11th Chemistry EM Latest School Guides Note Book 2023 2024 English Medium PDF Download

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1. Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations......................................... 1 – 46
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aslaailai× 10 . asaaslaailai aslaailai
i i i i 23
asal a la l
asa a l a asal a l a l
asa a l a substance
daadsasa d a s a
PaPadCH4(g) + 2O
Hint: d a sa
aPad→ COP2(g)
P2(g) d a s a
aPa+d2H2O(l) PaPad d a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a d
PaPad d
PaPad
a sa
P
4. Carbon forms two oxides, namely carbon
.s
alailai 2. An alelement aailai X ahas laailai the following a laailai isotopicsaslaailai monoxide a laailand
ai carbon a ldioxide.
aailai The equivalent
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d
PaP202
a
s a s
composition 200
PaPad a
Xdsa s= 90%,PaPa
199
d adsXa s = 8%PaPa
a
and
d d a massd
PaPa
ads
ofa which
s element
PaPad a
d saremains
s constant?
PaPad a
d PaPad a
d
P
X = 2%. The weighted average atomic mass of (a) Carbon (b) oxygen [CRT - '22]
w
the element X is closest to (c) both carbon and oxygeni

alailai (a) a laailaui (b) 202
201 a luaailai (c) 199 usaslaa(d) ilai
200 u a laailai a laailai aslaalai [Ans. aslaailoxygen]
ai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPad
s a s d
PaPad
a sa s d a a
PaPad [Ans. (d) P200 d
aPada sa s (d) dneither
PaPad
a sa s carbon nor
d
PaPad
a oxygen
sa d
PaPad
a sa(b) d
PaPad
as a
P u]
Hint: React 1 : 2C + O2   → 2CO
w
s=aas(laa
ilai × 90) + (199
saaslaa×l8a) + ( 202d×ads2aa)slaala
alailai 200 i i i i i i 2 × 12glacarbon
i i combines i with
i 32g of a oxygen
i i i i
daadsasa Hint:
d a
d d ad d a
d saaslaala d adsaasala d a
d saaslaala 2 ×
d a
12
d saslaala dadsaaslaala
P PaPa PaPa 100 PaPa PaPa Pa\
PaEquivalent mass PaPa of carbon =PaPa × 8 = 6 PaPa
32
w
= 199.96 = 200u
React l2a:ilaCi + O2 
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai asa a→laailaCO
i 2 aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa 3.PadAssertion
a s
a : P
Tawo a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a s a s
a a s
a
Padmole of23glucose
PaPadcontains PaPad
d d d d
Pa12g d d d
P Pad Padcarbon combinesPaPad with 32gPofaPoxygen
ad PaPad
12.044 × 10 molecules of glucose 12
\ Equivalent mass of carbon ×8= 3
Reasoni i : Total number of entitiesi present in i i 32
alailai a laala a laailai a laalai saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala laiai
asaasal
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ads
a s oned
PaPa
amole
dsa s of any substance
PaPadadsa s is equal
d
PaPa
to
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d
P 6.02 × 1022 [FIRST MID-2018]

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 8 i i
saaslaala01 ➠ Basic ai i
slala Of Chemistry
saaConcepts
i i
saaslaalaAnd Chemical laailai
saasCalculations
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d
P
5. The equivalent mass of a trivalent metal element (c) BaCl2 + H2SO4  → BaSO4 + 2HCl
i is 9 g eqi –1 the molar mass of its anhydrous oxide is i (d) none of the above
a l a
a l ai a laalai a laailai a laailai aslaalai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
s
daada s (a)
d a s
a 102
s g (b)d 27
a sa g
s (c) 270
d ags
a s (d) 78 gd a sa [Ans.
d as a (c) BaCl + H
d a sSO
a  → BaSO
d a sa + 2HCl] d a sa
P PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad Pad2 4
2 a
P PaPad 4 PaPad
[Ans. (a) 102 g]
11. Choose the disproportionation reaction among
Hint: A
tomic mass of theaimetal oxide isaequal to 2 the following i i redox reactions.
alailai laailai lalai lailai alailai saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
a a a
daadsasa a
PaPad
s
d multiple
a s atomic
a s
d amass of metal
PaPad
s as
d a+ 3 multiple
s
PaPad dasasa PaPad d a
d
PaP3Mg
(a) a (s) + N2(g)PaP d a
a→ Mg3N2(s)
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
atomic mass of oxygen
(b) P4(s) + 3 NaOH + 3H2O → PH3(g) +
alailai 6. The laailai of water
asnumber ilai
aslaamolecules insa aailai of watersalaailai
asldrop aslaailai aslaailai aslaailaPO
i aslaailai
co
daadsasa d
adasa
PaPweighing d a s
a
PaPgadis
0.018
d a a a as
PaPdad
PaPad [FIRST MID-2018]
3NaH
d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa 2
PaPad
2(aq) d a sa
P
(c) Cl + 2KI   → 2KCl + I
(a) 6.022 × 1026 (b) 6.022 × 1023 2(g) (aq) (aq) 2
20 22 i i (d) Cr2Oa3(s)   →
i +i 2Al(s) alailaAl i O + 2Cr i i
alailai (c)sa6.022
ai i × 10 salaailai (d) 9.9 ×s10
slala aslaaila i saaslaala saslaala sasa 2 3(s)dadsaaslaa(s)la
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa dada d a
d a s d
[Ans.
a
d a
aPa (c) 6.022 ×Pa10d a
20
d dad d a
PaPa (b) P4(s) P+aPa3 NaOH P+aPa3H2O →
d d a
d
P PaPa PaPa P Pa ] [Ans. PaPa
s.
PH3(g) + 3NaH2PO2(aq)]
Hint: 0.001 × 6.022 × 1023
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai ilai The equivalent
aslaa12. aslaailai massaof laailai
aspotassium aslaailai
permanganate aslaailai
daadsasa 7.Pad1aadgsaof an impure d a s
PaPadsample of magnesium
a d
PaPad
a sa a
carbonate
d
PaPad
sa d a sa d sa d a sa d a sa
Pad
Paalkaline
in PaPaisd
medium PaPad PaPad
ok
P P
(containing no thermally decomposable
MnO4– + 2H2O + 3e–  → MnO2 + 4OH–
impurities) on complete thermal decomposition
alailai gave aailai g of carbon
saasl0.44
ilai
saaslaadioxide gas. aslaailapercentage
saThe
i i i
saaslaala (a) d31.6
i i
saaslaala saaslaa
ilai 52.7
(b)
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPof
a
d
a impurity in d
PaPthe
a
d
a sample isPaPa d a
d d
PaPa
a
d ad
PaP79
a d
PaPa
ad d
PaPof
ad
a these d
PaPa
a
d
P (c) (d) None
(a) 0% (b) 4.4% (c) 16% (d) 8.4 % [Ans. (b) 52.7]
alailai i i aslaailai
o laailai (c) 16%]salaailai
sa[Ans. aslaailai ilai aslaailaagent aslaailai
sa laala aslaaof i
daadsasa aPdaada
s d
PaPad
a s
a aPdaada
s d
PaPad
a a s Hint: T
he
da s
a
aPad –reduction reaction
d
Pa ad
a s
a the oxidising
d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P P P
Hint: impurity is equal to 1 × 100/1.84. P(MnO ) involvesPgain of 3 electrons.
4
8. When i6.3 Hence the equivalent mass =
alailai a i g of sodium a ilai bicarbonate a ilisai added to alailai aailai mass ofsaKMnO ai i i i i i
daadsasa 30a a l a l a
sagsof acetic acid a asl
sasolution,
a the a a
sas l
residual
a solution
a sas a a saaslMolar a a slala 4 =d158 a saa.s1laala a saaslaala
P
d
PaPisd
a found to weigh d d
PaPa 33 g. ThePnumber d
aPa d d
PaPaofd d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPa 3 d = 52 .7 . d
PaPa d
of moles 3
carbon dioxide released in the reaction is
ur
alailai (a)sa3sla i
alai (b)da0.75 aslaailai (c) 0.075 ilai 0.3
aslaa(d) ilai Which aone
aslaa13. laailaof aslaailai represents
i the following aslaail180g
ai of saslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPad
a
PaPad
sa d a sa
PaPad [Ans. (c) P0.075] d
aPada sa d
PaPad
water?
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
aPad Sep-2021]
P[QY-2019;
aa
PaPdad
P
(a) 5 Moles of water (b) 90 moles of water
Hint: Number of moles of CO2 is equal to given
.s
23
alailai i i laailai i i i i 6.022 ×i 10 i iai ai i i i
daadsasa d a
d saaslaala molecular
weight/
d a
d saasweight. d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala (c) dadsaaslaala molecules d a
d saaslaalof water dadsaaslala d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa 180 PaPa PaPa PaPa
9. When 22.4 litres of H2 (g) is mixed with 11.2 litres 24 molecules of water
(d) 6.022 × 10
w
of Cl2(g), each at 273 K at 1 atm the moles of

alailai HCl a i
laalaiformed issequal
(g), a i
laalai to a i
laalai [CRT - '22]saslaalai i a[Ans. ila24
laailai (d) 6.022sa×slaa10 i molecules aslaaofilawater]
i aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s
ad 2 moles of
PaP(a) d a a s
ad (g) (b)P0.5
PaPHCl d a
d sa
aPamoles
s d
ad
PaP(g)
a a d a sa s
aPa×d 6.022 × 10P23aPad d a a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P of HCl Hint:P10
w
(c) 1.5 moles of HCl (g) (d) 1 moles of HCl (g)

alailai i i ilai (d) 1 moles i i i i 7.5 g ofalaailgas
14. ai occupies a ilvolume
ai of 5.6laillitres i at i i
daadsasa d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa[Ans. d a
d saaslaalaof HCl d(g)] a
d saaslaala 0° Cdaand dsas1a atm a saaslaaThe
pressure.
d d gas is
d a dsaasa a d a
d saaslaala
Hint: H2(g) + Cl2(g)   → 2HCl [HY-2018; May-'22]
w
1 mole of an ideal gas occupies at 22.4 l. (a) NO i (b) N2O (c) CO (d) CO
alailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laalai a laailai [Ans.
ai 2NO] saslaailai
aslaail(a)
daadsasa d a sa s
ad concentrated
PaPHot
10.
d a sa s
PaPad sulphuricPacid d a sa s
aPad is a moderately d
PaPad
a sa s d a
PaPad
sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa aa
PaPdad
P
strong oxidising agent. Which of the following 7.5g
reactions does not show oxidising behaviour? Hint: × 22i.4il = 30 g
alailai a a
lalai i a a
lalai i a a
lalai i a a i
lala i 5.6l sasla ala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
(a)
d sa s
Cu + 2H SO
2Pa
d ads
a s → CuSO d
PaPa4
a+
dsa s
SO + 2H O d
P2aPa
a
d sa s d ad
PaPMolar
a d a
d
aPa (14 + 16) =P30g. d
aPa a d d
PaPa
a
d
P Pa4 2 a mass ofPNO
(b) C+ 2H2SO4  → CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
aStd
iai
s laalChapter
ilai Concepts Of
alaaBasic
01 s➠ ilai
AndsChemical i i
salaala
i i
saaslaala 9 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
15. Total number of electrons present in 1.7 g of 19. Two 22.4 litre containers A and B contains 8 g of
ammonia is [FIRST MID-2018; Aug-'22] O2 and 8 g iof SO2 respectively at 273 K and 1 atm
s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaaila22i s aslaailai
pressure,s as l ai
laathen s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai
daada d a a
ad 6.022 × 10 d ad a 6 .
d 022
a
d a × 10 d a a d a a d a a d a a d a a
P PaP(a) PaP
23a
(b)PaPa PaPad ad
PaPNumber
(a) PaPad in A andPaB
of molecules
d
Paare same P P
a ad
1.7
24 23 (b) Number of molecules in B is more than that in A.
ailai ilai × 10
6la.022 a ilai (d) 6.022a×la10 ilai i i ai i ilai i i i i
l (c) l saaslaala slala between saaslaanumber saaslaala in A dadsaaslaala
m
a a a a a a a (c) The saaratio the of molecules
daadsas d
PaPa
a
d sas 1.7 dadsas
PaPa PaPad a
d s1a.s7 d
PaPa
ad d
PaPto
a
d d
aPa
a number ofPmolecules a
d PaP daad PaPa
P in B is 2:1
[Ans. (a) 6.022 × 1023]
(d) Number of molecules in B is three times greater
i i Hint: N
umberi i of moles is i equal
i to Atomic i iweight / i i laailanumber
i aslaailai i aslaailai
l a l a l a l a la l a l a l a l a l a than asthe ofsmolecules in A.sasla alai
co
a asa asa asa asa
daadsasa asa
PaPadvalency PaPad
d d a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d a sa
adThe ratio between
PaP(c) d a a
PaPad the number d a a
PaPadof molecules d
PaPad
a s
a
P [Ans.
16. The correct increasing order of the oxidation state in A to number of molecules in B is 2:1]
alailai aslaailai in theaanions
ofassulphur i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilai
saaslaa20. Whatasa isasla
ilai
athe mass of ai i
slala
saaprecipitate
i i i i
saaslaala when dadsaaslaala
formed
daadsasa d d a
PaPaSO , SO P d d d a
d d a
d d d d a
d d a
d
P 2 − 2 −
,a
SPaO , S O P
2 − 2 −
isaPa PaPa PaPml
50 a of 8.5 % P aPa
solution PaPais mixed with
of AgNO PaPa
s.
4 3 2 4 2 6 3
2− 2−
(a) SO3 < SO 4 < S2 O 4 < S2 O6
2− 2− 100 ml of 1.865 % potassium chloride solution?
alailai i
laal2a−i
aSO 2 − sasla
ila2i − < SO 2a−saslaailai aslaailai (a) 3.59 asglaaila(b)
i 7 g alaa (c)
ilai 14 g (d)aslaa28
ilai g aslaailai
daadsasa d(b)
PaPad
a s
a s 4 < S O d a <
a S aO
P2aP4ad 2 6 PaPda3 d
a d
PaPad
a s
a d a
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a s
PaPd a
[Ans.
s
a
ad (a) 3.59Pg]aPadda s
a
ok
P 2− 2− 2− 2−
(c) S2 O 4 < SO3 < S2 O6 < SO 4 Hint: Mass of AgNO3 is equal to number of moles
alailai (d)saSla ila62i− < S2 O 42 − a<laSO
2O
ila24i − < SO32 − alailai i i multiple
lamolar
iai mass. alailai i i i i
daadsasa a s a a s s a s sa saaslaala asasal as sa saaslaala saaslaala
P PaPdad
a
P aPdadaS O2 − < SO P aPd2a−ad<aS O2 − <P
SO
d a
aP2a−d PaPdad
a
PaPdad
a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
[Ans. (c) 2 4 3 2 6 4 ]
21. The mass of a gas that occupies a volume of
a laailai +3 lai ai
a l
2−
+4 +5 i ai
2 − sasla l 2−
+6
2 − sasla
o
ilai a
612.5 ml iat room temperature
laailai (25° Csaand laala1i atm pressure)
a
and pressure
laailai is 1.1 g.saThelaailaimolar saslaailai
s
daada s Hint:
d aS
sa sO a < SO d <
a S
a a
O < SO d a a a d a sa s d a a s d a sa s d a a s aa
PaPad 2 4 3 ad 2 6
PaP4ad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
PaP
ab
P mass of the gas is
17. The equivalent mass of ferrous oxalate is (a) 66.25 g mol–1 (b) 44 g mol–1
alailai laailai mass ofsferrous
saasmolar aslaailai oxalateasaaslaailai i i
saaslaala (c) d24.5
ilai –1
saasglaamol saaslaa
ilai 662.5 g mol
(d) –1i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPa
a
(a)
d d d
PaPa 1
a
d a d
PaPa d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d a
d
PaPa(b) 44 g molP –1a d a
d
P [Ans. ]Pa
ur
molar mass of ferrous oxalate

(b) 612.5 × 10 −i 3 li
alailai aslaailai 2asla
i
alai aslaailai aslaailaHint:
i aslaailai = aslaala−1 = −0.025 laailai
asmoles aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
a
PaPad molar mass d a sa d
PaPaofd ferrous oxalate
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa
P24 d a
aP.a5L
s
d mol
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
(c) mass
3 Molar mass =
.s
No. of. moles

alailai (d)sanonea i
slala
iof these a i
saaslala
i a i
saaslala
i a
saaslala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
sgaaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d a a
PaPa(c)] molar mass
d d a
PaPaof ferrous oxalate
d d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d 1d
PaPa.1a
d dad− 1 d a
d
P [Ans. = g amol
= 44 P Pa . PaPa
3 0.025 mol
w
alailai 2a i
a3+lai
+ la aslaailai 3+ asa4a+slaailai ilai
aslaa22. Which aof ilai
laathe following
aailai
aslcontain same
laailai of saslaailai
anumber
daadsasa as s
PaPadFe C2 O 4 
Oxidising
a
Pa
s a s a s s a s a s s aa
Pad → Fe P+aPCO
Hint:
d a d a dad 2 d a d a d a d a
P PaPad PaPad atoms asPinaP6adg of carbon-12.
carbon PaPad PaPdad
n = 1 + 2 (1) = 3
w
(a) 7.5 g ethane (b) 8 g methane

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala (c) dboth laailaand
saas(a)
i (b)
saaslaa
ilai
(d)
i i
saaslaala
none ofathese
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa 18. d
PaPIf
a
d
a Avogadro d a
d
PaPanumber were d a
d
PaPa changed Pafromd a
d PaPa
ad d a
d
PaPa [Ans. (c)Pboth d d
aPa (a) and (b)] d
PaPa
ad
P Pa
6.022 × 1023 to 6.022 × 1020, this would change
w
(a) the 23. Which of the following compound(s) has/have

alailai a laailaratio
i of chemical a laailai species tosaseach
laailai other in asaslaailai percentageaslaailaof
i
carbon laailai as that sin
asame ilai
aslaaethylene aslaailai
daadsasa aas s
PaPdad balancedPequation
s
aPdaada
s aa
PaPdad
aa
PaPdad d a s
PaPHad)
a d
PaPad
a sa s d a a
aPad Sep-2021] d
PaPad
a sa
P (C 2 4
P[QY-2019;
(b) the ratio of elements to each other in a compound
(a) propene (b) ethyne
(c) the definition of mass in units of grams
alailai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala (c) benzene
a i
saaslala
i a
saasla
ilai ethane alailai
(d) i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa(d)
adsa s
the mass of one
d
PaPa
adsa s
mole of carbon
d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d a
dsasa
PaPa (a) propene]
[Ans. d
PaPa
a
d
P
[Ans. (d) the mass of one mole of carbon]

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 10 i i
slala Of Chemistry
saaConcepts laailai
saasCalculations
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d
P
24. Which of the following is/are true with respect to 30. Distinguish between oxidation and reduction.
carboni -12. [HY-2019; Sep-2021]
alailai a laalai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d(a)
PaPad
a sa s
relative atomic
d
PaPad
a sa s
mass is 12 u d
PaPad
a s
a s d
PaPad
a s
a s Ans.
PaPadd a s
a s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
(b) oxidation number of carbon is +4 in all its Oxidation Reduction
compounds. (i) Addition of oxygen andi iAdditional of hydrogen
alailai laailai laailai laailai 22 laailai laailai of hydrogensaaslaalaand removal laailoxygen
ai i i
saaslaala
m
a a a a a
removal saasof
daadsasa d
PaPa(c)
adsa 1s mole of d
PaPa d s
carbon-12
a a s contain
PaPad d s
6.022
a a s × 10 carbon
d
PaPa
a
d s
a s
P aa d a
d s
a s d
aPa ad d
aPa a
d d
aa a
d
P
atoms. (ii)P This processPinvolves ThisPprocess involves P P
loss of electrons gain electrons.
(d) allaiofi these Fe 2+   → 3+ + e– Cu2+ + 2e–   → Cu
Fe
alailai aslala i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d a
a ad
PP
sa [Ans.
d
a ad
PP
a s
(a)
a relative atomic
d
a ad
PP
a s
a mass is 12
d u]
a
a ad
PP
s
a (iii)
PP d a s
a
a adOxidation number PP d
a ada sa Oxidation
PP
a sa
a adnumber
d PP d a
a ad
sa
P increases decreases
25. Which one of the following is used as a standard
(iv) Ca +  S 
ilai → Ca +a2e
– Zn2+ + 2e–  
il→
2+ Zn
for atomici i mass. alailai [Govt.
i i MQP-2018] alailai
alailai saaslaa12la saaslaala a l a l a ilai a l a a i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa da
PaP(a)
a 6C
d P(b)d a
aPa7C
d sa12sa
(c)P6aPd
Ca a
13d (d) 6CP14
s sa
aPdaada
a
(v) dadRemoval
sas
PaPa 2KI + H O P
of Metal
d a
d
aPa→
a
sas Additiondaof d s a
sametal
PaP+aHg → PaPa d a
d
P HgCl
s.
2 2 2
[Ans. (a) 6C12] 2KOH + I2 Hg2Cl2
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai ilai
aslaa31. Calculate aslaailathe
i
molar aailai of thesala
aslmass i
alai
following aslaailai
daadsasa II. W
d a s
a
PaPad rite BPrief
d a s
aPadAnswer
a
PaPd s
Taod The
a a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
a s da
PaPad
s
a
ok
P compounds.
Following Questions. i) Urea [CO(NH2)2]
alailai 26. Define iai
saaslaalrelative
iai
saaslaalmass.
atomic aslaailai MID-2018]
sa[FIRST
i i i i
saaslaala [CH3COCH
saaslaala ii) dAcetone
i i
saaslaa3l]a
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPThe
a a
d d a
d
PaPa mass is defined d a
d
PaPa as the ratioPof d
aPa a
d ad
PaPaBoric acid [H d
Pa3PBO
a
d
a ] d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P Ans. relative atomic the iii) 3
iv) Sulphuric acid [H2SO4]
alailai
average atomic mass to the unified atomic mass unit.
i i i
aala)i
oi
aslaalai i
lai (i) urea ilai i aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a saaslaalaatomic
Relative mass
d a saasl(A r d a sa d a saaslaaAns.
d a s
aaslaa[CO(NH 2)2a]sa
d alai
:asla
d a sa d asa
PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPaCd : 1 × 12.01 PaPa=d 12.01 PaPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
Average mass of the atom
= O : 1 × 16 = 16.00
i Unified
i atomic mass i i i i
a
al la i a
saaslala
i a
saaslala
i a
saaslala
i a
saaslala
i Nsa:slaa2 l× i
a 14.01 = sa28.02ai i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d a d ad a slala d a
d d a
d
P PaPWhat
27.
a aPa
do youPunderstand
aPa
byPthe term mole? PaPa PaPaH : 4 × 1.01PaPa= 4.04 PaPa PaPa
ur
[June-2019; CRT - '22] 60.07 g mol–1

alailai Ans. The laailai is defined
asmole aailathe
aslas i amountaof laailaai substancesaslaailai (ii) acetone
aslaailai[CH COCH aslaa]ilai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d s
a d a s
a
ad × 1023 particles
PaP6.022 d a s
a s
PaPad such as Patoms, da
aPad a d
PaPad
a s
a d a
P3aPad 3
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P which contains C : 3 × 12.01 = 36.03
molecules or ions. It is denoted by the symbol "n".
.s
H : 6i× 1.01 = 6.06

alailai iai
saaslaalequivalent
Define aslaailai
smass.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saa:slaa l×ai16 ai i
slala
saa16.00
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa 28. d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d a d
aPa a
d PaP d
aad d
PaPa
Oa
d 1 d
PaPa
=
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d
P [Govt. P
MQP-2018; QY-2018 & 19]
58.09 g mol–1
w
Ans. Gram equivalent mass is defined as the mass of

(iii) boriclaacid [H3BO3] :lailai
alailai an laailai (compound
aelement aslaailaior ion) athat ilai
aslaacombines i
alai
orsaasla asailai sasa aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d s
a s
P d
aPada s
a
P d
aPad
s
a
P d
aPada
P d a s
aPaHd : 3 × 1.01PaPda=ada 3.03
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa
P displaces 1.008g hydrogen or 8g oxygen or 35.5g
B : 1 × 10 = 10.00
w
chlorine.
O : la3i× i16 = 48.00
alailai ilai
saaslaado
i i
saaslaala by the saa ai i
slala oxidation
i i
saaslaala saasala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa 29. What
d
PaPa
a
d you understand
d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d term d
PaPa
a
d d a d a
PaPa PaPa 61.03 g P
d d mold
aPa a
–1
d d
PaPa
ad
P number?
w
(iv) sulphuric acid [H2SO4] :

i Ans. Oxidation i number refersi to the numberi of charges i
a l a l ai l a
aatom l ai l a l a i
asa in a molecule l a l a i
asa or an ionic l
asaa la i H 2il×
a:slaa aailai
ai1.01 = sasl2.02 aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa dan
PaPad
a s
a s a woulddahave
PaPad
sa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d a s
a
PaPaSd : 1 × 32.06 d a a da
PaPa=d 32.06 PaPad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
P compound, if electrons were transferred completely.
The oxidation numbers reflect the number of O : 4 × 16 = 64.00
alailai laiai alailai
adsaasal transferred. alailai alailai laiai
asasal
laailai g mol–1 saslaailai
asas98.08
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPadelectrons dadsasa
PaPa dadsasa dadsasa
PaPa PaPa PaPdad
a
PaPdad
a a
PaPdad
a d
PaPa
a
d
P

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
aStd
iai
s laalChapter
ilai Concepts Of
alaaBasic
01 s➠ ilai
AndsChemical i i
salaala
i i
saaslaala 11 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
32. The density of carbon dioxide is equal to (ii) 1 mol of formic acid : HCOOH (Formic acid)
–3
1.965 kgm at 273 K and 1 atm pressure. Calculate i - Molari mass = 2 + 12 i+ i32 = 46
alailai the la
molar
a il ai
mass of CO
a laaila. i a laailai la ai
adsaasal a laalai aslaala aslaailai 23 asaasal
laiai
daadsasa PPa d
a
s
ada s a
PPa d
a
s
ada 2s
a
PP d
a
s
ada s
PPa d
a d
PaPad
s
46g
a a s of HCOOH d
PaPad
a s
acontains 2 ×
d
PaPad
a s
6.022
a × 10 d
PaPad
P Ans. Given : number of oxygen atoms
The density of CO2 at 273 K and 1 atm pressure (iii) 1 mol iof H2O : H2O (Water) - Molar mass
alailai i i
saaslaalakgm–3 dadsaaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala laa16lai = 18 asaslaailai laailai i i
saaslaala
m
=a1.965 a a
daadsasa d d
PaPMolar
a PaP a d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a d PaPad =
ad2
sa +
s d
PaPa d a d
PaPa
a
d s
a s d
PaPa
a
d
P mass of CO2 = ? 18g of water contains 1 × 6.022 × 1023 number
At 273 K and 1 atm pressure, 1 mole of CO2 occupies of oxygen atoms.
alailai aslaailai of 22.4 aLsaaslaailai
aavolume aslaailai aslaailai ilai
aslaaformic aslaailai the greatest
aslaailanumber
i aslaailai
co
daadsasa d sa d d a sa d a sa \ mold a s
aof acid
d a contains
s
a d a s
a d a sa
P ad of 1 mole
PaPMass adCO
PaPof PaPad PaPad Pad atoms.PaPad
Paoxygen PaPad PaPad
2 of
1.965Kg
= × 22.4Lai i 34. Calculate theilai average aatomic mass of naturally
alailai a
l a
asaasal
i i l iai 3
a
asaasal 1m
l a
asaasal asaasal
laiai a
occurring laamagnesium laailaithe following
using alailai alailai
daadsasa PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPa
a s
d da s a s
d da
PaPa
s dadsasa data dadsasa
PaPa PaPa
P
s.
1.965 × 103 g × 22.4 × 10 −3 m3 Isotope Isotopic Abundance
= atomic mass (%)
3
1 mlaiai
alailai aslaailai aslaailai saasal aslaailai Mg asl24aailai aslaailai
23.99 laailai
a78.99 aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a a d
a a
d s
=
a 44.01 g a daa
d d
PaPad
a s
a d a s
a
PaPadMg25 d a s
a
PaPad24.99 da s
a s
PaPad 10.00 da
PaPad
s
a
ok
P PP P–1P
Molar mass of CO2 = 44 gmol .
Mg26 25.98 11.01
alailai 33. Which i contains
i the greatest
i i
saaslaalaatoms dadsaaslaala
number i ofi moles of alaAns.
saaslaala
i i
sasala Isotopes laailMg
saasof ai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa oxygen
d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d a
d
PaPa24 d
Pa78
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P Pa.99
i) 1 mol of ethanol Atomic mass = Mg = 23.99 × = 18.95
a laailai
ii) 1amol
a lailai
of formic acid
aslaailai
o
aslaailai aslaailai laailai
amass lailai
100
10 sala ilai aslaailai
s s s s s s s s s 25saasa24 . 99 × s a s
daada diii)
a a 1 mol of H dOa a d a a d a a Atomic
d a a = Mgd a = d a a = 2.499 d a a
PaPad PaP2ad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad aPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
P100
ab
P
Ans. (i) 1 mol of ethanol : C2H5OH (ethanol) -
11.01
Molar mass = 24 +i 6i + 16 = 46 i i Atomic mass = Mg26 = a25 .98 × =i 2.860
s a laailai s a laailai aslaala 1 × 6.022
sacontains saasl×aal10
a 23 i i
saaslaala s a a i
lala i
s a i
lala i 100saslaa lai i i
saaslaala
a
dada s d 46g
a a s of ethanol
d a d a number
d a d a a s d a a s d a a d a
P PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPAverage
a d atomic
PaPmass
a d = 24.309
PaPa d
of oxygen atoms.
Average atomic mass of Mg = 24.31u.
ur
alailai laailai
asreaction asla i i
ala →
aailai
aslidentify aslaailai reagent ilai
aifslaaany, aslaailai reaction aailai
aslmixtures. aslaailai
daadsasa 35. In
d
PaPad
a a
s
a x +
d ay
PaPad 2
s+
a z dxyz
a
PaPad 2
s
a the
d
PaPad
aLimiting
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a in the
d
PaPad
following
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
(a) 200 atoms of x + 200 atoms of y + 50 molecules of z2
(b) 1 mol of x + 1 mol of y + 3 mol of z2
.s
alailai (c)
laailaatoms
saas50
i laailaatoms
+as25
ofdaxdsa
i
of
aailai
asl50
ysa+ molecules aslaazilai
saof
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d Pa a d
Pa a
ad d
Pa a
ad 2 d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d
P (d) 2.5 mol ofPx + 5 mol of y +P5 mol of z2 P
w
Ans. Reaction : x + y + z2   → xyz2

daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d a
d s
a
PaPaNumber of P d asa
aPad of reactants
moles d
PaPad
a s
a d a s
a
PaPad of moles P
Number d a
ad
s
a
ofaPreactants d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa
P Limiting
Question allowed to react consumed during reaction
w
reagent
x y z2 x yi z2i i
alailai laailai
saas(a) ai i
saaslala 200 atoms ai i
saaslala50 molecules a i i a
saaslala50 atomsdadsaas50
i
lala saa a
slala
i i
saaszlaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d 200
d
PaPa
a
datoms
PaPad a
d PaPad a
d PaPa atoms d
PaPa
a
50
d molecules d
PaPa
a
d 2 d
PaPa
ad
P
(b) 1 mol 1 mol 3 mol 1 mol 1 mol 1 mol x and y
w
(c)i i 50 atom i i 25 atom 50 molecules 25 atom 25 atom 25 molecules y

alailai a laala la la
aasa a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai aslaailai
daadsasa P Pa
s s
adada (d) PP daadsmol
a2.5 5 mol
aa
PaPdad
s s 5 mol s s s s s s
a a 2.5 moladaada 2.5 mol adaada2.5 mol
PaPdad PP PP
s
aax
PaPdad
s da
PaPad
s
a
P
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 12 i i
slala Of Chemistry
saaConcepts laailai
saasCalculations
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d
P
36. Mass of one atom of an element is 6.645 × 10–23g. 39. The reaction between aluminium and ferric oxide
How many moles of element are thereiin 0.320 kg. i can generate temperatures up to 3273 Ki and is
alailai a laailai a laailai la ai
adsaasal
la ai
adsaasal
laailai metals.
useddainsaawelding a laailai
(Atomic mass aslaaAlla=i 27 u asaaslaailai
of
daadsasa Ans.
PPa d
a
s
Given
ada :s
a
PP da
s
ada s
a
PP d
a a
PP d
a
s
PaPad mass of O d a
d
PaP=a16
sa s d
PaPad
a sa
PaPdad
P
mass of one atom = 6.645 × 10–23 g Atomic u)
\ mass of 1 mole of atom 2Al + Fe2O3  → Al2O3 + 2Fe; If, in this
alailai i i
saaslaala= 6.645 ailaig × 6.022s×al10
sla–23
ai i
sala23
i i
saaslaala process, i
saasl324
a i
ala g of aluminium
i i
saaslaala is allowed
ilai react
saaslaato
i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa d a d a×saa10 d a a d a d a d a d a d a
P PaPa d PaP a d PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPa1.12 kg of ferric
with d
PaPa oxide. PaPa d PaPa d
= 40 g
\ number of moles of element in 0.320 kg i) Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.
alailai aslaailai 1 mole aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai ii) How aslaamuch
ilai of the excess
aslaailai reagentasisaslleft
aailaiat the salaailai
co
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa = PaPad
d a sa× 0 . 320 kg d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d a
PaPaend
sa d
d of the reaction?
PaPad
a sa d a
ad MQP-2018]
PaP[Govt.
a as
PaPdad
P 40g
Ans. (i) 2Al + Fe2O3   → Al2O3 + 2Fe
1 mol × 320g
alailai i =i i i i i i i 54g iai ilai i i i i
daadsasa dadsaaslaala d40
a
d sagaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala dadsaaslaal160g d a
d saaslaa102g 112gsala
d a
d a sala d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa aPa
= 8Pmol. PaPa PaPa PaPaAs per balancedPaPaequation 54gPaAl PaPa
Pais required for
s.
112g of Iron and 102g of Al2O3.
37. What is the difference between molecular mass i i
laailai laailai laailai laailai la a laailai of Al will laailai 102 × 324 ilai
as=laa612 aslaailai
s
daada
as and
d
a
ada molar mass?
s s d
a
adaCalculate athe
s s d a a
admolecular
s s mass
d adsaasal d\a
d s
a a324g
s d a s
a asgive
da s
a g of da s
a
a a a a a a a PaPaAl PaPad 54PaPad PaPad
ok
P P Pand molar mass P P for carbon P P
monoxide. PP O
2 3
Ans.
(ii) 54g lof i Al
i required a160gi i of Fe2O3 a for iwelding
alailai i i
saaslaala Molecular laailai
saasmass aslaailai mass asaaslaailai saasaala saslaala saslaala
i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
dsMolar
a d
PaPa d d
PaPa
a
reaction
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P (i) Molecular mass is defined Molar mass is 160
\ 324g of Al will require × 324 = 960g of
alailai l aila
a molecule
i to thelaunified
asaatomic massaunit. asa i l a i
o
as the ratio of the mass of defined as the mass
of one lmole
asaa i l a i of a l
asa a i
l a i Fe2O3 i i
l
asa a l a l
asa a i
l a i
54
aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
sa d
PaPad
a s
substance.
a d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
PaPa\d Excess FeP2O d a sa
aPa-dunreacted PFeaPa d a
d sa d
PaPad
a s
a
www.Padasalai.Net 2O3
ab
P 3
(ii) The relative molecular The molar mass of a
mass of any compound is compound is equal = 1120 – 960 = 160g.
alailai a i
calculated
i
saaslarelative
la by adding
a i the
i
slala of ative
saamasses to the sum
a i of
i
slala masses
saaatomic the rel- a
saaslala
i i aslaailagi of excess aslaailai is left aatsathe
aslaailend
ai
of dadsaasal
laiai
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
a
atomic
d d PaPad a
d PaPad ad d\a
d sa160
PaPathe reaction.PaPa d a
d sareagent
PaPad d PaPa
P its constituent atoms of its constituents.
ur
(iii) Its unit is u or amu Its unit is g mol–1

alailai l a i i l ai i aslaailai i i How many
a40. moles of ethane
aslaailai after combustion.
aslaailai
is required toaproduce
aslailai aslaailai
daadsasa d(iv)
a sa
l a
asaMolecular mass
d a saasof l a
a CO : Molar d a sa mass of COda : saaslala 44 gdof a saCO d a sa d a sa d a s
a
P PaPad (1 × at.mass PaPaof d C) + PaP1a×d12.01 + 1 ×P16 aPad Pa ad 2(g)
PaPad PaPad PaPad
–1 P [FIRST MID-2018; QY. 19]
(1 × at.mass of O) = 28.01 g mol
Ans. Balanced equation for the combustion of ethane
.s
1i ×i 12.01 amu
alailai a l a l a
sas + 1 × 16 amu a l a ilai a l a ilai l
sas la
a ai i i i
saaslaala 7
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d
a d
aPa adsas a
PaPad a
d sas a
PaPad ad
a d a
PaPaC2H6 + 2 OP
d d a
a→ 2CO2 P
d + aPd
3H
a
a2O
d d
PaPa
a
d
P = 28.01Pamu 2 Pa
38. What is the empirical formula of the following? ⇒ 2C2H6 + 7O2  → 4CO2 + 6H2O
w
alailai laailai
i) sasFructose (C6H aail6a)i found inshoney
a12slO aslaailai aslaailai To produce l a i a i
asa 4 moles aofsaaCO
l laaila,i 2 moles sof ilai
aslaaethane is asaasla
i
alai
daadsasa d a a d a sa d a a d a s
a d a s
a d s 2 d a a d
P ii)d CaffeinePa(C
PaPa Pa8dH10N4O2) P ad
a aPsubstance d
PaPain
found PaPad
required PaPad PaPad PaPad
tea and coffee.
w
∴ To produce 1 mole (44 g) of CO2 required

alailai i i [FIRST i MID-2018;
i i i Sep-2021] alailai
QY-2018; ailai of ethane i i i i i i
daadsasa Ans. d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asasa numberasaaof
slamoles a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
P PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad d d
PaPa 2 mol ethane d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d
= × 1 mol CO 2
w
Molecular Empirical 4 mol CO 2

Compound
i i formula i formula
ai i ai i
a i
al la a i
l a
adsaasal
a i l a
adCsa6asHa12l O6 adCH aslala l a
adsaasal as1laailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a
PP d
aFructose a
PP d
a PP O
aadsa
2 a
PPda d a s
a
PaPa=d mole of d a
ad
s
a
PaPethane da
PaPad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
P 2
Caffeine C8 H10 N4 O2 C4 H5 N2 O
= 0.5 mole of ethane.
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 16 i i
slala Of Chemistry
saaConcepts laailai
saasCalculations
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d
P
(b) At 273 K and 1 atm pressure 1 mole of a gas
alailai aslaailai
Evaluate aslaailai
Yourself
alaailai aslaailai occupies
aslaailai a volume of
aslaa22.4
ilai L aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a asas
PaPdad d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P Therefore,
1. By applying the knowledge of chemical classification, number of moles of oxygen, that occupies a volume
alailai iai
saaslaaleach
i i
saaslaala into elements,
i i
saaslaalacompounds
i i
saaslaala of 224 aslaailai aailai
sa3aslatm
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa classify
d a of the
d afollowing d a da d a sa
ml at 273 K and
d a pressure
d a d a
P PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
or mixtures.
1 mole
(i) Sugar = × 0.224 L × 273 Κ × 3 atm
alailai i i
aslaala aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai 273 Ka×la1ila i × 22.4 L alailai
atm alailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d as
PaP(ii)
ad Sea waterPaPad
a d a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a asasa
PaPdad
asasa
PaPdad
asasa
PaPdad d
PaPad
a s
a
P
= 0.03 mole
(iii) Distilled water
alailai (iv)aCarbon
laailai dioxidealaailai i i laailai 1 molesof laaoxygen
ilai ilai × 1023 molecules
containsla6.022 i i i i
daadsasa ss asas saaslaala s as as s as a saaslaala saaslaala
P aadaCopper wire
PaPd(v) PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d a dada
PaPamole of oxygen
0.03
d a
d a
PaPacontains = 6.022 d a
d
PaPa× 1023 × 0.03 d
PaPa
a
d
s.
(vi) Table salt = 1.807 × 1022 molecules of oxygen
alailai (vii) laailai plate saslaailai
asSilver aslaailai l
asa a i
l a i aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
ada s
a
PaP(viii)
aa
PaPdad balls d
PaPad
a s
a d a s
a
PaPad 4. a) d a
Pa0P.456
s
a
ad g of a metal d a s
a
PaPadgives 0.606g da
PaPof
s
a
adits chloride. da
PaPad
s
a
ok
P Naphthalene
Calculate the equivalent mass of the metal.
Ans. (i) Element - Copper iwire,
i Silver plate
alailai i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilai Mass ofathe
saaslaaAns.
i i
saslaalametal = dWad1saa
=sla
ilai
0.456g
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
(ii)
d Compound d
PaPa-aSugar,
d distilled
PaPad a
water,
d carbon PaPad a
dioxide,
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
Table salt, Naphthalene balls
o Mass of the metal chloride = W2 = 0.606g
(iii) Mixture - Sea water \ Mass of chlorine = W2–W =0.606 – 0.456 =0.15g
alailai laiai
asal laiai
asal aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaaila1i aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
a ada s
a d
aPada s
a d a
ad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da s
a d a
PaPadof chlorinePcombine
s
a
aPad with 0.456g d a s
a
PaPadof metal PaPad d asa
www.Padasalai.Net
PaP 0.15g
ab
P 2.P PCalculate thePrelative molecular mass of the following.
(i) Ethanol(C \ 35.5g of chlorine will combine with
2H5OH) i i
alailai a l a ilai
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala)
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala laailai
s0aa.s456
i i
saaslaala alailai
daadsasa d(ii)
Pa a
ad s a
saPotassium permanganate
d
Pa a
ad (KMnO
d
Pa a
ad 4 d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d a
d −1 dadsasa
× 35P.5aP=a107.92g eqPaPa
P P P P 0.15
(iii) Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
ur
(iv)saSucrose
laailai (C12Hs22asO ila)i b) Calculate the equivalent mass of potassium
alailai laa11 aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a a s d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a d a
ad
sa
PaPdichromate. PThed a s
a
aPadreduction Phalf d a s
a
aPad reaction PinaPad d a s
a
P
Ans. (i) C2H5OH : (2 × 12) + (5 ×1) +(1 ×16) + (1×1) = 46 g acid medium is,
.s
alailai (ii)sa ai i : (1 × 39)a+i (1

KMnO i × 55) + (4
saaslaa×la16) = 158
i i gsala i i –2ila
a +i 14H+ d+a6e
Cra2sOas7la – ila
saaslaa
i → 2Cr3+ +
saasla
i
ala2iO
7H i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d ad a slala 4 dadsaaslala d a
d dad a sala d d a d dad d a
d
(iii) K2Cr2O7 : (2 × 39) + (2 × 52) + (7 × 16) = 294 g Ans. Equivalent mass of a oxidising agent
w
H O : (12 × 12)
(iv)aCla12ila i + (22 × 1) +a(11
laail×
ai16) = 342 gsaslaailai = Molar mass
alailai a i22 11 dasaaslaalai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a s
a s asa s a a
PaNo
a s
a a s
a a s
a asa
Pad. of moles ofPaelectrons gained byaone
d
PaPad PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad d d d d
P Pad PaP d PaPad
3. a) Calculate the number of moles present in 9 g mole of th
he reducing agent
w
of lethane.
alailai i i
saasaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala-1
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPab)
d a
d C
alculate the
d
PaPa
a
dnumber of
PaPad a
molecules
d of d
PaPa
a
oxygen
d 294.18mol
d ad d a
d d a
d dad
P =PaP6eq
a PaPa
mol -1 = 49.03
PaPa PaPa
gas that occupies a volume of 224 ml at 273 K
w
and 3 atm pressure.

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai = 49.0asgaaseq ilai
laa-1 aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaP(a)
Ans.
a sa
ad Molar mass d a
PaPaof
sa
d ethane, PaPad d a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa da
PaPad
s
a
P
C2H6 = (2 × 12)+ (6 × 1) = 30 g mol –1
alailai laailmoles
ai mass
laiai = 9 galailai i i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa dNo
a saasof = dadsaasal d a sasa−1 = 0.3 mole
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala d a saaslaala
P PaPa d PaPmolar
a mass P30 d
aPag mol PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
aStd
iai
s laalChapter
ilai Concepts Of
alaaBasic
01 s➠ ilai
AndsChemical i i
salaala
i i
saaslaala 19 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
alailai aslaailai
Government
aslaailai
Exam sQuestions
aslaailai aslaailai
and Answers
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
Choose the Correct Answer 1 MARK Answer the Questions 2 MARKS
alailai 1. The equivalent
aailai
sagasleq
mass ofilaai divalent metal
saaslaamass
i ielement is alailai
saaslaala aslaailaelectronic
i aslaailai of oxidation i i i i
saaslaala and dadsaaslaala
m
daadsasa 10
d a
d d a
–1. The molar
d of its
d aanhydrous
d a
oxide
d dsasa1. Write d a
d sathe d a
d saconcept d a
d
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
reduction reactions.
PaPa [QY & HY-2018]
is [Govt. MQP-2018]
(a) 46 ig (b) 36 g Ans. The process can be explained on the basis of
alailai l a l ai la il a i l a il ai l a i
l a i electrons. a i i
asaThe reaction
l l a a i
involving
l la i lossaof laailai
aselectron is asasla
i
alai
co
(c) a52 ag asa (d) none asathese
of asa asa
daadsasa d a
PaPad
s a s d
PaPad
a sa d as a
PaPad [Ans. (c)Pa52 d adsa d a sa
PaPad oxidationPaPad d a sa d
PaPad
sa d
PaPad
a
P Pag] termed
2+ → Fe3+ + e– (loss of electron-oxidation).
Fe
Hint: A tomic mass of divalent metal is equal to 2
alai Thedreaction
alailai i i aailai of metals+al2aailmultiple i i i i involving again i iof electronalaisilatermed i i i
daadsasa a saaslaala of atomic
multiple a saaslmass a a s a ofasasla
a a saaslaala a saslaala a sasa a saaslaala
P
d d
PaPa atomic mass d d
PaPofa oxygen PaPa d d PaPad d reduction.
PaPa d PaPad d PaPad d PaPad d
s.
Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu (gain of electron-reduction)
2. Match the list I with List II correctly by using the 2. How many moles of hydrogen is required to
alailai code aailai below the
aslgiven ilai
aslaalist. aslaailai [QY-2018] aslaailai produce laailamoles
as10 i
of aslaailai ? asaaslaa[HY-2018]
ammonia
ilai aslaailai
daadsasa d
aPada s a d
PaPad
a sa
PaPd a
ad
sa d
a ada sa d
PaPad
a sa d
Pa ad
a sa d
PaPad d
Pa ad
a sa
ok
P P II (Amount) P P
List I (no. of moles) List Ans. (i) The balanced Pstoichiometric equation for theP
A 0.1 mole 1 4480 ml of CO2 formation of ammonia is
alailai a l a ilai a l a ilai a l a ilai a la ilai alaN i i
sasala2(g) + 3dHad2sa(g) aslaail
ai → 2 NH aailai
saa3sl(g)
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa B adaa
PP dsasmole
0.2 a d
PaPa
a
d
a
sa2 s 200 mg ofdahydrogen
PaPa d sas a gas
PaPad adsas a d
(ii)
PaPT
a
d
ao produce P 2 aPmoles
a of ammonia, d a
d
PaPa 3 moles PofaPa d a
d
P
C 0.25 mole 3 9 ml of water hydrogen are required
alailai
D 0.5 mole
a laailai
4 1.
a
o
laailai 51 × 10saslmolecules
23
aailai of ai i \ To produce
aslala aslaailai
10 moles ofaammonia
aslailai5 aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s a s d
PaPad
a sa s oxygen d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a sa d a
d s
a3 moles
a of H 2Pa ad
d a sa d
aPada sa d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net =P Pa
ab
P P× 10 moles ofPNH 3
A B C D 2 moles of NH3
(a) 2i i 3 4 1 i i
alailai saaslaa4la 3 d1adsaas2laala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala = 15dmoles
iai hydrogen aare
saaslaalof
iai
saslaalrequired. saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d (b)
ad
PaPa(c) 3 1PaP4a 2 d
PaPa
a
d PaPad ad PaPa
a
d d ad
PaPanumber of oxygen d a
d
PaPa in H2O2.PaPa d a
d
P 3. Calculate oxidation
[Mar-2019]
ur
(d) 2 1 4 3 [Ans. (d) 2 1 4 3]

alailai i
aslaalai aslaalaii i
aslaalai ilai Hydrogen
aslaaAns. i
aslaaperoxide
lai (H2sOa2l)a i
alai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa Hint:d
PaPad
a s
N
aumber of moles
d
PaPad
a sa is equal to Mass/
d
PaPad
a sa Molar massd
PaPad
a sa d a sa
aPa1)d + 2x = 0; P
2P(+ d
⇒aP2x
a a s
ad= –2 ; ⇒ xP=aP–1 d
ada sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
Number of moles is equal to Volume/ molar
4. What is combination reaction? Give example.
volume
.s
alailai a i i a i i a i i a i i i i i i [HY-2019]
i i i i
daadsasa a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
P
d
3.PaPThe
a oxidation
d d
number
PaP a d of chromiumd
PaPa in dichromate
d PaPad d Ans. Redoxd
PaPa d reactions in
PaPadwhich
d two substances
PaPad d combine
PaPad d
(ion) is [QY-2018] to form a single compound are called combination
w
(a) +4ai i (b) +6 ai i (c)+5 (d) 0 reaction. Ex:

alailai a lala a lala a laailai a laailai aslaailai oxidation asaaslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa
d
PaPad
a s a s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s [Ans. (b) d
PaPad
+6]
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
as a
P
4. The empirical formula of glucose is : [HY-2019]
0 +4
w
(a) CH2O (b) CHO (c) CH2O2 (d) CH3O2 C + O CO

alailai laailai laailai laaila(a) laailai 2i i
a a [Ans.
a i
CH O] a a0la la a laailai -2 2 alailai alailai
daadsasa PaPa
a s
d da s
PaPa
a
d da s s
PaPa
a
d das s
PaPa
a s
d2 da s
PaPa
a
d das s a
PaPa
Reduction
a
d das s
PaPa dadsasa PaPa dadsasa
P
5. The oxidation number of carbon in CH2F2 is ____.
w
[June-2019] 5. Calculate the oxidation states of oxygen in

a l ail ai (a) +4
a l a il ai (b) –4 a l ai l a i (c) 0 a l a i
(d)
l a i +2 a laailai and KO a l.aailai a laailai a ilai H2O2
laa[QY-2019] aslaailai
s
daada s a d a sa s a d a sa s a d a sa s a d a sa s d a sa s
2 d a s
a s da s
a s d a sa
P PaPad PaPad PaPad d
aPa0]
[Ans.P(c) PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
Ans. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is –1.
6. The relative molecular mass of ethanol is
2 (+ 1) + 2x = 0; ⇒ 2x = –2 ; ⇒ x = –1
a i i a ilai a ilai a ilai [Sep-2020] alailai i i i i i i i i
a
daadsas
l a l a
a a
sas l a a a
sas l a a a
sas l a a sas a Super a saaslaala such asdKO
oxides a saas2laaisla–1/2 dadsaaslaala a saaslaala
P PaP(a)
a 0.46 g P(b)
d d aPa4.6 g (c)P460
d d aPa g (d) 46PgaPa
d d d d Pa ad d Pa a d PaPa d
PaPa d
+1 P+ 2x = 0; ⇒ 2x P = –1 ; ⇒ x = –1/2.
[Ans. (d) 46 g]
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
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asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
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d
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a s
a Full Bookd
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d
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a s
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alailai XIla
aStd
iai
s laalChapter
ilai Concepts Of
alaaBasic
01 s➠ ilai
AndsChemical i i
salaala
i i
saaslaala 33 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
4. Distinguish between the following.
(i) Atomic and molecular mass (ii) i Atomic mass and atomic weight
alailai a laailai a laailai aslaailai a laalai a laailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa (iii)
d
a d
P Pa
a s
a Empirical
s and
d
a da s
a
P Pa
molecular
s formula
d
a da s
a
P Pa d
PaPad
a (iv)
s
a s Moles and
d
PaPad
asamolecules.
s d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
Ans.
alailai
(i)
a ilai a ilaiAtomic Mass a ilai a ilai a ilai Molecular a ilaMass
i i i i i
l l l l l l saaslaala saaslaala
m
a
sas Atomic mass a
issthe mass of d a
a asingle
sas atom, which a
sisasits Moleculara
sasweight is theda a
mass
sas of one molecule.
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d
a d a
d
PaPmass
sa a
a of neutron, d
PaPproton
a
a d
PaPa
ad
a d a
d
a
PaPa mass canPbe d
a
aPcalculated
a d
Pathe
ad d
PaPa
a
d
P collective and electrons. Molecular from Pa sum of atomic
masses of all atoms present in a compound.
alailai
(ii) ilai
aslaaAtomic aailaiAtomic Mass
aslthe aslaailatom,
ai laailai
Atomic Weight
aslaailaiis the average ilai
aslaaweight aslaailai with asaaslaailai
co
asits
daadsasa d asa
PaPad collective
mass
d a s
ais
ad of neutron,
PaPmass
mass of a
d s
single
a a
ad and electrons.
PaPproton
which
d
PaPad
a s
is
a Atomic
d a s
weight
a
PaPadto all its isotopes d a s
a of
PaPadand their relative
an
d a
d s
elements
a
PaPaabundance. PaPdad
P respect
(iii) Empirical Formula Molecular Formula
alailai ilarepresents
It i
saaslaaatoms
the
saa a ilai
simplest
slaone
whole numberlaailai ratio of various
sofaasthe
i i The molecular
saaslaala typesdof aslaailaformula
i shows aailaexact
aslthe i numberaof i i
different
saslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
present
d in d
PaPa
a
moleculed compound.
PaPad a
d PaPa
adsa
atoms present
PaPain
d aa
dsamolecules of
PaPaa
d a
compound.
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
s.
Empirical formula of Benzene is CH Molecular formula of Benzene is C6H6
alailai
(iv) ai i
aslaThe
la laailai Molessaslaailai
asthe aslaailai Two oramore
aslaailatoms
ai Molecules
aslaailai by chemical aailai
aslbonds. aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
PaPad particles
amount
d a
d s
of
a substance
d that
a a contains d s
specified
a a d s
a joint
d a s
together
a da s
a da s
a
PaPasathe Pad in 12g of P
Paatoms aPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
ok
P number of carbon - 12
isotope
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d a
d
PaPMolar
a d
mass PaPa
a
d
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
P
\ Mass of 1 atom of Ag =
Avogadro's number
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
o aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslgaailmol
ai −1 aslaailai
107a.87
daadsasa 1.PadCalculate
a s
a the d a s
PaPnumber
a of atomsa s
PaPad in each P
d a a
ofa the
d s
a da s
a d a s
a s
= PaPad 23
d a d asa
Pad ad Pad PaPad PaPad Pa ad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P 6.022 × 10 mol −1P
following.
(i) 52 g of He and (ii) 52 moles of He. = 17.91 × 10–23 g.
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aslaailai i i
saaslaala
ilai
saaslaaof
Mass 1 atom aofsaa ai i
slala = 17.91
Ag ailai g.
sla–23
×saa10
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa Sol: d
PaPa
a
(i)d 1 mol of He
d
PaPa
a
≡
d 4g ≡ 6.022 ×d
PaPa
a
10
d s23
a He atoms d
PaPa
a
d d a
d
PaPaMolecular mass d d
PaPaof benzene (C d a
d
PaPHa ) = d
PaPa
a
d
P (ii)
23
(ie) 4g of He contains 6.022 × 10 He atoms 6 6
ur
(6 × 12.01 u) + (6 × 1u) = 78.06 u

23
alailai a\laaila52g
i
of He laailai = 6.022s×as10
contains
a laailai × 52 aslaailai Molaraslaailmass
ai of benzene aslaaila=i 78.06 gamol aslaa–1ilai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a s d
PaPad
a s
a s d a
PaPad 4
a da
PaPad
s
a d a
d s
PaPaThen,
a d a
d sa
PaP1amolecule d
aPad
sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
24
mass of ofPbenzene
= 7.83 × 10 Molar mass of benzene
.s
alailai 52g
a ilaiof He contains a ila7.83
i × 10 24 ai i
He atoms. a ilai a=ilai i i i i i i
daadsasa d ad
a
sas l a d a
d
a
sas l a d a
d
a
sas l a l a
d a
d
a
sas l a d a
d
a
sas l a d a
d saaslaalanumberdadsaaslaala
Avogadro's
d a
d saaslaala
PaP(ii)
a 1 mol ofPHe aPacontains 6.022 23
PaP×a 10 He atoms PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
P
23 78.06 g mol −1 –23
6.022 × 10 × 52 = −1 = 12.96 × 10 g
w
23
\i52i moles of He contains = 6 . 022 × 10 mol
alailai aslaala i
aslaalai i
aslaalai 1 i
aslaalai i
aslaaofla1i molecule i
laalai
aof i
aslaa×la10 i –23 aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
PaP=ad3.131 × 1025PaPad d a sa d
PaPad
Mass
a sa
PaPadd a sa s benzene =d
PaPad
12.94
a sa g. d
PaPad
a sa
P
(iii) Molecular mass of water = (2 × 1u) + (1 × 16u)
w
52 moles of He contains 3.132 × 1025 He

alailai laailai i i i i i i i i i i = 18 u alailai i i
daadsasa d a saasatoms. d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a
–1
sasa d a saaslaala
P aa d
2.P PCalculate the
d
Pamass
Pa of the following PaPa :d PaPa d PaPaMolar mass P
d ofaPwater
a = 18 g mol
d PaPa d PaPa d
w
(i) 1 atom of silver (ii) 1 molecule of benzene Mass of 1 molecule of water

alailai (iii) ilai
as1laamolecule i
aslaalai
ofswater. i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaa=ilai Molar amass aslaaof
ilaiwater aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
Pa ad
a sa d
Pa ad
a a d a sa
PaPad= 107.87 uPaPad d a sa d
PaPad
a sa d sa
PaPad ' s number
Avogadro d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P Sol:P(i) MolecularPmass of silver (Ag)
Molar mass of Ag = 107.87 g mol–1 18g mol −1 –23
= ilai −1 = 2.99al×ail10 i g
alailai a l a ilai a l a ilai a l ailai a l a ilai a l a ilai
6 . 022 × 10a 23
l a mol a i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
adsas a d
PaPa
a
d sas a
PaPad a
d sas a d
PaPa
a
d sas a d a
d sas a
PaPa of 1 molecule PaPa d a
d sas a d adsas a
PaPa× 10–23 g. PaPa d a
d
P Mass of water = 2.99

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 40 i i
slala Of Chemistry
saaConcepts laailai
saasCalculations
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d
P
27. The organic compound Vitamin-C, has the following composition by mass: 40.92% C, 4.58% H, and the rest
–1
is oxygen.
i Determine its
i molecular formula. Molar mass
i of the substance i .
is 176 g mol
alailai la ai
adsaasal adsaasal
i
la ai la ai
adsaasal
i la ai
adsaasal
i la ai
adsaasal
la ai
adsaasal
la ai
adsaasal aslaailai
daadsasa Sol: a
PP d
a a
PP d
a a
PP d
a a
PP d
a a
PP d
a a
PP d
a a
PP d
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
Atomic Simplest whole
Element Percentage Relative No. of moles
mass Number Ratio
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d a
d
PaPa 40.92 PaPa 12d a
d d
PaPa
a
d40.92 d
aPa a
d d
PaPa3
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P C =P3.41
12
co
daadsasa d asa d a s
a d asa d a s4.58
a d a sa d a s
a d a s
a d a s
a
P PaPad H PaPad 4.58 PaPad 1 PaPad PaPad
= 4.58 PaPa4d PaPad PaPad
1
alailai i i 100 i i– i i aslaailai i i i i i i i i

daadsasa da saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a s54.5
a = 3.406d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala
P PaPa d O PaP[40.92
a d +4.58]
PaPa 16
d d
PaPa 16 PaPa d PaPa3d PaPa d PaPa d
s.
=54.5
alailai aslaailai formula
Empirical aa3ilaHi4 O3
isalC aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
d s
a
PaPaEmpirical d a sa s d a sa
PaPadmass = (12Pa×Pa3)d+ (1 ×4)+ P(3aP×ad
formula d a sa
16) = 36 + 4Pa d
+Pa
a sa
48d = 88 d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
ok
P
Molecular formula = n × empirical formula
alailai i Molecular
i massi i 176 ala i i i i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa dna=
dsaaslaala d a
dsaaslaala = d a
dsa=sa2la d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa Empirical formula
PaP a mass PaPa 88 PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
n=2
alailai
∴ Molecular
lailai formulala=ilani × (emp. formula)
o
lailai = 2 × (C3 lHa4ilaOi3) = C6 H8Ol6ailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa asaasa asaasa asaasa asaasa asaasa a s
a a s
a asa
PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
alailai i i i i REDOX REACTION

alaailai alaailai
ACTIVITY
alaailai i i i i i i
daadsasa d asaaslaala d a saaslaala asas asas asas a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
P PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d
1. A piece of cut apple becomes brown. Why? Can Ans.
ur
you prevent it by a simple method? 1. K2MnO4

alailai Ans. Apple a ilai brown when
laaturns a laailcut laailai is exposedsaslaailai
ai since thessurface
a aslaailai number ilai
aslaaMn aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa PaPto
d a s
a s
adair and undergoes a s
a s
PaPad oxidation.PIt
d a
aPcan
d a s
ad be prevented PaPaby
d ad a d
PaPad
Oxidation
a s
a d
PaPad
a sof
a be x d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
dipping sliced apples in lemon juice. Lemon juice is 2 (1) + x + 4 (–2) = 0
an antioxidant which takes in all the available oxygen
.s
2 + x – 8 = i0 i
alailai laailai it from
andsaprevents a laailai the apple's
reaching a laailatissues.
i a laailai a laailai saa=slaal0a
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d ad
2.PaPPlace
a a s
an iron d ad
PaPpiece
a
sa s
in a moist d adsa s
PaPa atmosphere d
PaPand
a adsa s d
PaPa
ad s
a s x –
PaPad6ad PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d
P
observe it after two days. Is there any deposition x = 6
w
of newi substance? Why does it happen? What is i Oxidation number of Mn in K2 MnO4 isi +6.
alailai this a laalai
phenomenon laailai
called?
a a laailai a laalai a laailai a laailai la ai
adsaasal aslaailai
daadsasa a da
s
ada s
P PWhen iron isP exposeda da
s
ada s
a da
s
ada s
a d
a
s
ada s 2. adK
a
s
ad2CrO
a 4s
a d
a
s
ada s
a d
a d
PaPad
asa
P Ans. P to moist
P P air, the ironPreacts P PP PP PP
with oxygen in the presence of moisture to from a 2 (1) + x + 4 (–2) = 0
w
reddishi -i brown chemical compound, iron - oxide. i i

alailai a laala a laailai a laailai a laala a laailai2 + x – 8 sa=slaail0ai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa This
d ad
PaPIron
a
sa sphenonaenon d adis
sa scalled
PaPisaformed. PaPa
rusting.
d adsA
a s new substance
d
PaPa
a dsa s d
PaPa
ad s
a s x –
d
PaPa 6
a d a = 0 PaPad ad d
PaPa
ad
P (III) oxide x = +6
w
4 Fe + 3O2 + 6H2O → 4 Fe (OH)3

Oxidation number of aCr in K CrO is +6.
alailai aslaailai the oxidation
3. Calculate aslaailnumber
ai aslaailai atoms
ofaunderlined aslaailai as–laailai aslailai 2 as4aaslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
adthe following: d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
sa d
PaPad
a sa d a
3.Pa NO s
a d a sa
PaPdad da s
a
P PaPof Pad 3 PaPad PaPad
x + 3(–2) = –1
1. K2MnO4 2. K2CrO4
alailai 3. a laaila–i saslaailai 4. H P sOaslaaila
NO
i a laailai a laailai x – 6 sa=slaail–1 ai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
adsa s 3
PaPad ad a
PaPa
4
d a2
d a 7 d
PaPa
a dsa s d
PaPa
ad s
a s d
PaPa
axd a = –1 + 6 =
PaPa+
d ad5 d
PaPa
a
d
P
5. ClO3– 6. AsO33– Oxidation number of N in NO3– is +5.

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
aStd
iai
s laalChapter
ilai Concepts Of
alaaBasic
01 s➠ ilai
AndsChemical i i
salaala
i i
saaslaala 41 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
4. H4P2O7 Mass of the substance
No of moles =
4(1) + 2x + 7(–2) = 0
alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaalai Molaramass
i aslaailaofi the substance
aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaP
ada sa d a sa
4 P+aP2xad– 14 = 0PaPad d a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d s
d6
PaP×a10
a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a
P 320
2x – 10 = 0 = = 10 × 106 moles
32
alailai i i
saaslaala saa2xai =i 10
slala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala Methyl aslaailai is produced
saalcohol
iai
saaslaalmore.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa d
PaP
a a
d d ad
PaPa x = 5PaPa d a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
6. Find the molecular mass of FeSO47H2O.
Oxidation number of P in H4P2O7 is +5.
Ans. Molecularlamass of FeSO4l7H O
alailai 5. saClOlaaila3i– aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai asailai asaaila2i aslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d
ad
PaP
a a s d adsa
PxaP+a3(–2) d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
PaPad mass of Fe
Atomic d a sa
PaPa=d 55.845PaPad d a sa d
PaPad
a s
a
P = –1
x – 6 = –1 Atomic mass of S = 32.065
alailai a l a ilai i i
saaslxaala= +5 dadsaaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala Atomic ai i ai i
slala of O4 d=adsaasla16la× 4 = 64
saamass
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
adsas a d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad PaPa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
s.
Oxidation number of Cl in ClO3– is +5. Atomic mass of H2 = 1.00794 × 2 = 2.01588
6. AsO33– Atomic mass
alailai aslaailai x + 3(–2) aslaaila=i –3 asaaslaailai aslaailai laiaiof O
asal
= la16
asailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa
d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad d
PaPad
a sa a s
a
Molecular
PaPad mass of
d d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
ok
P
x – 6 = –3
FeSO4.7H2O = 55.845 + 32.065 + 64 +7
x = –3 + 6
alailai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala alaa(2.01588
ilai +16)ala i
alai
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa
d
PaPa
a
d s
a s d
PaPa
a
d sa s x = +3 d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d asas
PaPda=d 278.02g/mol
asas
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d
P
Oxidation number of As in AsO33– is +3.
alailai 4. An ironi nail

la a i is placed iini copper sulphate
la a
o
la a i i solution 7.
la a i i The densityi of
l a a i CO2 is 1.977 ikgm
l a a i
–3 at STP. Calculate
aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d adsaasal d adsaasal d adsaasal d adsaasal thead
ad
s
molecular
a a
l
asa mass of
d a
a ad 2
saasa .
CO
l
d
a ada s
a d a
a ad
sa
taken in the beaker. Observe it for some time?
www.Padasalai.Net
a a a a a a a a
ab
P PP PP PP PP PP PP PP PP
Find the changes that takes place and why? Ans. Density of CO2 = 1.977 Kgm–3
PV laa=ilai nRT
alailai Ans. When ilai nail is dipped
saaslaairon
i i
saaslaalain copper sulphatei i
saaslaala solution,
i i
saaslaala alaiai
l a i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d
PaPthe
a colour ofPcopper d a
d
aPa sulphatePtuns d a
d
aPa from blue to d ad
PaPlight
a d
PaPa
a
d s
a s a d
PaPa
a
d s
a s Mass
d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P No of moles =
green and reddish brown deposits is formed on Molar Mass
ur
alailai ironanail.
laailai This is because
aslaailai iron is moreaslaareactive
ilai than ala i
alai aslaailai a lailai Masssala ilai aslaailai
daadsasa d
ada s
a s
PaPcopper, d a s
a
PaPad Cu from
so it displaces d a s
a
ad 4 solution.
PaPCuSO d
PaPad
a s
a s d
PaPad
a s
a daadsasa=
aPV d a
d a
PaPaMass
sa× R × T d
PaPad
a s
a
P PP Molar
The displacement reaction can be written as Mass R ×T
.s
alailai CuSO i i
salaa4 l+a Fe → FeSO
i i
salaa4 l+a Cu salaala
i i i i
salaala
Molar Mass
i i
saaslaala a laa=ilai V × saPslaailai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d a
PaPdad
s
a s aa
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d
P 5. The approximate production of Na2CO3 per
Density = Mass R ×T
w
month is 424 × 106g while that of methyl alcohol ×

alailai aslaail×ai106g. Which
isads320 aslaailisaiproduced laailai in termssaslaailai
amore aslaailai aslaailai V asaaPslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa s aa
PaPdad d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d d asa
P PaPof
a
moles? Molar Mass of CO =
Pa×dT
× aR
DP PaPad
2
P
w
Ans. Mass of Na2CO3 i = 424 × 106i g

alailai ai
saaslaNo
lai
saa a i
slala = saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala lailai
asaasaTemperature
asaasa=
lailai
asaasa
lailai
asaasa
lailai
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d of moles
d
PaPa
a
d (n) d
PaPof
a
d
a the substance d
PaPa
a
d Standard
PaPdad PaPdad
273 K
PaPdad PaPdad
P Mass
Standard Pressure = 760mm of Hg = 1amu
w
Molar mass of the substance

alailai aslaailai aslaailai laa6ilai
a10 aslaailai aslaailai ilai 1.977 × 0.a0821
aslaa= laailai× 273 saslaailai
daadsasa d
ada
PaP =
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a 424
d
PaPad
a s
×
a s d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da s
PaPad 1
a s aa
PaPdad
P
106 = 44
= 4 × 106 moles
alailai a laailai a laailai ai i
sla6la
saa10
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PP
a s s
adada Mass of aCH a
PP
s
dad3OH
a s =
PP
320
aadad× g d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 42 i i
slala Of Chemistry
saaConcepts laailai
saasCalculations
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad PaPad d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d
P
8. How many moles of glucose are present in 720 g 13. (i) K2Cr2O7 + KI + H2SO4  → K2SO4 +
of glucose? Cr2(SOi 4i)3 + I2 + H2O i i
a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai aslaala aslaala aslaailai aslaailai
s
daada s Ans. d a s
a s Mass of glucose
d a sa s = 720g
d a sa s d a sa s Ans. d as a d a sa d a sa d a sa
P PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
Molecular weight of Decrease in O.N (Reduction)
glucose (C6H12O6) i = 180 ilDecreases by +3
alailai la i
la i l a l a i la ilai l a ilai l a a i H SO → Kalaa ilai
+ Cr2(SOa4s)3as+la
i i
aIl2a+i H2O dasaaslaalai
m
a a a a K Cr O a+ KI + SO
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d sas a
No.Pofd a
d sas a
aPamoles = PaPa d a
dMass
sas a d
PaPa
adsas a 2 d2as
PaP+6a
d7as a 2
–1 Pa
4dasas2
a d 4 d
aa 0d a
PaPa d
P Molar Mass
PIncreases by +1P P
Increase in O N (oxidation)
720 ai i
alailai = aslaailai aslaailai =asl4almoles
a aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
Pa180
d asa d a s
a d a s
PaPaEqualise
a d a s
thePaincrease
a a
/ decrease s
PaPad in O N P
d a a
bya ad
d s
a
P Pad PaPad d Pad P
multiplying I species by 1
9. Calculate the weight of 0.2 mole of sodium carbonate.
K2Cr2O + 3KI + H2i SO → Ki 2SO +
alailai No. ailai of NasaCO
slamoles
saaof laailai
2as 3 =
i i
saaslaala
0.2amole
i i
saaslaala laaila7i laalai 4 laalai 4 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa Ans. a a a Cr
a s aas a saas (SO a) saa
+s 3I + H O a
d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d 2 d
PaPa4 d3 2 PaPa
2 d d
P
s.
Molar mass of Na2CO3 = 106g/mol Balance all other atoms except H and O
Mass = No of moles × molar mass of Na2CO3 K2Cr2O + 6KI + 7H2iSO → 4Ki 2SO +
a laailai a laailai = 0.2s×asl106
aailai
= 21.2g aslaailai aslaailai a laaila7i a laalai 4 a laalai 4 aslaailai
s
daada s d a s
a s d a a d a s
a d a s
a dCr
a s a s d a sa s (SOd )
a sa+s 3I + H O da s a
PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad P P4 d3
2 aa 2 2 a ad
ok
P P P
10. Calculate the equivalent mass of bicarbonate ion. Balance O atom by adding H2O on the the side
Bicarbonate ion i i = HCO–3 i i falling short of oxygen
a ilai Ans. a ilai i i ilai aslaailSO
ai → aailai ai i
a
daadsas
l a d d
a l a
sas mass of HCO
Molar
a d a
dsaas–laala = 61dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala dKa
d
aslaaO
s2aCr 2 7 + 6KIda+dsa7H 2 4 d a d saasl4K 2 SO4 + dadsaaslala
P PaPa PaPa 3 PaPa PaPa PaPaCr PaPa (SO ) +P3IaPa+ H O + 6HPOaPa
Molar mass 2 4 3 2 2 2
Equivalent mass of ion =
o
Charge of
i iion aslaailai
So the balanced equation is
ilai aslaa2ilSO
ai → aailaSOi i
daadsasa d a s
a d a s
a d
la a
adsaasal d a s
a dK
a s 2aaslaa2O
Cr 7 + 6KIda+sa7H 4 d a saasl4K 2 4 + dasaasla alai
PaPad PaPad PaPad d PaPad PaPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
a
P P 61
a PaPaCr
ab
P
Equivalent mass of HCO –
= = 61 2(SO4)3 + 3I2 + 7H2O
3
1
(ii) KMnO + Na2SO3  → MnO2 + Na SO +
s a laailai 11. Calculate
s a laailai the equivalent
s a laailaimass of barium
s a laailaihydroxidesaslaailai s a laaila4i s a laailai s a laaila2i 4 i i
saaslaala
a
dada s d a
d a s d a
d a s d a
d a s d a
d a dad a s d a
d a s KOH (Alkaline
d a
d a s medium) d a
d
P PaPa PaPa
Ans. Equivalent mass of Ba(OH)2 PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
Decrease in O.N
ur
Molar mass of Ba(OH)2 = 171.34 g/mol (Reduction)

alailai Acidity
a laailaofi the Ba(OH) a laailai = 2 saslaailai a laailai a laailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
ada sa s
PaPEquivalent d a sa s 2
PaPaofd the Ba(OH) d a
ad
PaP
a d
PaPad
a sa s d a sa s
PaPad DecreasesPby d a
aPa+3dsa d
PaPad
a s a d
PaPad
a sa
P mass 2
KMnO4 + Na2SO3 → MnO2 + Na2SO4 + KOH
Molar mass of the base
.s
i =i +7 laila+4 +6 i i
alailai i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaaoflathe basedadsaaslaala
Acidity saasa
i Increases i i
saaslaala by +2 dadsaaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d
PaPa
a
d d ad
PaPIncrease
a in OPNaPa PaPad a
d
P
171 (oxidation)
= = 85.5
w
2 Equalise
alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaalai the increase
i aslaaila/ i decreaseasainaslaaO ilai N by aslaailai
daadsasa P Pad
a s
12.adBorica acid, H dBO
a
Pa3ad 3
sa is a mild d
Pa ad
s
antiseptic
a a andd
PaPadis
a sa d a
d sa
PaPamultiplying Mn
P d a
d sa
aPaspecies d
aPaSd species byP3aPad
by 2Pand d as a
P often used asPan eye wash. P A sample contains
2KMnO4 + 3Na2SO3  → 2MnO2 +
w
0.543 mol H3BO3. What is the mass of boric acid

in the
alailai saaslaasample. 3Na s2aSO
aslaa4ila+i KOH asaaslaailai
ilai i i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa d a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a
P Ans.
PaPa d Formula d
PaPmass
a of PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPaBalance all other d
PaPa atoms except d
PaPHa and O PaPdad
boric acid H3BO3 = 61.834 amu
w
2KMnO4 + 3Na2SO3  → 2MnO2 +

1 imole of H BO = Molar mass of H BO
alailai aslaalai 3 i
aslaalai = 61.834
3 i
aslgaalai 3 3 i
aslaalai 3Na i
aslaalai i
aslaalai 2SO asl4aa+ila2KOH
i aslaailai
daadsasa
d a
d s
PaPa0.543
a d
Pa ad
a sa d a sa
PaPad × 0.543PaPad d a sa d a
d sa
PaPaBalance d a sa
PaPadby adding PHaP da
ad
s a d
PaPad
a s a
P mole ofPH3BO3 = 61.834 O atoms 2O molecules on
= 33.57 g of H3BO3 the side falling short of oxygen atom.
alailai a i i
saaslala The mass saasof
a
lalai i a
saaslala
i i a i
saaslala
i i i
saaslaala4 + 3Nad2aSO
2KMnO
i i
saas3laa+laH2O d → ilai
saaslaa2MnO alailai
2 + dadsasa
daadsasa d a
d
PaPa0.543 moles PofaPHa BO d a
d d
aPa a
d d
PaPa
a
d d a
d
PaPa3Na PaPa d ad
PaPa SO + 2KOH PaPa
P
3 3
= P33.57g 2 4

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
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a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
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PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 46 i i
slala Of Chemistry
saaConcepts laailai
saasCalculations
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d
P
Balance H atom by adding H+ ion on the side falling short of hydrogen.
alailai aslSaa2ilO
2– ilai 3H2O a
ai3 + 3Is2aslaa+ laa→
ilai S2O62– +al6I – i +6H+
aaila aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
a
PaPad Add equal d
ada a
PaPnumber d a s
a s
ad on the both
PaPion d a s
a s d
ad since the Pmedium
PaPside
asa
aPad is alkaline d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P of OH–
S2O32– + 3I2 + 3H2O + 6OH– → S2O62– + 6I– +6H+ + 60H–
alailai iai
saaslSaalO
i i ai i
saaslaa+la 3H Odad+saa6OH
slala – 
i i
saSaslaaOla2– + d laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
–saas
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d 2– + a
2 3 Pa d 3I
d P2aPa
→
dad
PaPa 2 6 PaPa 6Ia
d +6H O
2 Pa d a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P Pa 2 Pa
15. A compound contains 50% of X (atomic mass 10) and 50% Y (atomic mass 20). Give its molecular formula.
alailai Ans. asaaslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d
PaPad d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d a s
a d a s
a
PaPad SimplePaPad Simplest d
ada s
a
PaPwhole d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
Element Percentage Atomic Relative No.
P
mass of moles Ratio Moles number Ratio
alailai laailai
saasX
i i
saaslaala lailai
50
10 dadsaasa = 5
i i
saas5laala= 2
i i
saaslaala 2 dadsaasa
lailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
50
a
d aa d a
d
PaPa 2.5 d
PaPa
ad aa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P PP 10 PP
s.
50 2.5
alailai asY
laailai 50 lailai
asaasa
20 laaila=i2.5
a20 a2sl.aa5ila=i 1 aslaailai 1
aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a
PaPdad d
PaPad
a s
a s d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
ok
P
Its simplest formula = X2Y
alailai 16. Determine i i

saaslaala the empirical
i i
saaslaala formula aslaailcompound
saof ai aslaailai
sacontaining aslaailai Mn =as34.77%
K =s24.75%, aslaailai and restsaais
i i
aoxygen.
slala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa Ans. d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d a d
PaPa d a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
Atomic Relative No. Simple Ratio Simplest whole
alailai
Element
aslaailai
Percentage
aslaailai
o lailmass
ai of lmoles
ailai Moles
lailai number
lailai Ratio aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
a d a s
a asaasa asaasa asaasa asaasa a s
a asa
PaPad PaPad PaPdad PaPda24d.75 PaPda0d.63 PaPdad d
PaPad d
PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P K 24.75 39 1
= 0.63 =1
39 0.63
alailai laailai
saasMn
ilai
saaslaa34.77
i i
saaslaala55 34 aslaailai
s.a77
i i
saaslaala
0a.63
i i
saaslaala1
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d a
d
PaPa 55 = 0.63PaPa0.63 1
d d = d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
ur
100
ilai – 40.48 i i 2.53 i i
alailai aslOaailai (24.75 a
+ laa34.77) = 40.48 alaila16
i a laal=a2.53 saasl=aal4a aslaaila4i aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a
PaPad
s
da a s dasasa
PaPad a
PP d
a
s
ad16a s
a
PP d
a0ad
.63 d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
The empirical formula is KMnO4
.s
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaP
d
aad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d
P
w

daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa
P
w
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad
P
w

daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
P
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P

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a s
a or d
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alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
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s ala
i i
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a a as
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a as
PaPdad
a as
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PaPad
a s
a d
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P
Characteristics of Fundamental Particles :
alailai i i
saaslaala ai i
slala
i i
saaslaala alala i i ilai
saaslaaNEUTRON
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa d a
d d a
d saaELECTRON d a
d
PROTON
dasasa d a d a d a d a
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPad PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
Discoverer J.J. Thomson (1897) Goldstein (1919) James Chadwick (1932)
alailai Symbol
alailai e0
aslaailai aslaaila1i p1 aslaailai 1n 0 alailai
aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
–1
daadsasa asasa
PaPdad d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
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a s
a d a s
a s a d
ad the nucleus
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P Location Around the nucleus Within the nucleus PaPWithin
Charge Negative Positive Neutral
alailai i i
saaslaala
ilai
saa×slaa10
i i
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slalkg
saa–27
i i
saaslaa×la10–27 kg
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPa
a
Mass
d d PaPa
a
9.11
d d –31
kg d
PaPa
a
d PaPa PaPa
a
1.6749
d d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
s.
Atom : The smallest particle that can take part in chemical reaction.
alailai ilai
aslaamodel aslaa: ilai(i) aslaailai- Modela-saaatom
laailai ilai
aslaain aslaailaicharge is aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa Nuclear
d
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a s
a ofd
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a s
a T d
aPad
s
homson
a a dad
s
Paelectrons
is d
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s
spherical
a a which d
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s
positive
a a da
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suniformly
a da
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s
a
ok
P anPatom
Pdistributed and P are embedded in it. P
(ii)
Rutherford's Model : An atom consists of a tiny positively charged nucleus
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala at aits laailai The nucleus
saascentre.
i i
saaslaala is surrounded
i i
saaslaala by electrons
i i
saaslaala that move
ilai
saaslaaaround
i i
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daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d d
aPa nucleus with
Pthe d a
d
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d
aPa in circular d a
d
PaPapaths called d a
d
PaPorbits.
a d
PaPa
a
d
P Thus,
Rutherford’s model of atom resembles the solar system in which the sun plays
alailai aslaailai i
aslaalai
o
the rolelaof
asailaithe nucleus aslaaand
ilai the planetsaslaathat
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i aElectrons
laailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
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a s
a d a
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s
a
Pand
a sa
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d Paare
a sa
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d
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as a
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P P P P P P P P
Atomic Number (Z) : Number of protons or Number of electrons
alailai aslaailai (A) asaaslaa: ilaiNumber
Mass sNumber ilai
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saof
i i
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slala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
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a
d a d
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d
PaPaof same element d a
d
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d
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PaPaand different d a
d
PaPmass
a d
PaPa
a
d
P Isotopes : Atoms number
ur
Eg : 1H1, 1H2, 1H3

daadsasa a
Isobars
d
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s
a a s
a
PaPad : Atoms
d a
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d s
a
d same element a s
a
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d a s
a
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d d number a
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d s
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ad differentPatomica s
a
aPad numberPaPad
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a
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14 14
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.s
alailai Isotones i i
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saaslaa: la Thesedspecies
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ilai
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saanumbers
slala
i i
saaslaala
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a
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a
d
P arePdifferent. Eg: 6PC 7 8
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Isoelectronic : The species (atoms or ions) containing same number of electrons.

alailai species laiai
asasal aslaailaiEg : O2–a,sFaa–sl,aaNa
ilai +
, Mg2+ aail,aNe
asl3+
, sAl
i aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa PaPdad
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa
P
Hydrogen spectrum : It is a line emission spectrum.
w
alailai aslaailai of i i i i i i h h ilai i i i i i i

daadsasa Dual
d a snature
a d a saaslaa: la (i) de-Broglie
d a saaslaala wavelength
d a saaslaala: λ = da=dsaaslaa(p-momentum)
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala
P PaPa d
electron PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d Pmv
aPa p PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
w
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle : It is impossible to accurately

(ii)
determine both the position as welllaas the momentum of a microscopic
alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaailai aslaailai asailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
particle
a d
PaPad
a
simultaneouslysa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa da
PaPad
s a da
PaPad
s a
P
h
∆x.∆p ≥
alailai i i i i i4πi i i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa dadsaaslaala dadsaaslaala dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 52 i i
saaslaala
i i
➠ Chapter i i
saaslaalaMechanical
i i i i
Model
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad PaPa
P
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

EVALUATION
aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
I. Choose The Best Answer : Hint: S
plitting of spectral lines in magnetic field is
called lzeeman effect and i isplitting ofalaspectral
alailai i i
saaslaala configuration
i i
saaslaala of species aail2+
saaslM ai is 1s2 2ss2 aslaailai i i
saasaala saaslaala
i i
sasala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa 1.PadElectronic
m
a
d d
aa ad d a
d daada d a
lines
d in electric d a
fieldd is called stark d a
effect.
d d a
d
P a 6 3s2 3p6 P
P2p 3dP6 and its atomicPaPaweight is 56. PaPThe PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
number of neutrons in the nucleus of species M is
z  2
alailai laailai 22saasla

i ilai
alai (c) 30dasaaslaa(d) 24 dasaasla
ilai Based on
a5.
ilai
laaequation E = laa–ila2.178
i × 10 laaJilai 2  , saslaailai
–18
co
daadsasa (a)
d asaa26
s (b)da s
aa as s
aa as s
aa as  n  adada
P PaPad PaPad PaPad [Ans. P a ad
(c)P30] PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad P Pa
certain conclusions are written. Which of them is
2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6
Hint: M not correcti ?i (NEET)
alailai i i
saaslaala: 1s2 2sd2ad aaila2 i 6 8 salaailai
saa6sl3s
i i
saaslaala a laala a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
adM
PaPa
2p 3p 3d a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d P Pa
a
d sa s
(a)adEquation can be
PaPad ds
used
a a s to calculate
PaPa d a
d s
thea s change in d
PaPa
a
d
P
s.
Atomic number = 26 energy when the electron changes orbit
Massi number = 56 (b) For n = 1, the electron has a more inegative
alailai a laalai a laailai aslaailai aslaailai energya laailthan
ai it doessafor laailnai= 6 whichsasmeans laalai that saslaailai
daadsasa d a
Pa ad
s
No.
a s of neutrons
d
Pa ad
a s
a =s 56 – 26 =d a
30
Pa ad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d a
ad
PaPthe
sa s d
aPada a s d
PaPain
a
d a aa
PaPdad
ok
P P P P electron isPmore loosely bound the smallest
2. The energy of light of wavelength 45 nm is allowed orbit
alailai alailai alailai alailai alailai (c) The ai i sign in
slala
saanegative laailai simply
saasequation laailai that saslaailai
saasmeans
daadsasa d asasa
PaPad dasasa
Pa ad dasasa [HY-2018]
dasasa
Pa ad Pa ad d a
d d ad d a da a
P (a) 6.67 × 1015PJ P × 1011J
(b) 6.67 P PaPthe
a energy ofPaelectron Pa boundPa to
d
Pathe nucleusPisaPad
lower than it would be if the electrons were at the
alailai
(c) 4.42 × 10–18J
l ai i l a i i
o
(d) 4.42 × 10–15J
aailai aslaailai aslaaildistance
infinite ai fromalthe aailainucleus. salaailai aslaailai
daadsasa
a
dadsasa
l a a
dadsasa
l a [Ans. saasl4.42
dad(c) × 10–18
daJ]
dsa d a sa d a sa s d a a s d a sa
ad PaPadof n, the P aPad is the orbit PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPLarger
(d) the value larger
ab
P
= hv = hc/λ
Hint: E radius.
−34
il6a.i626 × 10 Js ×i3 ×i 108 ms −1 [Ans.la(b) i i For n = 1, the
ilai electron has i ai more
alailai a l=a a l a
s −9lam
ilai× 10−18 J. alailai
s=aas4laa.42 saasala energydathan saaslaait snaas=laa6lawhich dadsaaslaala
i i
daadsasa
aa
PP d a
dsas a
PP 45
d
aa a×
dsa10 a d
aa
PP
ad PP
s sa
adaada d
PaPanegative
a
d PaPa d does for
PaPa d a
d PaPa
P
means that the electron is more loosely bound
ur
3. The energies E1 and E2 of two radiations are in the smallest allowedi orbit]
alailai 25 eV ilai 50 eV respectively.
aslaaand aslaailai aslaailai between
Thearelation ilai
aslaa6. a laailai ai
aslaalTheory, aslaailaofi aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
a
ad wavelengths
PaPtheir d a s
a
PaPadie λ and P d sa
ad be da
PaPad
s
a According
d
PaPad
a sa s to the d
PaPad
Bohr
a sa
PaPaddwhich
a s a the d
Pa ad
a sa
P 1
λ2aPwill following transitions in the hydrogen atom willP
λ give rise to the least energetic photon ?
.s
(a) a1i =i 1 (b) λ1 = 2λ2ai i

alailai asasλa2l
l a
asasal
laiai l a
asasal asasal
laiai (a) dnad
aailani = 1
6slto
=saa saaslaa
ilai
(b) n = 5 to nsaa=sla
a4 ilai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa ada
PaPd(c) adada d a
PaPad= λ PaPad d a PaPna = 5 to n = 3PaPa d ad aa d a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P λ1 = 25P×P50 λ 2 (d) 2λ 1 2
(c) (d) n =P6Pto n = 5
[Ans. (d) n = 6 to n = 5]
w
i [Ans. (b) λ1 = 2λ2]

alailai a laalai aslaailai aslaailai ilai
aslaa7. Assertion l a il a i
asa: The spectrum l a
asa ofil ai He+ is expectedaslaailai to be asaaslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPad
s
a s
E1 P25d a
a eV
s
a
ad 1 d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPto
a sa
adthat of hydrogen PaPadd a s a
PaPdad
P Hint: = P = similar
E2 50eV 2
w
Reason : He+ is also one electron system.

alailai aslaa×ilaλi2 = 1 asaaslaailai
shc
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilai
saaslaaassertion
(a) Ifaboth and ai i
slala are true
saareason
ilai
aslaareason
sand is asaasla
i
alai
daadsasa d a
d a
PaPa λ1 hc P2aPdad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPthed
a correct explanationPaPad ad PaPa d a
d a d
PaPa d
P of assertion.
w
2λ 2 = λ1 (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailcorrect
notsthe ai aslaailai of assertion.
explanation aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa 4.PadSplitting
a s
a d a s
a
of Pspectral
aPad lines P d
inaPana s
a
ad electric field d a
PaPadis
s
a d a a d a sa d a s a d a sa
P Pad PaPIfadassertion isPtrue
(c) aPadbut reason P ad
isaPfalse PaPad
called [FIRST MID-2018; Mar-2019; CRT & May - '22]
(d) If both assertion and reason are false
(a) Zeemani i effect alailai (b) Shielding i effect [Ans.i i (a) If both assertion andareason i i are
i i i
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa da
PaP(c)
a ComptonPeffect
d d
aPaadsasa da
(d)PStark
aPa effect PaPa
d d a
d d a
PaPatrue and reason
d d a
PaPa is the correct
d d a
PaPaexplanationPofaPa
d d a
d
P
[Ans. (d) Stark effect] assertion.]

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
aStd
iai
s laalChapter
ilai
alaaQuantum
02 s➠ i i
Mechanical i i
salaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 53 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
8. Which of the following pairs of d-orbitals will 13. What is the maximum numbers of electrons
have electron density along the axes ?i that can be ilaiassociatedawith ilai the following ilaiset of
alailai ai i
dadsaaslala a laailai (NEET ai
aslaalPhase - II) aslaailai quantum a laanumbers ? n = laa
3, l = 1 and m a=laa–1 aslaailai
daadsasa PaP(a)
a d
PaPad
a s
a s d
Pa ad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
Pa ad
a sa s d a sa s d
Pa ad (c) 2 PaPad(d) 10 PaPad
a sa s d a sa
P dz2, dxz (b) dPxz, dyz (a)P4 (b) 6 P
[Ans. (c) 2]
(c) dz2,i dix2–y2 (d) dxy, dx2–y2i i
alailai laala laailai saaslaala
ilai
saaslaa14. Assertion a i
saasla:
i
laNumberaof a i i
lala and angular
saasradial
i i
saaslaala nodes dadsaaslaala
i i
m
a a
daadsasa d a
d
PaPa
s
a s d
PaPa
a
d sa s d
PaPa
a
[Ans.
d (c) d , d
z2 Pa
d ad] d
PaPa
a
d d d d ad
P a2
2–y
xP 3paPorbital
for P a are 1,P1aPrespectively.
a PaPa
9. Two electrons occupying the same orbital are Reason : Number of radial and angular nodes
distinguished by
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailaidependsasonly aslaailaon ilai
i principalalaaquantum aslaailai
co
daadsasa d a
PaP(a)
s
ad azimuthalPaquantum
a d a sa number d a sa d a sa d a sa number. d a d a sa s d a sa
P Pad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
(b) spin quantum number (a) both assertion and reason are true and reason is
(c) magnetic quantum number the correct explanationaof assertion. ai i
alailai a laailai ai i
slala
saanumber
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala a laailai a lailai aslareason
la i i
saaslaala
daadsasa (d)
d a
d
PaPa
s
a orbital
s quantum
d a
d
PaPa[Ans. (b) spin d ad
PaPquantum
a PaPad ad (b)adboth
P Pa
a
d sa sassertion and
PaPad a
d sa s
reason are true
PaPad a
d sbut
a is
PaPad a
d
P
s.
number] not the correct explanation of assertion.
10. The electronic configuration of Eu (Atomic no. 63) (c) assertion is true but reason is false
alailai Gd laailai no. 64)
a(Atomic laailaiTb (Atomic
asand asla i
alai65) are
no. aslaailai (d) both laailai
asassertion aslaailaiare falseasaaslaailai
andareason aslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPad
s
a s d
PaPad
a sa
PaPd a
ad
sa d ads
PaP- aII)
a d a
d sa
PaPa[Ans. d sa
PaPad is true but dad
PaPreason d
PaPad
a s a
ok
P (NEET Phase (c) assertion is false]
(a) [Xe] 4f6 5d1 6s2, [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 and Hint: Radial nodes is equal to n–l–1 and angular nodes
alailai a[Xe]
l a ilai4f8 5d1 6s2alailai a la ilai a l a ilai i i
saaslaatolan – 1 dadsaaslaala
isdequal
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
PaP(b)dsas a
a [Xe] 4f7,P6saP2a d adsas a d a
d sas a
aP2aand [Xe] 4fP9 a6s d adsas a
PaPa
ad PaPa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P , [Xe] 4f7 5d1P6s Pa2
15. The total number of orbitals associated with the
alailai
(c) [Xe] 4f7 , 6s2, [Xe] 4f8 6s2 and [Xe] 4f8 5d1 6s2
(d) laailai4f6 5d1 6s2s,a[Xe]
a[Xe] laailai4f7 5d1 6ss2 aand
o i 4f9 6s2 alaailai principal
laaila[Xe] quantum number
aslaailai aslaailai
n = 3 is
aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPad
sa s d a a s
PaPad(b) [Xe] 4fP7a d a
ad a s d a s
PaP1 a6sd2
a s
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a
[CRT sa & Aug -'22] d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
2, [Xe] 4f7 5d
ab
P [Ans. ,P6s
(a) 9 (b) 8 (c) 5 (d) 7
and [Xe] 4f9 6s2]
[Ans. (a) 9]
alailai 11. The a l ilai
maximum
a numbera l a ilaiof electrons a l in
a ilaai sub shell alailai a l a ilai a l a ilai ilai
aslaaelectrons i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPis
adsas a
a given by the d adsas
PaPexpression
a
a
PaPa d a
d sas a
PaPad ad
a
sas 16. If n d=ad6,sathe
Pa a
a
s correct d
PaPa
ad
a
sas for filling
sequence d
PaPa
a
d saof d
PaPa
a
d
P willPbe,
2
(a) 2n (b) 2l + 1
ur
(a) ns D (n – 2) f D (n – 1)d D np
(c) 4lla+ila2 (d) none oflathese
alailai a i a i
laalai a ilai a laailai (b) ns sDasla i i
ala–i 1) d Dda(nsaa–slaa2)lafi D np dasaaslaalai
(n
i aslaailai
daadsasa a
PaPad
d sa s a d
PaPad
a sa s a s s a
PaPad [Ans. (c) P
d a 4la+a2]
d a sa s d a a d a sa
P P d PaPns
(c) adD (n – 2) P fD
aPad
np D (n – 1)PdPa
a d PaPad
Hint: 2 (2l + 1) = 4l + 2 (d) none of these are correct
.s
alailai 12. dFor

a
lalai i
saasd-electron, the
a i i
slala angular
saaorbital a
lalai
saasmomentum
i
is
a
saaslala
i i sal[Ans.ai i (a) ns D
sala laail–ai2) f D (ns–as1)d
saas(n laailaDi np] i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad PaPa d a
d PaPad ad PaPa d ad a d ad
PaPa sets of quantum d a
d a
PaPa numbersPa:Pa d a
d
P 17. Consider the following
2h 2h
(a) (b) n l m s
w
2πi i 2π
alailai asal a l a l
asa a il a i l
asa a il ai l
asa a il a i l
asa a il a i l
asa a il a i asaa1ilai
l aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
PaPad 2 × 4h PaPad d a sa d
Pa 6ahd
a sa d
Pa 6ahd
a sa d
PaP(i)
a
ad
sa d
3 PaPad0a sa d a
0PaPad +
sa d
PaPad
a sa
P (c) (d) P [Ans. (d) P ] 2
2π 2π 2π
w
1i i
alailai a laailai angular momentum
Orbital a laailai a laailai a laailai (ii) ala ilai2 2ala ilai 1 a−sla la i i
saaslaala
daadsasa Hint:
d
PaPa
adsa s d
PaPa
adsa s
PaPa d a
d sa s
PaPad adsa s
PaPa d adsa s a
PaPad adsa s a d
PaPa
a
d sa a
2 d
PaPa
a
d
P
1(1 + 1) h 1
w
= (iii) 4 3 –2 +
2iπ i 2
alailai asal a il a i l
asa a l a l
asa a il a i l
asaa i la i l
asaa ila i l
asa a il a i aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d a s
PaPad ( 2 × 3) h PaPa6dh
a d a sa d
PaPad
a sa d a
ad
PaP(iv)
sa d
a ada sa da s
a ad 1 a da
PaPad
s a
P
For d orbital = = 1 PP 0 –1P P +
2π 2π 2
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala a l laiai i i i i
s4aaslaala 3 dadsaa−slaa1la
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d PaPadadsasa 3
(v) d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d
PaPa
a
d
P 2

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
aStd
iai
s laalChapter
ilai
alaaQuantum
02 s➠ i i
Mechanical i i
salaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 55 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
25. Which of the following does not represent the Each such exchange releases energy and this is
mathematical expression for the i Heisenberg i knowni as exchange energy. ilai Greaterathe number
alailai a laailai principle
uncertainty a laa?ilai la ai
adsaasal
la ai
adsaasal of a laalai
exchanges, a
greater laathe exchange laailai and saslaailai
energy
daadsasa PPa d
a
s
ada s
a
PhP d
a
s
ada s
a
PP da a
PP da
s
ada s
PaPdagreater
aa
PaPdad
s s aa
PaPdad
s s aa
PaPdad
P h the stability.
(a) ∆x.∆p ≥ (b) ∆x.∆v ≥ In d-orbital 10 exchanges are possible but in
4π 4πm
alailai la ilai l a ilai la
sas lah
i i i i
saaslaala p-orbitali i
saslaala 6 exchanges
ilai possible. alailai
saslaaare
i i
saslaala
m
a a a
daadsasa d
PaP(c)
adsas a
a ∆E.∆t ≥ PaPa
h dadsas

a
(d)Pa d ad
∆PEa.∆x ≥
a d
PaPa
ad PaPadada dada
PaPa electronic
PaPaarrangements
PaPa
s sa
dada dada
P
4π 4π 30. Consider the following
5
for the d configuration.
h
alailai ala ilai laailai [Ans.s(d) laa∆
ilaEi .∆x ≥ ] alailai ⥮ ⥮ ↿ lailai ↿ ↿ ↿laila ⥮i ↿ ↿ la↿ilai ↿ ↿
aslaailai
co
a a asa saasa asa
daadsasa dada
PaPa
s s a dadas
PaPa
s dada
PaPa
s adsasa
d4π
PaPa d a s
a
PaPad(a) a
PP d
a a
d (b) d
PaPad
a s
a d
(c) PaPada s
a
P
II. Write Brief Answer To The (i) which of these represents the ground state
alailai
Following
alaailai
Qauestions
laailai . alaailai laailai
(ii) which i iconfigurationi ihas the maximum i i i i
daadsasa dads a s d a
d sa s d adsa s d a
d saas d a
d saaslaala energy.
exchange d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala
P PaPWhich
a PaPa numberPaP
quantum
a
reveal information PaPa Pa a
Ans. (i) P ground state :P
Pa a PaPa PaPa
s.
26.
about the shape, energy, orientation and size of
↿ laila↿i ↿ ↿ laila↿i
alailai aslaailai
orbitals? aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai asa asa aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
ada sa
PaPMagnetic
Ans.
d a sa
PaPad number reveal
quantum d a sa
PaPadinformationPabout d
aPada sa (ii) d a sa
PaPamaximum
d d a
exchange
sa
PaPad energyP:aPad d a sa d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P
the shape, energy orientation and size of orbitals.
↿ ↿ ↿ ↿ ↿
alailai 27. How many
a ilai orbitalsaare ailapossible
i foralna il=ai4? a ilai a ilai a ilai i i i i
daadsasa d a
d sasa l a d a
d sas l a d adsas a d a
d
a l a
sas 31. State d a
dand
a l a
sas explain pauli's d a
d
a l a a
d saaslaala
sas exclusiondprinciple. d adsaaslaala
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
[May-'22] PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
[FIRST MID-2018; HY-2018; Mar. 19]
Ans. If n = 4, the possible number of orbitals are calculated
alailai
as follows.
laailai laailai
o laailai
Ans. Pauli's exclusion principle states that "No two
laailai electrons aailaani atom can laailai the samesset ilai i
daadsasa a s as a s as a s as a s as a s aslin a s ashave a aslaaof values dasaasla alai
d
PaPad na = 4 main shell
d
PaPad
a = N d
PaPad
a d
PaPad
a d d a dad a d a
a ad1s–1. PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
Paall
Pafour PaPnumbers.
ab
P of quantum H(ZP=P1)
If n = 4 L values are 0, 1, 2, 3
one electron is present in hydrogen atom, the four
If l = 0 i i 4s orbital = 1i orbital
alailai a
sa=asl1ala m = –1, a
asl+1 i a i
saaslala
i
saaslala quantum
a i i
saasnumbers
laailai are: nsa=la 1;i li= 0; m = 0saand ai si= +½. salaailai
daadsasa If
d al d a s0,
a ala= 3 orbitals.
d a d a d a d a a s2ala d a a slala a as
P PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d For
PaPhelium
a d Z = 2.PHeaPa: 1s
d PaPa d PaPdad
If l = 2 m = –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 = 5 orbitals. In this one electron has the quantum number. Same
ur
If l = 3 m = –3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 , +3 = 7 orbitals as that of hydrogen n = 1, la=i 0,i m = 0 and s a=i –½.
alailai aslaailanumber
\adsTotal
i
of aslaailai = 16 orbitals.
orbitals aslaailai aslaailai the other aailai
aslquantum aslalita is different lalai For saslaailai
asi.e.,
daadsasa PaPad a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d a
d
P=aP0,am
sa d a
ad
P=aP–½.
s
numbera d
PaPad
a sa n = 1,adaada
PP
P l = 0 and s
28. How many radial nodes for 2s, 4p, 5d and 4f
orbitals exhibit? How many angular nodes?
.s
alailai a ilai a ilai a ilai a ilai Define orbital?

32.
a ilai what are the
a ilain and l values a ilafor
i
3px i i
daadsasa Ans. dasas
d
a l a d a
d
a
sas l a d ad
a
sas l a d a
d
a
sas l a andd4d a
d sa
x
a l
2s 2 electron?asas
-y
a d d
a l a d a
d
a
sas l a d adsaaslaala
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa a
P Pa P aPa MID-2018;PQY-2018;
[FIRST
aPa June-2019]PaPa
Radial Angular
Orbital n l node node Ans. (i) Orbital is a three dimensional space where the
w
n – l – 1 lailai l
alailai l
asa a il ai l
asa a il a i asa asailai
l a aslaailai of finding
probability ilai electron isamaximum.
aslaathe laailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPad 2s
sa d a
P2aPad 0
sa d a
PaP1ad
sa d
0PaPada sa
(ii) d
PaPaFor
a sa
d 3p electron d a sa
PaPandvalue = 3,Pl aP d a sa
ad = 1
value
s d
PaPad
a sa
P x
4p 4 1 2 1 (iii) For 4dx2–y2 electron n value = 4, l value = 2
w
5dlaiai 5 laa2ilai 2 laailai 2

alailai aasa
l a a ilai
saaslaa33. Explain laailai the time
saasbriefly aailai
saaslindependent aslaailai
sschrodinger
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a s
PaPdad 4f
a s
a
P4adad 3
s 0
d
PaPa
a
d s
a s 3 d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d a d
PaPa
ad
P P wave equation? [QY-2019]
29. The stabilisation of a half filled d - orbital is more Ans. Erwin Schrödinger expressed the wave nature of
w
pronounced than thataiofi the p-orbital why?

alailai aslaailai aslala aslaailai aslaailai electron aailaterms
aslin i laailai
of asadifferential aslaailai This asaaslaailai
equation.
daadsasa Ans. (i)
d
PaPad
a s
a Symmetry d:
PaPad
a s
The
a half filled
d
PaPad
a s
orbitals
a are more
d
PaPad
a s
a d a
equation
s
a
PaPad determines d a
PaPathe
a s
d change ofPaP d a s
a
ad functionPinaPdad
wave
P
symmetrical than partially filled orbital and this space depending on the field of force in which the
symmetry leads to greater stability. electron moves. The time independent Schrödinger
a laailai (ii) a laailai
Exchange energy
a laailai : The saelectrons
laailai with a laailai a laailai a laailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala
a
dadas s d a
d s
a s d adsa s d a
d a s d a
d s
a s equation
d a
d s
a scan be expressed
d a
d s
a s as, d a
dsa d a
d
P PaPa same spin PaPain the different PaPa orbitals P ofaPathe PaPa PaPa∧ PaPa PaPa
same subshell can exchange their position. H ψ = Eψ
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
aStd
iai
s laalChapter
ilai
alaaQuantum
02 s➠ i i
Mechanical i i
salaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 59 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
6.626 × 10 −34 × Kg m 2 s −1 v
Δv ≥
alailai de broglie
aslaailai equation =aslaaila0i .16 Kga×saa laailai −1 saslaailai 4πalailai aslaailai ai i aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
a d a s
a d 38
s . 88 ms d a a d asa s a d a s
a d a vaaslala
s d a s
a
P PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad \ Minimum
PaP ad uncertainty
PaPad in velocity PaP=ad4π . PaPad
6.626 × 10 −34
λ = 50. What is the de Broglie wave length of an electron,
alailai ilai 6.2208 alailai ilai i i ilai aslaailai the rest, ai i i
la la l a
sas la which aslaaaccelerated slala a dasaasla alai
m
daadsasa λ
d a
d
a a
sa=s 1.065 × 10 d adsasm.
–34 a d a
d
a
sas a d a
d
a a d a
d sais d adsafrom d a
d saathrough d
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
potential differencePaPaof 100 V? PaP[Govt. a MQP-2018] PaPa
Wave length in cm = 1.065 × 10–34 × 100
i i = i 1.065 × 10–32 cm (or) Ans. Potential difference= V = 100 V
alailai l a l a la l a i laailai laailai Potential aailai
aslenergy asl=aail100
ai × 1.6 ×s10 aslaa ilai aslaailai
co
a a a a = eV –19
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a s a d
PaPad
a sa s a 1.065 ×
PaPad
10
d a –34
sa s m d
PaPad
a sa s d a
ad
sa
PaBroglie d a sa
PaPad of an electron d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a sa
P de P wave length
48. Suppose that the uncertainty in determining the
position h
alailai a ilaofi
an electroniin an orbit is 0.6i Å. What is i
a i a i a i λalaila=i i i i i i i
daadsasa the
d a
d s l
sauncertainty
a a din
ad
l l a
saitss momentum?
a a d a
d
a
sas l a l a
d a
d
a
sas l a l a
d a
d sas a 2meV
d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
P Pa a
Ans.PΔx = uncertainty
PaPain position PofaPan a
electron =P0.6
aPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
s.
Å
= 0.6 × 10–10 m =
alailai i
aalai
Δps=asluncertainty i
aslaalai
insmomentum = ?sasla i
alai
i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
ada a
PaPHeisenberg's d
aPada a
Puncertainty d a a
PaPadstates that PaPad d a sa d a sa
PaPad λ = 1.22 d a sa
P×aP10a−d10 m d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
principle
ok
P
h
Δx.Δp i ≥i λi =i 1.22A o
alailai a l a l a 4π a l a ilai a l a ilai a l a ilai l
sas la
a a i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPad a
d sas a d
PhaPa
adsas a
PaPa d a
d sas a
PaPad a
d sas a d a
d
a
PaPa the missing d ad
PaPa quantum P aPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P 51. Identify numbers and the
Δp ≥
4π.∆x sub energy level
alailai ashlaala≥i Planck's
i aconstant
i
laalai
o i
aslaalai i
aslaalai n alaillai m laailaenergy
aSub i level alailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa ≥ 6.626 a sa s
PaPa×d10 Kg m
d –34 2
PaPsad
d a
–1 sa d
PaPad
a sa d a s
PaP?ad ?
a s a d
P0aPad
a sa s
4dPaPadd a sa s a d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
6.626 × 10 −34
Kg m s 2 −1 3 l 0 ?
Δp ≥ ? ? ? 5p
alailai a ilai 4 × 3.14a×la0il.a6i× 10−10 m alailai a ilai a ilai –2 a ilai 3d i i i i
daadsasa d a
d sasa l a d adsas−34 a 10 d a
d sas a d a
d
a
sas l a ?
d a
d sasa l a?
d ad
a
sas l a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa aPa× 10 × 10PaPa
6.P626 PaPa Ans. PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
≥ n l m Sub energy level
7.536
ur
Uncertainty in momentum = Δp ≥ 0.8792×10 –24 Kg ms–1

4 2 0 4dlailai
alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaala–25 i i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai asa aslaailai
daadsasa PaPad
d a sa d
PaPad
a sa (or) P8.792 a sa
aPad × 10 Kg
d PaPms
d
ada
–1sa 3
d a s
PaP5ad 1
a l d
PaPaone
ads
0a d a
PaPad 5p
s3p
a d
PaPad
a sa
P any value
–25 –1
Δp ≥ 8.8 × 10 Kg ms –1, 0, +1
.s
49. Showlathat if the measurement of the uncertainty 3 2 –2 lailai 3d i i

alailai i a
asallocationi a i i
slalaparticledaisdsaaequal
saathe a i i
slala to itsdde
a i
saaslala
i a
saaslala
i i
saasa saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPa
in
d a
d sathe
PaPadof
ad PaPa PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad ad PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P Broglie wavelength, the minimum uncertainty in 
w
its velocity (ΔV ) is equal to 1/ 4π of its velocity(V).

alailai asasla i
alai aslaailai aslaailai MID-2018] aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
Evaluate Yourself
[FIRST
daadsasa d a
ad Δx =PaPad
PaPGiven d a sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P Ans.
Δv = ?
w
i i Calculate
1. the
ilai de-Brogliealwavelength of an laaelectron
alailai saasla≥la h
a i i i i i i i i ilai i i
daadsasa Δx.Δp
d a
d d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala thatdahas d saaslaabeen a
accelerated
d dsasaala from rest d a
d saasthrough a d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa 4π PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
h potential difference of 1 keV.
w
λ(mΔv) ≥ Ans.
alailai a laalai 4π
i a laailai a laailai a laailai Given: accelerated
aslaailai potential aslaa=ila1i keV asaaslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa s
h PaPad d a sa s
PaPadd a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d a
ad
sa
PaPkinetic Paofd adsa d
adenergy duePtoaPad d a sa
P Δv ≥ The energy Pathe electron P =aP
the
4π ( mλ ) accelerating potential.
alailai i h i h i i i 1 i i i i i
saaslala  λd=adsaasla la
a i a i a i a i a i i
daadsasa Δv
d a
d sa≥aslala d ad d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala mvd
2 al ala
ad
a
sas = eV dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala
PaPa a ha  PaPa mv  PaPa PaPa 2PaPa PaPa PaPa
P 4π × mP×P mv 2
= 2eV
mv
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 60 i i
saaslaala
i i
➠ Chapter i i
saaslaalaMechanical
i i i i
Model
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad PaPa
P
m2v2 = 2meVÞ (mv)2 = 2meV 4. Calculate the total number of angular nodes and
radial nodes present in 3d iand 4f orbitals.i i
a laailai a laailai Þ mv
a laailai = 2meV a laailai a laailai a laailai a laalai aala
asl[Sep-2020] aslaailai
s
daada s d a sa s d a sa s hd a sa s a s
a s
h PaPad Ans. PaPad
d d a sa s d a sa s d a sa d a sa
P adBroglie wavelength
PaPde PaPad λ = PaPaÞ d
λ= PaPad PaPad PaPad
mv 2meV Radial Angular Total node
m = mass of the electron = 9.1 × 10 –31 kg Orbital n l
a i i a i i a i i a i i a i i a i i node n-l-1
a i i node l ni –i 1 i i
al la slala constant saaslala = 6.626 sa×asl10
ala–34 saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslaala saaslaala
m
daadsasa h
d a
d=saaPlanck d a
d d a
d Js dad d ad d a
d d a
d d a
d
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaP3d
a 3 2 PaPa 0 P2aPa 2 PaPa
[1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J, 1 keV = 103 × 1.6 × 10–9] 4f 4 3 0 3 3
Js laiai 1 2 1 2 ilai Energy aoflaan
i electron inahydrogen atomalinaailaground
alailai aslaailai aslaailai [∴ asal= J kg .aSsaaslaa5. alai laailai i aslaailai
co
daadsasa d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d asa
PaPadJ kg d
PaPad state
d a s
a s
PaPaisd –13.6 eV. PWhat
d a s
a s
aPad is the energy a s s
PaPaofd the electron
d a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
1 1 in the second excited state? [HY-2019]
= (kgm 2s-2 ) 2 .kg 2 S
ilai E = −13 .6 i
s aslaailai s a slaailai s aslaailai = m] sala
s a
ilai
s aslaaAns. n s a2
slaailaeV i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
dada d
PaPa
ad a d
P6.626
a
d a − 34
aPa × 10 Js PaPa d a
d a d
PaPa
a
d a d
PaPa
a
d an d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
s.
λ= −31 3 −19 Second excited state
2×9.1×10 ×1×10 ×1.6×10 kgJ
−13.6
s as
i
laalai s aslaa6.il626
ai ×10−34 saslaailai 6.626 ×10 s as
34i ai
−la
a l s aslaailai n = 3 saslaa∴ i 3=
ilaE
9 s aeV
slaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai
daada = d a a d a a m = d a a m d a a d a a d a a da a da a
PaPad 29120 P aPa−d aPad −25 PaPad PaPad a ad PaPad PaPad
ok
P × 10 50 170P.645 × 10 E3 P
=P−1.51eV
λ = 0.0388 -9 -2 -9
alailai i i × 10 m
laala -11
= 3.88×10 ×10 i mi
laailai i i How many
6. laailaunpaired
i electrons
ai i are present
aslaailaiin the asaaslaailai
daadsasa λ
d a=s
a as
3.88×10 m
d asaas d asaaslaala d a saaslaala ground
d a saasstate of Fe
d3+
a slala Mnd2+adsa(z=25)
saa(z=26), and
P PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPdad
2. Calculate the uncertainty in the position of argon (z=18)?
alailai
an electron,
l a il a i if the uncertainty
a×sa105 ms–1. asaasa l a i
l a i
o
in itsi velocity
l a l a i
asa [June-2019]
is Ans.
l
asa a i
l a i Electronic configuration
0 3d5sasa l a i
l a i of Fe
l
asa a i
l a
3+ is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
daadsasa d5.7
a s
a d d a s
a d a sa 4s d a a d a s
a d a sa d a sa
PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad d PaPad PaPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPaunpaired
ab
P Ans. Given : Five electrons.
Δv = 5.7 × 105ms–1 Δx = ?
↿ ↿lailai↿ ↿ ↿lailai
alailai laailai to Heisenberg's
According
a a laailai uncertainty a ilai
laaprinciple, a laailai a a i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ads
a s d a
d s
a s d a
d s
a s d a
d sa s d a
d sa s a
5 d a
d s
a sa d ad d a
d
P h PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
3d PaPa PaPa PaPa
Δx.Δp ≥ Electronic configuration of Mn is 1s 2s 2p 3s2 2+ 2 2 6
ur
4π 6 0 5
alailai h a laa6il.a626
i × 10−34 alaailai a laailai a laailai 3p 4s s3d a laailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPa4dπ
sa =s d
aPada s
a s
kgm 2
s −1
d
PaPad
a s
a s da
PaPad
sa s
\PaP d a a s
ad unpaired P
Five d
aPada s
a
electrons. d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P 4 × 3P.14
2 2 6 2 6
h Electronic configuration of Ar: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
= 5.28 × 10 −35
.s
alailai 4π alailai alailai alailai alailai no unpaired alailaelectrons.

i alailai alailai alailai
daadsasa s sa
aada ≥ 5.28P×aPd10
PaPdΔx.Δp
sasa
aad–35 asasa
PaPdad
asasa
PaPdad 7. P
s sa
aPdaada P
s sa
aPdaada P
s sa
aPdaada2 P
s sa
aPdaada
P Explain the meaning of the symbol 4f . Write all
Δx.m.Δv ≥ 5.28 × 10–35 the four quantum numbers for these electrons.
w
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailaiilai

aslaaAns. i
alai no. of
2asla aslaailai
electrons aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
as
da
PaPad
a sa d4
PaPad
a f
sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
asa
P
f-orbital
w
ai i ai i a i i a i i a i i a i i i i i i i i
al l a
daadsasa 3.PadHow
a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala saaslala
Principal
a a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
Pa d many orbitals
d
PaPa d are possible
PaPad in
d the 4th energy
d
PaPa d d d
PaPa level d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d
P energy
level? (n=4)
w
Ans. n = 4 ; il =i 0, 1, 2, 3 n = 4 ; f orbital l = 3 Þ m = – 3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3

l
s a laailai s laala
assub s aailai
asl& s aslaailai s a laailai Out of stwo
a ilai
laaelectrons, ones a laailai occupies
electron s
ilaorbital
aslaa4f i
s aslaailai
dada s d
a d\a 4
a shells s,
d
a dp,
a d
a f. d a a d a a s d a a s d a a s da a da a
Pa P Pa P Pa PaPad PaPad PaPamdl = –3 and Panother
with aPad electronPoccupies
aPad 4f orbital PaPad
l = 0 ml = 0 Þ one 4s orbital.
with ml = –2.
l = 1 ml = –1, 0, + 1 Þ three 4p orbitals.
alailai aaila=i –2, –1, 0,sa+1,
ai i aailai i i \ All the four
i i quantum numbers i i for the two electrons
i i i i
daadsasa l a=sa2aslml
d d d a
d a slala+2 Þ five
dad aaslorbitals.
s4d d a
d saaslaala are dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala
P PaPla= 3 ml = –3, P aPa
–2,
aPa
–1, 0, +1, +2,P+3 PaPa
Þ seven 4f orbitals. PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
Over all 16 orbitals are possible.
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
aStd
iai
s laalChapter
ilai
alaaQuantum
02 s➠ i i
Mechanical i i
salaala
i i
saaslaala
i i 61
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d a s
PaPad a
d a s d
PaPa
a
d a s d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d
P
ml ms 3. Match the list I with List II correctly by using the
Electron n l
code given ibelow: [HY-2018]
alailai 1e – lailai
asa i
4 asaslaal3ai –3 a laailai +1/2 saslaailai a laalai a laailai a laailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
ad–a
PaP2e ad da d a
d
PaPa–2
s
a s d
PaPad
a a d asa s List I d a sa s
PaP4ads orbital PaPad 1 Rutherford's
List
d
PaPad
a saII
s d
PaPad
a sa
P 4P Pa 3 +1/2 A
experiment
8. Whichiion i 3+has the stable electronic configuration? B 3d6 alailai 2 3 nodal planes
laailai laalaFe laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala a i
saaslala
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
as as Nia 2+asor
s . a s as a a a sasa a a a
dada d
PaPa d a d
PaPa d a d d
P3+aPa 2 2 6 PaP d
a6d C d
a d
PaPLimitation of da 3 Partially
d
PaPBohr d d
PaPa filled orbital d
PaPa d
P Ans. Electronic configuration of Fe 2
: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p theory

4s0 3d5 D Existence of nucleus 4 Multi electron atom
alailai i
aslaalai configuration
Electronic
i
aslaalaofi Ni2+ : 1s2a2s i
laal2a2pi 6 3s2 3p6 alaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d
PaPad
as a d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd as a s
PaP d a
0 ad8
sa s d a sa
PaPadA B CPaPaDd d a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P 4s 3d
(a) 1 2 3 4
Ni2+[Ar] 3d8
alailai Fe3+a[Ar] a ilai 3d5 ailai a ilai a ilai (b) 2alail3ai 4 1 alailai i i i i
daadsasa d a sas l a d a a
sas l a d a a
sas l a d a a
sas l a (c) as4asa 3
d
2 1asasa
d d a saaslaala d a saaslaala
P PaPHalf
a filled and
d PaPcompletely
a d filled
PaPaorbitals arePmore
d aPa d d
PaPa 2 4 1PaPa3
(d) d d
aPa (b) 2 3 4 P
P[Ans. 1]aPa d
s.
stable compared to partially filled orbitals. Therefore
4. The electrons identified by quantum numbers n and l
Fe3+ is imore stable compared to Ni2+. i i
alailai l
asa a l a i l
asa a i
l ai asal a l a asailai (i) nas=aas4,
l a laailla=i 1, (ii) n =sa4,laalila=i 0, (iii) n s=as3,
laailla=i 2 aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPand= 3, l = 1 can Pabed a
d a s d a a
aPad if increasing d
PaPad
a sa
Government Exam Questions and Answers
(iv) Paplaced in thePorder
ok
P
energy as [QY-2018]
alailai ilai i i iai i i (a) (iv) a<la(ii) i i < (iii) < (i)ala(b) i i (ii) < (iv) <al(i) i <i (iii) i i
daadsasa CPhoosea saaslaathe C saaslaala Answer
orrect
a a saaslaal1 MARK a saaslaala a sasala a sasala a sasaala a saaslaala
P
d
aPa d PaPad d PaPa d d PaPad d (c)
PaPa(i)
d d < (iii) < (ii) <
PaPad(iv)
d (d) (iii) <
PaPad(i)
d < (iv) < (ii)
PaPad d
1. Consider the following sets of quantum numbers [Ans. (a) (iv) < (ii) < (iii) < (i)]
alailai aslaanilai l masaaslaasilai

oaslaailai ilai Match the
aslaa5. aslaailfollowing.
ai aslaailai aslaa[QY-2019]
ilai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
a
ad 2 1PaPd–1
PaP(i) ad 3/2 d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da s
a
PaPad2 2 1 PaP d
ada s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P 1 1
(ii) 1 1 1 +1/2 A 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 1 Heisenberg’s
(iii) 1i i 0 +1 –1/2 uncertainty principle
alailai a l a l a a l a ilai a l a ilai a l a ilai a l a ilai
B d1s<2s<2p<3s<3p a l a ilai
sas 2 Hund’sda rule
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa (iv)
d
PaPa
a
d
a
sas 1 0 d0adsas–1/2
PaPa
a d
PaPa
adsas a
PaPad a
d sas a
Pa a
a
d sas a d
Pa a
a
d
a
PaPa d PaPad a
d
P C Pn = 1; l = 1; P 3 Aufbau principle
Which of the following sets of quantum numbers
ur
is not possible ? [Govt. MQP-2018] m = 0 s = +½

alailai l
a(i) a il a i l a il ai
asa (b) (ii) aand l a
as(iv)il a i l
asa a il a i
D dasaasla
i
alai h aslaa4ilaiPauli’s exclusion
aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa (a)
d
PaPad
a sa s aand (ii)
PaPad d a sa d
PaPad
sa a d
PaPad
a sa ad ≥
PaPΔx.Δp d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) principle
4π
[Ans. (a) (i) and (ii)]
.s
alailai a l a ilai a l a ilai i i

saaslaala  z 2 dadsaaslaala
i i A ilai C D alailai
saaslaaB
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa aad a
d sas a d a
d sas
PaPa E = –2.178
a d ad
PaPa × 10–18  P2aPa J (a) d a
d
PaPa 2 3 4PaPa1 d a
d sasa
PaPad ad PaPad a
d
P 2.P PBased on equation n  (b) 2 1 4 3
w
certaini conclusions arei written. Which of them is

alailai not a laalai
correct? a laalai a laailai MQP-2018]saslaailai (c) s3aslaail1ai 2 4 saslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
ada sa s
PaP(a) Equation P d
aPada sa s d a sa [Govt.
s
PaPadthe energy P d
aPada a (d) d
PaPad
a 3a 2 1 d4
PaPad
a a [Ans.
d
PaPad
a sa (a) 2 3 4 1] d
PaPad
a sa
P can be used to calculate change
when the electron changes orbit. 6. How many electrons is an atom with atomic
w
(b) aFor number 30 can have (n +al)i =i 4 ? [QY-2019]

alailai laailani = 3, the electron
a laailai has moresanegative
laailai energysaslaailai a laailai a lala a laailai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d sa s
than it does
PaPa for
d a
d s
na s
= 5 which a
means
d
PaPa d a s
that the a
electron
PaPad d a (a) 5
d
PaPa
a
d sa s (b) 6 d
PaPa
a
d sa s (c) 7 PaPad ads
(d)
a s 8 PaPad a
d
P
is more tightly bound in the smallest allowed orbit. [Ans. (d) 8]
w
(c) The negative sign in the equation simply means 7. The effective nuclear charge decreases with
alailai laailathe
athat i energy of ilai
aslaaelectron bound aslatoi i nucleus alailai
alathe increase
laaila_______
asin i aslaailai number.
quantum
ilai
aslaa[HY-2019] aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s
PaPad is lower P d a sa
ad be if the d a
ad
sa d a
d sa s a d
Pa ad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s a
P it aP
would PaP
electrons werePataPathe
(a)PPrincipal
infinite distance from nucleus. (b) Azimuthal
alailai ai i
(d)saSmaller
slala the value laailn,
saasof laailaorbit
aithe largersisasthe i radius. alaailai (c) Magnetic i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa dad
PaPa
a dad
Pa[Ans. d a
d a
PaPathe value ofPn,aPthed a
d sas d a
d
PaPSpin d
PaPa
a
d d
PaP(b)
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P Pa (d) Smaller a (d) a [Ans. a Azimuthal]
larger is the orbit radius.]
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 62 i i
saaslaala
i i
➠ Chapter i i
saaslaalaMechanical
i i i i
Model
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad PaPa
P
8. The maximum number of electrons that can be 5. Write the descending order of electrons releasing
accommodated in L orbitis : [Sep-2020] tendencies iof the Zn, Cu and ilai Ag metals. Arrange
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai the d a
metals ai Cu andsAg
laalZn, a laain the a
descendinglaailaiorder saslaailai
daadsasa a
PaP(a)
s
ad 8
d a d
PaPad
a s
a (b)P2aPad
d a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a s
aa s
aPdaada
s s
adaada
s aa
PaPdad
P of Pad effectivePnuclear
Patheir charge.P P
(c) 4 (d) 6 [Ans. (a) 8]
[QY-2019]
ailai 9. de-Broglie
a ilai equationalisailai a ila[CRT
i - '22] alailai a ilai a ilai a ilai i i
l l l Zinc, l
copper and silver thel electro releasing l
sas tendency saaslaala
m
a a a a a a a aAns. a a a a a a
daadsas d a
d
PaP(a)
sas
a λ = h/mvPaPa d a
d sas d a
dsas
(b)PλaP=amv/h PaPad a
d sas d a
d sas
aPa following order.PaPad a
d sas
PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P isPthe
(c) λ =hmv (d) λ = hmv2
6. State Aufbau principle. [HY-2019; Sep-2021]
alailai a laailai a i i [Ans. (a)
a i i λ = h/mv] a i i a i i a i i ilai
aslaaare i
alai
l l a l l a l l a l l a l la filled dasaasla
co
asa asa asaAns. In theaground asa state of the asatoms, the orbitals
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d
aPad
sa d a sa
PaPad energies.
a
PaPadd a sa
PaPad
P
Answer the Questions 2 MARKS inP order of their increasing
1. Consider the following electronic arrangement 7. In degenerate orbitals, whyi do the completely filled
alailai a l3aailai a laailai a laailai a laailai and half a laailai configurations
filled a laalai are moresastable laailai than saslaailai
daadsasa for
PaPdad
a saps configuration.
PaPdad
a s
a s
PaPdad
a s
a s
[Govt. MQP-2018]a
PaPdad
s
a s a
ada
s s
PaPdpartially
a
dadas s
PaPconfiguration?
a
dada
Pa[PSep-2020
s aa
PaPdad
P the filled
s.
(a) (b) & 2021]
Ans. The exactly half filled and completely filled orbitals have
(c) ai i (d)
alailai l
asa l a asal ail a i l
asa a i
l a i asailai greaterasstability
l a aslaailai than other laailai filled configurations
apartially aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a
PaPWhich
dad
sa of these a s
a
PaPadrepresentsPaPthe
d d a s
a
ad ground Pstate? d
aPada s
a d a d a sa s d a sa d a sa
Pad
inPadegenerate PaPad
orbitals. PaPad PaPad
ok
P
Substantiate your answer with a proper reason. This can be explained on the basis of symmetry and
Ans. (a) i (b) (c) (d) exchange aenergy.
alailai a laalai a laailai a laailai a laailai i ai
saaslalleads
i i
saaslaalaThe halfdfilled
ilai
saaslaaand fully
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPad a
↿dsa s
↿ ↿ ⥮
PaPad↿adsa s ↿ ⥮ d
PaPa
a
d s
a s↿ ⥮ d
PaPa
a
d s
a s Symmetry
d a
d
PaPa configurations
to stability.
d ad
PaPahave symmetrical
a
d
PaPa distribution d
PaPa
a
d
P filled
(i) Among these the electronic configurations (a)
alailai
represents
l
asa a il a i the ground
asal a i
l a i state.
o l
asa a i
l a i l
asa a i
l a i
of electrons and hence they are more stable than the
aslaailai configurations.
unsymmetrical aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
(ii)a It is considered
d
PaPad
a sa to be the most
d
PaPad
a s
stable
a state. d
PaPad
a s
a d a sa
PaPad energy: d a sa
d or morePelectronsaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
Exchange PaPIfatwo with the
ab
P
2. Calculate the De-Broglie wavelength of a particle same spin are present in degenerate orbitals, there is
–28 kgms–1.
whoseaimomentum is 66.26 × 10
alailai l ai
dasaasal a laailai a laailai MQP-2018]saslaailai a possibility a laailafor
i exchanging a laailatheir
i positions. i i
saaslaala and it dadsaaslaala
i i
daadsasa d
PaPa h 6.626 d a
PaP×a10dsa
− s
34 d a
d
Pa7 a
s
a [Govt.
s d
PaPa
a
d a During
d
PaPa
a
d sa s
exchange
PaPad ds
process,
a a sthe energy
PaPa
is
d released
a
d PaPa
P Ans. λ= = = 1 × 10 −P m
−28 is called exchange energy. More number of exchanges
p 66.26 × 10
ur
alailai 3. Calculate
a laailai the totalsanumber laailai of angular a i radial alaailai are possible
laailaand a
only in case of ihalf filled and fully
laailai a laalai a laailai
filled
aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s d a a s d a s
a s d a s
a s configurations.
d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa
P ad present
PaPnodes d and 4f orbitals.
PaPina3d PaPad PaPad
[QY-2018] PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
8. Calculate the maximum number of electrons that
Ans.
can be accommodated in L shell.
.s
[May-'22]
alailai i i
saaslaala n ldadsnode
Orbital
aiai
aRadial
slaln-l-1
Angular i iTotal
saasllaalaNodes
ilai
saaslaaAns. laailai
saasrefers
i i
saaslaala quantum ai i ai i
slalna = 2 dadsaaslala
saano,
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
a
PaPa
a
node
d d d
PaPa
ad ‘L’ shell
d
PaPa
a
d to thed
PaPa
prinicipal
ad d
PaPa
ad PaPa
P There are 4 orbital associated with
3d 3 2 0 2 2
w
4f i i 4 3 0 3 3 n = 2 ⇒ 2x, 2px, 2py and 2pz = 2(2)2 = 8

alailai salaala alailai alailai a laailai aslaailai rule. asaaslaailai aslaai[CRT-'22]
lai aslaailai
daadsasa a
4.Pa State s a s s a as s a a s s 9. State aHund’s
s a s a s
Pad Heisenberg's PaPad uncertainty PaPaprinciple and
PaPgive
d a d a d d a dad a d a d d a d a
P PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
its mathematical expression. Ans. Hand’s rule states that electron pairing in the degenerate
w
orbitals does not take place until all the available orbitals
ilai [FIRST MID-2018; ilai Sep-2020; aCRT ilai& Aug-'22] alailai containsaone
alailai a l a a l a l a i i
saslaalaelectrondaeach.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa Ans.
PaPa
a
d sas a
(i) Heisenberg’s
d d
PaPa
a
d sas a
uncertainty d
PaPa
a
d sas
principle
a
states that
d
PaPa
adsas
‘It
a d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d
P
is impossible to accurately determine both the Answer the Questions 3 MARKS
w
position and the momentum of a imicroscopic i

alailai a laailai simultaneously’.
particle a laailai aslaalai lai Enlistasthe
aslaa1. ilai
aslaapostulates laailai atom model.
ofsaBohr's aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
ada sa s
PaP(ii) The d a s a s
aduncertainty (error)
PaPof d a sa
PaPadin the measurement d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad a d
aPada
[FIRSTPMID-2018;
a s d a sa
d CRT - '22]
PaP&a2019;
HY-2018 d
PaPad
a sa
P product
is expressed as follows. Ans. Bohr's atom is based on the following assumptions :
alailai i i
a Δx.Δp laailai i i i i The energies
aslaailai
of electrons iare
i quantisedalaailai i i
daadsasa d a
d saslaala d a
d s≥aash/4π d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala The d a
d selectron
a is a saaslaalaaround the
revolving
d d d a
dsanucleus
s in a d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa where, Δx and
PaP a Δp are uncertainties
PaPa in determining
PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
the position and momentum, respectively. certain fixed circular path called stationary orbit.

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 68 i i
saaslaala
i i
➠ Chapter i i
saaslaalaMechanical
i i i i
Model
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad PaPa
P
45. What is the maximum number of orbitals that 51. Assertion (A) : The orbitals having equal energy
can bei identified with the following quantum i are knownias degenerate orbitals.
alailai a
numbers? laalai n = 3, l s=as1,laailm
ai = 0 a laailai la ai
adsaasal a laailai i
aslaa2plaorbitals laailai
asdegenerate aslaailai
daadsasa a d
a
P P(a) 1
s
ada s
a d
a
P(b)P 2
ada l
P a d
a
s
ada s
P a da Reason
d
PaPad
a sa (R)
s :
T he dthree
aPada sa dare
aPada sa d
PaPad
a sa
P (c) 3P (d) 4 P isPthe presence ofPexternal magnetic
[Ans. (a) 1] field.
alailai a i i
saaslala (A) : dBad
46. Assertion a i i
saaslala orbits daare
ohr's a i
saaslalalsoai calledsaslaailai (a) Both i
saasAlaand
a i
la R are true aslaaiR
saand laiis the correct laailai
saasexplanation
i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa PaPad ad PaPstationary
a PaPa d PaPdad
aa d
PaPof
a
d
aA PaPad ad PaPad a
d PaPad a
d
P states.
Reason (R) : Electrons are stationary is an (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
explanation of A
alailai aslaailai orbit.aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d a sa
ad Both A P
PaP(a) and d
aPaR a sa
d are truePand d a s a
aPadR is the P d
aPada
correct
sa (c)adA
P Pad
a s
isa true but R is
d
PaPad
s
false
a a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
explanation of A (d) Both A and R are false
(b) Both [Ans. (c) A is true but R is false]
alailai a laailaiA and R sare a laatrue
ilai but R isanot laailathe
i correct alaailai a
Thedde-Broglie
l a ilai
wavelength
iai
saaslaalassociated
i i i i
saaslaaalamatter dadsaaslaala
with
daadsasa PaPdad
a s s
aexplanationadof
P Pad
a Aa s
PaPdad
a s a s
PaPdad
asas 52. a
d
PaPa is
sas a
PaPad ad PaPad a
d PaPa
P particle
s.
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) Both A and R are false (a) Directly proportional to the momentum of the
alailai aslaailai aslaaila(c)
[Ans.
i
A is true aailaiR is false]salaailai
aslbut aslaailai
particle aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
aPada sa d
aPad a sa d
aPada s a aPdaada
s d
Pa ad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
Pa ad
a sa
ok
P P P P P
47. The wavelength associated with an electron (b)PDirectly proportional to the velocity of the particleP
moving with velocity 1010 ms–1 is (c) Inversely proportional to the momentum of the
alailai (a) ai i –10 ai i
slala× 10 dmadsaaslala (b) 7.28
saa6.62 laail–14
s×aas10 ai m i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
particle
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaP(c)
ad
a 3.69 × 10P–12 aPam d ad
aPa × 10–11 m PaPad ad d
PaPa
ad PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d
P (d)P4.92 (d) Inversely proportional to Plank's constant.
[Ans. (b) 7.28 × 10–14 m]
alailai aslaailhai ilai
as×laa10
oaslaailai aslaailai

a l
[Ans. (c) Inversely proportional to the
aailai aslaailai ilai
aslaaparticle] aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
a 6d. 626
a s
a −34
d a sa d a s
a d ada
s s d a samomentum of
d a the
sa d a sa
PaPa: dλ = = PaPad −31 P=a 7a.d
28 × 10 −14 mPaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPa
ab
P Sol 10 P
mv 9.1 × 10 × 10 53. The subsidiary quantum number decides _______
(a) the shape of the orbital
alailai The laailai
saaselectronic
i i
saaslaala
configuration
i i
saaslaalais _______
ofdcopper
i i
saaslaala aslaailai laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa 48. d
PaPa
a
d d a
d ad d a
d (b) dthe
adsaorientation ofdathe
dsaasorbital d a
d d a
d
P 2 Pa
9Pa PaPa 1 10 PaPa PaPenergy
(c)
a PaPthe
level of
a
orbital P P
aa PaPa
(a) [Ar]4s 3d (b) [Ar]4s 3d
ur
(c) [Ar]4s 3d 0 10
(d) All (d) the spin of the electron
alailai
asal a i
l a i l
asa ai l ai [Ans. s(b) ilai 1 3d10] alailai
aslaa[Ar]4s sala i
alai [Ans. (a) ilai shape of the
aslaathe aslaailorbital]
ai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
ad
sa
PaPAssertion d
Pa:
a s
a
adngular momentum d a a
PaPad of an electron
asasa
PaPdad 54. d a a s
PaPad the list I with d a sa
PaPadList II andPselect d a sa
aPad the correct d
PaPad
a sa
P 49. (A) PA Match
in an atom is quantized answer using the code given below the list
.s
alailai Reason a
saaslala
i (R)
i :
I nsanaslaaatom
ilai only those
saaslaalaorbits dare
i i i i
saaslaala List i i
saaslaaIla
i i i i
saaslaala List IIdadsaaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d a a
PaPpermitted
d d
in which a
PaPaangular momentum
d PaPa
a
d d a
d dad d a
d
P a AaPap orbital
P Pa
1Pa Clover leafPaPa PaPa
of the electron is natural number
B s orbital 2 Dumb bell with doughnut
w
h
alailai a laailai multiple
a laailaiof aslaailai aslaailai C dz a2slaailai 3 Dumb aslaailabell
daadsasa d a
a ad
sa s d
a ada sa s 2p
p d a
a ad
sa d a
a ad
sa d a
d s
a d a
d s
a d a
d s
a d
PaPad
asa
P PP PP PP PP DaPadxy
P Pa
4Pa Spherical PaPa
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
w
oflaA A Bi C D
alailai a i i
sala A anddRadsa aslaailai laailai
saasnot
i i
saaslaala (a) dad
la ai 2 4 saslaailai
1saasa3l
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa (b)
d
PaPa
a
d s
a Both
PaPa are true but R
d
PaPa
a
dis the correct
d
PaPa
a
d PaPa 4 3 1 PaP2a d a
d a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad
P (b)
explanation of A
w
(c) A is true but R is false (c) 3 4 2 1

alailai (d) laailaiA and R are
aBoth aailai [Ans. (a)
aslfalse aailai A and Rsalaailai
aslBoth (d) 2 ala ilai 4 3 alailai
1 [Ans. laaila3i4 2 1] saslaailai
a(c)
daadsasa d a s
a s
PaPad are true P d
aPaRa
d s
a d a
d sa
PaPaexplanation dadas 55.
Paof d a sa s a
PaPad of the following
Which d a s
a s a da s a s
PaPad numberPofaPdad
PaPad has maximum
aa
P and is the correct PaA]
50. Which one of the following orbitals is spherical unpaired d-electrons?
alailai aslaailai
in sshape? i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i 3+ i i 2+
saaslaala (a) dNadsaaslaala(b) Fe dadsaaslaa
ilai Zn+
(c) (d) ilai +
saaslaaCu
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa dad
PaP(a)
a 4sa dad
aPa3p
P(b) d
aPa
(c)P3d
ad d
(d) 4fPaPa
a
d PaPa PaPa d a
d
PaPa[Ans. (b) FePa]Pa2+ d a
d
P
[Ans. (a) 4s]
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
aStd
iai
s laalChapter
ilai
alaaQuantum
02 s➠ i i
Mechanical i i
salaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 69 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
56. Consider the following statements and pick the 64. Assertion (A) : In a multi-electron atom, the electrons
incorrect statement(s).i in differenti subshell have different
alailai a laailai lai
aslaaequation aslaaito
laidetermine aslaailai a laailai energies. aslaalai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d1.ada Schrodinger
s s
PaPa the probability d wave
a sa
PaPad of finding dis
a used
dsa
PaPaaelectron d
aPada s a d a sa s
PaPad (R) : EPnergy d
aPada sa d adsa
PaPadepends d
PaPad
a sa
P at aPgiven Reason of an orbital upon
point in space. n + l value.
alailai 2. saThe ai i ai i i i i i (a) BothaA and
i R are true and iR iis the correctaexplanation
i i i i
slala energyda ofsa a lelectron at infinity
saaslaala is positive
i
sala saaslaala a
saslala saaslaala saslaala saaslaala
m
daadsasa d
PaPa
a a
3. AngularPmomentum
d aPa d a quantumd a
PaPa numberPa
d d a
givesd PaPof
aA
d a
d PaPad ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d
P Pa
information regarding subshells. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
(a) 1 a&i 3i (b) onlya1i i (c) only 2 a(d) i 1, 2 & 3 alaailai explanation of A
alailai aslala aslala aslaila(c) aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa
PaPadd a s[Ans.
a only
PaPdad
a2]sas (c) A
d
PaPad
a s
isa true but R is
d
PaPad
s
false
a a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P 57. As per Aufbau principle, arrange the orbitals in (d) Both A and R are false
increasing order of energy. [Ans.i (a) Both A andiR are true and iR is the
alailai (a) ai i
slal>a 4d > 5sd>ads5p
saa4p aslaailai (b) 4p <as4d aslaa<ila5si < 5p asaaslaailai saaslaala
i aalai explanation
saaslcorrect
i
saaslaala of A] dadsaaslaala
i i
daadsasa d a
PaP(c) d aPa< 5pa d d a
aPa< 5s < 4d < P dd dad d ad d ad
P a 4d < 4p <P5s (d)P4p 5paPa PaPa the quantum PaPanumbers with PaPthe
a PaPa
s.
65. Match information
[Ans. (d) 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p] provided by these.
alailai 58. In amulti-electron
laailai aatom,
laailai 4s-orbital aslaaiis
lai lower ainsaslaailai i i
la a lala i i a i i la a i i
daadsasa a sa s a sa s a sa a Quantum
adsaasal number adsaasaInformation adsaaslala
Provided adsaasal
PaPenergy
dad than PaPad d PaPadd PaPdad a d
a a d
a a da a d
a
ok
P P
AP Principal quantumPP P P of the P P
1 orientation
(a) 3d-orbital (b) 3p-orbital
number orbital
(c) 2s-orbital (d) 2p-orbital [Ans. (a)i 3d-orbital]
alailai a laailai a laailai saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala B Azimuthal a i
saaslala
i i i
saasl2alaenergy dand
a ai i
saasize
slalaof
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa 59.adShape
P Pa
a dsa s of an orbital
PaPa d adsa is
s given by
PaPa d a d PaPad ad d a d
PaPaquantum number d
PaPa
ad PaPa
orbital
ad d
PaPa
ad
P (a) Principal quantum number
C Magnetic quantum 3 spin of electron
alailai
(b) Spin quantum number
(c) laailai
aAzimuthal quantum aslaailanumber
i
o aslaailai aslaailai number
daadsasa d a sa s
ad MagneticPquantum d
aPada sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a s a d a
DaPaSpin
sa
d quantum d a sa
PaPad 4 shape d a sa
d orbital PaPad
ofathe d a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
PaP(d) number PaP
ab
P P
[Ans. (c) Azimuthal quantum number] number
60. Orientationai i of orbitals iaisi given by alailai A iB i C D ala
alailai slala
saaMagnetic saaslaalnumber
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i
sasala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
(a)d PaPa
a
quantum
d d PaPa d a dsasa
PaPad ad (a) d a
PaPa 1 2 3PaPa4
d d a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d
P
(b) Spin quantum number (b) 2 4 1 3
ur
(c) Azimuthal quantum number (c) 3 i2 4 1

alailai (d) laailai quantum
aPrincipal ilai
aslaanumber aslaailai aslaailai la i
(d)dads4aasal3a 2 d1adsaasala
lai i [Ans.
laaila2i4 1 3] saslaailai
a(b)
daadsasa d a
PaPad
sa s d a sa
PaPad(a) Magnetic d a
ad
PaPquantum
sa d
PaPad
a s a
PaPa PaPa d
PaPad
a sa s aa
Padad
P [Ans. number] 66. Match species given in List-I with the electronicP
61. Which of the following configuration is correct configuration of list-II.
.s
alailai for a iron? i i i i i i i i aailai i i laiai i i

daadsasa d a saslaa2la 2 6 da2dsaasl6aala2 7 dadsaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslList-I da saaslaala asaasal
List-II asaaslaala
P a 1s 2s 2pPaP3sa 3p 4s 3dPaPa
PaP(a) d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPd8ad 0 d
PaPa d
(b) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5 A Cr 1 [Ar] 3d 4s
w
(c) 1sa2i 2si 2 2p6 3s2 3p6a3d 5 B Fe2+ i 2 i [Ar] 3d10 4s1 i
alailai a la2la 2 6 2 sasl6ailai2 6 aslaailai aslaailai aslaalai l a ai
adsaas3al [Ar] 3d sa0aslaala
i aslaailai
daadsasa d(d)
PaPad
a sa 1s
s 2s 2p 3s
PaPadd a 3p
a 4s 3d d a sa
Pa2 ad6 2 6 P2aPad6 d a s a
PP
adsa2+
CadaNi a
PP d
a PPa
6a
da4s
d d
PaPad
asa
P [Ans. (d) 1s2 2sP 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d ] D Cu 4 [Ar] 3d5 4s1
w
62. Whichi of the following ilai electronicalconfiguration A laiB i C D

alailai represent
a l a l ai
the element l a
sas in ground
a sasaala
state?
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
s3aasal4a 2 d1adsaaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
PaP(a) dsas a
a 1s2 2s1 2pP1aP d
a ad
a d a d
aP2a 2 1 PaPad ad (a)
PaPad a
d PaPa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad
P (b)P1s 2s 2p (b) 4 3 2 1
w
(c) 1s2 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pz1 (c) 4

alailai (d)sa1sla 2i 2 6 2 3p a 1 i 1 3p 1 3d1 ai i
aslxail3p aslaailai il3ai 1 2 alailai i i i i
daadsasa a a s ala2si 2p 3s a sa
a y z saslala
a a 2 2 a1s a (d) as3aaslaa 4 1 d2asasa [Ans.aslaala4 3 1 2] asaaslaala
dasa(c)
P PaPad
d PaPadd Pa[Ans.
Pad (b) 1s 2sPaP2p
d dad] d
PaPad PaPad PaPad d
PaPad
67. In an atom __________ charged nucleus is there.
63. The number of nodes in s orbital of any energy
level lis (a) large positively (b) tiny positivelyi i
alailai a aailaequal
i to i i
sa2aslaala (c) n d
ilai
saaslaa(d)
i i
saaslaala a laailai a laailai saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
(a)dsa ns (b)
PaPa d a
2n
d PaPa – a1d n – 2
PaPad ad (c) d
PaPa
a
d s
large
a s negatively
PaPad a
d s
a s
PaPad a
d PaPad a
d
P
[Ans. (c) n – 1] (d) tiny negatively [Ans. (b) tiny positively]

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
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alailai 70 i i
saaslaala
i i
➠ Chapter i i
saaslaalaMechanical
i i i i
Model
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad PaPa
P
68. De Broglie and Bohr's concepts are in ________ 76. Different values of 'm' for a given 'l' value
with each other. represent different ________ of orbitals ini space.
a laailai a laailai aslaailai (b) agreement
aslaailai aslaailai a laailai a laailai aslaalai aslaailai
s
daada s (a)
d a s
a oppose
s d a s
a d a s
a d a s
a a s
(a)adorientation
a s d a s
a s (b) energyd a s
levels
a d a s
a
P PaPad PaPad Pa ad PaPad P Pad PaPad PaPad PaPad
(c) neglect (d) aP& c (c) displacement (d) b & c
[Ans. (b) agreement] [Ans. (a) Orientation]
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa 69. d
PaPa
a
The
d dual nature
d
PaPa
a
of
d matter PaPa
a
imposes
d d a limitation
PaPada
on
d d a
77. During
d d
PaPa exchangePprocess
aPa a
d d
the energy
a
PaPais _________.
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
the simultaneous determination of _______ and (a) Released (b) Gained
__________ of a microscopic particle. (c) Returned (d) refuse
alailai i
laalai velocity i
aslaalai (b) energy, i
aalai
asleffect i
aslaalai i
co
(a) aposition,
daadsasa d a
ad
PaP(c)
sa s d a
ad
PaPlevel
sa d
aPada sa d
PaPad
a sa PaPad
d a sa d
PaPad
a sa [Ans.d a s
PaPad(a) Released]
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P orientation, (d)Pwavelength, velocity
[Ans. (a) position, velocity] Additional Short Answers
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaalais incorrect?
i i
saaslaala
ilai Write aanote
saaslaa1.
i i
saslaala on Thomson’s
i i
saaslaala plum pudding
i i
saaslaalamodel dadsaaslaala
i i
daadsasa 70. d
PaPa
a
Which
d of thePaPa
a
following
d d PaPad ad d
PaPa
ad ofPaand a
d PaPad ad PaPad ad PaPa
P Pa atom.
s.
(a) Heisenberg arrived at his uncertainty principle
Ans. According to this theory, atom was assumed to
(b) Thei uncertainty principle significant
alailai laalai
aThe i
laalai
aprinciple i
aslaalai effect for aslaailai consist of
aslaaailasphere
i of uniform
aslaailai distribution aslaaioflai about asaslaailai
daadsasa d(c)
a sa s
PaPad macroscopic
uncertainty
d a
d sa s
PaPaobjects.
determining
d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa 10 d
–10 a sa
PaPadm positivePcharge d a sa
aPad with electrons d a sa
PaPad embedded PaPdad
a
ok
P
in it such that the number of electrons equal to the
(d) All the above are correct
alailai [Ans.
a laaila(c)i The uncertainty
a laailai principle a ilai
laadetermining a laailai numbersaof laapositive
ilai chargesaiand
a lalai the atom a
as
laailaaiwhole saslaailai
daadsasa a
PaPdad
sa s a sa s a
aPdada
PaPdadeffect for Pmacroscopic
s s a
PaPdad
objects.]
sa s
PaPdad
a a s
is electrically neutral.
PaPdad
a sa s
PaPdad
a sa s
PaPdad
aa
P
2. What are the defects of Rutherford’s model?
alailai
71. What leads
laailai
aThe
to the development of
aslaailai of electron
o
electron microscope?
aslaailai
Ans. Accordinglato
aslaailai asailai
J. C. Maxwell,
aslaailai
whenever an lelectron
asaailai
is
aslaailai
daadsasa d(a)
PaPad
a sa s finding of
d
Pa ad
a velocity
sa d
PaPad
a sa d
Pa ad
a sa d
PaPad
a
subjected sa to d
PaPad
a
acceleration, sa it emits a s
radiation
d
PaPad
a and loses d
PaPad
a s
a
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P (b) The findingPof particle nature of electron P energy. As a result of this, its orbit should become
(c) The finding of wave nature of electron
alailai l a ilai l a ilai l a ilai l a ilai smaller aand l a ilasmaller
i
and finally
l a ilai it should a
drop
ilai into ai i
daadsasa d
(d)
ad
a
sasNonea of these
d aabove
d
a
sas a d ad
a
sas a d ad
a
sas a the d nucleus
a
d sas by following
a d ad
a
sas a spiral path.
a d ad
a l
s means dadsaaslala
saThisa
P PaPa[Ans. (c) The PaPfinding
a of wave PaPnature
a PaPa
of electron] PaPaatom wouldPaPcollapse
that
a aPa
and Pthus Rutherford’s PaPa
ur
model failed to explain stability of atoms. Another

72. The solutions of Schrödinger wave equation gives ai i
alailai l a i
aallowedla i l
asa a il ai l
asa a il ai l
asa l a drawback aslaaofilathe
i Rutherford’s aslaailamodel
i is thataslitaailgives
ai no saslaailai
daadsasa dthe
PaPad
a sa s a _________.
d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d a
d sa
aPaelectronic d a sa
PaPad of an atom. PaPdad
aa
P information aboutPthe structure
(a) Energy levels (b) Eiger values
(c) equation (d) a & b 3. How many neutrons and protons are there in the
.s
alailai a
saaslala
i i a i i
saaslala [Ans.da(a) lala levels]saslailai following
a i
saasEnergy
i a saaslaanuclei?
ilai i i
sa88aslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d ad
PaPWhat d
aPa ad aa d d
PaPa
ad a d a
d
PaP,a8 O, 12 Mg, P26aPFe
13 16 24 56 d a
d PaPad ad PaPad a
d
6 C
a a, 38Sr
P 73. is thePintegral valuesP P can take azimuthal
quantum number? Sol :
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alailai i i i
laalaito n saslaalai (b) Zerostoaslnaal–ai1
(a)saZero aslaailai ilai
aslaaAtomic MassaslaailaiNumberasaNumber
aslaailai of asaaslaailai
daadsasa d a a s d
ad Zero to nP+aP1
PaP(c) ada a d a a
aPadto n2 d
PaPad
a s
a d
aPada s
a d
ada s
a
PaPnumber of d
PaPad neutrons =PaPdad
P (d)Pzero PNucleus number
(A) protons
(Z) A–Z
w
[Ans. (b) Zero to n – 1] =Z

alailai iai
saaslaaleffect
Which
ilai
saaslaathe
provides
iai
saaslaaljustification
experimental
i i
saaslaala 13 asaasal
laiai aslaailai alailai alailai
daadsasa 74. d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad PaP6daCd
6 d
PaPa
a
d s13
a 6 asa13
PaPdad
sa– 6 = 7 dadsasa
PaPa
P for magnetic quantum number?
w
16 8 16 8 16 – 8 = 8
(a) Altitude effect (b) Latitude effect 8 O
s aslaailai (c) s a l aailai
Stoke
s effect s asl aailai
(d) Zeemans
ilai
aslaaeffect s aslaailai laiai
24 asaasal 12 s aslaailai 12 asa24
aslaa–il12
ai s aslaailai
daada a a a a a 24 = 12 a
P12aPMg
d a d a d a d a d d a d d a
P PaPad PaPad PaPa
[Ans.
d
(d) Zeeman P
aPad
effect]
ad PaPad PaPad PaPad
56
75. How many nodes are possible for 2s orbital? 26 Fe 26 56 26 56 – 26 = 30
ilai i i i i ilai i i i i i i i i i
a
daadsas
l a
a (a)
d a saa1slaala (b)da2dsaaslaala (c) 3 dadsaaslaa(d) zerodasaasla alai 88
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala d a saaslaala
d
PaPa PaPa PaPa aPa d PaP
38a
d
Sr 38 PaPa d 88 38
PaPa d 88 – 38 = 50
PaPa d
P [Ans.P(a) 1]

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PaPad
a s
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a Full Bookd
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PaPad
a s
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alailai XIla
aStd
iai
s laalChapter
ilai
alaaQuantum
02 s➠ i i
Mechanical i i
salaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 71 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
4. After the execution of the a-ray scattering experiment, 8. What is shape of the orbital with (i) n = 2 and
what were the observations made by Rutherford? l = 0 ; (ii) ni = 2 and l = 1? i
alailai What a ilai
laadid he conclude a laailfrom
ai his observations?
a laailai a laailai ai
asl2aaland lai
aslaaorbital laailai
aIts aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s Ans. (i) dna
d s=
a
PaPasymmetrically
l = 0.
d a
ad
s
The
a
PaPspherical
is d2s.
a ada sa s shape is d
PaPad
a sa
P Ans. . PP
OBSERVATION CONCLUSION (ii) n = 2 and l = 1. The orbital is 2p. Its shape is
alailai a i i a i i a i i a i i dumb ibell.
i i i i i i i
1. slala of the dadsaaslala Presence
saaMost slalarge
saaof la emptyasaslala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
m
daadsasa d a
d
PaPa a-particles PaPpassed
a d a
d
PaPain the atom. PaPa d d a 9. What d a
d
PaPa is meant by d ad
nodal
PaP a surfacePor d ad
aPanode? PaPad a
d
P space
through the foil. Ans. The region within the orbital where the probability of
2. Few a-particles were Positive charge is finding theaielectron is zeroais called a node.ai i
alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai concentrated i
aslaaat laia very asaslaailai aslalai aslailai aslala aslaailai
co
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa deflected by d
PaPad
s
small
a a d a sa
ad and notPaPad
PaPregion d a 10. In d
PaPad
a s
Rutherford’s
a d
Pa ad
a s
experiment,
a generally
d
Pa ad
a sa thin foil of d
Pa ad
a sa
P
angles. small heavy atoms, likePgold, platinumPetc. have beenP
uniformly distributed in used to bombard the a-particles.
whole atom. i i
alailai 3.
a i i
slala few a-particles
saaVery a i i
saaslala Positively a
lala
saascharged core
a i i
saaslala If the thin ilai of light atoms
saaslaafoil
i i
saaslaalalike aluminum
i i
saaslaalais used, dadsaaslaala
i i
daadsasa d a
d
PaPa reflectedPcompletely d
aPa a
d d
aPa a
d d
PaPa
ad what d a
PaPadifference would
d d a
PaPa be observed
d d a
PaPfrom
a the above
d PaPa
P is P
known as nucleus.
s.
results ? [HOTS]
at 180°.
Ans. � Heavy atoms
alailai aailai
5. Insaaslchemical aslaailaichlorineasatom
reaction, aslaailaundergoes
i aslaailai aailai like gold,saplatinum
aslnucleus ilai have heavy
laalarge
nucleus.
laailpositive
asof ai aslaailai
daadsasa d a a d a sa d a d a sa Heavy
d a sa contains
d a a s amount
d a sa d a sa
PaPreduction
ad andPaluminium
aPad atomPaPundergoes
ad oxidation.
PaPad Pad
Pacharge. PaPad PaPad PaPad
ok
P
Will this redox reaction affect their initial number
When a beam of a a -particles is shot at a thin gold
of protons, neutrons and electrons?
foil, most
alailai saaslaalaof them pass saathrough
ai i withoutsmuch aslaailaieffect. asaaslaailai
a i i
aslala atom aon a
lalai i a i i a i i i i
daadsasa Ans. �as
d Chlorine
a d saasaccepting d saaslala becomes
anaelectron
d a saaslala d a d a slala d a a
P d
PaPa Cl– and aluminium d
PaPa atom after d
PaPdonating
a PaPa
an electron d PaSomed
Pa are deflected d
PaPaback due to enormous PaPa d repulsivePaPdad
becomes Al3+. force of heavy nucleus.
alailai
These changes will
aslaailai and electrons.
affect
aslaailai
their
o
number
aslaailai
of protons,
aslaailai
If thin foili isi made of light aluminium,
aslaala deflected ilai
aslaaback
then lthe
asaailai
number
aslaailai
daadsasa d a neutrons
sa d a sa d a sa d a sa ofda s-particles
a d a sa will be
d a snegligible.
a d a sa
ad– : PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPCl
ab
P
11. Calculate the number of electrons, protons and
No. of electrons = 17 + 1 = 18
alailai No.aof aprotons
ilai = a17 a ilai a ilai a ilai neutronsalin a il(i)i
Phosphorousi atom (ii) Phosphate
a i a ilai ion. i i
daadsasa a
No.
d d saofl a
s neutrons da=dsa35 l a
s – 17 = 18dadsas a l a d ad
a l a
sas Ans. (i) dPhosphorous
a
d sas a a
atom
d ad
a
sas: l a l a
d ad
a
sas l a d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa 3+ PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa Pa a Pa a
Al : Atomic number (Z) = No. ofPprotons = 15 P
ur
No. of electrons = 13 – 3 = 10 = No. of electrons = 15

alailai No. of
l
asa a ila i
protons = 13
l
asa a il ai asal a il ai l
asa a il a i
Number l a il a i
asa of neutrons asal a ilai
= Mass number aslaa–ilaAtomic
i aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
ad of neutrons
PaPNo. d a sa
PaPa=d 27 – 13 =P14. d
aPada sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P number
6. What is the difference between atomic mass and = 31 – 15 = 16
.s
alailai
daadsasa
mass
d a
d
a i
saaslanumber?
la i
d a
d
a
saaslala
i i
d a
d
a
saaslala
i i
d ad
a i i
saaslala (ii) dPhosphate
a
d
a i i
saaslala ion d:adsPO ( a
a
asla3−
4 )
ilai
d adsaaslaala
i i
d a
d
i i
saaslaala
P PaP(i)
Ans. a Mass number PaPa is a wholePnumber aPa because PaPita is PaPaNumber of electron PaPa = 15 + P4 aP × a8 + 3 = 50 P Pa
a
the sum of number of protons and number of Number of protons = 15 + 4 × 8 = 47
w
neutrons. Number
alailai i
laalai
asAtomic a i
laalai i
aslaalai it is the i
aslaalai aslaailaiof neutrons asl=aaila10i + 4 × 8 =a48. laailai aslaailai
daadsasa (ii)
d a sa
PaPad average Prelative
mass
d
aPada sa is
s fractional d
aPadabecause
sa d a sa
PaPad 12. What d a sa
PaPadis ZeemanPeffect? d
aPada sa d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa
P mass ofPits atom as compared
with mass of an atom of C-12 isotope taken as 12. Ans. If a substance which gives a line emission spectrum,
w
is placed in ia magnetic field,i the lines of the spectrum

alailai 7. dSymbolsa laailai 79 Br and a 79ilai
laa Br can be a laailai wheresaslaailai get splitsaup
written, lai a number
laainto a of lai
laaclosely spaced aailai This salaailai
saasllines.
daadsasa PaPas
a a
d sa s 35 d
35a a
a
d sa s
aad a
d sa s d
PaPa
ad a
PaPad a
d a s d adsa s
PaPa as ZeemanPeffect. d
aPa ad PaPdad
a as
P symbols P79P Br and 35 BrP P are not acceptable. phenomenon is known
w
Answer briefly. [HOTS] 13. Orbits are also called as stationary states. Say whether
alailai i
laalai i i i
laalai i the above aslaailstatement isatrue
laailai or false.sJustify
aslaailai you asaaslaailai
daadsasa
Ans. The
d a saascomposition
d
ofsaany
a a slaalaatom can be
d a saasrepresented
d
bysasla
a a alai answer. d a sa
ai
d a sa s d a a
P ad the normal
PaPusing d
PaPaelement PaPaX
symbol d with superscript PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPdad
on the left side as the mass number A and subscript Z Ans. The statement is true. According to Bohr, as long as an
electron remains in a particular orbit, it does not lose
alailai on the aleft
ilai side as atomic a ilainumber (ie)alAZailXai. a ilai aslaailai This means ilai laailelectron
ai i i
daadsasa d a
d
a
sas l a d a
d
a
sa35sl a 35 d a
d sas a d ad
a
sas l a or gain
d a
d saenergy. d adsaaslaathat energyaof
d dsaasan d a
d saaslaala
P PaPHence,
a PaPa 79 Br and PaP
the symbols Bra are not acceptable. PaPa inPa a
aPparticular pathPaPa
remains constant. PaPTherefore,
a PaPa
these
orbits are also called stationary states.
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PaPad
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alailai 72 i i
saaslaala
i i
➠ Chapter i i
saaslaalaMechanical
i i i i
Model
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad PaPa
P
14. If the velocity of the electron in Bohr's first orbit is 20. Bring out the main points of difference between
6
i 2.19 × 10 i ms–1. Calculate the de-Brogliei wavelength i orbit and orbital. [HOTS]
s asl a
a l ai
with
s asla
it.
a l ai
s aslaailai s aslaalai saslaalai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai
daada d ad
PaP: aWe
a d a a
PaPaofd electron =PaP9.1 d a
ad a a a
a ad Ans. PaPad
d d a a d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a a
P Sol know, mass × 10–31 kg;P P
ORBIT ORBITALS
h = 6.626 × 10–34 Js
1. It is alawelli i defined alailaIts i the three dimensional
alailai i i
saaslaalah aailai −34 salaailai
sa6as.l626
i i
saaslaala saasalapath around laailai i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa d a d a × 10 dadas da dcircular
a d a a sa space around
sthe d a saasthe d a
PaPa\d λ = =a a d PaPa 6 PaPa d d
PaPanucleus in which PaPthe
a d d
PaPwithin
a aa d
P mv P P −31
9.1 × 10 × 2.19 × 10 nucleus which P P
electron revolve. the probability of
= 3.32 × 10–10 m. finding an electron is
alailai aslaailai the uncertainty
aslaailai in the aailai
aslposition aslaailai i
aslaalai i i
aslaalamaximum aslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa 15. d
PaPad
as
Calculate
a d
Pa ad
a s
a d a
Pa ad
sa of
d
PaPad
aas
a d
a ada sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
P cricket ball ofPmass 150 g ifPthe uncertainty in
P
2. P The concept of Pad
Paan PaPad of an
The concept
PaPad
velocity is 3.52 × 10–24 ms–1. orbit does not consider orbital is in accordance
the wave character with the wave lcharacter
alailai Sol : Mass ilai
saaslaaof the ball a aslaailgai= 0.150 akgsaaslaailai
=s150
i i
saaslaala a i i i
aslala and asaaslalaofi electrons
a asaailai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa dad
PaPaUncertainty P d
aa d a aad d d
aPa a
d dof
a
d selectrons
a
PaPauncertainty principle. d
PaPa d d a
d saand
PaPa principle. PaPa d a
d
P inPvelocity (Dv) P =P3.52 × 10–24 ms P–1 uncertainty
s.
h 3. They do not have Except s-orbitals, all
∆x.ma∆iv i≥ anyadirectional
alailai aslala 4π asaaslaailai aslaailai aslaailai l a ilai asa orbitals
l a i
l a i haveadirectional
laailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d d
PaPad6.626 × 10−P34aPkg
a s
a
adm 2 s −1 d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa s a
characteristics. d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a s
characteristics.
a s d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P
Dx = 4. The maximum number The maximum number
4 × 3.142 × (0.150 kg ) × (3.52 × 10 −24 ms −1 ) of electrons that an orbit of electrons that can be
alailai i i i i i i i i ai i given bys2n aslaailaoccupied ilai is i i
can 2 i
daadsasa Dx
a saas=laala10–10 m dadsaaslaala asaaslaala a saaslaala a saahave
slanlaisisthe a a
bysa
a a
anla
saorbital a saaslaala
d
PaPa d PaPa d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPadwhere
d number
d
PaPa d always
PaPatwo
d d d
PaPa d
P Dx = 1Å (1Å = 10–10 m). o of the orbit
16. Write the Schrodingeri wave equation.i 21. The effectlaofilauncertainty principle is significant only
a laailai a laailai a i
slala lalai aslaailai asa i aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
s
daada s Ans. Schrodinger
s
ada s WaveadsaaEquation :adadsaasa a s for a s a s a s as
PaPmotion
ad of microscopic
PaPad particles PaPand
ad is negligible
d d d a d a d a d a d a
PaPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
a a a a a
ab
P PP 2 2 P P2 2 PP
∂ ψ ∂ ψ ∂ ψ 8π m for the macroscopic particles. Justify the statement
2
+ 2 + 2 + 2 (E − V)ψ = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z h with the help of a suitable iexample. [HOTS]
alailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laalai a laailai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPaψ
d a
ds
= a s
amplitude of
PaPad ads
wave;
a s E = total
d
PaPa
adsa s
energy of electron
PaPad a
d sa s Ans. If d
PaPa
a
d sa s
uncertainty principle
PaPad a
d s
is
a s
applied to an
PaPad a s s
object
d a of mass
PaPad a
d
P
V = potential energy; m = mass of electron say about a milligram (10–6 kg), then
ur
17. Whataare the significance of y and ya2i i [HOTS] ai i −34 2 −1

alailai a lailai a laailai a lala a lala ∆v.∆x s=aslaahilai = 6.626s×asl10 aailai kg m s salaailai aslaailai
daadsasa Ans. In
d
ad
PaPno
a san
a s atom the wave
d
PaPad
a sa s function ψd a
ad
s
fora an
s
PaPHowever,
electron has
d
aPada sa s d a a d a
PaPad 4πm PaPa4 d× 3.14 × 10 PaP
a −6 d a
kgad a s d
PaPad
a sa
P physical significance as such. its Psquare
i.e. ψ2 at any point gives the intensity of the electron = 0.52 × 10–28 m2 s–1
.s
alailai wave ati that

i point. alaailai i i i i i i iaiextremely asmall i i i i
daadsasa a saaslaala a sas a saaslaala a saaslaala Thedvalue
a saaslaaoflaDv.Dx obtained
a saaslaalis a saslaala and is dadsaaslaala
P PaPaIn
d d view of Heisenberg’s
PaPad d uncertainty d
PaPa principle,
d it shows
PaPad d PaPa d
insignificant.
d d
PaPa for milligram
Therefore,
d d
PaPasized or heavier PaPa
the probability of finding the electron at that point and
objects, the associated uncertainties are hardly of any
w
therefore, termed as probability density.

alailai i
lai
aslaadoes i
aalai
asltheory i
aslaalai aslaalai real consequence.
i aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa 18.adHow
P Pad
a sa the Bohr
d
PaPad
a sa of the
d
PaPad
a sahydrogen atom
d a sa
PaPad 22. An d a
ad
sa d a
ad
sa d a sa d as a
P differ from that of Schrodinger? [HOTS]
PaPelectron or Pa aPproton Pad will havePaaPad
whichPaone
higher velocity to produce matter waves of the same
w
Ans. Bohr’s theory does not consider the de-Broglie

alailai a i i
salalaof dual nature
concept sala a i i
oflaelectron and a
saalso
i i a i
lalacontradictssalala wavelength?
i i i
salaala Explain it. salaala
i i ilai
salaa[HOTS] salaala
i i
daadsasa s a as
aada the Heisenberg's
PaPdwith PaPdad uncertainty
adas
PaPdaprinciple,
adas
PaPdathe
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
P while h
Ans. From de-Broglie equation, wavelength λ =
w
Schrodinger equation is based on quantum mechanics mv

alalaii which aslaaildeals
ai with theaslaailmicroscopic
ai asobjects
laailai havingsaslaailai For same aailai
aslwavelength with ilai different particles,
two
aslaa aslaailai (ie) asaaslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPboth
s
ad the particle
a d a s
PaPaasd well as wave
a d a s
PaPalike
d character.
a aa
PaPdad d a s
a
PaPad and proton
electron d a sa
PaPma1dv1 = m2v2 (hPais d a
d s
a
PaPdad
P Paconstant)
19. Can we apply Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle Lesser the mass of the particle, greater will be the
to a stationary electron? Why? [HOTS] i i velocity.ala
s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai saaslaala
i i
sasala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
dada Ans. No,
d a
d a for a stationary
d a
d a electron, velocity
d ad a = 0 and thus,
d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa electron will
Hence PaPhave PaPa
a higher velocity. PaPa
position can be measured accurately.

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
aStd
iai
s laalChapter
ilai
alaaQuantum
02 s➠ i i
Mechanical i i
salaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 73 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
23. Explain why the uncertainty principle is significant y y y y
only for the motion of sub-atomic particles but is
alailai aslaailai for theamacroscopic
aslaailai aslaailai [HOTS] aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa dnegligible
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
sa
PaPad
objects?
d a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
Pa ad
a sa
Pa add a sa d
PXaPad
a sa
P X P XP
Ans. (i) The energy of photon is sufficient to disturb a
sub-atomic particle so that there is uncertainty
alailai laailthe
ai measurement i i
saaslaalaof position ai i
slalamomentum
i i
saaslaala z i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala z asasla
i
alai z asasla
i
alai
m
daadsasa d adsasin
a
d ad d a
d saaand d a
d d a
d d a
d d d a d d a
P PaPa of the sub-atomicPaPa PaPa
particle. PaPa PaPa 2px PaPa 2py PaPa 2pz PaPa
(ii) However, the energy is insufficient to disturb a
28. (i) What i isi common between dxy and i di 2 2
alailai laailai
macroscopic laailai
object. laailai laailai laala laailai aslaala x − y asaaslaailai
co
a a a a a a
daadsasa d a sa s
ad is thePmaximum
PaPWhat d
aPada sa s d a sa s
PaPadof electrons d
ada
PaPthat
sa s d
Pa ad
orbitals?
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d a
d
PaPathem?
sa
PaPdad
P 24. number (ii)P What is the difference between
can be accommodated in a shell? (iii) What is the angle between the lobes of the
alailai Ans. Maximum
a l a ilai number ofaelectrons
l ailai in any a a
shell
l ilaiis given by alailai above iai orbitals?
saaslaaltwo
i i
saaslaala
ilai
saaslaa[HOTS]
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
PaPthedsas a
a expression PaPd adsas a d a
d sas a
aPaprincipal quantum PaPad a
d sas a dad
PaPaBoth have identical
Ans. (i)
d
PaPa
a
d d
aPa a
d
shape, Pconsisting PaPa
of four
d a
d
P 2na2, where n isPthe
s.
number. lobes.
alailai 25. Writelanote ilai on the necessity i
lalai for Hund's i i
lalarule. i
lalai (ii) Lobes lailaofi d 2 2 lielailalong
x −y ai the x and lailaiy-axes lailai
daadsasa asaasa asaasa asaasa asaasa asaasa asaasa asaasa asaasa
PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
[HOTS] PaPdawhere
d d
thosePofaPdaxyd lie between PaPxdaand
d y-axes. PaPdad
ok
P
Ans. Aufbau's principle does not deal with the filling of (iii) 45°
Y
laailai electrons
laailaiin the degenerate
laailaiorbitals (i.e. lorbitals
aailai havingsalaailai laailai laaila45°
i i i i i
as
dada
as d a saas d asaas d a saas d a a s d a s
a as d a s
a as d a saaslaala d a saaslaala
P PaPsame
a d energy)Psuch
aPa as px, py and
d PaPapz.d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
X
26. Discuss the filling of electron in a carbon atom.
alailai
aslaailai aslaailai
o
aslaailai [HOTS] aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa Ans. d a
PaPThe
sa
ad carbon P d
atom
a sa
aPadhas six electrons.d a sa
PaPad According d a
PaPato
d sa d a sa
PaPad the shapes d a sa
add orbitals.PaPad d a sa d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPof
ab
P
2
29. Discuss
Aufbau principle, the electronic configuration is 1s ,
2, 2p2
Ans. d-orbitals :
i 2s i i i i i aailai l = 2 and
a
al la i a
saaslabela i a
lala
saasas
i a
saaslala
i
saaslala For
a ‘d’
saaslorbital laailacorresponding
saasthe
i ilaivalues
saaslaam
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa It
d
Pa a
acan
d represented
Pa ad a
d below, d
Pa a
a
d d
Pa a
a
d d a
d
Paarea –2, –1, 0 +1,+2. d
Pa a
ad d
Pa a
a
d Pa ad a
d
P P P P P P P P P
⥮ ⥮ ↿ ↿ The shape of the d orbital looks like a 'clover leaf'.
ur
alailai aaila2 i
asl1s 2s2 i x1 2py1alaail2p
aslaaila2p ai z
0
aslaailai
The five m values give
aslaailai
rise to five ldailaorbitals
aslaailai asa i aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a s da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
namely
a d xy
, d , dd
PaPzx
yz
a,sd
a 2
ad x – y 2 and d d
2 a
.
PaPz ad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
In this case, in order to minimise the electron-electron The 3d orbitals contain two nodal planes.
repulsion, the sixth electron enters the unoccupied
.s
y z z
alailai 2p laailai as per sHunds
syaasorbital aslaailai rule. i.e. ilai
saaitslaadoes not get
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
a a
d
PaPpaired d a
d a
PaPfifth
a electronPalready d
aPa a
d a d a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad y Pa
dad d
PaPa
a
d
P with the presentPinPathe Pa
2Px orbital.
w
z z
alailai 27. Explainaslaailathe

i shapesaoflaapilaorbitals. aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
i y z
daadsasa d
ada s
a
PaPp-orbitals d a
a ad
s
a s d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa
P Ans. : PP x x
w
For p orbitals l = 1 and the corresponding m values

alailai sare
ilai0 and +1. The
asla–1,
a ilai
saaslaaangular distributioni i
saaslaala functions
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
y i i z
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d a
PaPa are quite complex
PaPad a
d PaPad ad PaPa d a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad ad PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
A dditional Long Answers 5 MARKS
w
The three different m values indicates that there
alailai are
aslaaithree
lai different aslaailorientations
ai apossible
laailai for p ala ilai Define the
a1. aslaailfollowing
ai aslaailawith
terms i examples. aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s a
PaPadorbitals. These d a sa
PaPaorbitals
d are P d a sa
designated
aPad
s d a
as px,PpayPand
ad
sa s d a
ad
sa
PaPIsotopes
(i) (ii)PaP
d a
ad
sa
Isotones (iii)PaP
d a
ad
sa
Isobars
d
PaPad
a sa
P
pz and the angular distribution for these orbitals (iv) Isoelectronic species (v) Nucleon
shows that the lobes are along the x, y and z axis i i (i) Isotopes
Ans. i i : Atoms ofalsame i i element having i i same
alailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala sasaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d srespectively.
a
PaPad a
d PaPad ad PaPa d a
d d
PaPa
a
atomic
d number
PaPad aand
d different
PaPad a
mass
d number d
PaPa
a
d
P
The 2p orbitals have one nodal plane. Eg : 1H1, 1H2, 1H3 (1T3)

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 74 i i
saaslaala
i i
➠ Chapter i i
saaslaalaMechanical
i i i i
Model
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad PaPa
P
(ii) Isotones : These species posses same number Sol :
ofineutrons. Their atomic and massinumbers are i Subshell laiai
alailai a laalai
different. a laailai alalai alalai aslaailai number
Quantum aslaailai asaln + l aslaailai
daadsasa PaPa
s
dada s s
dada s
aa dadsasa PaPadadsasa PaPa d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a a
notation
d
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P 14 P P 15 16
Eg: 6 C, 7 N , 8 O 1
(iii) Isobars : Atoms of same element having same (i) n = 4, l = 2, ml = –2, ms = – 4d 4+2=6
alailai laailai laailai ai i i i i i 2i i i i i i
slala number saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
m
daadsasa d a
d saasmass number
d a
d saasand different
d a
dsaaatomic d a
d d ad d a
d d a
d d a
d
P PaPa aa
14 P P 14 PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa 1 PaPa PaPa
Eg : 6 C, 7 N (ii) n = 3, l = 2, ml = 1, ms = + 3d 3+2=5
2
(iv) Isoelectronic species : The species (atoms or ions)
alailai i
laalai i
aalai
aslnumber i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai asl1aailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
ascontaining
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa same
d
PaPad
a sa of d
PaPad
electrons.
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
= a4,dl = 1, ml = 0,
(iii) PnaP d
ma
a
d sa d a s
a d
aPad 4 + 1 = 5PaPad
P4p
a s
a
P PaP s=+
Eg : O2–, F–, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Ne 2
(v) Nucleon : Protons 1
alailai a laailai a laailai and neutrons
a laailaipresent insaslaail(iv)
ai n = 3,sl a=slaa2,ilami l = –2, ms s=as–laailai 3d i i i i
saas3laa+la2 = 5 dadsaaslaala
daadsasa s
a s
PaPdad the nucleus
a a s
a s s
a s
PaPdadcalled nucleons.
PaPdadare collectively
a a
PaPdad
a a
PaPdad
a a
PaPdad 2
a d
PaPa
a
d PaPa
P
s.
The total number of nucleons is termed as mass
1
number (A) of an atom. (v) n = 3, l = 1, ml = –1, ms = + 3p 3+1=4
alailai i
aslaalai i
laalai
aMass i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaa2ilai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a s
a Eg : 16 a s
a s number /a s
Nucleon
a a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a
O
d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad 1 d
PaPad d
PaPad
ok
P
8 (vi) n = 4, l = 1, m l = 0, ms = + 4p 4+1=5
2
alailai i i i i
saaslaaalanote ondlimitations
saaslaala of Bohr's
ilai
saaslaaatom
i i
saaslaala  (v) aslaail=ai(iv) < (iii) aailai
sa=asl(vi)
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa 2.PadWritea
d PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d model.
d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
<
a
d sa(ii) d
PaPa
ad < (i) d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P Pa
Ans. Limitation of Bohr's atom model : \ 3p < 3d = 3d < 4p = 4p < 4d.
alailai
The
laailai having one aailai
o
Bohr's atom model is applicable only to 4. By applying Bohr's postulates, arrive at the radius
aailai i aslaailafor ilai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a species
saas d a s
a aslelectron such
d a as
s
a aslhydrogen, Li
d a
2+ ala
sa s alai of ndthaorbit
sa
i
hydrogen
d a s
a aslaalike atom.d a s
a d asa
PaPadetc... and not ad aPadelectron atoms.
PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPapplicable
ab
P to P
multi Ans. �
Applying Bohr’s postulates to a hydrogen like
It was unable to explain the splitting of spectral atom (one electron species such as H, He+ and
alailai slines
i i
aslalain the presence
a i i
saaslalaof magnetic
a i
saaslfield
a i
ala (Zeeman a
saaslala
i i Li2+ aslaailathe
saetc..)
i radius ofalthe i i th
sasaalan orbitda and aailaenergy
saaslthe
i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d a
PaPa effect) or an d ad
PaPelectric field (Stark d ad
PaPa effect). PaPa d a
d Paofd a d d a d d d a
d
P a Pa the electronPaPrevolvinga in P aPan orbit were
the th PaPa
Bohr’s theory was unable to explain why the derived. The results are as follows:
ur
laailai (0.529)snaslaaÅilai
electron is restricted to revolve around the nucleus 2
alailai a i
laalai a i
laalai a i
laalai a i
laalai a aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s a s
PaPadin a fixed orbit PaPain
d a s s
d which thePangular
a a s s
aPad momentum
d a a
PaPaof
d d sa s d
PaPand
r
a sa s = d
PaPzad
a a ......(1)
d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
the electron is equal to nh/2π.
−13.6 ( z 2 )
.s
−1
3. The quantum numbers of six electrons are given E = evi atom ......(2)
alailai a l a ilai a l a ilai a l a ilai a l a ilai n lailai
a n 2
a l a l ai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa below.
d
PaPIf
a a
d s a s aArrange
Pa a
them
d ads a sina order of
Pa a
increasing
d adsa s a energies.
d
PaPa
a
d sa s a
PaPad a dsa s a d a
PaPa(or)dsa s a
PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d
P any of thesePcombination(s)Phas/have the same
energy lists.
w
alailai laailai laailai laailai laailai ilai ( −1312.8a)la Zil2ai

aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a s as a s a s 1a s as a s as E
a s aslaa
= a s s a kJ mol −d1a......(3)
s a s
(i)d n = 4, l =
d
PaPa
a
Pamdl = –2, ms P
Pa2,d a = aP
– ad
d a d
PaPad
a d
PaPad
na d
PaPand
2 a
PaPad
a d
PaPad
a
P 2
1 5. A neutral atom of an element has 2K, 8L and 5M
w
(ii) n =i 3, l = 2, m = 1, m = + i i electrons. Find

i i out the afollowing.
alailai saaslaala
i l
saaslaala
i is 2 sasla i
alai saaslaala saaslaala saslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d PaPad ad d
PaP1a
ad a d
PaPa
a
d (i) d a
PaPaAtomic number
d d a
PaPaof the element
d PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d
P
(iii) n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = + (ii) Total number of s-electrons
w
2
(iii) Totalanumber of p-electrons
alailai (iv)
i i
asnlaa=la3, l = 2, m
ilaim = – 1asaslaailai
a=slaa–2, aslaailai (iv) Number aslailai of protons aailai
aslin aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s a d
PaPad
a sla s d
PaPa2d
a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa the nucleus
d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
1 (v) Valency of the element
(v) n = 3, l = 1, ml = –1, ms = + Ans. The electronic configuration of the element with 2K,
2 lailai
alailai a l a ilai a l a ilai a l a i i
sas la 8L and
a aslaailelectrons
sa5M ai aailai
saaslbe
will
i i
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daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d sas a d adsas a
aPam = 0, m =P+aPa 1d adsas a d
PaPa
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d
a
Pa ad a d Pa ad a d Pa ad ad d
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a
d
P (vi) n = 4, l =P1, l s 1s 2P2 s 2 2 px2 2 p 2y 2 pz2P3s 2 3 p1x 3 p1y 3 p1z P
2

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02 s➠ i i
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salaala
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saaslaala
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a as
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a as
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d d
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a
d
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(i) Total number of electrons = 2+ 8 + 5 =15 (iii) Ar
\iAtomic number of the element =15 Masslanumber = lNo. of protons +la iai
alailai laalai
asTotal aailai
asls-electrons aslaailai aslaailai asailai asaailai asal aslaailai
daadsasa (ii)
d
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a number
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of
a d=
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a 2+ 2=6 d
PaPad
a sa d
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PaPad
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a dNo.
PaPad
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a of neutrons d
PaPad
a sa
P
(iii) Total number of p-electrons =6 + 3=9 = 18 + 22 = 40
(iv) Since,ilai the atomaislaneutral, Atomic
alailai la ilai laailai laailai laailanumber
i = lNo.
aailai of protonssa=laa18
s la
i i i i
saaslaala
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d
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s
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s of electrons
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a
=
ds
a s d adsa s
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d s
a s
PaPa = No. of protons d a
d a
PaPa = 18. PaPa d a
d
P number
(v) valency of the element = 3.
co
daadsasa 6.PadDetermine PNUMERICAL PaPad PROBLEMS
as the a s as a s a s a s a s a s
PaPfollowing forPthe
aPafourth shellPof
aPaan
a d a d a d a d a d a d a d a
P Pad ad d d aPad PaPad PaPad
atom.
(a) The number of subshells ilai Calculate
alailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laa1. a laailthe
ai uncertainty a laailaiin the velocity
a laailai of a saslaailai
daadsasa (b)
a
PaPdad
s a sThe designation
a
PaPdad
sa s for each subshell
a
PaPdad
sa s a
PaPdad
sa s wagon a s s
PaPdad of mass P
a a
3000kg s s
aPdada whose position a s s
PaPdad is known
a aa
PaPdad
P
s.
(c) The number of orbitals in each subshell to an accuracy of ±10 pm. (Planck's constant
(d) The maximum number of electrons that can –34 2 –1
alailai a laailacontained
be i ina aailai subshellsalaailai
leach a laailai = 6.626sa×slaa10 ilai kg m s a)lailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s
ad The number
PaP(a) d a sa s
PaPadof subshells d a a s
adthe same PasaPathe
PaPis d a sa s
d Sol: PaPad d a a d
PaPad
a sa s a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P Ans.
number used to designate the shell ie., n = 4 so Given : m = 3000 kg; Dx = 10 pm
alailai contains
laailai 4 sub shells.
laailai laailai laailai = 10 i –12 m = 10a–11
laa×ila10 imi i i i i
daadsasa a saas a saa s a saas a saas a saas a saslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
P PaPa(b)
d d The subshells
PaPad d in the fourth d
PaPashell
d are designated
d
PaPa d d d
PaPuncertainty
By a d
PaPa d
principle, d
PaPa d d
PaPa d
as 4s. 4p. 4d and 4f.
h
alailai
(c) The i
laalai
asis
number of orbitals
i
laalai
arespectively.
in s,
o
p, d and
i
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f subshell i
aslaalai
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daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa 1, 3, 5 and
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PaPad
a7sa s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa s d
a ada a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
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P (d) Each orbital can contain a maximum of two 6.626P×P10 −34 −1
= ms
electrons. 22 −11
4 × × 3000 × 10
alailai laaila- i1 orbital -s2aslelectrons
saas4s aailai i i
saaslaala
i i
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i i
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i i
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i i
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daadsasa d a
d
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d a
PaPa - 6 electrons d
PaPa
ad d
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a
d d a
d
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d
a –1 d
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d
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4d - 5 orbital -10 electrons Dv = 1.76 i× 10–27 ms–1

alailai sasa4s
l a i
l -
a i7 orbital - 14
sasa l a i
l ai
electrons sasal a i
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saslaala
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aa
PaPdad
aa
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7. Complete the table given below. The uncertainty in the position and velocity
2.
.s
–2 –24 ms–1
ailai S. a ilaMass
i Atomic a ilai a ilai ailai of a particlea ilai are 10 am ailaand
i 5.27 ×al0 a i i i i
a
daadsas
l a a a
Symbol
sasl a a a l
sas Proton d
a a a
Neutronl
sas Electrons
a a a
sasl a a l
respectively.
a a
sas Calculate a
l
sathe a
s mass of dthe a
l
s la
a
saparticle. asaaslaala
P No d
PaPa d No. d
PaPaNo.
d PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPa d PaPad d
2+ Sol:
1. Zn 64 30 - - -
w
i i i i ilai : h =al6.626 i i –34 2 –1

i
salaala 2. Cl
i
sa–laala 35 -sala alai - 18
i
salaala 18 salaaGiven s aala × 10 skg alaamilais i i
salaala salaala
i i
da as aPdaada
s
aPdaada
s
aPdaada
s a as
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a as
PaPdad daadas a as
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a as
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Pad P
3. Ar - P - 18 P 22 PaP–24 –1
Dv = 5.27 × 10 ms ; Dx = 10 m
w
64 2+
a laailai Ans. (i)saslaailZn
30ai i i i i
saaslaa=la 30 dadsaaslaala saaslaa Mass
ilai ilaithe particle,alailai
saaslaaof
i i
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i i
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a
dadas s d a a No. of a
protons
d d a d a asasa a a
P PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPa d PaPa d h PaPdad d
PaPa d d
PaPa d
No. of electrons = 30 – 2 = 28 m= kg
w
4π∆x∆v
No. of neutrons =i i 64 – 30 = 34 i i
alailai a laailai aslaala aslaala aslaailai aslaailai 6.626
i i
ala−i34 kg md2as −sa1aslaalai
a×sla10 aslaailai
daadsasa d a
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s
a s
35
ad Cl PaPad – d a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
a
aPad =
d s
a d a s
a
PaPa×d10−2 m × 5.27 d −24 −1 PaPad
PaP×a10 da s
a
P 4 × 3.143 ms
Atomic number = Mass number –
ai i No. of neutrons ai i = 1 × 10–9 kg
alailai a lala a laailai a laailai
asaasal
l a i i i i
saas=laal1a × 10–9 dkgadsaaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa
a
PaPdad
s
a s a
PaPdad
s
a = 35 – a18da=da17
s
PP
a s s
PaPdad d
PaPa
m
a
d PaPa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
Atomic number = No. of protons = 17

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alailai 76 i i
saaslaala
i i
➠ Chapter i i
saaslaalaMechanical
i i i i
Model
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad PaPa
P
3. Calculate the product of the uncertainties of 4. A beam of helium atoms moves with a velocity of
displacement and velocity of a moving electron i 2.0 × 103 msi –1. Find the wavelength of the particles
alailai having a la il a
a
i
mass of 9.1a la
×
il a
10
i –28 g. a l ail a i a l a l a i a
constituting
i
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(hlaa=ila6.626
i
× 10 –34
ilai
aslaaJs). aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s a s a d
PaPad
a s
a s a d
PaPad
a sa s a d a s
a s a
PaPad Sol: Given, d a sa s
PaPadvelocity ofPbeam d
aPada s
a s d a
PaPad
sa d
PaPad
a sa
P Sol: of helium atoms
Given : h = 6.626 × 10–34 kg m2 s–1 = 20 × 103 m sec–1
alailai a i
smaas=la9.1
i –28
la × 10 agsa=sla9.1 a i i
la × 10 akg–31 a
saaslala
i i a i i
saaslala Mass of ai i
slala atomdadsaaslala
saahelium ai i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa d a
d
PaPaProduct of uncertainties, d
PaPa d a
PaPad d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P 4P Pa
=
h 2 −1 6.022 × 1023
∆x∆va≥ m s
alailai l aii
asasal 4πm asasal
i
la ai
asasal
i
la ai
asasal
i
la ai aslaaila×i 10–24 ga=sa6.64ai i
slala× 10–27 kg asasal
laiai
asasal
laiai
co
daadsasa PaPdad
a
Padad
a
PaPdad
a
PaPdad
a =as6.64
PaPdad
a
PaPdad
a
PaPdad
a
PaPdad
a
P 6.626 × 10 −34P kg m 2 s −1 h
≥ According to de-Broglie equation, λ =
4 × 3i .143 × 9.1 × 10 −31
i kg
mv
alailai aslaalai –5 2as–1aaslaalai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 6.626d×ad10 aailai 2 −1 salaailai
saa−sl34
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d≥
ads5.77
a
Pm
× 10 a ds d a d a da kg m sadaadas d a
P PaPa Pad PaPa d PaPa d PaPa=d PaPa PP PaPa d
s.
Dx.Dv ≥ 5.77 × 10–5 m2 s–1 (6.64 × 10−27 kg ) × (2.0 × 103 ms −1 )
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai laailai× 10–11 ms=asl49.9
=asaa4.99 aailai pm aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
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PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
s d
PaPad
a a da
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alailai i i
saaslaala
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Hydrogen
P
alailai i i
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4.1 Introduction 4.5 Compounds of Hydrogen
alailai aslaalai Position
4.1.1 i ain
laaPeriodic
i
lai Table i
aslaalai aslaailai 4.5.1asaaWater
laailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
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sa d a sa da s
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4.1.3 Ortho and Para−Hydrogen: 4.5.3 Chemical Properties
alailai a i
4.2 aPreparation
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saaslala 4.5.4 ai i
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PaPa Water PaPa
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P Preparation o 4.6 Heavy
4.2.2 Industrial Production 4.6.1 Chemical properties of heavy water
alailai aslaailai Preparation
4.2.3 aslaailaof
i
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aUses laailai
aswater aslaailai aslaailai
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a sa d
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a sa s d
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a sa d
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a sa d
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4.2.4 Preparation of Tritium 4.7 Hydrogen Peroxide
4.3 Properties of Hydrogen 4.7.1 Physical properties
alailai a laailai ai i
slala
saaProperties
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i i
saaslaala a laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
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d sa s
4.3.1 Physical
d
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d d
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a
d d
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a
d 4.7.2
d
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Chemical properties
d
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a
d d
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a
d d
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4.3.2 Chemical Properties 4.7.3 Uses of hydrogen peroxide
ur
4.3.3 Chemical lproperties of lDeuterium 4.7.4 Structure of hydrogen peroxide

alailai aslaailai asaailai asaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
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PaPad of Tritium
PaPad4.3.4 Properties d
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a sa d a sa
PaPad 4.8 d a s
Hydrides
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4.4 Uses of Hydrogen 4.9 Hydrogen Bonding
.s
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daadsasa d
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a s
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alailai i i
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[105]

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Position of : The electronic configuration of hydrogen is 1s1. As it shows the resemblance
alailai hydrogen
alaailai alaailaiwith alkalialmetals
aailai and halogens,
alaailai its position
alaailaiin periodic ilai is anomalous.
alaatable alaailai i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa asas
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P Isotopes of : Isotopes of Atomic Mass No. of No of
hydrogen S. No. Symbol
Hydrogen Number Number Protons Neutrons
alailai aslaailai aslaailai laiai
l laiai
l aslaailai laiai
1 dadsaasal 1 adsaas0al
laiai aslaailai
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daadsasa d asa d a s
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a d d a s
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2
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(ii) Deuterium 1H or D 1 2 1 1
(iii) Tritium H3
ori Ti 1 3 1 2
alailai i i
saaslaala a laailai a laailai 1 la
a la i i
saaslaala a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
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ad a
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s
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s
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s
a s a d
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ad a
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s
a s a
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s
a s d
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d
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s.
Ortho hydrogen : Hydrogen molecule in which the protons in the nuclei of both H-atoms are
known to spin in same direction is termed as ortho hydrogen.
daadsasa d
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a d a s
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termed as para hydrogen.
alailai Hydride ilai

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and i i
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a
d d a
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a
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a
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d
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Hydrogen bond : When a hydrogen atom (H) is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative
alailai aslaailai aslaailaiatom (Fasor
aslaaOilaior N), the laailai is polarized
asbond aslaailaiin suchasaaasway
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i aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a dad a d a s
a da s
a d d a s
a d asa
Pad PaPad the hydrogen PaPad atom of PaaPmolecule
ad PaPad
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PaP(electrostatic Pa
ab
P bond attraction) between and
the electronegative atom of second molecule. The bond thus formed is called
alailai i i i ia hydrogen bond.
i i i i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa
Intramolecular PaPa : PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
Intramolecular hydrogen bonds are those which occur within one single PaPa PaPa
ur
hydrogen molecule. This occurs between two functional groups within a molecule.
alailai aslaailai i i i i
sa a Eg: ortho-nitrophenol
l a l a salaala and ilai
salaasalicylaldehyde.
i i
salaala
i i
salaala
i i
salaala aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a a as
PaPdad d
PaPad
a a s da
PaPad
a s d
PaPad
a a s d
PaPad
a a s d
PaPad
a a s d
PaPad
a s
a
P Intermolecular : Intermolecular hydrogen bonds occur between two separate molecules.
hydrogen Eg: HF, H O, etc,.
.s
2
alailai a laailai a laailai a ai i i i
saaslaala
slala over daared-hot
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
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a
d s
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a
is
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d d
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carbond monoxide and
d
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ad hydrogen. d
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d
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The mixture of gases produced in this way is known as water gas (CO + H2).
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This is also called syngas.

daadsasa d
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converter containing iron/copper catalyst. This reactionais called as water-gas

alailai i i
saaslaala a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a lailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
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a
d a
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d s
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a
d s
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a d a
ds
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s
ad a
d P Pa a dad P Pa
P
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Hard water : Presence of these metal salts in the form of bicarbonate, chloride and sulphate
in water makes water ‘hard’.
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailaiaslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
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a
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PaPad
a s
a dadsa
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a ad
s
a
P Soft water : Water free from soluble salts of calcium is called water. P P
Temporary laailahardness laa: ilaiTemporary laahardness is primarily due tolatheilai presence aoflaisoluble bicarbonates
alailai a i a a ilai a laailai a lai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ads
a s d
PaPa
adsa s of d
PaPa ds
magnesium
a a s and d
PaPa d s
a s
calcium.
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PaPa
by
a
d s
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d
PaPa
a
dhard water d
PaPa
a
d
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alailai 108 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilai - Chemistrya➠
laaStd
Sura’s saXI i i
s laalaChapter 04s➠
ilai
alaaHydrogen i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d
P
Permanent : Permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of soluble salts of
alailai Hardness
alailai aslaailaimagnesium aslaaand
ilai calciumain laailthe
ai form ofsachlorides
laailai and sulphates
aslaailai in it. alailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
a s a d a s
a
PaPad Water PaPad : Heavy d a
d s
a d a
ad
s
a s d a as d a s
a d a s
a s a d a s
a
P Heavy PaPawater PaP
(D2O) is the oxide of Pad hydrogen.
Paheavy d
PaPaOne aPad
part ofPheavy
a ad
water isP P
present in 5000 parts of ordinary water.
alailai ilai
saaslaa(Molecular)
i i
saaslaa: la They are aslaailai aslaailai hydrogen i i
saaslaaislaattached laailai iai
saaslaalby laiai
the dadsaasal
m
daadsasa Covalent
d a
d d a
d d a
dsacompounds din
adsawhich d a
d d a
d saasanother
to element
d a
d
P PaPa
hydrides PaPa PaPa of electrons.
sharing PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
Ionic (Saline) : These are hydrides composed i of an electropositive metal, igenerally, an alkali or
alailai alailai laailaialkaline-earth
laailaimetal, except laailaberyllium laailamagnesium,
i ai
laaformed
l laailai of aslaailai
co
hydrides a a a a a a
daadsasa dadsasa
PaPa d
PaPad
a s
a s d
PaPad
asa s d
PaPad
a s
a s d
PaPad
a s
aand
s d
PaPad
a s
a s by
d
PaPad
a transfer
sa s d
PaPad
a s
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P electrons from metal to hydrogen atoms.
Metallic : Metallic hydrides are usually obtained by hydrogenation of metals and alloys
alailai i i
saaslaala
(Interstitial) i i
saaslaala in which aslaailai
sahydrogen
i i
saaslaalathe interstitial
occupies i i
saaslaalasites (voids).
ilai
saaslaaHence, they aslaailcalled
saare ai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d
hydrides d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
interstitial d
PaPa
hydrides.
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
s.
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a EVALUATION
d
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PaPad
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s
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alailai
I. Choose
alailai
The Baest
lailai Answerala: ilai
4. Ionic hydrides
laailai laailai
are formedi by i i i i i
daadsasa asasa asasa asasa
a s
a as (a) s a
halogens
a a s a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
P PaPdad
1.
PaPdad PaPdad
d
PaPa d
Which of the following statements about hydrogen
d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d
(b) chalcogens
alailai
is incorrect ?
l ai a i l a i+ a i
o (NEET 2016)
aailasolution.
aslin i aslaailai
(c) inert gases
ilai
aslaaone aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
(a) aHydrogen
l ion,asHas3O a exists freely
l (d) group elements
daadsasa d a sa s a
ad Dihydrogen d d a d a sa
PaPadagent. d
PaPad
a sa d a
PaPad
s
a d a
d s
a d a
d s
a d
PaPad
asa
www.Padasalai.Net
PaP(b) PaPaacts PaPa[Ans. PaPaone
ab
P as a reducing (d) group elements]
(c) Hydrogen has three isotopes of which tritium is 5. Tritium nucleus contains
alailai ai i i i i i i i ilai ilai il[May-'22]
i i i
daadsasa d a
d saathe
slalamost common.
d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala (a) d1pa
d
a l a a l a
s+as0 n dadsas(b) 2 p + 1n
a a d ad
a l
sas aa
a d a
d saaslaala
P PaP(d)
a HydrogenPanever Pa acts as cation PaPa in ionic salts. PaPa Pa a
(c)P1p + 2n P
Pa a Pa a
(d) none Pof these
PaPa
[Ans. (c) Hydrogen has three isotopes of
ur
[Ans. (c) 1p + 2n]

alailai a laalai
i whichaltritium
aailai is the mostalaailaicommon.] alaailai ilai
as-l,aa1p, aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa
3 (1e
daadsas dadsas d a s
a s da s
a s Hint: Td a s
a 2n) d a s
a d a s
a d a s
a
P 2.PaPWater gas isPaPa PaPad[QY-2018; HY-2019]
PaPad P1aPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
(a) H2O(g) (b) CO + H O 6. Non-stoichiometric hydrides are formed by
.s
2
alailai a laailai a laailai a laailai i i
saaslaala (a) dpalladium,
i i
saaslaala vanadium
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a
PaPdad
s
(c) aCO + H2
s a
PaPdad
s
a s (d) CO a s
+aN
PaPdad 2
s d
PaPa
ad (b)
ad
PaPcarbon,
a d
nickelPaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d
P
[Ans. (c) CO + H2]
(c) manganese, lithium
w
Hint: C(s) + H O  →laCO + H2

alailai aslaailai 2 asailai aslaailai aslaailai (d) nitrogen,
aslaailaichlorineasaaslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
Pa ad
a s
a d a s
a d a
PaPadfollowing statements
PaPad
sa d
PaPad
a s
a a
PaPad
d s
a [Ans.
PaP ad (a) palladium,
d d a s
a
PaPad vanadium] d
PaPad
asa
P 3. PWhich one of the is incorrect
7. Assertion : Permanent hardness of water is removed
w
with regard to ortho and para dihydrogen ?

alailai ai i aailai isomers salaailai i i i iby treatment iwith
i washingalsoda. i i i i
daadsasa
(a)
a slala are nuclear
saaThey a saaslspin a a s a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a sasaala a saaslaala
P
d d
PaP(b)
a Ortho isomer d d
PaPa has zero nuclear d d
PaPa spin whereas d d
PaPathe Reason
d
PaPa d :
Washing
PaPa soda reacts
d d PaPa with soluble
d d PaPad d
calcium and magnesium chlorides
w
para isomer has one nuclear spin

and sulphates in hard water to form
alailai (c)saThelaailapara ilai
i isomeraislaafavoured at slow ilai
aslaatemperatures aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a a s
ad The thermal
PaP(d) d a
d sa s
PaPaconductivity Pa d a a
d para isomer d a
PaPadis
sa d
PaPad
a sa insoluble
d
PaPad
a scarbonates
a d
PaPad
a sa [Sep-2021] d
PaPad
a sa
P Pathe
of
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is
50% greater than that of the ortho isomer.
the correct explanation of assertion.
alailai [Ans.
laailai (b) Ortho lisomer
aailai has zero laanuclear
ilai spin ala ilai laailai laailai ilai
aslaareason i i
daadsasa d a saas d a saas d a saas d a sa s a (b) Both
d a saas assertion and
d a saa
reason
s are true
d asbut
a is d a saaslaala
P PaPa whereasPthe
d aPapara isomerPhas
d aPa one nuclearPa
d spin]
Pa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
not the correct explanation of assertion.

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alailai 110 i i
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i i
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laaStd
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saaslaala
daadsasa d
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d d
PaPa
a
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PaPa
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d d
PaPa
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d a as
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d
P
20. Heavy water is used as 25. Write the expected formulas for the hydrides of 4th
(a) moderator in nuclear ilaireactions alailai period elements. What is the trend in the formulas?
alailai (b) a laailai in nuclear
coolant a laareactions a laailai In what a aailai
lway the first a laailanumbers
two
i
of
aailai
aslthe series aslaailai
daadsasa d a s a s
ad both (a) and
PaP(c) d a
d
PaPa(b)
sa s
PaPadd a sa s a d
PaPad
a sa s d a sa s
PaPad from the d a s
ad ?
PaPothers
a s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P different
(d) none of these [Ans. (c) both (a) and (b)] Ans. The expected formulas for the hydrides of 4th period
alailai saaslaala elements saaMH ai i(electron precise)
saaslaalaM2H6 (electron saaslaadeficient)
i i i i i i i i i i ilai i i
21. Water saaslaalisa a saaslaala saaslaala QY-2019]
[HY-2018; slala4 saaslaala
m
daadsasa d
PaP(a)
a
d
a basic oxide PaPad a
d d a
d
aPa oxide PaPa
(b)Pacidic
d a
d and
PaPMHd a
a 3 (electron
d d a
rich)
PaP a d PaPad ad PaPad a
d
P
(c) amphoteric oxide (d) none of these The trend is formula is
(i) Electron precise hydrides - CH C2H6, SiHi 4,i GeH4
alailai
laiai
l laalai (c) amphoteric
i[Ans. laailai oxide]saslaailai (ii) Electron laailai deficient shydrideslaailai - B4 H aslaala aslaailai
co
a a a a a
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s a s a d
PaPad
a sa s
PaPadd a sa s d
PaPad
a a d a
d sa
PaPaElectron
s d
aPad a a s 2d
aPad a6
sa d
PaPad
a sa
P (iii) richPhydrides - NH3P ,H O
II. Write Brief Answer To The The first two members of the series KH, CaH are
2
alailai F ollowing
a i i Q uestions
a i i . a i i a i i ionic ilai whereas
hydrides
a a ilai other members
the a ilaiof2 the i i
daadsasa d a
d sasa l a l a
d a
d
a
sas l a l a
d a
d
a
sas l a l a
d a
d
a
sas l a l a
d a
d
a
sas l a d a
d
a
sas l a d ad
a
sas l a d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa Paseries
Pa CH4, C2PHaP ,aSiH4, B2H6,PNH aPa3 are covalent PaPa
s.
6
22. Explain why hydrogen is not placed with the hydrides.
halogen in the periodic table.
alailai laailai i ai electronsaslaa26.
aslaailone ilai Write chemicalaslaailai equation asfor
laailathei following aslreactions.
aailai aslaailai
daadsasa Ans. d(i)
a s asHydrogen has
a s alai
aaslatendency to again
s a a s a s a s a s
a
PaPad to formPaP dad a
PaP d d a
–)a whose electronic
d
PaPad
a (i)
PaPareaction
d d a of hydrogen
PaPad with tungsten
d a
PaPad (VI) oxide
d a d
PaPad
a
ok
P hydride ion (H on heating.
configuration is similar to the noble gas (He). (ii) hydrogen gas and chlorine gas.
alailai (ii) aHowever
a ilai the electrona ilai affinity aoflailhydrogen i is ala ilai i ai aaila+i 3H O salaailai i i
daadsasa a sas l a a a
sas l a a sas a a
a sas Ans. (i) d3H
a a saa2sl+aalWO 3
d →
a saaslW 2 a a s a saaslaala
P PaPa much less
d d PaPthan
da that of halogen
d PaPa atoms. PaPa
d d d d d
PaPaHydrogen reduces

d
PaPa tungsten (VI) d d
PaPaoxide. WO PtoaPa d d
(iii) Hence hydrogen is less reactive as compared to 3
tungsten at high temperature.
halogens.
o
alailai laailai aslaailai (ii) H +la aClla2i → 2HCl
aslaaila(Hydrogen chloride).
i aslaailai hydrogen i aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa (iv)
a s aa sTherefore, due
a saasla
to alaiuniquedbehaviour
this a sa a sa a 2a
sa s a sa
i
a sa a sa
d
PaPad is not placed d
PaPadwith halogens adthe periodic dad Hydrogen
PaPadd reacts dwith
d chlorine P ataP
room
dad temperature d
PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPin PaP PaPa
ab
P table
under light to give hydrogen chloride.
23. Discuss the three types of Covalent hydrides.
alailai asasla ilai a laail[GMQP-2018;
ai laailai May-'22]saslaa27.
QY-2018;
a ilai Complete a laailtheai following a laachemical
ilai reactions
a laailai and saslaailai
daadsasa ada
PaPdCovalent
Ans.
a a sa s
PaPdad hydrides
(Molecular) PaPda: d
a sa s a
PaPdad
a classify
PaPdad
a sathem in toa(a)
s
P Pdad
a shydrolysis
a s
PaPdad
a s
(b) redoxa
s
PaPdad
aa
P (c) hydration reactions. [Govt. MQP-2018]
They are compounds in which hydrogen is attached
ur
i) KMnO4 + H2O2  →
to another
alailai aslaailai element aslbyaailasharing
i of electrons.
aslaailai aslaailai ii) CrCl aslaa3 il+aiH2O a aslaailai
→ aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s a
dCovalent hydrides a sa
PaPad are further
d a s
PaPadivided
d d a a
intoPathree
d sa d a sa d sa d a sa d a sa
P PaPa Pad PaPaCaO
iii) d + H OP
2
aPa d→ PaPad PaPad
categories, viz., Ans. (i) 2KMnO4 + H2O2   → 2MnO2 + 2KOH
.s
electron precise (CH , C H , SiH , GeH ),

lailai + 3H O i+ i3O
alailai aailai ilai4 2 6 ala 4i i 4 i i i i i i
daadsasa d a
d saaslelectron-deficient
d a
d saaslaa(B 2
H 6
) and
d a
d sasala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasareaction isdaadredox
This saaslaalareactiondadsaa2slaala 2(g) dadsaaslaala
P PaPa electron-rich PaPa hydrides (NH PaPa, H O). PaPa PaPaCrCl + 6H P
(ii)
aPa
→ [Cr(HP2O)
aPa PaPa
3 2 3 2O 6]Cl3
This reaction is a hydration reaction
w
Since most of the covalent hydrides consist of

alailai a
discrete,
asal il a i small molecules
asal a il a i that have a i i
asrelatively
l l a weak l
asa a il a i (iii) CaO aslaa+ilaHi 2O  →alCa(OH)
aailai 2 aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s a
PaPadintermolecular d a
d sa
PaPaforces, theyPare
d a
d sa
aPagenerally
a d a
d
PaPaor
gases
sa d a
PaPaThis
sa
d reactionPis d a sa s
aPaadhydrolysis Preaction. d
aPad a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
volatile liquids. 28. Hydrogen peroxide can function as an oxidising
w
alailai 24. Predict a laailawhich

i of thealfollowing
aailai hydrides
a laailaiis a gas onsaslaailai agent as a lwell
aailai as reducing a laailagent.
ai substantiate
a laailai this saslaailai
daadsasa a s a s
PaPdaadsolid (a) HCl
a s s
adaNaH. Give
PaPd(b)
a s s
dadareason. Padada
PaPyour
a statement
a sa s
PaPdad with suitable
a sa s
PaPdad examples.
a s s
ada MQP-2018]
PaPd[Govt. PaPdad
aa
P P
Ans. (a) At room temperature, HCl is a calourless gas Ans. Hydrogen peroxide can act both as an oxidizing
w
and the solution iofi HCl in water is called i i agent and ia ireducing agent. Oxidation is usually
alailai l a il a i
ashydrochloric l a l a
asaand it is inaliquid l a i
l a
asa state. i l
asaa la performed l a
asa in acidic amedium
la l a il a i
asa while athe aslaa ilai
reduction aslaailai
daadsasa dad
PaP(b)
a s a a d
aPad aacid
sa d
a ad
sa d a
ad
PaPand
sa d a sa
PaPad are performed d sa
PaPad in basicPmedium d
aPad
sa d
PaPad
a sa
P SodiumPhydride NaH is P anPionic compound reactions
it is made of sodium cations (Na+) and hydride In acidic conditions :
alailai i i i i a+i i –
slala+2e d → i i aslaailaV) i i
–
saas(Hlala) anion. It has saaslthealaoctahedral sacrystal
aslala structure.
i i i i 0 i
daadsasa d a
d
a
d a
d
a
d a
d
a
d a
d saaslala H2Od2ad+saa2H
a
a
d saaslaa2laH2O (E d=ads+1.77 a d a
d saaslaala
P PaPa It is an alkali PaPa metal hydride. PaPa PaPa PaPexample
For a PaPa PaPa PaPa
2FeSO4 + H2SO4 + H2O2  → Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
aStd
iai
s laalChapter
ilai
alaaHydrogen
04 s➠ i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 111 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
In basic conditions : Isotopes of
–  Symbol Atomic No. Mass.No
HO2– +aiOH → Oa2i+iH2O + 2e– (Ea0i =i + 0.08 V) ai i Hydrogen
alailai lalai l a
adaExample, adaadsaasal
a l a
adsaasal
l a
adsaasal
la i
l
asa or ai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a
PP For
d
a
s s
PP PPa d
a PPa d
a P d
(i)aPad
as
Protium
a d a
d1
a aH
s
a d
P1aPad
a s
a d
1 PaPad
a s
a
P 2KMnO4(aq) + 3H2O2(aq) hydrogen P P 1
(ii) Deuterium 2
1H 1 2
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala lailai i i
sa3aslaala lailai i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa d a d a d a da saasa
(iii)dadTritium d aH 1 dadsaasa 3 d a
P PaP2MnO
a d
2 + 2KOH
PaPa+ 2H2O + 3O
d aPa
P2(g) d PaPa d PaPa PaPa1 d PP aa PaPa d
33. Give the uses of heavy water.
29. Do you think that heavy water can be used for [Govt. MQP-2018; QY-2018 & 19]
alailai laailai purposessa?slaailai laailai laailai laailai laailai laailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa ddrinking
a saas d a a d a sa as d a saas Ans. (i) dHeavy
a s a as water is
d a saa
useds as moderator
d a saasin nuclear d a sa
ad The chemical
PaP(i) PaPadreactions shown PaPaby d
water andPheavy
aPad d
PaPareactors a ad ad
PaPenergies PaPad
P Ans. as P
it Pcan lower the of fast
water are nearly identical. moving neutrons.
alailai (ii) aHowever,
i due to differences
i in masses i of hydrogen i aslaaisilaicommonly laailai as a tracer ilai study i i
saaslala (ii) dD
i i i i
daadsasa d a
a
saslala d a
a
saaslala d a
a
saaslala d a
a
a s2aO d a saasused d a saaslaato d a saaslaala
P PaPa and deuterium,
d PaPa such reactions
d PaPa occur at different
d PaPa d d
PaPaorganic reaction d
PaPa mechanismsPaP andd
a mechanisms PaPa d
s.
rates. of metabolic reactions.
(iii) The rates of reactions involving D O are slower i i (iii) It is also used as a coolant in nuclear reactors as
alailai a laailai those involving
than a laailaiH O. saslaa2ilai aslaala aslaailai the heart laailai
agenerated. aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
ad
PaP(iv)
sa s d
aPad a sa s 2 d ad a
PaPacatalysed PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
it
a sabsorbs
a d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P If D2O isP consumed, the enzyme biochemical A Deuterium D2
reactions will occur slower than their optimum
Bai Heavy water ai i D2O ai i
alailai a laailai
rate. a laailai a laailai a laailai a lalai a lala saaslala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaP(v)
a sa s
a The enzymes
d d a sa s
PaPamay then lose
d PaP d a
their
sa s
a ability to catalyse
d PaPa d a
d sa s
PaPad a
d s a Cs Propane
PaPad adsa s C dHa
d
PaP3a 6 PaPad a
d
P
a biochemical reaction. D Deuteron propane C3D6
alailai
(vi) Thus i
laalai
asbiological
heavy water
aslaaandiwill
lai hence a
o
interfere andi disturb
i
laalasuitable
asnot
the ilai Explain
aslaa34. laailaexchange
asthe i aslaailai of deuterium.
reactions aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
PaPad drinkingPpurposes.
process
d
aPad a sa
PaPadd itsis
a
PaPaddfor
a sa d
PaPad
a s a d a sa
PaPad [QY-2018 d a sa
ad19; Sep-2020] d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
PaP&
ab
P
Ans. Deuterium can replace reversibly hydrogen in
30. What is water-gas shift reaction? [GMQP-2018] compounds either partiallyaor completely depending
alailai Ans. The a laailai monoxide
carbon a aailawater
lof i gas canabe laailaconverted
i to a laailai a laailai a lailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d ads
PaPcarbon
a a s d
PaPby
a
d sa s
a mixing thePgas d adsa s
aPamixture withPamore d a
d sa s upon
PaPad the
a
d s a sreaction conditions.
d
aPa adsa s
aad a
d PaPad a
d
P dioxide Pa CH4 +P2D → CDP4 P+ 2H2
2
steam at 400°C and passing over a shift converter 2NH3 + 3D2  → 2ND3 + 3H2
ur
containing iron/copperlacatalyst. This reaction is called lailai

alailai l
asa a ila i asa il ai l
asa a i
l a i asa35. How ado l a
asyou i l a i
a convert asailaihydrogen
l
paraa laailaiortho saslaailai
ainto
daadsasa d
PaPadas
a swater-gas
a shift
d
PaPad
a s
reaction.
a
PaPadd a sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
s a d a sa
PaPad [HY-2018; PaP d
ada sa s
PaPdad
aa
P hydrogen? Sep-2020 & 2021]
CO + H2O  → CO2 + H2↑
Ans. Conversion of para into ortho hydrogen :
.s
31. Justify ithei position of hydrogen in the periodic table ? i i (i) By treatment with catalystilai like Pt oraFe.
alailai a
saaslala resembles a i
saaslalkali
i
ala metals a i
aslathe i
la following a
saaslala (ii) dBy ai i
slala an electric
saapassing saaslaadischarge
i i
saslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa Ans. dHydrogen
ad
PaPaspects.
a PaPad a
d PaPa d adsain
PaPa d a
d PaPa
a
d PaPad ad PaPad a
d PaPad a
d
P
(iii) By heating to 800°C or more.
(i) Electronic configuration 1s1 as alkali metals have
w
(iv) By mixing with paramagnetic molecules like

alailai a laail–1a.i
ns a laailai a laailai a laailai O laailaiNO .
,asNO, aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
PaP(ii)
a s
ad Hydrogen d a
PaPforms
sa s
ad unipositive d a sa +s
PaPadH ion likePalkali d
aPada sa s d
PaPaBy
a
d s2a 2 d a sa
aPadnascent hydrogen d a sa
PaPad or atomic d
PaPad
a sa
P
+ +
(v) mixing P with
metals Na , K hydrogen.
w
(iii) Hydrogen forms halides (HX), oxides (H2O), i i

alailai a
lalai
saasperoxides
i a i
saa2s)lalike
i
la alkali metals a i
saasla(NaX,
la i la Mention
saasla36.
a aailaiuses of deuterium.
saaslthe
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d ad
PaPa Na O ) PaPa
(H
d a
d
2
O
PaPa d ad Na
PaPa d
2
O,
a
d d a
d
PaPaIt is used as tracers
Ans. (i)
d ad
PaPa in the study d a
d
PaPofamechanismPofaPa d a
d
P
2 2
chemical reactions.
w
(iv) Hydrogen also acts as reducing agent like alkali

(ii) Highlaispeed deuterons are used inlaiartificial
alailai i
asmetals.
laalai aslaalaii i
aslaalai i
aslaalai asalai aslaailai asalai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
ad are isotopes?
PaPWhat d a sa
PaPad Write the d ad
PaPanames
sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a s
radioactivity.
a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s a
P 32. of isotopes (iii) Deuterium is mainly used in the preparation of
of hydrogen. heavy water (D2O). Which is employed as moderator
Ans. Isotopes ilai: Atoms ofathe ilasame elementlaihaving same lailai
alailai a l a l a i a l a i a aslaailai reactorato
insnuclear laailai down thesspeed
saasslow aslaailaiof fast asaaslaailai
daadsasa PaPad a
atomic
d
a
sas number but
PaPad a
d
a
sadifferent
s mass
PaPa d adsas
number
a
arePaPa d a
called
d sas a d a
d a
PaPamoving neutrons. PaPad d PaPad a
d a
PaPdad
P
isotopes.

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 112 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laaStd
ilai
alaaHydrogen i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d
P
37. Explain preparation of hydrogen using electrolysis. (ii) Deuterium (A) undergoes addition reaction with
[HY-2018] propene
i (C) to give propane deuteridei (D).
alailai Ans. dHydrogen
a laailai is obtained a laabyilaelectrolysis
i a laailwater
of ai aslaailai aslaalai iaslaalai aslaalai aslaailai
daadsasa ad
PaP(i)
a sa s d a sa s
PaPa:dWater containing d a sa s
PaPad traces of P d
aPada sa a
PaPaCH
d s
d 3CH = CH
a 2P
Pa d a
ad
s
a→ CH3 − CHD a s
PaPad− CH 2 D PaPad
d a d a s
a
P Electrolyte acid or (C) (D)
alkali or the electrolysis of aqueous solution of
A D2 laiai Deuterium
saassodium
laailai hydroxide saaslaalor
alailai iai potassiumahydroxide.
i i i i ai i i i i i
saslaala saaslaala sa al slala water d saaslaala saaslaala
m
a
daadsasa d
PaP(ii)
a
d
a Anode :PNickel d
aPa a
d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a d P Dd2aOs
Badaa d
PaPa
a
d s
a Heavy PaPaoradeuterium
d d
PaPa
a
d
P P oxide
(iii) Cathode : Iron
C CH3–CH = CH2 Propene
aslaail ai → H2Osa+slaa½O
(iv)aAt – ilai + 2e– alailai
alailai laailaanode
i : 2OH laailai ai i
slala deuteridealailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d a sa s d a sa d a a 2
asasa D da
CHsaa3s–CHD–CH a
2da aPropane
D s dasasa a s
a
P ad At cathode
PaP(v) PaPa:d2H2O + 2eP – a
Pad→ 2OH– P Hda2 d
+aP PaPad PaPad PaPad d
PaPad
40. NH3 has exceptionally high melting point and boiling
(vi) Overall reaction : H2O  → H2 + ½O2 point as compared to those of the hydrides of the
alailai a l
38. dAagroup-1
a ilai
metal (A) l a ilai
sas which is present
a l a ilai
sas in common
a a l a ilai remaining iai
saaslaalelement aslaailai15 - Explain.
of sgroup saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPsalt
sas a
a reacts with d
PaP(B)
ad
a
a to give compound PaPad ad
a d
aPa a
d sas a
PaPad ad PaPa d ad a
PaPad a
d
[GMQP-2018; PaPa
QY-2019] d a
d
P (C) inPwhich
s.
hydrogen is present in –1 oxidation state. (B) on Ans. NH 3 has higher boiling and melting point compared
reaction with a gas (C) to give universal solvent (D). to all otheri hydrides of group 15 elementsi due to
alailai a i
laalai a i
laalai a i
laalai a i
laalai intermolecular a laalai hydrogen a laailai
bonding. a laalai aslaailai
daadsasa The
d a sa scompound
PaPaadstrong base. d (D)
ada
PaPIdentify
sa on
s reacts with
d
aPad a sa(A)
s to give
PaPad
(E),
d a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s
PaPadd a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s
Pa add a sa
ok
P A, B,PC, D and E. Explain 41. Why interstitial hydrides have a lower density thanP
the reactions. the parent metal.
alailai a
slala
i
Ans. (i)saMetallic i sodium saasla(A)
a i la reacts with
i a i
saaslhydrogen
ala i a i
(B)saslaAns. i
la (i) d-block i i
saaslaala elements aslaailaimetallicaor
saform aailai
saaslinterstitial
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d a
PaPa to give sodium d ad
PaPa hydrideP(C). d
aPa ad PaPa d a
d a d ad
PaPahydrides, onPaPheating daad d d
with Pdihydrogen
aPa under
PaPa d a
d
P
2 Na + H 2  → 2 NaH pressure.
alailai i
laalai
( A ) ( B)
i
laalai
o
(C)
laailai laailai
(ii) Hydrogen ilai atoms being
laain
small in size occupy
laailai producing ilai some
laadistortion aslaailai
daadsasa (ii)
d a saasHydrogen dreacts
a saa s with a gas
d a saa
(oxygen)
s to give
d a saas dspace
a saas the metallic
d a saaslattice d a saa s d a sa
PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad d aPad in its type PaPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPawithout
ab
P water (D). any P change
2H 2 + O 2  → 2H 2 O (iii) The densities of these hydrides are lower then
thoselaof i metals from which i i they are formed ai i since salaailai
alailai a
saaslala
i i ( B ) a
saaslala
i i ( D ) a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i i
sala lattice
saacrystal saaslaala due todthe slala
saainclusion
daadsasa d a
d
PaP(iii) Water
a d ad
PaPawith sodium toPgive d ad
aPa sodium hydroxide PaPa d a
d PaPadthe
ad PaPa d aexpands
d PaPa
a
d a as
PofaPdad
P reacts
dihydrogen.
(E) and hydrogen (B).
ur
42. How do you expect the metallic hydrides to be useful

alailai a laailai 2H 2 O+ 2sNa a laailai → 2 NaOHa+la Hila2i a laailai for hydrogen aslaailai storagea?saaslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa s ( D ) d a
PaPad( A )
a s (d
PaPadE a
)
sa s a
( B ) d a sa s
PaPad Ans. InPametallic d a sa d d a sa d a sa
P Pad hydrides, ad
PaPhydrogen PaPad as H-atoms.
is absorbed PaPad
A Na Sodium Due to the absorption of H atoms the metal lattice
.s
alailai a laaBilai H2 a Hydrogen

laailai a laailai a laailai expands a
and
laailaibecome unstable.a laailai Thus, when a laailmetallic
ai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPad a
d sa s C NaH
PaPad ad sa s
Sodium hydride
PaPad ad sa s
PaPa d a
d sa s hydride
d ads
PaPfinely
a a is
s heated, it
aPad ads
decomposes
a s to d a
d s
forma s
PaPa evolved can
hydrogen
PaPa d a
d
P
D H2O Water and dividedP metal. The hydrogen
be used as fuel.
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Ei NaOH Sodium hydroxide i

alailai l
asa a l ai asal a i l a i l
asa a l a i a i i
asa43. Arrange
l l a laaila3i, H2O andsHF
asNH ilaithe order ofalincreasing
aslaain aailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
ad isotope of hydrogen d a sa
PaPad (A) reacts d a sa d a sa d a sa d a a d a sa s d a sa
P PaPAn
39. Paddiatomic molecule
Pawith PaPad PaPad
magnitude PaPad bonding
of hydrogen PaP ad explain the
and PaPad
of element which occupies group number 16 and period basis for your arrangement.
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alailai numbera laaila2i to give compound a laailai (B) is used a aailaaimoderatorsalaailai (i) The
las Ans.
a
order
laailai of increasing a laailamagnitude
i of H-bonding
aslaailai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPain
d a
d sa s
nuclear reaction.
PaPad ad sa s
(A) adds on
PaPadtoad s
aa s
compound PaPa
a
(C),
d d a s dis,
adsaNH
s 3
<
PaPaStrength of HPbond
H 2
OaPa<
d aHF
dsa s d a
d sa
PaPathe atomic size PaPa d a
d
P (ii) depends upon
which has the molecular formula C3H6 to give (D).
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and electronegativity of the other atom to which

Identify A, B, C and D.i i
alailai l
asa a il a i asal a l a l
asa a il a i l
asaa i la i H atom
aslaailais
i covalently aslaabonded.
ilai Smalleraslaailsize
ai and saslaailai
daadsasa PaP(i)
Ans. d a sa
ad Isotope P d a s
ofaPhydrogen
ad a reacts d
PaPwith
a sa
ad oxygen P d a
toaPgive
ad
sa d a sa
PaPahigher
d d a s
electronegativity
PaPad
a favour d a sa
PaPHadbonding. PaPdad
aa
P
heavy water (B). (iii) Among N, F and O the order of electronegativity
2D 2 + lO is F > iO i> N.
alailai a laailai a aai2la i → 2D 2 O laiai
a l a laailai (iv) Hence saaslaalaHF willdahave
ilai
saaslaahighest
i i
saaslaala of H dadsaaslaala
i i
daadsasa d a
d sa s d( Aa)
d sa s d( B
ad)sa s a d a
d sa s d ad d magnitude
d a
d
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPabonding. PaPa PaPa PaPa

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai XIla
aStd
iai
s laalChapter
ilai
alaaHydrogen
04 s➠ i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 113 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
44. Compare the structures of H2O and H2O2.
Ans.
s a laailai s laailai
aStructure s aslaaHilaOi
s aslaailai saslaailai Structure
s aslaailaiof H Oasaaslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai
daada s d a a s d a of
a d a a d a a d a a 2da2d d a a d a a
P PaPad PaPad 2
PaPad PaPad PaPad PaP PaPad PaPad
H2O has a bent structure H2O2 has a open book like structure.
The HOH bond angle is 104.5° The H–O–O bond angle is i94.8° and the dihedral angle 111.5° iinigas phase.
alailai laailai laailai laailai laalai laailai saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
a a a a a
daadsasa d
PaPa
It
a
d s
is
a s
a polar d
PaPa d s
molecule.
a a s Hd
PaPa2
a
ds
Oa2
s
has a non polar
d
PaPa
a
d s
a s
structure d
PaPa
a
d s
a s d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d
P O 95.7 pm
H
104.5º H i H i i
alailai H alailai H aslaailaHi l i
aal94.8°
a laala101.9° aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
a a
daadsasa d
PaPad
asasa (a) d
PaPad
a s
a (b) adad
P Pa
sa
0.95 s
Å 111.5° a
d
PaPad
sa
0.98 s
Å d a
ad
PaP90.2°
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P H2O molecule
1.47 Å 1.46 Å
H
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala a laailai a laailai H i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d s
a s
In Gas Phase
PaPad a
d s
a s In Solid d
PaPa
a
Phase
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
s.
alailai
daadsasa d a s
a aslaailai Government
d a s
a aslaailai
d a s
a aslaailExam
ai
d a Questions
s
a aslaailai
d a s
a aslaaand
ilai Answers
d a s
a aslaailai
da s
a aslaailai
da s
a aslaailai
PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
ok
P
Choose the Correct Answer 1 MARK What is para hydrogen?
3. [QY-2018 & 19]
alailai ilai aslaailai by asaa[Govt. ai i i i Hydrogen

Ans. molecule in which
aslaailai ai i protons sinalthe
ai inuclei ai i
daadsasa 1. dIonic
a
d saaslaahydrides are
d a
dsaformed d d slala MQP-2018] d a
d saaslaala of bothd a
d saH-atoms spind a
in
d slala direction
saaopposite d a
d a saislatermed dadsaaslala
P PaP(a)
a
halogens
PaPa PaPa
(b) chalcogens
as para hydrogen.
alailai
(c) alkalimetals
laailai laailai [Ans. s(c)
o
(d) inert gases
ilai
aslaaalkalimetals]
4. How doeslairon
aslaailai asailai
react withlasteam?
asailai
[HY-2018]
aslaailai aslaailai
a a
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a a d a sa
PaPad Ans. Steam d a sa
PaPadpassed overPred d a
aPahot
sa
d iron results d
PaPin
a sa
adthe formation d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
2. Volume strength of 0.5N H2O2 is [Govt. MQP-2018] of iron oxide with the release of hydrogen.
(a) 2.8i i (b) 8.4 i i (c) 5.6 (d) 16.8 i i 3Fe + 4H Oi i → Fe3Ola4 il+aiH2
ilai
saaslaa[Ans. (a) 2.8]saaslaala saasl2aala saasa
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d a
d
PaPais tritium prepared?
PaPad a
d d a
d
PaPa [Mar-2019] PaPad a
d
P 5. How
3. Intra molecular hydrogen bonding is present in:
ur
[Sep-2020] Ans. (i) By bombarding lithium with slow neutrons

alailai (a) l a i
l a
asaaOrtho-nitro
i
phenol l ail ai
asaasa (b) ICEasaasa
l a il ai l
asaasal
a iai
(ii) 3aLi
i i
saa6sl+aal0an1 →asa1aTsl3aa+
ilai 4
2He asaasal
laiai
asaasal
laiai
daadsasa PaPd(c)
ad
sa
PaPdad adad adad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
P Water (d)PHydrogen
P PP
fluoride What is syn gas? How it is prepared? [June-2019]
6.
[Ans. (a) Ortho-nitro phenol]
.s
Ans. The mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen

laailai 4. Tritium laailaisi a ______ laailai laailai [Aug-'22]saslaailai laailai laailai laailai laiai
a
dadas as d a
d s
a as d a
d s
aaemitter.
s d a
d s
a as dad a (CO+H
d a
d s
a2
a
)s is known as
d ads
a a
water
s gas. This
da dsaasalso
is called dadsaasal
P PaPa)
a α PaPa a
b) PβPa PaPa PaPa (Synthetic
syngas PaP a
gas) as it is used PaPin
a
the synthesis PaPa
c) γ d) None of these of organic compounds such as methanol and simple
w
ai i ai i a i i a[Ans.
i i (b) β ] a i i hydrocarbons. i i i i i i i i
da asasal l a sasal l a l
sasa l a sasal l a sasal l a saslaala saslaala saslaala saslaala
Pad Paadada a adada adada adaada aa
PaPdad C + H P
ada
aPda1000 PaPdaada aa
PaPdad
APnswer the QP
P uestions P Pa PP
2 MARKS 2 O  
°C
→ CO +

H2
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1. What isi meant by intramolecular hydrogen bond? water gas/Syngas

alailai Give
aalai
saaslone example.
i i
saaslaala ai i
slala MQP-2018]
saa[Govt.
ilai
saaslaa7. aailai
saaslexample aslaailai ilai
saaslaacovalent
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
Pa a
a
d d a
d
Pahydrogen
a d ad
PaPa those whichPoccur d
aPa a
d Gived
PaPa an
a
d for
d
PaPa
adsIonic
a hydride
PaPa d aand
d d
PaPa
a
d
P Ans.PIntramolecular P bonds are hydride. [Aug-'22]
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within one single molecule. This occurs between two

Ans. Ionic Hydride : These are salt-like, high-melting,
alailai aslaailai groupsawithin
functional aslaailaai molecule. aslaailai aslaailai whiteacrystalline
aslaailai solidsashaving
aslaailai hydrideaions ilai
aslaa(H −) and asaasal
laiai
daadsasa d a sa
ad ortho-nitrophenol
PaPEg: d sa
PaPad and salicylaldehyde.d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
sa d
PaPad
a
PaPadd sa d
PaPad
P
metal cations (Mn+).
2. What is ortho hydrogen? [QY-2018 & 19]
Covalent Hydride : The most common examples of
alailai Ans. Hydrogen
a la ila i molecule in
a l ai
which
l a i protons a in
l ailthe
a i nuclei of alaailai
covalent ai i
saahydrides
i i
saaslaala are methane,
slala of non-metals
ilai
saaslaaammonia,
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d
PaPboth
sas a
a H-atomsPare d a
d sas a
aPaknown to spin d
PaPin
adsas a
a same direction d a
d
PaPais
sas d a
d
PaPa and hydrogen d ad
PaPchloride.
a PaPa d ad d
PaPa
a
d
P water
termed as ortho hydrogen.

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 114 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laaStd
ilai
alaaHydrogen i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d
P
Answer the Questions 3 MARKS If it is stored in glass container, it dissolves the
alkali metals from the glass, which catalyzes the
alailai 1. dCalciuma laailai Hydroxide a ilai
laacannot be used
a laailatoi
remove a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai aslaailai
daadsasa a
ad
sa s
PaPpermanent d a sa s
PaPad of water. d a
ad
PaPwhy?
sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a s
disproportionation
a s d
PaPad
a s
reaction.
a s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa
P hardness [QY-2018] For this reason, H O solutions are stored in plastic
2 2
Ans. MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2   → Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2 bottles.
alailai i i
saaslaala of permanent
i i
saaslaalahardnessdameans
i i
saaslaala(Mg & dCa)
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaalaH2O2   aslaaiH
sa→ laiO + ½Oasaslaailai i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa Removal
d ad d a
d d ad d ad d ad 2 d 2
d a d a
d
chlorides and sulphates are converted to insoluble
carbonates but we can use Ca(OH)2 means formed 5. Write the laboratory method of preparation of
alailai aslaailchlorides
ai laailainot form insoluble
aslaailai carbonates aslaailai hydrogen. aslaailai aslaailai ilai
aslaa[Sep-2020] aslaailai
co
calcium only asdoes
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
PaPad Ans. HPydrogen d
aPada sa d a
PaPaindsa d
Paby
adsa d
a ada sa
P is prepared laboratory Pathe reactionPofP
2. Explain the types of hydrogen bonding with an
metals, such as zinc, iron, tin with dilute acid. Zn + 2
example. [QY-2018;
ilai HY-2018] alailai HCl → ZnCl
alailai a l a ilai a l ailai a l a i i
saaslaala2 + H2 ↑dadsaaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa Ans.
PaPaThere
d ad
a
sas are two types
PaPad a
d saof a
s Hydrogenda
PaPa dsas
bonding a
PaPad adsas a
PaPad ad PaPa d
PaPa
ad PaPad a
d
P
s.
(i) Intramolecular hydrogen bonding
Answer All the Questions 5 MARKS
(ii) Intermolecular hydrogen bonding
alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai ilai
aslaa1. What
ilai
aslaahydrides?
are aslaailathe
Write
i
different
ilai
aslaatypes of aslaailai
daadsasa a sa
PaPIntramolecular
d
ad PaP
a sa
hydrogen
d
ad bonds PaPare
d a sa
adthose whichPoccur d
aPada sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P
within a single molecule. hydrides with an example for each. [HY-2019]
Example: Ans. Hydrides :i The dihydrogeni combines withi number
alailai a laailai Ortho nitrophenol,
a laailai Salicilaldehyde
a laailai a laailai i
saaslaalato form dHydrides.
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
a adsa s
PaPIntermolecular d
a a
d sa
PaPhydrogen
s
bonds a sa s
PaPaoccur between
d d PaPtwo
daadsa s of elements
PaPad ad PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad PaPad a
d
P
separate molecules. For example, intermolecular hydrogen Ionic (Saline) hydrides : These are hydrides composed of
alailai
bonds can
a laailai
occur between iammonia
a laalai
o
molecule
a laailai
themselves i i an electropositive
aslaala aslaailai
metal, generally,
aslaailai
an alkali oraialkaline-
aslalai aslaailai
daadsasa oradbetween
d sa s waterd
aPadamolecules
sa s themselves
d
PaPad
a sa s or between
d
PaPad
a sa earthd adsa
PaPametal, except d a sa
Paberyllium
a
and magnesium,
d sa formed d a sa
Pad PaPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPammonia
a
ab
P andPwater.
by transfer of electrons from metal to hydrogen atoms.
3. Writelashort i i notes on Metallic Hydrides. i i Ex: LiH,alCaH i i .
alailai saasala
i i
saaslaala(or) dadsaaslaala
i i
saaslaala sasaala 2
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPad ad PaPad a
d PaPa PaPad a
d d a
Covalent
PaPa (Molecular)
d d a
PaPaHydrides: They
d d ad
PaPaare compounds PaPad a
d
P
Write notes on Interstitial Hydrides. [QY-2019] in which hydrogen is attached to another element by
ur
Ans. Metallic (Interstitial) Hydrides: Metallic hydrides

alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaalai sharing
i aof
laaelectrons.
ilai Theaslaamost
ilai common aslaaexamples
ilai aslaailai
daadsasa a sa
PaPusually
d
ad obtainedPaPby
a sa
adhydrogenation
d a sa
PaPaofd metals andPalloys
d d
aPada sa d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa
P of Pad
Pacovalent PaPaofd non-metals
hydrides PaP ad as methane,
such PaPad
in which hydrogen occupies the interstitial sites (voids).
ammonia, water and hydrogen chloride. Molecular
.s
Hence, they are called interstitial hydrides. These hydrides i i

alailai a i i
saaslaproperties
la a i i
saaslalato parent a i i
saaslala and hence saaslala hydrides
a aailahydrogen
saaslof
i are ilai dividedalainto
saaslaafurther
i i
sasala three dadsaaslaala
i i
daadsasa PaPa
show
d ad PaPadsimilar
a
d PaPad ametals
d PaPad a
d PaPad ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad PaPa
P
they are also known as metallic hydrides. Most of the categories.
Ex: electron precise (CH4, C2H6, SiH4, GeH4), electron-
w
hydrides are non-stoichiometric with variable composition

alailai (TiH l a il ai
asa and PdH l a il a i
asa ), some are l a il ai
arelatively light, l
asa a il a i
deficient laailH
a(B aslaailai hydrides
ai ) and electron-rich laaila,i H O). saslaailai
a(NH
daadsasa d
ada sa 1.5-1.8
PaPinexpensive d
ada sa
0.6-0.8
PaPthermally d a sa s a
PaPadwhich makes PaP d a
ad
sa d a sa s 2 6
PaPad (Interstitial) d a sa
PaPadHydrides:PMetallic d
aPada sa s 3 2
PaPdad
aa
P and unstable them Metallic hydrides
w
useful for hydrogen storage applications. usually obtained by hydrogenation of metals and alloys
alailai a l a ilai a l a ilai a l a ilai a l a ilai ai i
slala
saahydrogen
ilai
saaslaathe aslaaila(voids).
i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa 4. adWhy
a ad
P Pcontainers,
a
sas hydrogendadsperoxide
PaPin
a a s a is
PaPadstored
ad
a
sas in plastic
PaPad a
d sas a in which
PaPad ad occupies
d
PaPa
ad interstitial
d
PaPa
adsasites
PaPad a
d
P not glass container? [June-2019] Ex: non-stoichiometric with variable composition
w
Ans. � The aqueous solution spontaneously (TiH1.5-1.8 and PdH0.6-0.8), some are relatively light,
alailai a l a il a i
disproportionate to
a l a i
give
l a i oxygen and
a l ilai
aawater. a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPa
a sa s a
dThe reaction PaPad a sa s a
is,d however, Pslow
d a sa s
aPad but is explosive d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a s
inexpensive
a s and thermally
d
PaPad
a sa sunstable which
d
PaPad
a sa s
makes them d
PaPad
a s a
P
when catalyzed by metal. useful for hydrogen storage applications.
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
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alailai XIla
aStd
iai
s laalChapter
ilai
alaaHydrogen
04 s➠ i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 115 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
10. Hydrogen is used in _______
alailai
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
a laailai a laailai a laailai a
(a) hydrogenation
laailai (b) fuelsacellslaailai
of oils i
aslaa lai gas bagsasfor ilai
aslaaair aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s d a a s d a sa (c) d a ships d a sa
P PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad adthe abovePaPad
PaPall
(d)
aPad
[Ans.P(d) all the above] PaPad
Additional Choose the Correct
11. FeSO4 contains ________ molecules of water of
alailai Answer a ilai a ilai a il1 i MARK alaailai hydration. i i i i i i i i
l l l a saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
m
a a a
daadsasa d
Pa a
a
d sas a d
PaPa
adsas a
Pa a d a
d sas a d a
d
PaPa is
sas d
PaP5a
(a)
ad (b) P 7aPa
d a
d d ad
(c) 10 PaPa (d) 12 PaPa
d a
d
P 1. PThe most abundant elementPin the universe
[Ans. (b) 7]
________.
12. Match the list I with list II and select the correct
alailai i
laalai
(a)saaluminium i
aslaalai (b) mica i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d a a s
ad dihydrogen
PaP(c) d
PaPad
a sa d
aPad a s
(d)Pnitrogen
a d
PaPad
a sa answer
d
PaPad
a sa using the code
PaPadd a sagiven below d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
List I List II
[Ans. (c) dihydrogen]
A Protium 1 Radio active
alailai 2. The a lnumber
a ilai of neutrons
a l a ilai in hydrogen a l a ilai atom is alailai
B Tritum
a l a ilai i i
sa2slaalaAligneddnuclear
a i i
saaslaalaspins dadsaaslaala
i i
daadsasa d a sas
PaP________
a d
a d
PaPa
adsas a
PaPa d a
d sas a d
PaPa
a
d sas a d ad sas a
PaPaOrtho hydrogen d a
d
PaPa 3 Opposed
ad
PaPanuclear spins PaPa
P C
s.
(a) three (b) two (c) one (d) zero D Para hydrogen 4 No neutron
ai i [Ans. (d) zero]
alailai aslala i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai A aslaaBilai C Dasaslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
ada sa
3.PaP_________ d a
isPknown
sa
aPad as heavy d
ada sa
PaPhydrogen. d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
aPad1 3 2PaPa4d d a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P P
(a)
(a) protium (b) deuterium
(b) 4 1 2 3
(c) tritium (d) both a andi b
alailai a i i a i i a i a i i (c) 3 a i1 i 4 2 alailai i i i i
daadsasa a saaslala a saaslala [Ans.a slaladeuterium]
saa(b) a saaslala a saaslala a sasa a saaslaala a saaslaala
P
d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPa d d d
PaPa d (d)
PaPad d 2 1 4PaPa d3d [Ans.
PaPad d (b) 4 1 2 3]
PaPad d
4. The radioactive isotope used in illumination of 13. Which among the following statement/s given
o
wrist watches instead of radium is ________ below is/ are incorrect regarding hydrogen?
alailai (a) a laa3ilai (b) D
T 2 lailai (c)
a Ne 21ala(d) ilai
He 3 a laailai a laailai a laailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPad
sa 1s d
PaPad
a
1 sa s a 10 d a sa s
PaPad [Ans. (a)
a 2 d a
ad3
sa s 1. d It
ad sis
a sdiatomic in
d
ad
nature
a sa s d
aPada sa d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPT PaPaHas PaP
ab
1 ] electron in thePoutermost
P 2. only one shell
5. Deuterium consist of ________ 3. Very good oxidizing agent
saaslala 4. dDoes saaslaanot
ilai form hydrides
alailai saaslaala easily dadsaaslaala
(a)saone i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
slalaelectron,datwo saaslproton, three sneutron
a a
ala a
aslala a saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d
PaP(b)
a
a one electron, d
PaPaone proton, Pone d a
d a
aPaneutron PaPa d a
d (a)
PaP1,
a
a 2 & 3 PaPa
d d a
d (b) only PaP4a PaPad a
d
P
(c) two electron, one proton, one neutron (c) only 3 (d) only 2
ur
(d) three [Ans. (c)i only 3]

alailai a laailaielectron, stwo a laaproton,
ilai one neutron
a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laalai aslaailai
daadsasa
d
PaPad
a s
[Ans.
a s (b) one d
PaPad
a a s
electron, one proton,
PaPadd a sa s one neutron]
d
PaPad
a sa s 14. The d
PaPad
a s
conversion
a s of atomic
PaPadd a sa s hydrogen d
PaPad
to
a sadihydrogen
s d
PaPad
a sa
P is a ________ change.
6. The radioactive isotope of hydrogen is ________
(a) endothermic (b) exothermic
.s
(a) protium ilai (b) deuterium

alailai a l a ilai a l a a l a ilai a l a ilai (c) photochemical
a l a ilai a l a i i
sas la nuclear
(d) saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa (c)
d
PaPa
a
d s a
satritium d
PaPa
adsas a (d) nascent
PaPa d a
d
a
sas hydrogendadsas
PaPa
a d
PaPa
ad sas a
PaPa d a
d
a
[Ans. d
PaP(b)
ad
a exothermic] PaPad a
d
P [Ans. (c) tritium] 400C
15. CO(g) + H2O(g)  → CO2(g) + H2(g).
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7. The half life period of itritium is _______ X

‘X’ is _________
alailai (a)
i
laalai secs saslaalai (b) 12.33samins
a12.33 i
laalai i
aslaalai i
daadsasa d a sa s
ad 12.33 hrs
PaP(c) d
PaPad
a a d
aPad a a s d
a ad a sa (a) d a
ad
s
PaPNickel
a d a s
PaPad (b) IronPaPad
a d a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P (d)P12.33 years P P (c) Iron oxide (d) Vanadium penta oxide
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[Ans. (d) 12.33 years] [Ans. (c) Iron oxide]

alailai 8. Ammonia a l a il ai is l
manufactured
a a il a i by ________
a l a ilai
process. a l a ilai
16. Hydrogen a l a ilai
bomb is based
a l a ilai
on theas aslaailai of asaaslaailai
principle
daadsasa d a
d
PaP(a)
sas a
a Contact d
PaPa
adsas a
aPad a
d sas a d
PaPa
a
d sas a
PaPad ad sas a
PaPa d a
d sas a
PaPad d a
PaPdad
P (b)PBergius _________
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(c) Haber’s (d) none of the above (a) fission (b) fusion
alailai [Ans. (c) Haber’s] (c) both a and b (d) neither a norlab
alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaailai asailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
ada sa
9.PaP_______
s a d a sa
PaPad is / are Pused
torches d a sa
aPad in cutting d a
ad
PaPand
sa
d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa [Ans. (c)
d
PaPad
a s
both
a a and b] d
PaPad
a sa
P
17. Hydrogen can be obtained from water by reaction
welding of a steel.
with [NEET]
(a) Oxy ilaacetylene ilai (b) Oxy hydrogen
alailai a l a i a l a a l a ilai a l a ilai (a) metal a l a ilai
oxides a l a ilai non metal aoxides
(b) l
sas la a i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa (c)
d
PaPa
a
d saboth a
s a and b d
PaPa
adsas a (d) neither
PaPa d a
d
a
sasa nor b dadsas
PaPa
a d ad sas
PaPmetals
(c) a
a
PaPa d a
d sas a
(d) metal
d ad
PaPhydrides
a
a
PaPad a
d
P
[Ans. (c) both a and b]
[Ans. (c) metals]
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
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daadsasa d
PaPad
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PaPad
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a Full Bookd
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a s
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alailai XIla
aStd
iai
s laalChapter
ilai
alaaHydrogen
04 s➠ i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 121 i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
(ii) 29. (i) How do metallic hydrides differ from
Temporary Permanent molecular hydrides? i
alailai a ilai
laaHardness a laailai a laailai
Hardness a laailai (ii) What a laaido
l ai you mean i
laalahydride
asby gap?aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
d
PaPaThis
sa s d
aPada sa s
PaP d adsa s d
aPada sa s
PaPadd a sa s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P is due toPsoluble This isadue to solublePsalts Ans. (i)
bicarbonates of a Ca and in the form of Ca and Mg Metallic Hydrides Molecular Hydrides
alailai Mgalailai a i i sulphates and a chlorides.
ilai a ilai a ilai a ilai aslaailai i i
l l a l l l l saaslaala
m
daadsasa a sas a a a
sas a a a
sas a a a
sas a These a saare
as formed by
a a sas These dare
a a a saformed a
PaPadIt
d is easily removed
d
PaPa d by Removal
PaPad d of permanent
PaPad d d d
aPa elements d d
Pa(except d
PaPa elementsPaPa d d
P Pd-block Pa by p-block
boiling hardness is a tedious
group 7, 8, 9) (except group 18).
process and involves
alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai certain chemical i i
aslaalaimethods.asaaslaalai These are i ai
aslaalnon- i
aslaalaiThese are aslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa d
ada sa d a sa d a sa d d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
P PaPStatues
24. coated Padwhite leadPturn
Pawith aPad PaPad
black on exposure
aPad
Pstiochiometric PaPad
compounds. PaPad
stiochiometric PaPad
compounds.
to air. Its original colour is restored on treatment
alailai with aailaOi . Explain i i i i i i Usuallyalthey i i conduct heat i iThey do not conduct
i i i i
daadsasa d a
d saaslH 2 2
d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala and dadsasaala
electricity. d a
d saaslaala heat ordelectricity.
adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala
P PaPStatues
Ans. a PaPadue to the formation
turn black PaPa of lead sulphide.
s.
Hydrogen peroxide oxidises black coloured lead sulphide Eg: LaH 2.87 , NiH 0.6–0.7 ,etc. Eg: H 2O. H 2 S, etc.
alailai to white
aslaailacoloured
i lead aslaasulphate,
ilai therebyaslaailrestoring
ai the alailai aailai of group ilai ilai i
daadsasa a sa a sa a sa a sa s a (ii) The
a s
a aslmetals a saaslaa7, 8 and 9ado saaslaanot form asaasla alai
PaPcolour.
d
ad d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad d d
PaPahydrides dad region ofPaP
PaPthis d
ad d
tablePisaPa
d
ok
P and periodic
PbS + 4H2O2  → PbSO 4
+ 4H 2
O referred as hydride gap.
i 25. What are
i binary Hydrides? i Give examples.
i i
a
al la i a i
saaslalahydridedis a
lala i a
saaslalby
i
saasla30.
a i ai i
la Why aissahydrogen gas used i asi fuel?
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa Ans. A
d a
dbinary a
d saaascompound d a
formed
d
a
hydrogen
d a
d d d a slala d ad d a
d d a
d
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa Ans. Hydrogen
PaPa burns P
inaPair,
a virtually free PaPafrom pollution PaPa
with other electro positive elements including metals and produces significant amount of energy. This
alailai
and non-metals,
i
aslaalai i or MgH2.
e.g., LiH
aslaalai i
o
aslaalai aslaailai
reaction isaused
aslaila+i O
in fuel cells
as→
to generate electricity
laailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a s a s a s a s a2H
s a s 2H O +a energy
s a s
PaPWrite
ad short notes PaPaon d Ionic Hydrides PaPad and give suitable
26. d a d a d a d a d a d a d a d a
PaPad PaPad 2(g) PaPad PaPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
2(g) 2 (g)
ab
P
examples. 31. Why H2O2 is used as mild antiseptic?
Ans. Ionic (Saline) Hydrides: These are hydrides composed of Ans. The oxidising properly of i hydrogen peroxide and
alailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laalai a laailai
and dadsaasal
laiai
daadsasa dan
ads
PaPearth
a
electropositive
a s dmetal,
adsa s
PaPaberyllium and
generally, dan
a
d salkali
a s
Pamagnesium,
or alkaline-
d
PaPaby
a
d sa s harmless
d a
d sa s nature
PaPa leads to oxidation
of
PaPa
its
d adsproducts
a s suchd a
das
sa s water
PaPa in water and PaPa
P metal, except Pa formed oxygen of pollutants
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transferring of electrons from metal to hydrogen atoms. act as mild antiseptic.

alailai They a i i
asacan be prepared
l la ai i
asaby the reaction
l l a asof
l a i i a i
a elementsdaatsaasa32. Identify
l a l l a i laailafollowing
athe i laailai ionic or
assaacovalent, laailai
asinterstitial aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa
ad 400ºC. PThese
PaPabout d a sa
aPad are salt-like, d a
ad
sa
PaPhigh-melting, aPad d a sa s
PaPad CaH2, LaH d a s
PaPa2d, TiH2, NaH, d a sa
ad , NH PaPad
PaPGeH d a sa
P Pwhite, hydrides 2 3
crystalline solids having hydride ions (H–) and metal Ans. Covalent hydrides : GeH2, NH3
.s
alailai cationslaaila i +).

(Mn i i i i i i Ionic hydrides ilai : CaH i , NaH
i i i i i
daadsasa a saas a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala Interstitiala saaslaahydrides : a saaslaa2l,aLaH dadsaaslaala
TiH a saaslaala
P
d
PaPa d aPa+ H2 (g) P
2 LiP(s)d d → d
aPa2 LiH (s) PaPa
d d d PaPad d PaPa d d 2 2 a
P Pa PaPad d
2 Ca (s) + H2 (g)  → 2 CaH2 (s) 33. Write note about gas hydrates.
w
27. Write Ans. Gas hydrates are a kind of inclusion compounds

alailai a laadown
ilai the possible a laailai applications a laailaofi H2O2 onsaslaailai a laailai a laailai laailai
athe aslaailai
daadsasa a
PaPthe
d sa s
ad basis of its d a
ad
sa s
PaPoxidising property.
d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a a whered a sagas
s
PaPad having voids
molecules d a saare
s
PaPadof right size,
trapped din
a
d sa
PaPawithout
s crystal d
PaPad
as a
P lattice being
Ans. (i) Due to its oxidising property, it is used as a
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chemically bonded. An interesting hydrate is that of

valuable bleaching agent, powerfulaibut harmless ai i
alailai a
lalai i
saasdisinfectant a i i
saaslgermicide.
ala saaslala
i
saaslala the hydronium
i i
saaslaala ion (H 3aO) laailthe
saasin ai gas phase. saasla
i
Similar
alai to dasaaslaalai
i
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad PaPad and
ad PaPad a
d PaPad a
d d
methane
a
d
PaPa hydrate.PEach d d
aPa water molecule d a
d
PaPa is bondedPtoaPa d
P
(ii) Delicate materials like silk, wood, hair can be three others in the dodecahedron.
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bleached with H2O2.

34. Give the ladvantage of future fuel-hydrogen.
alailai a laailai laailai
asreaction aslaaila i aslaailai asaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa 28.adWhat
P Pad
a sa s is the nuclear
d
Pa ad
a sa that
d
PaPad
a take
sa place in the
d
PaPad
a sa Ans. d
PaPad
a
Hydrogen sa is considered
PaPadd a sa as a potentiald
PaPad
a s
candidate
a for d
PaPad
a s a
P sun and other P stars? this purpose as it is a clean burning fuel. Hydrogen
Ans. The sun and the other stars are composed mainly of can directly be used as a fuel and can replace existing
alailai 85 –a l a
95%
ilai
hydrogen a l a
which
ilai
generates a l a
their
ilai
energy by a l a ilai
gasoline aailai
saasl(petrol) diesel/Kerosene
i i
saaslaala powered
i i
saaslaalaengines dadsaaslaala
i i
daadsasa d adsas
PaPnuclear
a
a
Paofd adsas a d a
d sas a
PaPainto helium.PaPa d a
d sas a d a
d
PaPaindirectly bePused d ad
aPa with oxygen d a
d
PaPain fuel cells PtoaPa
P fusion Pahydrogen nuclei and
generate electricity.
d
PaPad
a s
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a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
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PaPad
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a Full Bookd
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PaPad
a s
a or d
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alailai 122 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laaStd
ilai
alaaHydrogen i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d
P
35. What are ternary Hydrides? Give examples. Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bond
Ans. Ternaryi hydrides are compounds in whichithe molecule i H H
O
alailai is a laalai by hydrogen
constituted a laailai and two typesa laalaofi elements,saslaalai a laailaOi O a laailai C = H saslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa s
ad LiB or P
PaPe.g., d
aPada sa s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a sa s d a
PNaP=aOd
sa s d
PaPOad
a a d
PaPad
a sa
P LiA1H .
4 4
36. Write a note about saline (or) ionic hydride.
alailai Ans. Ionic aailai
saaslhydrides
i i
saaslaalaof an electro
composed aailai metal,salaailai
saaslpositive aslaailai ilai
saaslaaSalicilaldehyde
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
m
daadsasa d ad d a
d d a
d d a
d a s d a
d saOrtho-Nitrophenol d ad d a
d d a
d
P PaPgenerally
a aPa or alkaline
an Palkali PaPearth
a PaPa
metal (except PaPaAn intra molecular
(ii) PaPa hydrogen PaPbond
a PaPa
joins the
beryllium and magnesium) formed by transferring of OH group to the doubly bonded oxygen atom
electrons from metal to hydrogen atoms. They can be laiai of athelaailacarboxyl group
alailai l a i
l ai la il a i l a i
l ai l i aslaailaon
i the samealaa molecule.
ilai aslaailai
co
asa asa asa asa
daadsasa d a
PaPadn+
s
prepared
a by the d
PaPad
s
reaction
a a of elements
d
PaPad
a sa at about 400°C.
d
PaPad
a s
a d a
PaPaEg.,
sa s
d SalicylicPaacid d a sa d a sa s d a sa
P Pad PaPad PaPad
(M ) H
O O
2Li(s)la+iaHi 2(g) → l2LiH
aiai (g) (Lithiumlahydride)
alailai saasal saasal saasal
iai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaaCla− OH dadsaaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa da
a (s) + H2(g)P
d
PaP2Ca d a
aPa→ 2CaH2(g)
d d a
d
PaP(Calcium
a d
hydride)
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d
PaPa
a
d
P
s.
37. Drawlathe structure of (i) Acetic acid (ii) Water laiai (iii) Salicylic
alailai asailai aslaailai aslaailai asal aslaailai acid actaassaaan ilai
laaanalgesic and laailai
aantipyretic. aslaailai
daadsasa Ans. d a sa
ad Acetic acid
PaP(i) d a
PaPa:d
sa d
PaPad
a s a d a sa
PaPad 40. What d a sa
PaPad are intermolecular d
PaPad
s d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P hydrogen bonds?
H O – H ---- O H Explain with example.
a
al la i i a i
lala
saasH
i
C – C
a i
saaslala
i a
sCaas–laC
ila H asaslala (i) Intermolecular
i a i
Ans.
i i i
saaslaala hydrogen
saaslaala bondsdoccur
i i
saaslaalbetween
iai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa d a d a
PaPatwo separatePmolecules.
d d
aPa a
d TheyPcan a
aPaoccur between
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
H O ---- H – O H any numbers of like a unlike molecules as long
a laailai a laailai
Dimer ofi Acetic
a laalai
o
Acid i i
a laala a laailai
as hydrogen
a
donors andi acceptors
laailaiin which they a laalcan
are present in
ai interactsaslaailai aslaailai
s
daada s a sa s a sa s a s a s a sa s position
a sa s a sa s a a a sa
(ii)
d d Water :PaPad d d
PaPad d
PaPad d d d
PaPad hydrogen dad can occur d
PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
PaPa PaPaFor PaPbonds
ab
P (ii) eg Intermolecular
H H between ammonia molecular atom, between
a
al lai i a i
saaslala
i O a i
saaslala
i a
saaslala
i i a
saaslala
i i water
saaslaamolecules
ilai alone
saaslaaor
ilaibetween ammonia
saaslaala and dadsaaslaala
i i i i
daadsasa d a d a d a d a d a
PaPawater. d a d a
---
P PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa

H H
H
ur
O
s aslaailai s aslaailai ---O s aslaailai H s as l aailai s asl aailai s asl aailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai
daada d
PaPad
a a
H PaPadd a a H --- O d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a a
H d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a a
---
P
O H H O
.s
H H
ailai a ilai a ilai a ilai a ilai a ilai O ailaiH H i i i i
a
daadsas
l a d a
d
l
sas H Od–adH
a a a
sas l a d a
d sasa l a dadsasa l a d a
d
a
sas l a dad
H
sasa l a d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PHaPa O PaPa PaPa
Three dimensional structure H
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38. What doi you understand by the term 'non-stoichiometric F

s aslaailai s aslaalai Do yousexpect
hydrides? a slaailai this type s laailhydrides
asof ai tosaasla
i
alai F s aslaailai s aslaaFilai 2.49Å asaaslaailai s aslaailai
daada d a a d
ad formed byPaalkali a a d a a d a d a a d a a
Padad d a a
P PaPbe Pad metals?PJustify aPad your answer. PaPad a ad
FP P Pa ad
H P H 120° H P H
PaPad
Ans. These hydride which do not have fixed composition are
w
F
ai i called non-stoichiometric
ailai a ilahydride
i andathe a ilacomposition
i a ilai a ilai F ilai i i i i
a
daadsas
l a l a
a a
sas l a a a
sas l a a sasl a a a
sas l a a a l a
sasHydrogen Fluoride
a a l a
sas Molecule dadsaaslaala
a a saaslaala
P
d
PaPavaries
d with temperature
d
PaPa d and pressure.
PaPa d d This typed
PaPa of
d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPa d
PaPa d
hydrides are formed by d and f-block elements. They 41. What are clalharate hydrate? Explain if with
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cannot be formed by alkali metals becausei alkali metal i suitable example.

s aslaailai hydrides
s aslaailaiform ionicsahydrides.
slaailai s aslaalai s as l ai (i) Gas
laaAns. s
ilai
aslaahydrates in s aslaailai the guest
which s aailai
aslmolecules s aslaailai
daada d a a
ad are intra
PaPWhat PaPd a
ad a d a a
PaPadbonding? Explain d
PaPad
a a d a
d
PaPaare
a d ad a
PaPachemically d
ada a
PaPretained d
PaPad
a a
P 39. molecular hydrogen not bonded but by the
with an example. structure of host is called clatharates.
(i) Intra molecular hydrogen bonds are those which (ii) Water
saaslaalaforms clatharate
saaslaala hydrates, saeg
aslaaimethane
a i i Ans. a i i a i i a i i a i i i i i i lai i i
al la
daadsasa a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a a a a saaslaala
P PaPad d occur within
d
PaPa done single molecule.
PaPad d This occurs
d
PaPa d d
PaPahydrates (CH
d P4aPd
.2OH
a 2O) which
d d
PaPare
a a type of ice
d PaPad d
between two functional groups within a molecule. that will burn when a lit match is held to it.

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 126 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laaStd
ilai
alaaHydrogen i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d
P
23. When the first element of the periodic table is treated with dioxygen, it gives a compound whose solid state
floats on its liquid state. ilaiThis compound has an abilityi to act as an acid as well as a base. What products ilai will
s aslaailai be s a laailai when this
formed
s s aslaacompound a laailai autoionisation?
undergoes
s s saslaalai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaa(HOTS) s aslaailai
daada d a a
ad first element
PaPThe d a
d
PaPaof
a d a a
ad is hydrogen.
PaPtable d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a a d
PaPad
a a
PaPadd a a
P Ans. the periodic
2H2 + O2  → 2H2O
a i i The compound
a i i formed a iis iwater. a i i a i i i i i i i i i i
al la saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
m
daadsasa d a
PaPAuto
a - ionization
d d a
PaPaor auto- protolysis
d d a
PaPa of waterPproceeds
d d
aPaad as followsd
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d a
d
P
H 2 O(l) + H 2 O(l) ↔ H 3 O + (aq ) + OH − (aq )
Acid Base Conjugate Acid Cojugate Acid
co
daadsasa 24. asa
PaPDifference
d
ad a
between
s
a
PaPad ortho and
d as
PaPpara
d a
ad hydrogen. d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
Ans. Ortho and para hydrogen :
Ortho Hydrogen i i Para Hydrogen
alailai 1. laailai
Definition
a a aailai
lHydrogen molecule
a laailaiin which the a laaprotons
la in If
a la ilai
the protons insaa
the
aiai
slalnuclei ofdboth
aailai
saaslH-atoms
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ads a s d a
d sa s
PaPa the nuclei d a
d sa s
PaPofa both H-atoms d
PaPare
a
d sa s
a known toPspin d
aPa a
d sa s a d ad ad
PaPa direction,PitaPisatermed as PaPa d a
d
P spin in opposite
s.
in same direction is termed as ortho hydrogen. para hydrogen.
alailai 2.sa lsaailai
Composition asAt
l aailaroom
i aslaailai ordinary
temperature aslaailai con-asaAs
hydrogen ilai temperature
aslaathe aslaaisilalowered,
i theaslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a a d a sa
PaPad sist of about d a sa
d ortho and
PaPa75% d a sa
d para form.
PaPa25% d
PaPad equilibrium d a sa
ad in favour
PaPshifts PaPd adsa
ofapara
d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P
hydrogen. At 25K, there is 99% para and
alailai i i i i i i i i 1% iorthoi hydrogen i i i i i i
daadsasa a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
P
d
PaPa3. Melting Point
d d
PaPa MeltingPpoint
d d
aPa of ortho hydrogen
d PaPad d is 13.95PaK d
Pa Melting point
d d
PaPaof para hydrogen
d d
PaPa is 13.83K PaPa
d d d
4. Boiling Point Boiling point of ortho hydrogen is 20.39K Boiling point of para hydrogen 20.26K
alailai
5. Vapour
aslaailai
Pressure The aailaivapour pressure
o
aslaailai
of orthohydrogen
aslaailai
is The i vapour pressure aailaofi liquid para hydrogen
aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a sa d a saasllower.
d a sa d a sa da s aasla
is alai thandathat
higher saaslof ordinaryd a s
liquid
a d as a
PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
hydrogen.
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilai
saaslaa2. Identify aailaicompound
saaslthe aailai which issaala
saasl(A)
i
alai
suniversal
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa a a a a a a a a a
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d d
PaPa Compound d d
PaPaA reacts with d d
PaPchlorine
a a d d
P solvent. gas PtoPa
give B and C. Compound A dissolves in an ionic
ur
alailai 1. An aselement
laailai (A) belonging
aslaailai to groupaslaailanumber
i 1 alailai compound aslaailof
ai silicon tosagive
laailacompound
i aD.
laaiIdentify
lai aslaailai
daadsasa d a
PaPand
s
ad period P
a number
d a s
aPad 3 reacts
a d a
PaPwith
s
ad dihydrogen
a a
PaPato
d ds
a s a
APand
d a s
a
aPadwrite the equations a a s
PaPad involved
d a s
a
PaPinathe
d s
d formation d
PaPad
a s
a
P
form an hydride (B). The element (A) reacts with of B, C and D.
the universal solvent to give a strong base (C). Sol: (i) The universal solvent is water (A).
.s
alailai Identify i i
saaslaalaA, B and aslaailai
sC.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala (ii) dWater
iai
saaslaalreacts with aslaailai gas to
sachlorine aslaailaihydro asaaslaailai
saform
daadsasa d ad
PaP(ai) An element
Sol:
d a
d a
PaPa(A) belonging d ad
PaPato group number d a
d
PaPa 1
a
d
PaPachloric acidP(B) aPad a
d d ad
PaPa acid (C). PaPdad
P and hypo chlorous
and period number 3 is sodium (A).
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Cl2 + H 2 O  → HCl+ HOCl

(ii) Sodium reacts with hydrogen tolaform sodium laiai
alailai l ail a
ashydridei l
asa a i
l a i asa i l ai asa l l
asa a i
l a i ( A ) asaaila(iB)
l ( C ) alailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa a (B)
d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa s a d
PaPad
a sa
P
2 Na + H 2  → 2 NaH (iii) Water reacts with silicon tetra chloride (SiCl4)
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( A ) ( B) (C) to give silicon dioxide (D).

alailai a l a i
l a i a l a i
l a i a l a ilai a l a ilai aailai
saaslSiCl
ilai
aslaa i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d(iii)
ad
PaPa hydroxide
a
sasSodium reacts d a
d
PaP(C).
a
a
saswith waterdadto
PaPa
a
sasform sodium d
PaPa
a
d sas a
PaPad a
d 4 + 2
PaP
H d2
a
O
a
d sa → SiO 2 +d
aa4 HCl
ad d
PaPa
a
d
P (A) ( D )P P ( B)
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2 Na + 2H 2 O  → 2 NaOH + H 2
A H2O Water lailai
alailai aslaailai (A)
aslaailai (C)
aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai asa aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
a
PaPaAd Na d a
d s
a
PaPaSodium d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d a s
a
BaPadHCl
P d a s
a
aPad chloric acid
PHydro da
PaPad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
P
C HOCl Hypo chlorous acid
B NaH Sodium hydride
D SiOla Silicon dioxide
alailai C ala iai
NaOH
as sal
laiaihydroxide saslaailai
Sodium
asasal
i i
saaslaala asaasal
2 i ai
asaasal
laiai laiai
asaasal
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaPdad
a
PaPdad
a a
PaPdad
a d
PaPa
a
d PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d
P

d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 436 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilaiStd - Chemistry
salaaXI
Sura’s iai Chapter 15
salaal➠
i i
salaa➠laEnvironmental
ilai
salaaChemistry
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad
a as
PaPdad d
PaPa
a
d
P
6. A person consuming metro water suddenly stated
CREATIVE QUESTIONS [HOTS] consumingi well water due to shortage of water
alailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laalai a laailai a laailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s a s d
PaPad
a sa s d
Pa ad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa s supply
d
PaPad
a safrom
s municipality.
d
PaPad
a sa s What effect
d
Pa ad
a sa was
s felt by d
PaPad
a sa
P
2 MARKS P him? What could be the cause? P
1. (i) Name Ans. � He felt laxative effect.
alailai a ilai three natural a ilaisources ofaair a ilapollution.
i a ilai aslaailai effect aissaobserved
aslaailai whenasthe ilai
aslaasulphates i i
l l l l saaslaala
m
(ii)sasWhat compound
a sas will be dformed
a sas when dCO a The slaxative
daadsasa d a
d
PaPa combines
a
PaP d ad
a
a blood? PaPa a
d
a
PaPa
a
d sas a d a
d
Papresent
a d d
PaPhave d d a
PaPa greater than d
PaPa
a
d
P with Pa in water a concentration
Ans. (i) � Volcanic eruptions 500 ppm. Otherwise at moderate levels it is
Forest fires lailai
alailai a
l i l a i l a il ai l a il a i harmless.aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
asa asa asa asa
daadsasa a s
PaPad PollenPagrains
a s a s a s a s a s a s a s
Pad of flowers
d a d a d a d a d a d a d a d a
P PaPad PaPad PaPad ad
3PaPMARKS PaPad PaPad
(ii) The presence of CO reduces the amount of
available haemoglobin of RBC because of 1. Write the impact of depletion of ozone layer on
alailai laailai
saasformation ofacarboxyl i i
saaslaala haemoglobin. Hb
saaslaala
i i + CO i i
saaslaala plants, aslaailai and aquatic
sahuman
i i
saaslaalalife. dadsaaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d
PaPa → PHbCO d
aPa d PaPad a
d PaPad a
d PaPad a
d PaPad a
d PaPa d
PaPa
a
d
P Ans. (i) Impact on human:
s.
2. What is the tolerable limit of fluoride ions in drinking Exposure to UV radiation lead to ageing of skin,
water? What happens if it exceeds 10 ppm? cataract,
alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai aslaailai sun burnasand aslaaskin
ilai cancer. alailai aslaailai
daadsasa Ans. d
PaPad
� a sT
ahe tolerable d
PaPad
s
limit
a a of fluoride
d
PaPad
a sions
a in drinking
d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
(ii) Impact
PaPad d
on aquatic a
PaPad life: d
PaPad
a sa s a d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P water is one ppm or 1 mg dm-3 Many phytoplanktons are killed and the
Higher concentration is harmful to bones and
productivity
laailai of fishes laaare
ilai damaged. alailai
alailai a laailai
teeth. a laailai a laailai a laailai a a i i
saaslaala
daadsasa aad a
d s a s d
aPa adsa s d a
d s
PaPoxygen
a a s
PaPad a
d sa s
PaPad d s
(iii) Impact
a a s on plant
PaPad a
d sa s
life:
PaPad adsasa d
PaPa
a
d
P 3.P PWhen does P the transport of to different
The plant proteins get easily affected by UV
alailai
body cells stop?
laailai
Ans. (i)saCarbon monoxide
a
o
laailai (CO) scombines a laailai withsasla ilai radiation.
ilai
aslaaalso aslaaievaporation
lai laailai
aof aslaailai
daadsasa d a a s
PaPad haemoglobin d a sa s
PaPad(Hb) of thePRBCs d a a s
aPad about 300Ptimes d
aPada a a d
PaPad
asaIt d
PaPad
a s
increasesa d
PaPad
a sa s surface d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P water through the stomata of the leaves and
more readily than oxygen to form carboxy
decrease the moisture content of the soil.
haemoglobin complex.
alailai a l a ilai a l a ilai a l a ilai a l a ilai i i
saaslaala 5 MARKS
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaP
a
d sas a
HPb a+d adsas

a
HbP d a
d sas a d a
d sas a d a
d d a
d d ad d a
d
P a PaCO COaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
(ii) Thus, Hb will not be able to combine with 1. List out some methods that you suggest to control
ur
water pollution in your locality.

alailai asoxygen
laailai to for soxyhaemoglobin
aslaailai acomplex.
laailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa a s
PaP(iii)
d a
ad Hence the d a a
PaPtransport
ad of oxygen d a sa s
PaPadto different d
Pabody
a sa Ans. d a s
Degradation
a of water
d a saquality by the
d a saaddition of d a sa
P Pad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad
cells does not occur (stops). substances like chemical effluents, metal residues,
sewage, oil, detergent, etc. This called water
.s
alailai 4. Why and

a ilai where doawe a ilause
i freons? alaailai a ilai i i i i i i i i
daadsasa a a
sas l a a sas l a a sas a a
sas l a a saaslaala
pollution. a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
P Ans. d
PaPa
� d T
he main reason
PaPad d of ozone layer
PaPad d depletion is
PaPadue
d d d d
PaPa pollution P d
aPa d PaP da d d
PaPa d
Water can be controlled by the following
to the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CGCs), also
methods :
w
known as freons. i i
alailai l a il a i
asa compounds l a l a
asaare non –asareactive, asal a il a i l
asa a il a i aslaailai waste ashould
(i) Industrial aslaailainot be allowed aslaailaito get asaaslaailai
daadsasa a
d s These
a
PaPadflammable,PaP d a
ad
sa d
PaPad molecules
nond a
ad
PaPand
–sa d a
d s
PaPamixed
a d
ad
s
PaPbodies
in water
a
such asPaP d a sa
ad lakes, etc.
river, PaPdad
P non – toxic organic
(ii) Check the pH of water regularly.
w
therefore used in refrigerators, air – conditioners, in

alailai ilai aslaailai foam and ilai electronic alailai (iii) Excersive i i usage aof i fertilizers should
i i be i i
sthe
aslaaproduction ofsplastic saby
aslaathe i
daadsasa d a a d a a d a d a sasa d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala
P d
PaPa industry forPacleaning Pa d computer d
PaPaparts, etc. PaPa d PaPacontrolled. PaPa
d d PaPa d PaPa d
(iv) Oil spills must be avoided as much as possible.
w
5. Although ozone is heavier than air, it does not

settle (v) Avoid the usage of DDT and malathion at home.
alailai aslaadown
ilai near the aslaearth
alai why?
i aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa Ans. a
PaP(i)
s a a s
ad Ozone PisaPathermodynamically
d d d a a sa
PaPad unstable
d PaPand
d a
ad
sa (vi) a s
PaPaWaste
d d a waterPshould
d a sa
aPad be treated PaP d a
ad
sa
properly. d
PaPad
a sa
P
decomposes bask to molecular oxygen before (vii) Avoid the usage of non – biodegradable
reaching near earth’s surface. detergents
alailai (ii) a laailanegligible
As
i laailai of UV –sarays
amount
a laailaireach nearsaslaailai a laailai for cleaning a laailaofi clother. saslaailai i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d s a s
PaPa the surface d adsa s
PaPathe formation d a
d a s
PaPaof ozone near d a
d
PaPathe
a
PaPad a
d sa s
PaPad a
d sa s
PaPad a
d a d
PaPa
a
d
P
surface of earth is rare.
alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai  aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
11th
P

INSTANT aslaailai
SUPPLEMENTARY aslaailai EXAM aslaa- ilAugust
ai aslaailai
2022 aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
ada
PaPSTD.
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
Part - III
Time Allowed : 3.00 hours ] Chemistry ila[i Maximum M arks : 70
alailai la ilai l a ilai la ilai l l a ai i l a ilai l a sasaala
l i i i i
saaslaala
m
a a a a a a a
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d sas a d
PaPa
adsas a d
PaPa
a
dsas a (With
PaPad a
d s a
saAnswers) d
PaPa
adsas a d
PaPa
adsas a
PaPa d a
d PaPad a
d
P
Instructions : (1) Check the question paper for fairness of printing. If there is any lack of fairness, inform the Hall
i
alalai aslaailai Supervisor
aslaailaiimmediately.
aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
co
daadsasa (2) d
PaPad
a sa
P
U d a sa
adBlue or Black
aPse d a
PaPaink
s
a
d to write Pand d a sa
aPaunderline
d and d a sa
PaPpencil d
ad to drawPdiagrams.
aPada sa
PaPadd a sa d
PaPad
a sa
P
Note : Draw diagrams and write equations wherever necessary.
alailai i i
saaslaala P ai i
slala- I dadsaaslala
saaart ai i i i
saaslaala thenda starting i i
saaslaalawith 0.5damole
iai PCl , the total
saaslaalof
i i i i
saaslaalanumber dadsaaslaala
daadsasa d a
d
PaPa: (i) Answer d a
PaPall
a d Pa a (15 × 1P=aP15) d
a a
d PaP
of d
moles
a of reactants d
PaPaand productsPat
5
d a
d
aPaequilibrium is Pa:Pa
P the questions.P
s.
Note
(ii) Choose the most appropriate answer from the a) 0.5 − E b) X + 0.5
alailai ilai four alternatives
aslaagiven aslaailai and aslaailaithe option
write aslaailai c) 2Xsa+la i
a0.5
lai aslaad)ilai X + 1 asaaslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
a
PaPad code and d a s
a
d corresponding
PaPathe d a s
a
PaPadanswer. PaPad 9. d a s
a d a a s
PaPad one of thePaP d a
ad
sa d
ad mixtures
PaPliquid d
PaPad
a sa
ok
P Which following binary
1. Total number of electrons present in 1.7 g of exhibit positive deviation from Raoult's law?
alailai ammonia i i i i i i i i a) Acetone i +
i Chloroform i i i i i i
daadsasa a saaslaala is: 23dadsaaslaala 6 . 022
a saa×slaa10la22 a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
P
d d
a 6.022 × 10
PaPa) PaPa d
b) PaPa d d
PaPa d b)
PaPWater
da d + Nitric
PaPacid
da d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d
1.7 c) HCl + Water
l ai l ai c)
6.022 × 1024
l ail a i l a i
l a i d) 6.022 × 10
o
a.s7a i
l a il a
23
aslaailai
d) Ethanol
l a ai +i Water l a ai i l a ai i l a ai i
a
daadsasa d a dsaasa 1.7
d adsaasa
d ads
1a d a
d sa dadsaasal d adsaasal d adsaasal d adsaasal
www.Padasalai.Net
a a a a a a a a 10. The
P P ratio of number
a a P Pof sigma (s) P
a a and
aP pi (p) bondsPinP
a a a
ab
P PP PP PP PP
2. The total number of orbitals associated with the 2- butynal is:
principal quantum number n = 3 is :
a l a ilai alailai b) a8saaslaailai c) 5 asaaslaad) ilai lailai (a) 8/3saslaailai(b) 5/3 saslaa(c)ilai lailai alailai
dadsas a da)adsa9sa dd dd 7 dadsaasa dada dada 8/2 dads(d)aasa9/2 dadsasa
Pa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
3. Tritium is a ______ emitter. 11. The IUPAC name of the compound
ur
a) α b) β
alailai laailai
aγ aslaailai d) None aoflaailai aslaailai CH3 –asCH aslaa2 il–aiCH – CH aaila2i is :
=alCH aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa c)
d
PaPad
a sa s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa s these d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a | PaPad
d a sa s d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a s
a
P
4. ________ is used in devising photoelectric cells. COOH
.s
a) Lithium b) Sodium
alailai ai i i i i i i i a) 2-ethylbut-2-enoic
i i acidi i i i i i
daadsasa d slala
c)adsaaPotassium d adsaaslaala d) Caesium d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d ad saaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
dsaaslaala
P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaP3-ethylbut-3-enoic
b) a PaPa acid PaPa PaPa
5. Among the following the least thermally stable is:
c) 3-ethylbut-2-enoic acid
w
i a) K CO
i b) Na CO i c) BaCO d)
i Li CO i
alalai aslaa2 lai 3 a2slaala3 i aslaailai
a3slaalai 2 a3 saaslaalai d) 2-ethylbut-3-enoic aslaailai
acid aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa 6.PadIf a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa asa
PadtemperaturePand aPadvolume of an PaPideal
ad gas is increased
d d d
PaPad 12. Match d
PaPadthe following: d
PaPad d
PaPad d
PaPad
P
to twice its values, the initial pressure P becomes:
w
(1) − NH2 (i) Sulpho -

ilai a) 4P ilai b) 2Palailai c) P d)
ilai 3P ilai aailai
a l a
a a l a
a a a l a
a a l a
a (2) −aCNsaasl aslaailaFormyl
sa(ii)
i -asaasla
i
alai
i i
saaslaala
daadsas d a
7.PaPThedsas
a amount of d
PaPheat
adsas
a exchanged d
with
PaP
a
d sas
a the surrounding d
PaPa
a
d sas d d
PaP−a SO H d ad
PaPa (iii) Amino d
PaP-a d d
PaPa
ad
P (3) 3
at constant pressure is given by the quantity:
w
(4) − CHO (iv) Cyano -

a l a i
l ai a) ΔE
l
asa a il ai b) ΔH asal ail a i c) ΔS asal ad)
il a i ΔG l
asa a ila i a) (1) aailai (2) - (ii),sa(3)
a-sl(i), laaila- i(iii), (4) s- a(iv)
laailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
a ada sa d a sa
PaPadof PCl dissociated d a sa
PaPad at equilibrium d
PaPad
a sa d a sa
ad - (iv), (2)P-aP(iii),
PaP(1) d a a s
ad (3) - (ii),PaP(4) d a a s
ad- (i) da
PaPad
s
a
P 8.P PI f X is the function 5
b)
in the reaction c) (1) - (iii), (2) - (iv), (3) - (i), (4) - (ii)
a i i a il i PCl + aCllaailai a ilai a ilai laailai (2) - (i), sa(3)lailai i i aslaailai
dasas
a l a l a PCl a l
dasa5s(g) a a 3 (g)asas 2 (g)
d dasas
a l a dasas
a l a d) d(1)
asaa-s(iii), d a saaslaala
da asa - (iv), (4) das-a(ii)
Pad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
(437)
alailai i
aslaalai i
aslaalai i
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a sa
P
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
This
s
a is Only
d
PaPad
a s
afor Sample,
d
PaPad
a s
a Full Bookd
PaPad
a Order
s
a Online
d
PaPad
a s
a or d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
alailai 438 asaaslSura’s

aailai  XI sStd aslaa-ilaChemistry
i laailai Supplementary
s-aaIsnstant
i i
saaslaala Examda -s ai i
slala 2022dQ
Aaugust aslaailai Paper awith i i
saaslaaAlanswers dadsaaslaala
i i
daadsasa d
PaPa d d
PaPa
a
d a
PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d a
PaPa
a
d suestion
a d
PaPa d PaPa
P
13. − 1 effect is not shown by: Part - III
alailai a) a−la ilai2CH3 alailai b) − F alailai
aCH aslaaNote
ilai : Answeraslaailaany
i six questions.
aslaailai Question aslaaNo.33
ilai is aslaailai
daadsasa d a s
a s
ad − Cl
PaPc) d
PaPad
a s
a s a d
ada s a s a d
PaPad
a sa d
adas
PaPcompulsory:
a
PaPad
d a sa d a s
PaPad(6 × 3 = 18)
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P d) P−aPNO 2
25. Calculate the empirical formula of a compound
14. Identify the compound (A) in the following reaction:
containing
saaslaal76.6
iai % carbon,
saaslaa6.38
alailai i i i i i i i i ilai % hydrogen i and
i rest i i
saaslaala CHC6dHa5dsaaslaala saasOlaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
m
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d PaPai) O3 d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d a
oxygen.
PaPa d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d
P
+ (A) 26. Compare the ionisation of energy of Beryllium and
ii) Zn/H2O
alailai ilai
aslaaCHO aslaailai CHO aslaailai ilai Boron. alailai
laa27. aslaailai and effusion.
aslaailai aslaailai
co
a Distinguish a betweenddiffusion
daadsasa d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d a s
a s
PaPad 28. At d a
ad
sa s
PaPparticular
a
PaPad
s a d a
a ad
sa d
PaPad
a sa
P temperature KC =P4P × 10–2 for the
a) b) reaction
alailai i i i i i i i i i i ilai 1 i i i i
daadsasa a saaslaala a saaslaala COOH
a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaalaH2S(g) d
a saaHsl2aa(g) + Sd2(g)
a saaslaala a saaslaala
P
d
PaPa d OH d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPa d 2
PaPa d d
PaPa d
s.
Calculate KC for each of the following reactions.
(i) 2H2S (g) 2H2 (g) + S2 (g)
alailai i
alai
c)asaasla aslaailai d) aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaaila3i aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPa3H
(ii)
a s
a
d S (g) P3H d a s
a
aPad(g) + S P(g) da
aPad
s
a da
PaPad
s
a
ok
P 2 2
2 2
15. Assertion : Increasing order of boiling points of
saaslaa29. What are
saaslaathe
ilai conditionsalawhen
sasala a solution saaslaaltends
alailai i i i i i i ilai i i iai to i i
daadsasa d a saaslaala halodaalkanes saaslaala are dadsaaslaala d a d a d a d a d a saaslaala
P PaPa d P d
aPaCl < CH Cl P<aPCHCl
CH a < CClP4.aPa
d behave
PaPa like an ideal
d PaPasolution? PaPa
d d PaPa d
3 2 2 3
Reason : 30. Describe Fajan's Rule.
alailai aslaailai increase aslwith

o
The boiling points of halo alkanes
aailai increase sinalthe
aailanumber
i of ala31.ilai Write short notes on hyperlaconjugation.
aslaailai asailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a sa a
halogen s
PaPad atoms. PaPad
d a d a a s
PaPadd a sa s a32. Explain
PaPadd a sa Birch d
PaPad
s
reduction.
a a d
PaPad
a sa d
PaPad
a sa
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
P
a) Assertion is true but reason is false. 33. Give an example for each of the following type of
b) Both assertion and reason are true and reason organic compounds.
alailai ilai
saaisslaathe
i i
saaslaala
correct aexplanation
i i
saaslaala
of assertion.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
(i) dNon-benzonoid
i i
saaslaala compound
aromatic
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPc)
a
d
a Both assertion d d
PaPa and reason d
PaPare
a
d
a false. PaPa d a
d a
d
PaPaAromatic heterocyclic d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P (ii) compound
d) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is
ur
(iii) Carbocyclic compound

notlailathe
i correct explanation of assertion.
alailai asa asa lailai asa lailai asa lailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
daadsasa d
PaPad
a s
a d a s
a
PaPadPart - IIPaPad d a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a sa P a
art
d
PaPad
s
a - IV d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a
P
Note : Answer any six questions. Question No. 24 is Note : Answer all the questions: (5 × 5 = 25)
.s
a laailai a
compulsory
laailai : lailai
a a ilai× 2 = 12) ala34.
laa(6 ilai (a) (i) aDescribe
laailai about magnetic
a laailai quantum a laanumber.
ilai aslaailai
a s s a s s a s sa a s s a s s a s
(ii)
a s
Give the a s s
electronic s
configuration
a s of Mn2+ asa
P
dada 16. What
d
PaPa d a is meant by
PaPad limiting
d a reagents?
d
PaPa d a d
PaPa d a
PaPad d a
PaPad d a d
PaPa d a d
PaPa d
17. State Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. and Cr3+.
w
18. Give an example for iIonic hydride and covalent (or)

i i i i i i i i i i i i aslaailai aslaailai
a
daadsasa
l a l a
hydride.
d a sa
l
asa a l a
d a sa
l
asa a l a
d as a
l
asa a l a
d a sa
l
asa a l a (b)
d
(i)
a sa
What
asal a l a are f-block
d a saaslaalai
elements?
d a s
a d a sa
P Pa ad
19. PWhat is path function?
PaPad Give two ad
PaPexamples. PaPad ad Sate the
PaP(ii) d
PaPatrends in P aPadvariation PofaPad
the
electronegativity in group and periods.
w
20. Define reaction quotient.

35. (a) D iscuss
s a laailai 21. 50gsasof laailtap
ai water contains
s a laailai 20mg of sdissolved
a laailai solidss. aslaailai s a laailaithe similarities
s a laailai between slithium
a laailai and saslaailai
a
d a s a
ada is the P a a s a a s a a magnesium.
a a s a
da s a a s aa
Pad PaPdWhat aPdadvalue
TDS PaPdad
in ppm? PaPdad PaPdad PaPda(or) PaPdad PaPdad
w
22. How will you prepare ethene by Kolbe's electrolytic (b) (i) Define entropy. Give its unit.
a l a i
l a i method? l
asa a i
l a i l
asa a i
l a i l
asa a i
l a i l
asaa il a i (ii) asLlaaistilaiany threeasacharacteristics
aslaailai of laailai free saslaailai
asGibbs
daadsasa d
ada sa d a sa
ad methodsPaPof d a sa
ad preparation d a
d sa d a sa
PaPad energy. PaPad d d
PaPad
a s
a aa
PaPdad
P 23.PaPMention PaPtwo
any PaPaof
haloalkanes from alcohols. 36. (a) Derive KC and KP for synthesis of ammonia.
alailai 24. Ifaan automobile
i i
saaslaala
engine iburns
saaslaala
i petrol at aitemperature
saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i (or) i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPof
a 1089 K and
d d a
PaPaif the surrounding
d d a
PaPa temperature
d d a
PaPais
d d
(b)
ad
PaPaDiscuss the Pformation d
aPa a
d d a
d
of CP2aPmolecule
a using d
PaPa
a
d
P
294 K, calculate its maximum possible efficiency. Mo Theory.
d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a d
PaPad
a s
a da
PaPad
s
a dPh:8124201000/8124301000
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
a s
a d
PaPad
asa d
PaPad
a s
a
P

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www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai

(iii) Filling the blanks (iv) Assertion & Reason

✤ Sura’s Chemistry (EM/TM)

✤ Sura’s Economics (EM/TM)

alailai saaslaala FordaOrders

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai VOLUME i i -I

alailai 11. Fundamentals

alailai 13. Hydrocarbons.

alailai 15. Environmental saaslaala– 436dadsaaslaala

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

1.5 Gram Equivalent Concept lailai 1.8.1 Oxidation Number

i i Reducing iAgents. Reactions

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

Equivalent mass of 3. displacement reaction

2. bases 5. competitive electron

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai Ï aMass i i i i Mass ofalthati i element in the

No. of gram equivalents of solute ai i

alailai aslaailai aslaailai No .aof ilai

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

the element X is closest to (c) both carbon and oxygeni

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

of Cl2(g), each at 273 K at 1 atm the moles of

(c) 1.5 moles of HCl (g) (d) 1 moles of HCl (g)

molar mass of ferrous oxalate

No. of. moles

(a) 7.5 g ethane (b) 8 g methane

(a) the 23. Which of the following compound(s) has/have

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

 [June-2019; CRT - '22] 60.07 g mol–1

H : 6i× 1.01 = 6.06

Ans. Gram equivalent mass is defined as the mass of

(iv) sulphuric acid [H2SO4] :

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

Ans. Reaction : x + y + z2   → xyz2

(c)i i 50 atom i i 25 atom 50 molecules 25 atom 25 atom 25 molecules y

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

(iii) Its unit is u or amu Its unit is g mol–1

∴ To produce 1 mole (44 g) of CO2 required

Molecular Empirical 4 mol CO 2

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai (ii)sa ai i : (1 × 39)a+i (1

and 3 atm pressure.

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

(d) 2 1 4 3 [Ans. (d) 2 1 4 3]

(a) +4ai i (b) +6 ai i (c)+5 (d) 0 reaction. Ex:

(a) CH2O (b) CHO (c) CH2O2 (d) CH3O2 C + O CO

 [June-2019] 5. Calculate the oxidation states of oxygen in

(6 × 12.01 u) + (6 × 1u) = 78.06 u

52 moles of He contains 3.132 × 1025 He

(i) 1 atom of silver (ii) 1 molecule of benzene Mass of 1 molecule of water

alailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai

alailai i i 100 i i– i i aslaailai i i i i i i i i

alailai i i i i REDOX REACTION

(c) 1.5 moles of HCl (g) (d) 1 moles of HCl (g)

[June-2019; CRT - '22] 60.07 g mol–1

(a) CH2O (b) CHO (c) CH2O2 (d) CH3O2 C + O CO

[June-2019] 5. Calculate the oxidation states of oxygen in

i [Ans. (b) λ1 = 2λ2]

is not possible ? [Govt. MQP-2018] m = 0 s = +½

(b) aFor number 30 can have (n +al)i =i 4 ? [QY-2019]