai
saasmicropylar aslaailai
send
ilai
saaslaaapparatus
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a ad
P Pa
a
d a
Three cellsa
P Pad
at a
the
d a
P Pad a
d a form the
a
P Pad a
egg
d a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
 The three cells at the chalaza end are the antipodal cells.
i i laailaithe phases i i laailai Indicate ilai ai ai aslaaila i ai i
a saaslaala 2. Whatd a saasare d a saaslaaoflamenstrual
d a saascycle? d a saaslaathe changes
d a slalthe
saain ovary
d a sand
a uterus. dadsaaslala asaas
l
a d aPa
PThe d aPa
menstrualPcycle
d aa d
consistsPofP4 phases P P
aa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPdad
1) Menstrual or Destructive Phase
a i i aslaailai i i i i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a 2) sFollicular
d a
d a d d saaslaala
or Proliferative
a
Phase
dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
PP3)a OvulatoryPPhase aPa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
4) Luteal or Secretory Phase
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
Events of Menstrual Cycle and the Role of Hormones
i i ilai i i i i i i i i ilai Uterus alailai
a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaaPhase d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala in Ovary
Changes
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala Changes
d adsaaslaain d a
d sasa d a
d saasl
a a a
P PMenstrual a
P Pa Development
phase a a
P Pa of primaryP follicles.
Pa aPa
PBreakdown a a
ofP Puterine a
P Pa
endometrial a
lining P Pa
leads to bleeding
i i Follicular i i phase i
Primary i follicles i
growi to become i i a Endometrium i i i i
regenerates i i
through
l
a d PaPa d d
PaPa fully mature d
PaPaGraafian folliclePaPa d aPa d
Pproliferation PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Ovulatory phase The Graafian follicle ruptures, and Increase in endometrial thickness
i i ilai releases the ovum(egg)
a saaslaala a sa
Lutealaslaaphase a saaslaailai
Emptied a
Graafian
i i
saaslaalafollicledaddevelops
i i
saaslaala a
Endometrium
i i
saaslaala is a
prepared
i i
saaslaala for implantation
a
i i
saaslaala if dadsaasl
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pa a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d PaPa
into corpus luteum fertilization of egg takes place, if
fertilization does not occur corpus luteum
i i ilai ilai ilai ilai i i ai i aslaailai
a saaslaala d a a
sasal a
d a a
sasala
d a a
sasal a
d a a
sasal a saaslaala uterine
degenerates,
d a d a slala ruptures,
saawall d a sableeding asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d d
aPa and unfertilized
Pstarts d
PaPa egg is expelled PaPa d PaPdad
i i i i aailai germinates i i iai laailai carries stwoaslaailagametes.

i aslaailai is
adsaaslaala 3. Indaangiosperms
dsaaslaala d
the
adsaaslpollen d a
d saaslaala to produce
d a
d saaslaalpollen tube
d adsaasthat d a
d a d a
d sWhat
a d a
d saasl
a a
Pa purpose of
Pthe a
PP a
carrying aPa
twoPgametes aPa
whenP single aPa fertilize P
gameteP can a
thePaegg? a
P Pa a
P Pa
 One sperm fuses with the egg (syngamy) and forms a diploid zygote.
i i  Since i itwo typesaof i fusion
i syngamy i i and triplealfusion
i i take place i in
i an embryo i sac,
i the process i i is
a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a sasaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa termed asPdouble aPa d d
fertilization.
PaPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 After triple fusion, primary endosperm nucleus develops into an endosperm.
 Endosperm provides food to the ldeveloping embryo.
a saaslaailai a s
a aslaailai a saaslaailai a saasaailai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
4. Why menstrual cycle does not take place before puberty and during pregnancy ?
 Before puberty there is no sex hormone production.
ailai aslaailacorpus
i i i i i i i i i aslaailathickened
i aslaailaiof
a a
sasal dadsThe
a d a saaslaalapersists,
luteum d a saaslaala
continues saaslaala progesterone
todsecrete
a d a saaslaalamaintainsd a sathe d a sastate asaas
l
a d PaPa uterine wall PaPandd aPa
a preventsPmaturation d aPa d
ofPanother
aPa
folliclePtill
d aPa d
the end of Ppregnancy. PaPa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
i i laailafollowing
i ai i and answer i i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala 5. Readd adsaasthe d a
d slala
saapassage d a
d saaslaala the questions
d adsaaslaala that dfollow.
a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a aPa
PRahini and her a a
P Pparents a a
P Pwatching
were a
P Pa
a television a
P Pa
programme. a
P Pa
An advertisement a
P Pa on the
flashed a
P Pa
screen, which was promoting use of sanitary napkins. Rahini’s parents suddenly changed the
i i channel, i but
i she objected i i to herlaiparents i andlaexplained
i i the i need
i and importance
i i of such
i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saasala d a saasala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d advertisement.
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
a) What is first menstruation called? When does it occur ?
 The ifirst menstruation is called ‘puberty’. It occuri between 11 toi 13 years.
s alsaailai s a
b)daList l aalai
s out the napkin s a l aailai
s hygienedameasures s asl aailai
taken s asl aalai
during s as
menstruationl aalai ai i
? adadsaaslala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a a d a a d a
d a a d a a d ad a a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d
PP The sanitary P Papad and tampons P Pa should beP P a
wrapped properly P Pa and discarded P Pa because they a
P Pcan spread P Pa
infections.
ailai aslaailai pad or aslaailai should ai i ai i i i i i i i
a a
sasa l  asSanitary
d a d a satampon d a slalabe flushed
saanot d a slala the toilet.
saadown d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP d PaPa
a Napkin incinerators
d d
PaPbea used properly
are to
d
PaPafor disposal PaP d
ofaused napkins. PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
c) Do you think that Rahini’s objection towards her parents was correct? If so, Why?
a i i  sYes,aslaailaiti was correct. i i i i i i ailai ilai overall health i i
ad
l
saasal a
d ad a d a
d saaslaalaBecause d a
d saaslaala
maintaining
d dsaaslaala hygiene
menstrual
a d a
d slaimportant
saais d a
d saaslaathe
for
d adsaaslaala of d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa women. P Pa a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
18. GENETICS
a saaslaala Short d a sAnswers
l
a d
1.PaP a
What
d
is a cross
d
PaPain which inheritance
PaPa d d
PaPpairs
of two a PaPa d
of contrasting
d
PaPa are studied?
characters PaPa d PaPdad
Dihybrid cross
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a 2. aName
P Pa the a
conditions
P Pa when a
both
P Pa the allelesaare
P Pa identical? a
P Pa Homozygous a
P Pa condition. a
P Pa a
P Pa
3. A garden pea plant produces axial awhite flowers.aAnother of theaisame speciesaproduced terminal
a laailai a laailai a laailai a lailai a lailai a lalai a lailai i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a s
violet
a s flowers. d as s
Identify
a the a s s
dominant
d a trait?d a s
a s The a
dominant
d s
a s trait is a
Axial
d s
a s
white a
flowers.
d asaas

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
4. What is the name given to the segments of DNA, which are responsible for the inheritance of a
a
d saaslaala d dsaaslaala character?
particular
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa Genes are a
PP a segments of
the a a
P PDNA a
areParesponsible for
which P a a in heritance
P Pthe a a
a a particularP character.
P Pof Pa a
P Pa
i i 5. Name i i bond which

the i binds
i i i
the nucleotides i i
in aalDNA. i i
Phosphodiester i i
bonds i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a sasaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
6. Why did Mendel select pea plant for his experiments?
 Pea iplant is naturally ilai self pollinating and so is very easy to raisei pure breeding iindividuals.
It
laalai
asis easy to a s
crossaaslaa
pollinate. a saaslaailai a saslaailai
a a saaslaalai a saaslaala
i
a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
 The flowers are bisexual.
i i aailayou
i i i aslaailaphenotype
i aailai genotype? i i i i i i
a saaslaala 7. What da saasldo d a saaslaala by the
understand d a sterm
a d a saasland d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP d aa
a PhenotypeP -PExternal
d PaPa d
expression
d
PaPa trait is P
of a particular
aPa
known
d PaPa d
as phenotype. PaPa d PaPdad
 Genotype - The genetic expression of an organisms.
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a aPa are allosomes?
8.PWhat a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 Allosomes are chromosomes, which are responsible for determining the sex of an individual.
i i Theyi are i also called i sex
i chromosomes i i (or) hetero i chromosome.
i i i i i i i
l
9. What are Okazaki fragments?
 Theaishort segments ilaofi DNA arealcalled
aailai Okazaki fragments.
The
ai
aslalfragments a saaslaajoined
are a s
togethera s by the a
enzymesaaslaailDNA
ai
a
ligase.
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
10. Why is euploidy considered to be advantageous to both plants and animals?

i i aslaailai considered i i i i aailai and animals, i i aslaailaresult
i i i
a saaslaala dadsEuploid
a d a saaslaalato be advantageous
d a saaslaala a saaslplants
to dboth da saaslaala as they
d a soften
a in
d a saaslaala
increase asaas
l
a d PaPa fruit and flower d
PaPa size. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
i i i i aslaailais
i crossedawith i i i plant
i aslaailaiwould be ai i ai i
adsaaslaala 11. A dadsaaslaalatall plant
pure
d a
d s(TT)
a d a
d saslaala pure ddwarf
a
d saaslaala (tt),swhat
d a
d a d a
d slalaF 1 anddFad2saaslala
saathe d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa generations? a
P Pa Explain. P Pa a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 F1 plants are Hybrid tall (Tt)
i i  In i ithe F2 generation i i 3 different i type
i were obtained. i i i i i i i i
l
a d PaPa d d  Tall d d
PaPaHomozygous d d
PaP-aTT - pure -P1aPa d d PaPad d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
 Tall Heterozygous - Tt - 2
 Dwarf Homozygous - tt -i1i
s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a d
a a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
P PExplain
12. Pa
the Pstructure Pa
of a Pchromosome. P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
 The chromosomes are thin, long and thread like structures consisting of two identical strands
ailai aslaailai sister chromatids.i i i i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasa l
d a scalled
l
a d PaP d
a They are P
d
aPa together by
held PaP d
a centromere.
the PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 The chromosomes are made up of DNA, RNA chromosomal proteins C histones and non - histones
a i i aslaailcertain
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d sand
a d a
d saaslaalaions. dadsaaslaala
metallic
d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a PP a These proteins
a a
P Pa provide structural a
P Pa a
P Ptoa the chromosome.
support a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i 13. Label ithe

i parts ofathe i iDNA in the diagram
i i given i below.
i Explain i ithe structure i briefly.
i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
 DNA is a large molecule consisting of millions of nucleotides. Hence, it is also called a
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaapolynucleotide.
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa  Each P a Pa
nucleotide a a
P Paof three components.
consists P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
a) A sugar molecule - Deoxyribose sugar
i i i i b) A nitrogenous i i base -aThere i i are twoatypes i i of nitrogenous i i base in aDNA. i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d d
aPa are,
They
P PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Purines (Adenine and Thymine)
i i  Pyrimidines ( Cytosine and Thymine)
a saaslaala a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d c) Aa
P PadPhosphate
d a
P Pad
group d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
 Adenine links thymine with two hydrogen bonds, cytosine links guanine with three hydrogen
i i bonds.
saaslaala a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a d a sa s d a d a d a d a d a d a asaas
Answer in detail:
1. Explain with an example the inheritance of dihybrid cross. How is it different from monohybrid
adsaaslaala d dsaaslaala
cross?
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa  Dihybrid a
P Pacross involves a
P Pathe inheritance a
P Paof two pairs a
Pa
P contrasting a
P Paat the samePtime.aPa a
P Pa
traits
 Mendel crossed pea plants having round yellow seed with pea plants having wrinkled green
i i ilai laailai yellowsseeds
aslaailai were produced. i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaaseeds. In F1
d a saasround d a a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
ad d
PaPa  WhenPthe d
aPa hybrids ofPF1 d
aPageneration Ppea d
aPaplants having d
PaParound yellow d
PaPseeds
a d
PaPa bred by
were cross- PaPdad
self-pollination then four types of seeds having different combinations of shape and color were
i i i i
obtained in F2. i i i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala asaaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d  a
P Pad d They a
were, d
P Pa d
Round a
Yellow d
P Pa d
-9 Round a d
green
P Pa d – 3 a d
Wrinkled
P Pa d yellow - a
3 d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
Wrinkled green – 1 The phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1
i i Monohybridaicross Dihybrid cross
saaslaala a laailai a laailai a lalai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaalaof twodpairs
i i
saaslaala l
a d a sa s Crosses
d a sa s
involving d a sa s
inheritance of only
d a sa s
one Crossd a sa s
involving a
inheritance
d a asaas
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d Pa a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
pair of contrasting characters P of contrasting characters
www.Padasalai.Net
i i Example : laTall Plant × Dwarf plant Example:layellow × Wrinkled green lailai
a saaslaala a s
a aslaailai a s
a asailai a s
a aslaailai a s
a aslaailai a s
a asailai a s
a aslaailai asaasa a saasl
a d PaPdad The dad
phenotypic
PaP PaPdaisd 3:1
ratio PaPdad PaPdad ratio is
Phenotypic dad
PaP9:3:3:1 PaPdad a d
P Pa d
2. How isi the structure iofi DNA organised? What isi the biological isignificance of DNA?
a laailai a laalai a laala a laailai a laalai a laalai a laailai i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a s
DNA
a s is the a s s
hereditary
d a material
d a sa s
as it contain
d a s
the
a s genetic a s s
information.
d a d a sa s d a asaas
 The most widely accepted model or DNA is the double helical structure of James Watsib and
Frabcis Crick.
s alsaailai  s aslaailaproposed
They
i aslaailthree-dimensional
sathe ai i i
saaslaala model sof
ilai
aslaaDNA on d the ai i
slala of X -daray
saabasis aailai
saasldiffraction studies
i i
saaslaala of saasl
aad a a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a a ad a d a d a
d a d a
d
P Pa DNA obtained P Pa by Rosalind P PaFranklin and P Pa
Manrice Wilkies. P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
Significance of DNA:
i i  sDNA aslaailai is responsible i i aslaailai i i i i iai aiai
a saaslaala d a a d a saaslaala for the d a satransmission d a saaslaala
hereditary
d a saaslaala fromdadone
information saaslaalgeneration
d a slalnext
saato asaas
l
a d d
PaPa generations. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPa d PaPdad
 It contains information required for the formation of proteins.
i i  Itacontrols
i i i i
the developmental process i i and life aactivities
i i i i
of an aorganism. i i i i
adsaaslaala d a
d saslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saslaala d adsaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
3. The sex of the newborn child is a matter of chance and neither of the parents may be considered
responsible for it. What would be the possibleaifusion of gametes to
a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a lalai a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s a s s
determine
d a the a
sex
d sa s
of the child?
d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a d a asaas
a d d
PaPa  Human d
PaPabeings haveP23 aPa d PaPa
pairs of chromosomes
d aa d
outPofPwhich 22 pairs PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
are autosomes and one pair (23rd pair) is the sex chromosomes.
a i i a i i ilai ilai eggs formed i i iai their i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d saas
l a
al The female
d a
d saaslaagametes d d saaslaathe
(or)
a d a
d saaslaala are similar
d adsaaslaalin d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa
chromosome a
P Pa
type (22+xx). a
P Pa females are
So, human a a
P Phomogametic. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 The male gametes produced are of two types. They are produced in equal
i i i proportions.
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
l
a d d
PaPa d  aP
P d d
a sperm bearing
The d d
PaPa 22 + x chromosomes. d
PaPa d d
PaPsperm
The a d d
PaPa
bearing d PaPad d PaPdad
22 + y chromosomes. So human males are called heterogametic.
a saaslaailai a saaslala a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslala a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
19. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE

s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aa
d a Short
a d a
d Answers
a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
1. A human hand, a front leg of a cat, a front flipper of a whale and a bat’s wing look dissimilar and
adapted for different functions. What is the name given to these organs?
ailai i i aslaailai i i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasa l
d a saaslaala d a sHomologous
a d a saaslaala
organs d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
2. Which organism is considered to be the fossil bird? Archaeopteryx
a i i a i i a i i ai i a i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d ad
l
saasal a
d a
d
l
saasal a
d a
d
l
saasal a
dadsaasall a
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
3.P P a
What a
P Pa of fossilsPcalled?
is the study aPa a
P Pa a
P Pa Palaeontology a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
sa slaailai 4. Thesadegenerated
slaailai wing
s aslaailaof
i a kiwi isalan
s s
aailaacquired
i
s
character.
aslaailai Whylaisiaiti an acquired
s as a l s aslaailacharacter?
i i i
saaslaala of dadsaasl
aad a d
PaPa
ad a
According d
to
PaPa
a
d a
Lamarck, thed
PaPa
a a
acquired
d d a a
characters
PaPa d are d a a
transmitted
PaPa d to the d a a
offspring
PaPa d by thed
PaPa
a
process
d PaPa
inheritance. E.g : degenerated wing of kiwi.
i i laailArchaeopteryx
adsaaslaala 5. Why dadsaasis d a
d saaslaalaconsidered
d a
d saaslaatolabe a connecting
d a
d saaslaala link?dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
PP a a
P Pa is considered a
P Pato be a connecting a
P Pa link between a
P Pa reptiles and a a
P Pbirds. a
P Pa a
P Pa
 Archaeopteryx
 It had wings with feathers, like a bird.
ailai laailaia long tailsaclawed
 asItaashad ai i aslaailconical
ai ilai a reptile. alailai i i i i
a a
sasal
d d a a slala digits d a sand
a d a saaslaalike
teeth,
d a sasa d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
6. Define Ethnobotany and write its importance.
i i
saaslaala  sEthnobotany
aslaailai issatheai istudy of saalaaregion’s
i i plants iai their practical
saaslaaland
i i
saaslaala uses aslaailai the traditional
sthrough
i i
saaslaala
ad d a
d a d a
d a slala d a
d a s la d a
d d a
d d a
d a d a
d d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa knowledge a
P Pa
of the local a
P Pa
culture of a
P Pa
people. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Importance of Ethnobotany:
i i  It proveslaailai traditional i uses
i of plant. ilai ilai aailai i i i i
a saaslaala d a sItaasgives d a saaslaalaabout certain
d a saaslaaunknown d a saaslaaknown da saaslplants. d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d information
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa and
d useful
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Tribal communities utilize ethno medicinal plant parts for the treatment of diseases.
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i i laailai i i ilai i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala 7. How
dadsaascan d d saaslaala the age
you determine
a d a
d saaslaathe
of fossils?
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P a a
P a a
P Pa a
P Pa
 The age of P fossils is determined by radioactive elementsPpresent in it. P
 They may be carbon, uranium, lead or potassium.
a ilai laailused
ai in determining i i aailahuman
i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasal dasItaasis d a saaslaala thedaagesaaslof saaslaalaand manuscripts
fossils
da d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
Answer in detail:
i i iai ilai ilai evolutiona-laHow?i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala 1. Natural
d a
d saaslaalselection d adsaaaslaadriving
is force
d a
d saaslaafor d a
d sasala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
PPa Organisms a
PP a
which are unable a a
P Pa to face thePchallengePa a
P Pa to survive Pand
are unfit aPadisappears.P P a a process
The a
P Pa
of selection of organisms with favourable variation is called as natural selection.
i i i i
Principles of Darwinism i i i i i i i i i i i i
l
a d d
PaPa i. OverproductionPaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Living beings have the ability to reproduce more individuals and form their own progeny.
 This will increaselareproductive potential leadinglato overproduction.
a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saasailai a saaslaailai a saasailai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d ii. Struggle a d
for
P Pa d existence a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
a. Intraspecific struggle: Competition among the individuals of same species.
b. Interspecific struggle: Competition between the organisms of different species living
ailai a i i i i ai i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasal
d a
l
sasala
a
d a saaslaala d a saaslala
together. d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPa d
c. Environmental
d
PaPa NaturalPaconditions
struggle: Pa d d
PaPextreme
like a aPa
heatPor
d
cold, drought PaPa d
and floods PaPdad
can affect the existence of organisms
a i i a i i a i i a i i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d
iii.l
saasal a
Variations
d ad
l
saasal a
d a
d
l
saasala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa Accordinga
P Pa to Darwin a a
P Pfavourable a
P Pa
variations aPa to the organism
are Puseful a
P Pa a
P Pa
and unfavourable a
P Pa
variations are harmful or useless to the organism.
i i iv. Survival
ilai of the fittest or Natural iai selection
a saaslaala a saaslaaOrganisms a aslaailai
sawhich a saaslaalto a
ai i
slala
saachallenges, a
laailai
saasunfit a
ilai
saaslaaand a
iai
saaslaalThe asaas
l
a d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d are unable
PaPad d face
PaPathe
d d d
PaPaare
d to survive
d
PaPa d disappear.
d
PaPa d PaPdad
process of selection of organisms with favourable variation is called as natural selection.
i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
v. Origin of species
i i ilai ilai ilai i i ai i accumulation i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaaAccording d a
d
aslaaDarwin,
sato d
new
a
d saaslaaspecies d d saaslaala by the
originates
a d a
d slala
saagradual dadsaaslaala of dfavourable
adsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa for a number
variations a
P Pa
of generations. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala20. BREEDING
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala BIOTECHNOLOGY
AND d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala asaas
l
Short Answers
1. Give the name of wheat variety having higher dietary fibre and protein Triticale.
s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai s a lsaailai s aslaailai i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a daad a a d
a a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d
2.P PSemi - dwarf P Pvarieties P PaintroducedP in
were Parice. This a made possible
P Pwas P Pa Pa
by theP presence of P Pa
dwarfing gene in rice. Name this dwarfing gene. Dee-geo-woo-gene (DGWG).
l
a d 3.PaP a d
Define genetic d
PaPengineering?
a PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Genetic engineering is the manipulation and transfer of genes from one organism to another
organism to create a new DNA lcalled as recombinant DNA (rDNA).
a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a s aasaailai a saaslaailai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
4. Name the types of stem cells.
 Embryonic stem cell.
a laailai aslaailaistem cell
dadsAdult aslaailaSomatic
i iai
saaslaalcell.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s a d a sa(or) d stem
a d a d a d a d a asaas
a d PaPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
5. What are transgenic organisms?
ai i aslaailai or animals
 asPlants ilai laailai i i aslaailaaiforeignagene i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d d a d a
d saaslaaexpressingd a
d saaasmodified d d saaslaala gene
endogenous
a d a
d s(or)
a d dsaaslaalaare alsodaknown
dsaaslaala as dadsaasl
a a a
P Pa transgenicPorganisms.
Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa PaPa
i i 6. Statealthe i iimportance iofi biofertiliser? i i i i i i i i i i

a saaslaala a sasaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala asaas
l
a d a High yield
PaPd d PaPd d
without
a d
pest PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
 Reduce soil pollution problem
 Conserve
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microbial population in soil
s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a ad
P Pa
a
d a
They are a d
P Pa
a
cheaper
d a and d a a
ecofriendly.
a
P Pa d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
7. Discussi the method ofi breeding for disease resistance.

a laailai a l ai diseases
laaPlant a i
aalacaused
lare a laailai aslaailai bacteria aslaailfungi.
ai ai i
slala crop dyield.
saaaffects
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sas d a sa s dby
a s apathogens
s like
d a sviruses,
a d a saand This
d a a asaas
a d PaPa d aPa
PCrop d d
PaPa Variety PaPa d PaPa d
Resistance PaPa
to diseases
d PaPa d PaPdad
Wheat Himgiri Leaf and stipe rust, hill bund
ai i a i i a i i a i i ailai rot alailai i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d
l a
saasal Cauliflowerd a
d
l
saasal a
d d a
l
asal
PusaasShubhra, a Push
d a
d
l
saasaBlack d a
d sasa d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa P a
Pa
snowball K-1 P Pa a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Cowpea Pusa Komal Bacterial blight
l
a d 8.PaP d
a three improved
Name PaPa d PaPa d
characteristics of wheat d
PaPathat helpedPIndia d
aPa to achieve d
PaPhigh
a productivity. PaPa d PaPdad
 Atlas 66, a protein rich wheat variety is produced through Biofortification.
 Disease resistantlaHimgiri variety of wheat islaproduced. It resists Leaf and stiffs rust and hill
a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saasailai a saaslaailai a saasailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saasl
ad PaPdadburnt. PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad a d
P Pa d
 Sonalika, kalyan sona are semi - dwarf varieties of wheat developed from high yielding,
semi-5.
a laailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sa d a d a d a d a d a d a asaas
a d aa
9.P P
d
Name two maize
d
PaPa hybrids rich d
PaPain amino acid d
PaPalysine. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Protina
a i i aslaailai i i i i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a  asShakti
d d a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
PPa Rathna P Pa a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
10. Distinguish between
i i ai i aslaailai andagerm i i aslaailai i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
d a slala
a.sasomatic gene
d a
d satherapy d dsaaslaalaline gene
d a
d satherapy. d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa somatic gene a
P Patherapy P Pa a a a
P Pgerm a
P Patherapy P Pa
line gene a a
P Pa
Replacement of defective gene in Somatic Replacement of defective gene in germ
i i i i
cells. i i i i i i
cell i i i i i i
l
a d PaPa d d
PaPcarried
It is not a d
aPa generation.
out toPnext d
PaPa The gene d
PaPacan be carried d
PaPa out to Pnext aPa d PaPdad
generation.
i i laailai icells i i
i and differentiated i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d
b.
a
d saasundifferentiated
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala dadsaaslaala
cells.
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa undifferentiated a
P Pa cells P Pa a a
P Pa differentiated a
P Pa cells a
P Pa a
P Pa
Unspecialised mass of cells that have The cell types that can carry out any specific
i i ilai i i i i aailai ilai ai i i i
a saaslaala da saaslaavariable d a saaslaala
potency.
d asaaslaala d a saaslfunction d a saaslaadifferentiated
is called
d a saacells.
slala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d d
PaPa cells.
Eg : Stem PaPa d d
PaPa Eg : Nerve d
PaPa cell, HeartPcell, d
aPa etc. PaPa d PaPdad
11. Statelathe applications of DNA finger printing technique.

s aslaailai s asailai s aslaailai s aslaailai ailai
slaforensic
saain
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaalainvestigation
ilai
saaslaasuch saasl
aad a a
P Padad a
DNA fingera
P Pad a
d a
printing d
technique
a
P Pa
a
d a is widely d
used
a
P Pa
a
d a d a
d
applications
P Pa like
a
P Pad a
d
crime a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
as identifying the culprit.
 It is ialso used for paternity testingiini case of disputes.
a laailai a laalai a laailai saaslaaladiversity aailai
aslpopulation, i i
saaslaala anddaspeciation.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a s
It
a s
also helps in
d a s
the
a s study of a
genetic
d d a sof
a d aevolution d a asaas
12. How are stem cells useful in regenerative process?
i i ilai iai i i laailai by self renewal. i i i i i i
adsaaslaala d aaslaaability
dasIts
dsaaslaaland
to ddivide
a dsaaslaatolamore stem
givedarise d a
d saascells d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a a a a a a a
PP a Its ability toPP a rise to specalised
give P Pa cells with a
P Pspecific P Paby the process
functions P Pofa differentiation.
P Pa P Pa
i i i i i i ilai inbreeding. i i i i i i i i
d a saaslaala d a saaslaalaoutbreeding
between
d a saaslaaand d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d d
PaPa Outbreeding PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d aPa d
PInbreeding PaPa d PaPdad
1. It is the breeding of unrelated animals. Inbreeding refers to the mating of closely related
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animals within the same breed for about la4ila-i 6
a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a s
a aslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saasa a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad
generations. d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
2. The hybrids are stronger and vigorous than Superior males and superior females of the same
their parents. breed
ilai are identified i and mated in pairs. It helps in
a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laathe a laailaof a aailai
lgenes. a laailai l
s
aada
s aas s aas s aas s s
aa s s
accumulation
aa s superior
aas s s
aa s asaas
PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
Answer in detail:
1. What are the effects of hybrid vigour in animals?
i i laailaIncreased
i aslaailai aslaailaby
i i i i i i i i i
a
dsaaslaala d a
d saas d a
d saproduction ofasmilk
d d a cattle.
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
P Pa  Increased a
P Pa production a a egg by poultry.
P Pof a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 High quality of meat is produced.
i i laailaIncreased aslaailai rate in aslaailai i i i i i i i i
saas
i
a saaslaala d a d a sagrowth d a sadomesticated d a saaslaala
animal.
l
2. Describe mutation breeding with an example.
i i Mutation Breeding is defined as the sudden heritable changelainiathe nucleotide sequence of lDNA
a saaslaala a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a s aaslaailai as aasal i a saaslaailai asaasaala
i i
a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d in an organism.
a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d ad
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
Achievements of Mutation breeding
 Sharbati Sonora wheat produced from Sonora 64 by using gamma rays.
i i laailaAtomita
i ai i laailai ai i i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a sas
a
d a slalawith saline
2saarice d a saastolerance and
d a slalaresistance.
saapest d a saaslaala d a saaslaala da saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa  Groundnut d
PaPa with thick PaPa d
shells. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
i i i i ilai in removing i i aslaailai How? i i i i i i

adsaaslaala 3. Biofortification
dadsaaslaala d a
dsaaslaahelp
may
dadsaaslaala hidden d a
d shunger.
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a P Pa  HiddenPHunger
a aPa a
Pa
meansP Undernutrition PPa a
a protein malnutrition.
and P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 Hidden Hunger among human population is a major health problem which has been receiving
i i much focus throughout the world.
s
a a aslaailai
shumans
a a aslaailai
saffects
a a
i i
saaslaaoflafarm animals.
a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa d Apart, from
d
PaPa d it also
PaPad d the health
d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
 To combat these conditions, human and animal health are to be determined by the nutritional
i i ilai laailai crops. saslaailai i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
quality of the
d a
d saasfeed d a
d a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa  The nutritionala
P Pa quality a
P Pofa crops depends a
P Pa on qualityP P a a
a quantity PofPanutrients. The
and a
P Panutritional a
P Pa
quality may be improved with respect to its
i i i i  Proteinalcontent i i and quality i i of proteinalailai i i i i i i
a saaslaala a saaslaala a sasaala a saaslaala a sasa a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa d  P d d
aPacontent
Oil PaPad d PaPad d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
 Mineral content
i i laBiofortification is the scientific process of developing croplaplants enriched with high levels of
a saaslaala a saasailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saasailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saasl
desirable nutrients like vitamins, proteins and minerals.
a d PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad a d
P Pa d
Example:
 Protina, Shakti and Rathna are lysine rich maize hybrids (developed in India).
i i i i ilai aslaailai variety.asaaslaailai i i i i i i
a saaslaala d a a
sasal a
la Atlas d66,a saaaslaaprotein rich
d a swheat
a d d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d
 Iron PaP d
a fortified Price
rich
d
aPavariety. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Vitamin A enriched carrots, pumpkin and spinach.
a saaslaala a
l a
saasala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad 21.
d HEALTH a
P Pad d AND a DISEASES
d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
Short Answers
a saaslaala 1. What d a saaslaaare d a saaslaala drugs?
psychotropic d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
ad PaP d
a There arePcertain
aPa d d
PaPa psychotropic
drugs called
d
PaPadrugs, which d
PaPacts
a on the brain d
PaPa and alter the d
PaPabehaviour, PaPdad
consciousness, power of thinking and perception.
ad
l
saasal a
d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
2.P P a
Mention aPa
the Pdiseases caused a a tobacco smoke.
P Pby a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 Lung cancer, Bronchitis,Pulmonary tuberculosis,Emphysema,Hypoxia,Increased blood
i i i i
pressure,Ulcer,Oral i cancer
l
3. What are the contributing factors for Obesity?
Obesity is due to genetic factors physical inactivity,i eating habits iand endocrine factors.
www.Padasalai.Net
lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai lsaalai lsaalai i i i i
adsaa
d adsaa
d adsaa
d a
d saa
d a
d saa
d a
d saa
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a a a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
4.P P
What is adult PPonset diabetes?
Type – 2 Non – Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
a a
sasa l
l
a d 5.PaP a
Whatd PaPa
is metastasis? d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
The cancerous cells migrate to distant parts of the body and affect metastasis. The frequent sites if metastasis.
i i laailai aslaailai i i i i i i i i i i
adsaaslaala 6. How d adsaasdoes d
insulin adsdeficiency
a d a
d saaslaala
occur? d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Type I - Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus :
i This is causedi by the destruction of B cells iofi the pancreas.i Iti is characterized by abnormally
a laailai a i
laalaelevated a laalaiglucose levels,
a laailairesultingsfrom
a laala inadequate a aala
linsulin a laailai i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sa s d a sa s
blood d a sa s d a a s d a sa s d a s
secretion.
a s d a asaas
a d d
PaPaType II – Non d
PaPa Insulin Dependent PaPa d d
PaPa Mellitus :PaPa
Diabetes
 In this case insulin production by the pancreas is normal but its action is impaired. The target
i i i i i i i ilai the movement i i i i i i
a
l
saasal a a
d a saaslaalacells dodanot alai
saaslarespond d a saaslaala It does
to insulin.
d a saaslaaallow
not
d a saaslaala of glucose
d a saaslaalainto cells.
a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
7. What are the various routes by which transmission of human immuno deficiency virus takes
i i place? i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
l
a d a Sexual contact
PaPd d d d
PaPa with infected d d
PaPaperson. PaPa d d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
 Use of contaminated syringes especially in case of intravenous drug abusers.
 Bylatransfusion oflacontaminated / infected bloodlaor blood products.
s aslaailai s asailai s asailai s aslaailai s asailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a ad
P Pa
ad a
From infected
a d
P Pa
ad a
mother to her
a d
P Pa
a a
child
d througha
P Pad a a
placenta.
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
8. How is a cancer cell different from a normal cell?
i i i i ilai i i i i ilai i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaaCancer cell
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaaNormal d d saaslaala
cell
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a
P Pa The sizePofPathe nucleus PisPlarge.a a a
P Pa Normal,Psmall aPa size of nucleusa
P Pa is present. a
P Pa a
P Pa
multiply indefinitely. The cells are normally divide.
i i i i i i i i ai i are will sdifferentiated.
aslaailai i i i i
a saaslaala d a saaThey
a are less sdifferentiated.
slala d a aaslaala
d a saaslaala d a saaThey
slala d a a d a saaslaala d asaaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa NucleoliPisaPvery d
a prominent. PaPa d d
PaPa NucleoliPis d
aPaprominent. PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
9. Differentiate between Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes mellitus

a saaslaailai as aaslaailai a saaslaailai as aaslaailai a saaslaailai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d Type -1
a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad
Type-2
d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
Factors
Diabetes Mellitus(IDDM) Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
Prevalence 10-20% 80-90%
a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala onset
i i
saaslaalayears) dadsaaslaala
i i l
a sa s d a sa s Age of onset
d a sa s Juveniled a sa
onsets (< 20 a
years)
d sa s d aMaturity d a(>30 asaas
Body weight Normal or Underweight Obese
Insulin deficiency due to lailai Target cells do respond to
a s aslaailai a s aailai
aslDefect a s aslaailai a s aslaailai a s asa a s aslaailai a s aslaailai a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a a d
P Pa d a a d
P Pa d a destruction
a
P Pad d a of β-cellsa
P Pad d a a d
P Pa d a
insulin a
P Pad d a a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
Insulin administration is necessary Can be controlled by diet,
Treatment exercise and medicine
i
laala i laailai laailai laailai laailai laailai i i i i
a saas d a saas d a saas d a saas d a saas d a saas d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d Answer
PaPa d in detail:PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
1. Suggest measures to overcome the problems of an alcoholic.
Education
laailai and counselling:
a saaslaailai a saas
Education anda
ai i
slala counselling
saaproper a
i i
saaslaalawill help a sthe
a
ilai
aslaaalcoholics ato
laailai
saasovercome a
their
ilai
saaslaaproblems a
and
aailai
saaslstress, a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
to accept failures in their life.
Physical activity:
ailai ai i i i i i laailachannelized
i ilai aslaailai aslaailai
a a
sasa l
d a saaslala
Individuals d a saaslaala
undergoing d a saaslaala should
rehabilitation d a saasbe d a saaslaainto healthy
d a saactivities like
d a sareading, asaas
l
a d d
PaPa music, sports, d
PaPa yoga andPmeditation.
aPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Seeking help from parents and peer groups:
www.Padasalai.Net
a i i laailaWhen
i i i i i laailai i i aslaailahelp
i and guidance i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d saas d a
d saaslaala
a problematic
d a
d saaslaalaoccurs,dthe
situation
a
d saasaffected d a
d saaslaala should
individuals
d a
d sseek
a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa aPa
fromPparents a
P Pa
and peers. a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 This would help them to share their feeling of anxiety, wrong doing and get rid of the
a laailai a laailahabit.
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sa s
Medical a
assistance:
d d a d a d a d a d a asaas
 Individual should seek help from psychologists and psychiatrists to get relieved from this
condition and to lead a relaxed and peaceful life.
s alsaailai s 
alsaailaAlcohol
i i i
saaslaala
de-addiction and saa ai i
slala
rehabilitation aslaailai
sprogrammes are laailai to thesaindividual
saashelpful ai i
slala so that
iai
saaslaalthey saasl
aad a a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a dad a a d a
d a dad a a dad a d a
d
P Pa Pa rid of the P
couldPget Pa
problem P Pa and can lead
completely P Paa normal and a
P Phealthy life. P Pa P Pa
i i i i laailaairisk factor i ilaicardiovascular i i aailai it be modified? i i

a saaslaala 2. Changes
d a saaslaalain lifestyle
d a saasis d a saaslaalai occurrence
for
d a saaslaaof d a saaslaala diseases.
d a saaslCan d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPIfa yes, suggest d
PaPmeasures
a d
PaPprevention.
for a PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Prevention and Control of Heart Disease.
i i Diet Management:
ilai
a saaslaala a s
aaslaaReduction a aslaaithe
sain lai
intakea
ai i
aaslaailasaturated
slalacalories,dadslow
saaof
i
a aslaailaand
safat
i
a
cholesterol
i i
saaslaala rich dfood,
a
i i
saaslaala
low a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pa a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
carbohydrates and common salt are some of the dietary modifications.
 Diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is essential.
a saaslaala d saaslaala activity:
Physical
l
a d d
PaPa RegularPexercise, aPa d d
PaPaand yoga are
walking
d
PaPessential
a d
aPa weight maintenance.
forPbody PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Addictive substance avoidance:
a i i laailai i i i i laailai i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d saasAlcohol d a
d saaslaala anddasmoking
consumption
dsaaslaala are to d
be
a
d saasavoided. d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
22. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aa
d a Short
a d a
d Answers
a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
1. What will happen if trees are cut down?
 It gives rise to ecological problems like floods, drought, soil erosion, loss of wild life, extinction of
a laailai aslaailai imbalance i ai
saaslaalof
i i
saaslaala cycles, ai i
slala
saaalteration
i i
saaslaala conditions
ilai
saaslaaand
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sspecies,
a d a bio geochemical
d a d a of
d aclimatic d a desertification.
d a asaas
2. What would happen if the habitat of wild animals is disturbed?
ai i aslaailai will not
 sAnimal aiai to findsafood ai i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d a d a
d slalable
saabe d a
d a slala dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
PPa In recent P aPa increase PinPhuman
years, a a a
P Pa
encroachment a a
P Pa a threat toPIndia’s
has posed Pa a
P Pa
wildlife. a
P Pa
i i 3. What i i the agents

are i isoil erosion?
of i i i i i i i i i i
l
a d a Agents ofPa
PaPd d d
soild
Pa erosion are
d d
PaPhigh
a velocity d d d d
PaPofa wind, air Pcurrents,
aPa d d
PaPawater, landPslide,
flowing d d
aPa human PaPdad
activities and overgrazing by cattle.
adsaaslaala 4. Why d a
d saasfossil fuelsd a saasla
are
d
alabe
to a saaslaala
conserved?
d d d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 It is necessary to conserve or save coal and petroleum resources for the future use, which can be
done by reducing their consumption.
ailai i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasal
l
a d
5.PaP
d d
a energyPisaPaa renewablePaenergy.
Solar Pa d
How?PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Solar energy is the energy obtained from the sun.
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a a are e-wastes
6.P PHow a
P Pa generated? a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 It includes the spoiled, outdated, non-repairable electrical and electronic devices.
a saaslaala 7. What d a saaslaa d a saaslaala of rain d a saaslaala harvesting?
l
a d PaPa d is the importance
PaPa d PaPa dwater PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 To inprove ground water level
 Toareduce
www.Padasalai.Net
flood and soil erosion ai i
To
ilai
aslameet the a saaslaailaidemandasof
increase aaslwater
ala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
8. What are the advantages of using biogas?

i i laailai withoutsasmokeai i i i iai i i i i i i
a saaslaala dasItaasburns d a a a saaslaala causes
slala anddtherefore d a saaslaalpollution.
less d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaP d
a An excellent
d
PaPaway to get ridPaPofd d
PaPa like bio-waste
a organic wastes d
PaPa and sewage d
PaPamaterial. PaPa d PaPdad
 Left over slurry is a good manure rich in nitrogen and phosphorus
ai i laailsafe
 asItasis ai and convenient i i to use alailai i i i i i i i i
a
d
l
saasal a
d d a d a
d saaslaala d a
d sasa dadsaaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
PPa It can reduce a a
P Pathe amountPofPagreen housePgases aPa emitted.P Pa a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i 9. What i i the environmental

are i i effect i i
caused by sewage? i i i i i i i i
l
a d a Sewage water
PaP d d d
PaPa results in agricultural
PaPa PaPa d
contamination aPa d
andPenvironmental aPa d
Pdegradation. PaPa d PaPdad
a saaslaailai Answer a sa
inilaidetail: alaailai
aslaa a sas a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saasl
a d 1. a d
How
P Pa d does rain a
P Pad d
water harvestinga
P Pad d structures a d d
recharge
P Pa ground
a
P Pad d water? a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
(i) Roof top rainwater harvesting:
i The rain water that falls on the roof of the ihouses, apartments, i commercial buildings etc. is
a laailai a i
laalacollected a laailstored
ai a aailai
lsurface a ai be used
laalcan a laailadomestic a laailai a laailai l
s
aada
s aas s s
ada s
and in s
the
aa s tank aas s
and aas s
for aas s
purpose. aas s asaas
PaPdad(ii) Recharge PaPdapit: PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
 In this method, the rain water is first collected from the roof tops or open spaces and is directed
a i i i i i i ai i ilai i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d adsaaslaalainto thedapercolation
dsaaslaala pits
d a
d slala pipes
saathrough d a
d aaslaafiltration.
sfor d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa  After PPa a
filtration the P a
Pa
rainwater entersPPa a rechargePpits
the a
Pa or groundPwells. aPa a
P Pa a
P Pa
(i) Digging of tanks or lakes (Eris):
i i  i Eris
i i i
are constructed in such iaway
i that ifathe i water
i in one i i overflows,
eri iti automatically
i igets
i
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d diverted
PaPa d
to the eri of the
PaPa d next village,
PaPa d
as these eris are
PaPa dinter connected.
PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
(ii) Ooranis:
i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
 These are small ponds to collect rainwater.
i i ilaThe
i water aislaaused i i iai i i ilai laailai aailai
a
d saaslaala d a
d
l
saasa a
d a
d sas la for various
d a
d saaslaaldomestic
d a
d saaslaala (drinking,
purposes
d a
d saaslaawashing and
dadsaasbathing). d a
dsaaslponds
These
d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a a
Pa near by villages.
caterP the P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
i i 2. Howalwill i i you prevent i soil

i erosion? i i i i i i i i i i
a saaslaala a sasaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala asaas
l
a d a Retain vegetation
PaPd d PaPad d cover,Pso d
aPa d
that soil is not d d
PaPexposed.
a d
PaPa d PaPad d PaPad d PaPdad
 Cattle grazing should be controlled.
 Crop rotation andlasoil management improve soillaorganic matter.
s aslaailai s aslaailai s asailai s aslaailai s asailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a ad
P Pa
a
d a
Runoff water
a
P Pad a
d a
should be a
P Pad
storeda
d ain the d a
catchment.
a
P Pa d a a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pad a
d a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
 Reforestation, terracing and contour ploughing.
 Wind speed can be icontrolled by planting trees ini form of a shelter belt.
a laailai a laailai a laalai a laailai a laalai a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a d a asaas
a d aa
3.P P
d
What are thePsources
aPa d d
PaPwastes?
of solid
a PaPare
How
ad d
PaPa managed?PaPa
solid wastes
d PaPa d PaPdad
 Solid wastes mainly include municipal wastes, hospital wastes, industrial wastes and e - wastes etc.
a i i i i aailai disposal i i i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d d saaslaala of solid
Methods
a d a
d saaslwastes d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a aPa Segregation:
P a) a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
It is the separation of different type of waste materials like biodegradable and non-bio
i i i i
degradable i i
wastes. i i i i i i i i i i
l
a d Pab) d
Pa Sanitary Plandfill:aPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 Solid wastes are dumped into low-lying areas. The layers are compacted by trucks to allow
settlement.
a saaslaailai  a saaslaailawaste
The
i
a
materials
i i
saaslaala get dstabilized
a
i i
saaslaala in about a
i ai
saaslaal2-12 a
months.
i ai
saaslaalThe a
organic
ilai
saaslaamatter a
under
ilai
saaslaagoes a saasl
a d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d
decomposition.
c) Incineration:
a ilai i i i i i i ilai i i ai i i i
a a
sasal
d a saaslaalaIt is thedburning
a saaslaala of non-biodegradable
d a saaslaala d saaslaawastes
solid
a saaslaalawastes)dain
(medical
d a slala
saaproperly d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d d
PaPa furnacePat
constructed
d
aPahigh temperature.PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
d) Composting:
www.Padasalai.Net
a i i i i i i i i i i i i ai i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d saaslaalaBiodegradable
d a
d saaslaalamatter ofd a
d saaslaalawastes disaddigested
solid saaslaala by microbial
d a
d saaslaala actiondaordsaaearth
slala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa worms a a converted
P Pand a a humus. P Pa
P Pinto a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
a laailai 4. Enumeratea laailai the importance

a laailai of forest. ilai
saaslaaof
i i
saaslaala and are
i i
saaslaala by dmicro
ilai
saaslaaorganisms,
i i
saaslaala l
a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a d a d a a d a asaas
a d PaPa d Forests are an
PaPa important
d component
PaPa d our environment
PaPa d PaPa dominated
d PaPa d PaPa flowering
d PaPdad
plants, shrubs, climbers, dense trees and provide a vast habitat for wild animals.
 Forests also contribute to the economic development of our country.
alsaailai a lsaailai alsaailai alsaailai alsaailai laailai
saasrenewable
i i
saaslaalaresource.
i i
saaslaala saasl
adsa adadForests
sa are avital
d adsafor humanalife; d a
d sait is a sourcea dfor
a
d sa a wide rangea d aof
d a dnatural
ad a d ad a d ad
a P Pa P Pa P a P Pa P a P Pa P Pa P Pa
 They provide wood, food, Pfodder, fiber and medicine. P
 Forests are major factor of environmental concern.
ailai aslaailaiact as carbon i i i i i i i i i i i i
a a
sasa l dasThey a saaslaalasink, regulate
a saaslaalaclimaticdadconditions,
saaslaala saaslaalarainfall,dadreduce
increase
a saaslaala globaldawarming,
saaslaala sasl
a d d a
PaPa prevent natural d d
PaPa hazards P d
aPa d P aPa P d
aPa d P aPa P aPa d P aPdaada
like flood and landslides, protect wild life and also act as catchments for
water conservation.
a i i  aslaailaalso
i laailai role in maintaining
i i aslaailai i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d sThey
a
playsaasvital
d ad a d a
d saaslaala thesecological
d a
d a d dsaaslaala
balance.
a d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala d adsaasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
5. What are the consequences of soil erosion?
i i  Deforestation
i i isathe i destruction
i ofilarge
i i i
area ofalforests. i i i i i i
a saaslaala a saaslaala a saslaala a saaslaala a sasaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala al
daadsas
a d a This happens
PaPd d d d
PaPafor many reasons d d
PaPa like intensive d d
PaPa agriculture, d d
PaPurbanization,
a d
aPa d
Pconstruction d d
ofPadams,
P a roads, P aP
buildings and industries, hydroelectric projects, forest fires, construction of mountain and forest
roads.
a saaslaailai  a saasis
It
laailai
a threat toa sthe
a
ilai
aslaaeconomy, a
quality
i i
saaslaala of lifedand
a
aailai
saaslfuture of a
the aslaailai
saenvironment. a India
i i
saaslaalais losing aabout
i i
saaslaala1.5 dadsaasl
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pa d d a
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d PaPa
million hectares of forest cover every year.
 Deforestation gives rise to ecological problems like floods, drought, soil erosion, loss of wild life,
a ilai aslaailai i i ilai i i ai i aslaailai conditions i i
ad
a
sasa l
d a
d sextinction
a dsaaslaala imbalance
ofdaspecies, d a
d saaslaaof d d saaslaala cycles,
bio geochemical
a d a
d slala
saaalteration of
d ad sclimatic
a d a
d saaslaalaand dadsaasl
a PaPa desertification. PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l
i i i i i i i i
a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
l
PP a
23. VISUAL COMMUNICATION

s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai s aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aa
d a Short
a d a
d Answers
a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
1. What is Scratch?
‘Scratch’ is a software used to create animations, cartoons and games easily. Scratch, on the other
ailai aslaailaiis a visual laailai aslaailai i i i i i i i i
a a
sasa l
d a shand,
a d a saasprogramming d a salanguage. d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
2. Write a short note on editor and its types?
a i i ai script
i ilai three main ilai i i i i i i i i
ad
l
saasal a
d a
d saaThe
slala d a
d saaslaahas
editor
d a
d saaslaaparts: d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa Script Parea a
Pa Where P a
Pabuild scripts.
you a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
Block menu Where you choose the category of blocks (programming statements) to use.
i i i Block
i Where
aailai you choose i ithe blocksalto i use.
i When athe i Costumes
i tab isi ichosen, the i i
a saaslaala d a saaslaalapalette dadsaaslcostume d a saaslaala d a sasaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d PaPa d PaPa editor.
3. What isi Stage?
s alsaailai saa
alai
slaStage is d
the aslaailai
sabackground appearing
i i
saaslaala when swe
ilai
aslaaopen the dscratch
i i
saaslaalawindow.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saasl
aad a a dad a a
d a d a
d a d a
d a a ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
P Pa  The background
P Pa Pa often be P
willPmost Pa You canPchange
white. Pa P Pa
the background Payou like. P Pa
colourP as
4. What is Sprite?
ailai  ailai characters ilai the background i i i i ilai i i i i
a a
sasa l
d a saaslaThe d a saaslaaon d a saaslaala of a dScratch
a saaslaalawindow d a saaslaaknown
are
d a saaslaala
as Sprite.
d a saaslaala asaas
l
a d d
PaPa  Usually d
PaPacat
a appearsPas d
aPa sprite when PaPthed
a Scratch window d
PaPa is opened. PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
 The software provides facilities to make alternations in sprite.
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
l
www.Padasalai.Net
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asaas
l
a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
l
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
l
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasl
a a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
l

i i
saaslaala a s
i i
saaslaala a s
a d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
laiai lKindly
aiai Share lYour
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai l

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i i i iwww.Padasalai.

Page | 1 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

i i i i aailai based son ilai application? i i i i i i i i

6. State the principle of moments.

Page | 2 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

Page | 3 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

5. State lRayleigh’s lawlaof scattering lailai

Page | 4 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

Page | 5 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

i i Linear Expansioni Arial / Superficial Expansion

7. What is ico-efficient ofireal expansion?

Page | 6 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

Page | 7 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

7. State Ohm’s law. lailai

i i laailai ai i in domestic i i laailaiwhy? saslaailai i i i i

a laailai 3. Explain a laailaabout

6. Why does an empty lvessel producelamore sound than a filled one?

Page | 9 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

Page | 10 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

i i ai i is working i i ilai aslaaailhospital.

19. What isi stellar energy?

i i aailai two usessaof aiai ilai the field aoflaagriculture?

Page | 12 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

i i ilai laailai i i aslaailaits

i i Answer ini idetail: i i i i i i i i i i i i

Page | 14 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

8. PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OFlailELEMENTS

4. What isaiAmalgam ? Give Example?ai i

Page | 15 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

i i 6. The aquatic animals live more in cold region Why?

i i ai i i i i i ai i laailaibe dissolved ilai i i

Page | 17 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

Page | 18 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

Page | 19 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

5. Differentiate soaps and ilai detergents.

Page | 20 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

a laailai 5. Givesaan laailaccount

i i 7. Drawaland i i label theastructure

9. What is iphotosynthesis and where ini ai cell does it occur?

Page | 22 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

i i ai i leech respire? i i aslaailai ilai throughathe i i i i i i

Page | 23 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

i i 7. Which i i acts asalasuction

i i 11. Whyalare i i the ringsaof icartilages

a laailai 12. List a

i i 2. How does locomotion take place in leech?

Page | 24 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

a laailai 11. Describe

Page | 25 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

i i 4. Differentiatei i between isystole

Page | 27 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

6. Define reflex arc.

Page | 28 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

Page | 29 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

i i 10. What isi bolting?

17. Why are thyroid hormones referred as personality hormone? lailai

3. Write the physiologicali effects of gibberellins.

2. In which part of the lflower germination of pollenlagrains takes place? Stigma

i i ilai part of the ilai i i iai iai following ilai i i

a laailai 19. Identify

Page | 32 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i

i i laailaithe human ilai located ilai aslaailai i i laailai in which ilai

Page | 33 ai i DIXDAR ai i 9443805408 ai i