12th Chemistry EM Study Material 2023 2024 English Medium PDF Download

www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.
com
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa P
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala dadsaaslaala dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala dadsaaslaala
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa P
dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa P
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa P
d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
dadsaaslaala dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa P
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala dadsaaslaala
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa P
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
www.Padasalai.Net
a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d P
d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa P
dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
d a
dsaaslaala dadsaaslaala dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa P
dadsaaslaala dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa P
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala dadsaaslaala
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa P
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa P
dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
Kindly Share Your Study Materials to Our Email Id - padasalai.net@gmail..com
laiai i i ilai
saaslaalawww.Padasalai.Net
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
Full Order laailOnline
ai or
saaswww.TrbTnpsc.com
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a a d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
AvailablePat Bookstores
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a da d a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
laiai i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
CHEMISTRY
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a da d a d a d a as
m
Volume I & II
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
co
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala laailai
saasree
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal F o o k as
rkbPa a
d a d a d a d a da d a d a
PaPdad
12 Standard
d d d d d d d
ice Wo P
PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
th Pract with
al
.
bManu
laiai
adsaasal
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aslLaaailai i i
saaslaala
ks
d a d a d a d a d a a s
a a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i Based
alaailai
on the Updated
alaailai alaailai
New Textbook
alaailai alaailai i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala asas asas asas asas asas asaaslaala as
PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad d PaPdad
PaPa d
oo PaPa d
Salient Features
laiai i i Complete i Solutions
i to aTextbook
i i Exercises. i i i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d aPa d
 PExhaustive a d
P Pa MCQs, PVSA,
Additional a d
Pa SA, LA questions a
P Pa d a d
P Pa are givenPin
with answers a
Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
each unit.
laiai i i
saaslaala NEET aslaailai questions aslaailaAnswers
i
saasla
i i
alai given.dasaaslaalai
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a sabased d a sawith d aare also d a d a as
 Model Question Papers 1 to 6 (PTA) : Questions are incorporated in the appropriate
ur
sections.ai i
laiai aslaailai saaslala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a sa d a d a d a (Govt. a
MQP-'19),
d d a d a as
a
P Pa d  Govt.
a
P Pa d Model Question
a
P Pa d Paper - a
P Pa2019
d a
P Pa d Quarterly
a
P Pa dExam - 2019
a
P Pa d PaPdad
(QY-'19), Half Yearly Exam - 2019 (HY-'19), Public Exam March 2020 & May - 2022
.s
laiai i i (Mar-2020 i &i May - '22),aGovt.i i Suppl. Exam September

i i 2020, i August
i 2021a& iJuly
i 2022 alaailai
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala asas as
PaPa d aPa d
P(Sep-2020, Aug-'21 d
PaP&aJuly-'22) andPa d
First
Pa & SecondPRevision aPa d d
PaPa(FRT&SRT-'22)
Test - 2022 PaPdad PaPdad
w
questions are incorporated in the appropriate sections.

laiai i i
saaslaala Instant laailai
saasSupplementary aailai July 2022
saaslExam aailai
saaslQuestion Papersaasla
isi i
alagiven with aslaailai
answers. i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a d a sa d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a d a d a as
w
laiai i i i i SURA PUBLICATIONS

alailai alailai alailai i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asasa asasa
Chennai asasa a saaslaala a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
For Orders Contact
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal a a a a a a a as
d
PaPa d 80562
d
PaPa d 94222d
PaPa d / 81242 d
PaPa d 01000
PaPa / 81243
d d PaPa 01000
d d d
PaPa d PaPdad
96001 75757 / 78718 02000 / 98409 26027
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a da d a d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
orders@surabooks.com Ph: 8124201000 / 8124301000
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai Study Materials
laiai to OurlaEmail
iai Id - padasalai.net@gmail..com
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaalaEditiondadsaaslaala
2023-24
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d PaPa PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d Preface d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d as
PaPdad
All rights reserved © SURA Publications.
laiai No aailapart
i of this book may be reproduced, Nothing in life iisi to be feared, i iti is only toalbe
adsaasal stored
a saaslin a retrievala s aslaailai or transmitted
system,
a a
i i
saaslaala in anydadsaaslaala
i i
a saaslaala a saaslaala a sasaala
i i
as
a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pa a d
P Pa d understood.
a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
form or by any means, digitally, electronically,
mechanically, photocopying, recorded or
Now is the time to understand more, so that we
laiai saaslmay
aailai fear less.
i i i i i i i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala without
otherwise,
d a saaslaawritten
the la
d a saaslaala of thedadsaaslaala
permission
d a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
d
PaPa publishers. a d
PaPStrict action P
d
aPabe taken. PaPa
will PaPa d
- Marie
d
PaPCurie
a PaPa d PaPdad
m
ISBN : 978-93-5330-517-8 Respected Principals, Correspondents, Headi
laiai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai aailai
lsMasters l aailai laailai saaslaala
i
adsaasal d a s
a a Code
d a s
a a
No : SG 324 d a saa
d a s
a a / Head
d a s
a a
Mistresses,
s Teachers,
d a s
a as d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Edited by From the bottom of our heart, we at SURA Publications
co
sincerely thank you for the support and patronage that you
laiai Mr. laaP.ilaVishwanathan,
i laailaiM.Sc., B.Ed., laailai
Nagercoil laailaiextended tosaus ailaimore thansaadecade.
ai i i i
adsaasal d a s
a as d a s
a as d a saas d a s
a ahave
s da a slafor d a a slala d a saaslaala as
PaPa d d
PaPa Authors PaPa d PaPa d
It is P
d
a a sincerest Peffort
in Pour
d
aPa we take the d
PaPpride
a of PaPdad
releasing SURA’s Chemistry Guide (Volume I & II) for
.
Dr. D. Kumarasan, M.Sc., M.Ed., Ph.D., Chennai
+2
laiai lsaailai ai i
slala M.Sc.,
i i
saaslaala laailStandard
ai – for this i year.
i This guide
saaslaalateachersdhaving
ilhas
ai been authored
saaslaateaching
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
Mr.a saa
V. Dakshinamoorthy,
a saa a a saasand a a a as
a d
P Pa d a
P Pa d d a
P Pa d d a d
P Pa d edited by
a
P Padqualified
d a
P Pa d experience
a d
P Pa d PaPdad
for over a decade in their respective subject fields. This
Reviewed by
Guide has been reviewed by reputed Professors who are
laiai Dr.alA.a i Dhanalakshmi,
i a ilaiM.Sc., M.Phil.,alPh.D.,
a ilai laailai servingsaas ilai
laaHead i i i i
adsaasal d a sasa l a
d a a
sasal
d a sasa d a sascurrently
a
d a a s d saaslaala in esteemed
of the aDepartment
d a saaslaala as
PaPdad
PaPa d Head of
PaPthe d
a Department, PChennai
oo
aPa d d
PaPa Universities PaPandd
a Colleges. PaPa d PaPa d
Mrs. H.M. Aisha, M.Sc., M.Phil., With due respect to Teachers, I would like to mention
laiai that this guide will serve as a teaching companion la to
adsaasal a s aslaailHead a aslaailai Chennai
ai of the Department,
s a s aslaailai a s aslaailai a s aslaailai a s aslaailai a s asailai as
PaPdad qualified Pteachers.
aPdad Also, this PaPguide
dad will be an PaPexcellent
a a a a a a a
PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad dad PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
Our Guides for XI, XII Standard
ab
learning companion to students with exhaustive exercises

✤ RuhÉ‹ jÄœ ciuüš and in-text questions in addition to precise answers for
laiai alaailSmart
✤ Sura’s ai English i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala laailai questions.
sastextual
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a sas d a d a d a a
d a d a d a as
d
PaP✤a Sura’s Mathematics d
PaPa(EM/TM ) PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPa cognizance
In complete PaPof d
a the dedicated d
PaParole of PaPdad
✤ Sura’s Physics (EM/TM)
Teachers, I completely believe that our students will learn
ur
✤ Sura’s Botony (EM/TM)

laiai iai i i i i the
laailasubject effectively ilai with this guide and prove their
adsaasal asaaslaalChemistry
✤ Sura’s
a saaslaala
(EM/TM)
a saaslaala as a
i
asexcellence in a s
Board
aaslaaExaminations. a saaslaailai a
i i
saaslaala as
a d d a
P P✤a Sura’s Bio-Botany d d
P Pa& Botany (EM/TM)a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d ad
P Pa d PaPdad
(Short Version & Long Version)
I once again sincerely thank the Teachers, Parents and
.s
✤ Sura’s Bio-Zoology & Zoology (EM/TM) Students for supporting and valuing our efforts.
laiai iai
saaslaalVersion aslaailai i i
saaslaala laailaBless
s sGod
i all. sasla i
alai saslaala
i i
saslaala
i i
adsaasal d a(Short & Long
d a saVersion) d a aa a aa aada adaada as
d
PaP✤a Sura’s Computer d
PaPScience
a a
(EM/TM)P Pa
d PaPdad PaPdad PaPdSubash Raj,P P
B.E., M.S.
PaPdad
w
✤ Sura’s Computer Applications (EM/TM)

- Publisher
✤ Sura’s iCommerce (EM/TM) i
laiai i
saaslaalEconomics
a saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilai Publications
saaslaaSura
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal ✤
d aSura’s a
(EM/TM)
d d a d a d a d a d a as
a d a
P P✤a Sura’s Accountancy d
P Pa (EM/TM) a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
All the Best
w
✤ Sura’s Business Maths (EM)

laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d d d
PaPaHead Office: d
PaPa d d
PaPa d For
PaPaOrders PContact
d d d
aPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
w
Sura Publications 80562 94222

laiai i i
saaslaala aslaaila16th
i Main Road, i i
saaslaala
i i
81242
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 01000 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal a d a
d
1620, ‘J’sBlock,
a d a
d a Chennai a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a dad aPdaad
s
P Pa Anna
P PNagar,
a P -P600
a 040. P Pa PP81243
a
01000
P P a P P a P
Phones : 044 - 4862 9977, 044 - 4862 7755.
96001 75757
ilai e-mail : orders@surabooks.com
15/11/2022
ilai ilai ilai ilai i i i i i i

a l
adsasa
a
d a a l a
sasa website d a a l
sa
a
s:awww.surabooks.com
da a l
sasa a
d a a l
sasa a 78718
d a saaslaala 02000
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
98409 26027
laiai i i i i i i (ii) laiai i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala a l
dasasa d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPad a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
C
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a ontents
d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d as
PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
VOLUME - I
m
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
P PaUnit 1
a a
Pa d
PMetallurgy a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d 1 P– P26
a a d PaPdad
co
laiai Unit i 2i p-Block
alailaiElements-I
alailai i i i i i 27
i – 44 alaailai
adsaasal d asaaslaala asasa asasa a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala asas as
PaPa d PaPdad PaPdad d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad PaPdad
Unit 3 p-Block Elements - II 45 – 66
.
laiai i i
saaslaala4
Unit
i i
saslaala and
Transition i i
saslaala Transition
Inner i i
saslaala Elements
saslaala
i i i i
saaslaala67 – 92
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
d a adaada adaada adaada adaada d a da as
a
P Pa d PP PP PP PP a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Unit 5 Coordination Chemistry 93 – 130
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal as
PaPaUnit 6
a
PSolid
a StatePaPa a a a
PaPa 131 –P163
d d d d d d a d a
PaPdad
d aPa d d
oo PaPa d PaPa d d aPa d
Uniti 7i Chemical Kineticsi i 164 – 204 i i

laiai saaslaala alaailai alaala i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala lsaailai saaslaala
adsaasal d a asas asas a a a s
a a a as
a
P Pa d PaPdad PaPdad a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
laiai VOLUME
alailai
- II
alailai i i i i i i i i i i
adsaasal asasa asasa a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
PaPdad PaPdad d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
Unit 8 Ionic Equilibrium 205 – 235
ur
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a
Unit 9 a
Electro
d a
Chemistry
d d a d a d a 236 – 277d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Unit 10 Surface Chemistry 278 – 310
.s
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a da d a da da as
PaPaUnit 11 PHydroxy
d aPa d Compounds
PaPa d and
PaPaEthers PaPa
d d PaPa 311 – P363
d aPa d PaPdad
w
i Carbonyl
Unit i 12 i i Compounds
i i and Carboxylic Acids 364 – 412 i i
laiai saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala lsaailai saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a d a s
a a
d a as
a d
P PaUnit 13 POrganic
a
Pa d Nitrogen
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
Compounds a
P Pa d a d
P Pa 413 – P459 aPa d PaPdad
w
Unitai 14
i Biomolecules 460 – 490 ai i
laiai saaslala ai i
saaslala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala laailai saslala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a s
aa as
aPdaada as
d d
PaPaUnit 15 PChemistry
aPa d
PaPEveryday
In a aPa d
PLife PaPa d PaPdad 491 – P514 PaPdad
w
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a d a da as
a d
P PaNeet based a d
P Paquestions a d
P Pand
a a
answers
P Pad a
P Pa d a d
P Pa 515 – P524 a
Pa d PaPdad
laiai Instant i i Supplementary i i Exam i i July 2022 i iQuestion Paper

i i laailai i i
adsaasal asaaslaala asaaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saas525 – 532 a saaslaala as
PaPawith Answers
d d PaPa answers
d d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
laiai i i i i i i (iii) laiai i i i i i i

adsaasal d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala asaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
TO ORDER WITH US
SCHOOLS and TEACHERS:
laiai aslaailaWe
i i i
saaslaala for your ai i
slala aslaailai i i
saaslaala PUBLICATIONS’
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a s
a aredgrateful
a d a saasupport andd a spatronage
a to
d a‘SURA d a d a as
a
P Pa d a a d
P Pprepare
Kindly a a d
P Porder
your a a d
P PSchool
in your a d
P Pa and send
letterhead a d
P Pitato us. a
P Pa d PaPdad
For Orders contact: 81242 01000 / 81243 01000
DIRECT
ai i DEPOSIT
laiai saaslala ai i
saaslala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa A/c Name d d
PaPa : Sura Publications
PaPa d
PaPa A/c Name d d
PaPa : Sura Publications
PaPa PaPa d PaPdad
Our A/c No. : 36550290536 Our A/c No. : 21000210001240
m
STATE BANK OF INDIA Name : UCO
laiai Bank
laailai Name :
laailai aslaailai
Bank
laailai BANK saslaailai
aslaailaiBranchas:aasAnna i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a s
a as
Bank Branchd a s
:
a aPadi
s d asa d a s
aBank d Nagar
d aWest
a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
IFSC : SBIN0005083 IFSC : UCBA0002100
co
laiai A/ci Name
i : Surai i Publications i i A/ci Name
i : Sura i i Publications i i i i
adsaasal asaaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
d
PaPa d Our A/c No.d
PaPa d : 6502699356 d
PaPa d d
PaPa d Our A/c No.d
PaPa d: 1154135000017684
d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
Bank Name : INDIAN BANK Bank Name : KVB BANK
.
Bank ilai Branch : aAsiad
ilai Colony alailai Bank ilaiBranch : aAnna ilai Nagar alailai
laiai l a l a l a l a i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
a a
PaPadadaIFSC
s s a
PaPa dad:aIDIB000A098
s s a dadsasa
PaPa PaPadadaIFSC
s s a
PaPadad:asKVBL0001154
s a dadsasa
PaPa a d
P Pa
ad as
PaPdad
A/c Name : Sura Publications A/c Name : Sura Publications
laiai Ourai A/c
i No. : 13240200032412
ai i i i Our A/c No. : 50200031530945
adsaasal saaslala Namedads:aaFEDERAL
slala saaslaala aslaailai
saBank laailai
s:aasHDFC
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala as
d a Bank dBANK
a d a Name d a BANK
d a d a
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa PaPa d
oo PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
Bank Branch : Anna Nagar Bank Branch : Cenotaph Road, Teynampet
IFSC : FDRL0001324 IFSC : HDFC0001216
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a da d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d A/c
a a d
P PName : Sura
a d
P Pa Publications a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
Our A/c No. : 446205000010

ICICI BANK
laiai i i
saaslaala laailai Bank Name i i
saaslaala
:
aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a s
a as Bankd Branch
a : Annad a sNagar
a d a d a d a as
IFSC : ICIC0004462
ur
After
laiai
adsaasal asaaslaailai Deposit, a s
a aplease
slaailai send challan
a s
a aslaailai and order
asaaslaailto
ai our address.
a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d email to : a
P Pad
orders@surabooks.com
d a d
P Pa d / a d
Whatsapp
P Pa d : 81242
a d
P Pa d01000. a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
For Google Pay : For PhonePe :
.s
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i i i
salaala 26027 salaala
98409 i i
saaslaala aslaailai 26027saslaailai
s98409
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a as a as a aa aa a as
PaPa d PaPdad
DEMAND DRAFT / CHEQUE
w
lease send Demand Draft / cheque in favour of ‘SURA PUBLICATIONS’

P
laiai i i
saaslaalapayabledaat laailai laailai ilai
saasl/aacheque
iai
saaslaalbe aailai order salaailai
saaslyour
adsaasal d a saasChennai. The
d asaasDemand Draft
d a should
d a sent dwith
a a as as
a
P Pa d a d
P Pa letterhead.
in School a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad PaPdad
w
STUDENTS :
laiai i Order
i via Money i i Order (M/O) i i to i i i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPPublications
a PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
w
Sura
1620, ‘J’ Block, 16th Main Road, Anna Nagar, Chennai - 600 040.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala Phones i i
saaslaala: 044-4862 ai i
saa9977,
slala 044-4862 laailai
saas7755.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
Mobile d
P Pa : 96001 75757 a d
P Pa / 81242 01000 a d
P Pa/ 81243 01000. a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
email : orders@surabooks.com Website : www.surabooks.com
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a da d a d a d a d a as
(iv) i i
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala alala i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a da d a asasa a a a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai
adsaasal d a
i i
saaslaala d a
i i
saaslaala d a
i i
saaslaala d a
i i
saaslaala d a
VOLUME
i i
saaslaala alailai
dasasa
-alailaIi
dasasa as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPad PaPad PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
UNIT
m
METALLURGY
1
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
co
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
d a d a d a d a d a d a da as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa
oo
d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
laiai ai i ai i ai i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal CHAPTER
saslala SNAPSHOT
adaada
saslala
adaada
saslala
adaada d a da d a d a as
PP PP PP a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
1.1 Occurrence of metals 1.5 Electrochemical principle of metallurgy

laiai l a ilai
sasa1.1.1 Mineral l a ilai
sasaand ore dadsasa l a ilai i i
saaslaala aslaailai
1.5.1aEsalectrochemical aslaailai
saextraction ofasaaslaailai
adsaasal d a a
d a a a
d a d d a aPdad as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPa d d d
PaPaaluminiumP-aPHall-Heroult
a Pprocess PaPdad
1.2 Concentration of ores
1.6 Refining process
ur
1.2.1 Gravity separation or Hydraulic

laiai l a i a i l a i ai l a i a i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
1.6.1daDistillation
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saasal washd a saasal d a saasal d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a d
P Pa flotation P Pa
1.2.2 Froth
a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P a d a
P Pa d PaPdad
1.6.2 Liquidation P
1.2.3 Leaching
.s
1.6.3 Electrolytic refining i i

laiai sasa1.2.4
l a ilai Magnetic iai
saaslaalseparation
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala laailai saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a
d a d a d a 1.6.4d a s
Zone
aas Refiningd a d a as
1.3 Extraction of crude metal 1.6.5 Vapour phase method
w
1.3.1 Conversion of ores into oxides

laiai ilai Reduction
lsaa1.3.2 i i
saaslaalaof metal
i i
saaslaala
oxides aslaailai
sa1.7
i i
saaslaala of metals
Applications
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saa
d a d a d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P PaApplications
1.7.1
a a
P Pof d
Al
a
P Pa d PaPdad
1.4 Thermodynamic principle of metallurgy
w
1.4.1 Ellingham diagram 1.7.2 Applications of Zn i

laiai l a
sasa1.4.2
ilai i i
saaslaala of the
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala laailai aslaalai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a Applications
d a d Ellingham
a d a 1.7.3d a saas
Applications of
d a sFe
a d a as
w
diagram 1.7.4 Applications of Cu

laiai i i i i i i 1.7.5 Applications of Aulailai
adsaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a s
a aslaailai a saaslaailai a saasa a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai i i i i i i 1 lailai i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala a saasa a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d PaPa Sura’s P
d d d
➠aPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d ➠
d
PaPVolume
a d - IP➠ d
aPaUnit 1 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
CONCEPT iMAP
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aslaailai saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a s
a d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Metallurgy
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
Minerals PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
m
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala Ores
i i
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaalaGravitydseparation
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
co
Concentration of ores Froth floatation
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala la ilai l a ilai l a ilai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a a
sasa d a a
sasa da a
sasa d a d a as
Magnetic separation
.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala Cyanide
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Leaching Acid
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala la ilai la ilai la ilai l a ilai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a da d a a
sasa d a a
sasa d a a
sasa d a a
sasa d a as
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa d
oo
d
PaPExtraction
a d
PaPcrude
of
a aa
metalP P
d PaPa d PaPa
Alkali
d
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaalaRoasting
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a a d
P PConverson ofa d
a into oxides
P Pore a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
Smelting calcination
laiai l a ilai aslaailai l a ilai la ilai l a ilai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a
sasa Reduction d a sa d a a
sasa d a a
sasa d a a
sasa d a d a as
PaPa d PaPa d by C d
PaPReduction
a d
PaPmetal
of a oxidesPaPa
d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
or H or metal
ur
laiai i i
saaslaala Auto dreduction
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a d a d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
.s
laiai i i Distillation i i i i i i i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala da saaslaala da saaslaala as
w
Liquation
laiai i i i i Refining process
adsaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala asaaslaailai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i of metallurgy
Principles
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a d d
P Parefining
Zone a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
w
laiai i i Vapour phase i i i i laailaThermodynamic

i laailai Electrochemical
ai i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaas d a s
aas d a slala
saaprinciples d asaaslaala as
PaPa d d
PaPmethod
a PaPa d PaPa d d
principles
PaPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
w
DG = DH - TDS DG° = -nFE°
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa
Ellingham
d a
P Pa
diagram
d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPa Pure metal
d d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d
Applications d
of Al,PaCu,d
Pa Zn, Fe andPaAu
d
Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i i i i i 2 i i i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d Sura’s
d
PaPa d d
➠ XIIPStd
aPa - Chemistry
d d
PaPa ➠ Volume
d d
PaPa - I ➠ Metallurgy
d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
laiai formulae i i
saslaala
tosremember
aslaailai i i
saslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal aa aa aa a a a a as
PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
Metal Ore Composition Metal Ore Composition
laiai i i i i ilai i i Zincilaiblende or alailai i
adsaasal d asaaslaala d a saaslaala
Bauxite
dAl
a asl3aa.nH
s2aO 2O da saaslaala d a saaslaaSphalerited a sasa d alai
ZnS asaasla as
Aluminium Diaspore Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Zinc Calamine ZnCO3
m
laiai i i
saaslaala Kaolinite i i
saaslaala saaAlaO i i
sla2 la3
i i
saaslaala
i i i i i i
saaslaalaZincite dadsaaslaala ZnOdadsaaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d aPa d
P Haematite a d
P Pa Fe O a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa
Galena
a
P Pa
PbS PaPdad
2 3
co
Magnetite Fe3O4 Lead Anglesite PbSO
4
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aslaailai i i
saaslaala laailai laailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a Siderite
d a d a saFeCO d a da s
a as Cerrusited a s
a as PbCO d a as
d
PaPaIron PaPa d PaPa d 3
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d 3
PaPa d PaPdad
Cassiterite
Iron pyrite FeS2 Tin SnO2
.
(Tin stone)
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aailai
saaslSilver
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
d a d a d a d a d a glance
d a da as
a
P Pa d a a d
P PLimonite a d
P PaFe2O3.3H2OP Pa a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa
(Argentite)
d AgP2SPa
a d PaPdad
Pyrargyrite
laiai i i Copper pyrite ilai CuFeS ilai2 ilai i i i iAg SbS i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a a
sasal a
d a a
sasala
d a a
sasala
d a a la
sasala silver)
(Ruby
d a saaslaala 3 d3adsaaslaala as
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
oo PaPa d d
Silver PaPa Chlorargyrite PaPa d PaPa
Copper glance Cu2S AgCl
(Horn Silver)
Copper i
laiai saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
Cuprite aiai
sla2lO
saaCu
i i
saaslaala
iai
saaslaalStefinite
i i i i
saaslaala Ag5SbSd4adsaaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a da d a as
a
P Pa d a
PP a d a d
Pa .Cu(OH)
PCuCO a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
Ag P
a
Pa PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
Malachite Proustite AsS
ab
3 2 3 3
Azuritei 2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
laiai i i
saaslaala la a i i
saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a asaasal a a a a a as
PaPa d PaPdad d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS
ur
laiai i i i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Mineral : A naturally occurring substance obtained by mining which contains the metal
.s
in free state or in the form of compounds like oxides, sulphides etc... is called
laiai i i
saaslaala l a ilaia mineral.alailai laiai laiai laiai laiai
adsaasal d a a
asasa asasa asaasal asaasal asaasal asaasal as
aPa
POresd PaPdad PaPdad that contains
: Minerals PaPdaad high percentage
PaPdad of metal,PaPdad PaPdadbe
from which it can
PaPdad
w
extracted conveniently and economically are called ores.

laiai i i
saaslaala of Ore
i i
saaslaa: la The preliminary
i i i i
saaslaala step indametallurgical
saaslaala
ilai
saaslaais laailai impurities. i i
saaslaala
adsaasal Concentration
d a d a d a process
d a removal d aof
saasthese d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d aPa d
ThisP removal
a d a d
P Pisaknown as concentration
process P Pa of P
a
Pa
ore.
d a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
Roasting : Roasting is the method, usually applied for the conversion of sulphide ores
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala into their aslaailai The concentrated
soxides.
i i
saaslaala ore is
i i
saaslaala by heating
oxidised
iai excess of
saaslitaalwith
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a a d a d a d a d a as
PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPain a suitablePfurnace
oxygen d
aPa below the d
PaPmelting
a d
aPthe
pointPof a metal. PaPa d PaPdad
w
Calcination : Calcination is the process in which the concentrated ore is strongly heated in
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala the absence aailaair.
saaslof
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
Pa d
PRefining a
P Pa
process
d a d
P Pa of such impurities
: Removal
a d
P Pa associated a d
a the isolated
P Pwith a d
P Pacrude metal P a a d
isPcalled PaPdad
refining process.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 3 saslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a da d a d aa d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pad
a a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
➠aPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d ➠
d
PaPVolume
a d - IP➠ d
aPaUnit 1 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
Ellingham
i i diagramalailai: The graphical aailai representation ilaiof variationaof the standard Gibbs free energy aofi i
laiai saslaala aslfor aslaaof laailai aslaailai saaslala
adsaasal aa s sa aa reaction
a s
a the formation
a s
a various metal
a sas oxides with
a s
atemperature isadcalled as
PaPdad PaPdad a
P Pad d
Ellingham
a
P Pa
diagram.
d d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad PaPdad
Application of : Ellinghami diagram helpsi us to select ia suitable reducing agent andi
laiai laailai diagram laailai laalaitemperature ai for reduction.
laalrange laalai laailai alalai
adsaasal Ellingham
s
da a
as s
da a
as appropriate
s
da a
as sa
da a s da as as s
da a
as dasasa as
PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPad PaPdad
Electrolytic refining : In electrolytic refining of the metal :
m
Cathode : Pure metal
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala: Impure aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a Anode
d a d a smetal
a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
Electrolyte
a d a
P Pa aqueousPsolution
: Acidified Pa d
of salt of
a a
P Pthed
metal
a
P Pa d PaPdad
co
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
EVALUATION
d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
.
laiai
C C
i i i i i i aailai Which sofalaathe i i ilai aslaailai
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaastatements,
adsaasal T saasl6. s la following saabout
ks
d a hoose
d a he d a orrect d a d a a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d the a a d
P Padvantage aPa d
ofProasting a
P Pa d
of sulphide ore PaPdad
laiai
A
i
nswer
i i i
before reduction is not true?
i i i ilai
saaslaala a) ΔG f°sof sulphide is greater
saaslaalathan those sfor
aslaaCS
i i i i alai
adsaasal d a saaslaala refer d
[Please toa aslaala
sthe
a Textbook d a saaslaaNo.
Page
la
234 d a d a asla
a d a d a a 2 as
PaPdad
oo PaPa d d
Pa H2S.
Paand PaPa d PaPa d
for the explanatory answers for MCQs.]
b) ΔGr° is negative for roasting of sulphide ore
laiai 1. Bauxite has the composition to oxide
adsaasal a saaslaailai
a
i i
saaslaala [HY.
a
ilai
saaslaa'19; May-'22] a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pa d d d d
c) P Roasting
a of thea d d a d d
P Pasulphide to PitsPaoxide is PaPdad
Pa
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
a) Al2O3 b) Al2O3.nH2O thermodynamically feasible.

c)ai Fei 2O3.2H2O ai i d) None ofaithese d) Carbonlaand i hydrogenaare i suitable reducing
laiai aslala saaslala [Ans.da(b) alaOi .nH dO]
saaslAl
i i
saaslaala alai saslaala
i i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a sa d a a a saasfor
agents
d metal a
sulphides.
d d a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d 2 3 Pa2 a
P d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
2. Roasting of sulphide ore gives the gas (A). [Ans. (d) Carbon and hydrogen are suitable
ur
(A)i is a colourlessi gas. Aqueous solution of reducing

i i agents fori metal sulphides.]
laiai lsaalaisi acidic. The
(A) lsaagas ai (A) is saslaailai[FRT-'22]saslaailai saaslaala saaslaala
i
saaslaala
i i
adsaasal aas a s
daada
a l
daada aa a a a as
PaPdad a) CO PaPb) SO PaP
c) SO d) H PSaPdad 7. Match
a d d
P Pa items in column d d
P Pa - I with P
a thed d
Paitems of
a PaPdad
2 3 2 2
[Ans. (c) SO2] column – II and assign the correct code.
.s
laiai aslaailai one asaof

3. asWhich aslaaila i following
the i i
saaslaala reaction
i i
saaslaala Column i i
saaslaala- I
ilai
saaslaaColumn - IIsala
sala
i i
adsaasal d a d d a d a d a da d a a as
d
PaPa represents d
PaPcalcinations?
a PaPa d PaPa d APaP d
Cyanide
a d
PaPa (i) Ultrapure
process PaPaGed PaPdad
w
a) 2Zn + O2  → 2ZnO B Froth floatation (ii) Dressing of ZnS

b) i 2ZnS i + 3O2 a ai 2ZnO +s2SO processlailai
saslaa
laiai il→ aslaail2ai i i ilai ai i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a d a a d a saaslaala CPaP
a
daadsasa
Electrolytic d a saaslaaExtraction
(iii) d a
of slala
saaAl as
a d
P Pa c) MgCO P 3Pa
a d → MgO P +P
CO
a a2d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
d) Both (a) and (c) reduction

[Ans. (c)laMgCO  → MgO i + CO2] alailai D Zone refining (iv) Extraction of Aui
laiai aslaailai i
alai 3 dasaaslaalai
i
saaslaala
i i lai
saaslaaPurification aslaalai
adsaasal saThe metal oxidesaaswhich cannot be reduced asasa (v) sof as
PaPdatod PaPa Ni
4.d a d a d a d a d a a
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d d PaPdad
w
metal by carbon is
a) i PbO b) Al2O c) ZnO d) FeO A B C D
laiai lsaala i lsaaila3i lsaaila(b)
i
Al2Od3a]saasla
i
alai (a) (i) sa(ii) ai i
slala(iii) (iv)
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saa d a saa
d a [Ans.
saa
d a a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
(b)P P d
a (iv) (v) P P
(iii) a(i)a d a
P Pa d PaPdad
5. Which of the metal is extracted by Hall-
Heroult process? (c) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
laiai aslaaila i aslaailai c) Cuasaaslaad) ilai i (d) (ii) a(iii) i i (i) (v) alailai i i
adsaasal d a saa) Al b)asaNi
d d
Zn asaasla
d alai d a saslaala d a sasa d a saaslaala as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPAl]
[Ans. (a) a d PaPa [Ans. (c) A
d -P(iv),
Pa a B - (ii), CP- (iii),
d aPa D - (i)]
d PaPdad
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d Sura’s
PaPad d ➠ XIIPStd
d
aPa - Chemistry
d d
PaPa ➠ Volume
d d
d PaPad d d
PaPa d PaPdad
8. Wolframite ore is separated from tinstone 15. Extraction of gold and silver involves
i aslaailprocess
bysthe ofsasla i aailai iai i i ilai i i
saaslaalleaching with
saaslaalacyanidedaion.
saaslaaSilver is later
a i ai alai [PTA -s2;
aslMar-2020]
l
adsaasal
a
d a a d a a d a a d a d a d a saaslaala as
a d
P Paa) Smelting a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d recovered
P Pa by
a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
(NEET-'17) PaPdad
b) Calcination a) Distillation
laiai ai i
c)saRoasting i i i i ib)i Zone refining i i i i i i
adsaasal d a a slala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
d
PaPad) Electromagnetic d
PaPa separation PaPa d PaPa d c) Displacement
PaPa d withPa
zinc
Pa d PaPa d PaPdad
[Ans. (d) Electromagnetic separation] d) liquation
m
[Ans. (c) Displacement with zinc]ai i
laiai 9. Which aslaailaone aslaailai
i of the following is not laailai
asfeasible aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai saaslala
adsaasal d a sa d a sa d asa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a as
a d
P Paa) Zn(s) + Cu a d
P Pa(aq) 
2+
→ Cu a d 2+ a d
P(s)P+a Zn (aq) P Pa 16. Considering a
P Pa d Ellingham a d
P Pa diagram, P which
a d
Pa of PaPdad
co
the following metals can be used to reduce
b) Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)  → Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)
alumina? (NEET-'18)
laiai laailai + 2Ag+ sas laail
a→i 2Ag +sCu aslaa2+ila(aq)
i iai
saaslaala) aslaailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal dc)
a saasCu (s) d a
(aq)a (s)
d a a d a Fe da sab) Cu c)
d a sMg
a d) Zn
d a as
d) Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq)  → Cu(s) + Fe2+(aq) [Ans. (c) Mg]
.
2+
lsaailai [Ans. l(b)aailaCu
i (s) + Zn a(aq)l aaila
i → Zn(s) +laCu ilai 2+(aq)] 17. The following
aslaailai
set of reactions
aslaailai aslaailai
are used inlailai
ks
s a s as s s s as a s s s sasa as
ada a a
PaPdaElectrochemical
d a a
PaPdadprocess is Pused
a a
aPdadto extractPaPdad a a refining
PaPdaZirconium
a
d a a
aPdad[Aug-'21]
a aPdaada PaPdad
10. P P
Zr (impure) + 2I 2 523  K
→ ZrI 4 .
a) Iron b) Lead
laiai ai i
c)saSodium
slala
i i
saaslaalad) Silver
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaalaZrI 4 1800
i i
saaKslaa→laZr (pure
i i
s+aa2slIaa2la
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a d a d a d a 
d a d )
a d a as
P[Ans.
aPa (c) Sodium] PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa d d
11. Flux is a substance which is used to convert This method is known as
laiai laailai into silicate
a)sasMineral i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
iai
saaslaala) saaslaala
i i ilai
aslaaArkel i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a d a d a d a Liquation
da b)
d a sVan
a process
d a as
a d a
P Pab) InfusiblePimpurities
Pa d a d
P Pa impurities P Pa
to soluble a d
c) Zone refining
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
d) Mond’s process
a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
c) Soluble impurities to infusible impurities [Ans. (b) van Arkel process]

laiai laailaofi these saslaailai [Ans. s(b)
d)sasAll ilai
aslaaInfusible i ai
saaslaalWhich of aailai following
saaslthe
i i aslaailai
saaslaalais useddadsafor
adsaasal d a a d a a d a a d a18. d a d a as
d
PaPa aPa d
Pimpurities d
to soluble
PaPa impurities] PaPa d PaPa d
concentrating aPa d
ore inPmetallurgy? PaPa PaPdad
12. Which one of the following ores is best a) Leaching b) Roasting
ur
laiai la i
concentrated a i by frothl ai –
ai floatation l a i
method?
a i i i
saasalc) Frothdafloatation
l a a l a i a i aslaaila(a)
d) sBoth i and (c) alaailai
adsaasal d a saasal d a saasal d a saasal d a saasal d a a dasas as
P Pa
a d a
P Pa d [Govt.MQP_'19;
a
P Pa d FRT-'22]a
P Pa d a
P Pa d [Ans. d
P Pa (d) Both (a)Pa
a Pad(c)]
and PaPdad
a) Magnetite b) Haematite 19. The incorrect statement among the following
.s
c) Galena d) Cassiterite
saaslaalis
i i i i iai i i ai '19; i i
saa[QY.
la ai i i i i Sep-2020]
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a
[Ans.
saa(c)aa
slalGalena] da d a saaslaala d a slala d a saaslaala as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPa is refined by
a) Nickel PaP d
Mond’s
a PaPa
process. d PaPdad
w
13. In the extraction of aluminium from b) Titanium is refined by Van Arkel’s process.
laiai alumina i i by electrolysis, i i cryolite isaaddedi i to ic)i Zinc blende i i is concentrated i i by froth i i
adsaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala asaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
a d
P Paa)
d Lower thea
P Pad
melting
d point ofa
P Pad
alumina
d a d
P Pa d floatation.
a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d PaPdad
w
b) Remove impurities from alumina d) In the metallurgy of gold, the metal is leached
c) Decrease the electrical
i i conductivity with dilute sodium chloride isolution.
laiai i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala laailai i
saaslaala of gold, aslaailai
adsaasal a a a a [Ans.
a saas(d) In the metallurgy
a a sthe
a as
PaPad) IncreasePthe
d d aParate of reduction
d d PaPad d d
PaPa d PaPad d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
w
[Ans. (a) Lower the melting point of alumina] metal is leached with dilute sodium
chloride solution]
laiai 14. Zinc i i
saaslaaislaobtained from i i
saaslaalaZnO byd[FRT aailJuly
saasl& ai '22] saslaailai i i
saaslaala refining laailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a a d a20.
a In the aelectrolytic
d a d a saasof copper,adwhich
a as
a d
P Paa) Carbon reduction a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d d a
Pa followingPisPused
P the
one of
a d P Pa
as anode?
d PaPdad
b) Reduction using silver a) Pure copper b) Impure copper
laiai lsaailai
c)saElectrochemical l a ilai
process l ailai l a ilai
sasa c) Carbon aslaailai
sarod aslaailai electrode
d)asPlatinum
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a d a a
sasa da a
sasa d a a
d a d a d a as
d d
PaPa [Ans. (a) Carbon
PaPad) Acid leaching d
PaPa reduction] PaPa d PaPa
d d d
aPa (b) ImpurePacopper]
[Ans.
P Pa PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pad
a a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
➠aPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d ➠
d
PaPVolume
a d - IP➠ d
aPaUnit 1 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
laiai
21. Which of the following plot gives Ellingham
aslaailai
diagram? aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
A
nswer thelaiaiollowing F
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal saasal
Q
d a s
a d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a d a as
a d
P Pa a) ΔS VsPT aPa d a
b)P P
d
a Vs T
ΔG° a
P Pa d a d
P Pa uestions a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
1
c)ai ΔG° Vs ai i d) ΔG° VsaTi 2i 1.i i What arealthe i i differences between minerals
laiai l a i T saaslala lala saaslaala and ores? sasaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a
sasa l
d a [Ans.
d a saas(b) ΔG° Vs T]
d a d a d a d a as
PP
aa d d
PaPa Sep-2020; FRT,
[QY_'19;
d
PaPaMay-'22] PaPdad
22. In the Ellingham diagram, for the formation Ans.
m
laiai of carbon
i i monoxide i i i i i i i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala
Minerals d a saaslaala Oresdadsaaslaala as
d a d
P Pa a)  ∆S°P Pisa negative P Pa
a a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa PaPdad
  A naturally occurring Ore contains a
co
∆T
substance obtained high percentage of
laiai aslaailai∆G°  asaaslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala by dmining
i i
saaslaala which aslaailai from aswhich
smetal, aslaailai
adsaasal d a sab)   is
d positive d a d a a d a a d a as
PaPa d  ∆TPaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa
containsd d
PaPa it can bePaPextracted
the metal ad PaPdad
in free state or in the conveniently and
 ∆G ° 
.
c)ai i  is negative form of compounds. economically.
laiai saaslala ∆T  dadsaaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala All dminerals
i i
saaslaala are not aslaailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
d a d a d a a d a sAll
a ores are a
Minerals
d as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa ∆T  a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
d) initially   is positive, after 700°C, ores
 ∆G ° 
It containsi i a low It contains a high
laiai i
laala ∆G°  saslaailai
i laailai laailai laala laailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saas d a a d a saas d a saas percentage
d a saas of metal. d a saa
percentage
s ofdmetals
a as
 PaPis a negative PaPa PaPdad
PaPa d
∆T
d
oo
 ∆G °  Ex : Mineral of Al Ex : Ore of Al is
[Ans. (c)   is negative] is bauxite and china bauxite
laiai lsaailai lsaailai ∆Τalailai aailai clay salaailai aslaailai i i
adsaasal d a saa
d a saa
d a sa s a d a saasl
da a s d a sa d a saaslaala as
a d
Pa Which of
P23. a d
a following
P Pthe a a d
P Preduction a
isP P a
not
d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
2. What are the various steps involved in
ab
thermodynamically feasible? [PTA - 3] extraction of pure metals from their ores?

laiai aslaaila i laaili Al O + a2Cr
a→ laailai aailai The extraction
saaslAns.
i i
saaslaala of dcrude
iai
saaslaalmetals
ilai
saaslaathe
adsaasal d a saa) Cr2O3 + 2Al
d a saas 2 d3adsas d a d a a from
d a as
d
PaPa b) Al OP+aP2Cr a d PaOa + 2Al PaPa d PaPa d
concentrated
d
ores PisaPcarried
a d
inaPtwo
out P a steps PaPdad
2 3  → Cr2P 3
namely,
ur
c) 3TiO2 + 4Al  → 2 Al2O3 + 3Ti

laiai aslaaila i i i i i i i (i) conversion i i of the ore iinto
i oxides of the
i i
adsaasal asad) none of saaslaala
these
a a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pametal
d of interest
a
P Pa dand
d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
[Ans. (b) Al2O3 + 2Cr  → Cr2O3 + 2Al] (ii) Reduction of the metal oxides to elemental
.s
metals.
laiai 24. Which a ilai of the afollowing a ilai is not a ilatrue
i with ailai aailai aslaailai lime ain ilai
adsaasal a a
sasa l
a sasa l
a a
sasa l
a a
sas3.l a Whatdaissaaslthe role of a saquick saaslaathe as
PaPa respect to
d d PaEllingham
Pa
d d diagram?
PaPad d PaPad d PaPa d PaPa d d d
Pa a d PaPdad
a) Free energy changes follow a straight line. extraction of Iron from its oxide FeP2O3?
w
Deviation occurs when there iisi a phase Ans. (i) Quick lime acts as a Flux.
laiai lsaailai lsaailai lsaala lsaailai (ii) It scombine
aslaailai with asilica iai
saaslaaland
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saa change.adada s a
d a saa
d a saa
d a a d get d
converted
a as
a d
P Pa b) The graph P Pa for the formation a
P Pa d
of COP
aPa d a d
a CalciumPsilicate
P Pinto a d
Pa called asPslag. aPa d PaPdad
2 is a
w
straight line almost parallel to free energy CaO(is ) i+ SiO 2(s )  → CaSiO
laiai l a ila i
axis. laailai laailai laailai laala Gangue saslaailai Slag 3(s ) saslaailai
adsaasal aas as a s
ada as s as
aPdaadathat it becomes aas as aas as
Flux aa aa as
PaPdad c) Negative PaPdaslope of CO Pshows PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
w
more stable with increase in temperature. 4. Which type of ores can be concentrated by
laiai d)ai Positive slope of metal oxides shows that froth floatation
laailai method? Give two examples
adsaasal a saaslala i
their s aslaailadecrease
stabilities
a a
i
a s aslaailincrease
with
a
ai
in
a saaslaailai for such a sa a
ores.
s a saaslaailai [FRT-'22]
a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pa d d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
temperature. Ans. (i) Sulphide ores can be concentrated by froth
[Ans. (b) The graph for the formation of floatation method.
laiai l a ilai CO is a l a ilai
straight line almost
l a ilai parallel alailai
sasa (ii) dEx aailai sulphidesgalena
sa:aslLead aslaailai (PbS) a aailai
saaslzinc
and
adsaasal d a a
sasa d
a
2 sasa
a d a a
sasa d a a d a a d as
PaPa d PaPa d Pato d
Pafree energyPaxis.] aPa d d
PaPblende
a (ZnS).PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
PaPad d Sura’s
d
PaPa d ➠ XIIPStd
d
aPa - Chemistry
d d
PaPa ➠ Volume
d d
d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
5. Describe a method for refining nickel.  Above this temperature aluminium lines
i i i i i ilai magnesium ilai i i
saasala lies dbelow
saaslaathe saaslaaline.
a i a i a i [PTA - 3; a i
May-'22] a i
l
adsaasal
a
d a
l
saasal a
d a
l
saasal a
d a
l
saasal a
d a
l
a d a d a saaslaala as
Ans.
a d
P PaMond process a d
P Pfor
a refining nickel a d
P Pa : a
P Pa d  Hence d
P Pa we can use
a d
P Paaluminium to
a d
P Preduce
a a PaPdad
(i) The impure nickel is heated in a stream of magnesia above 1600 K.
carbon monoxide at around 350K. i(ii)
laiai laailai laailai saaslaa
ilai
saaslaal ai alailai alailai alailai
adsaasal s
(ii) as The nickel s a
reactss with the CO to form a Inadaadsasa asasa s sa as
P PEllingham diagram
PaPdad below P1600
aPdaada K
d a a d a a d a d a
PaPa d
highly P
aPa d
volatile PaPa d
nickel tetracarbonyl. PaPa d PaPdad
magnesium line lies below aluminium line.
m
(iii) The solid impurities are left behind.  Hence, below 1600 K magnesium can
laiai lsa ilai ilaiK
aa350 aailai aailai reduce aslaailai laiai laiai
asalumina.
l l l
adsaasal s a
ada Ni(s) + 4CO
a a as as → [Ni(CO) a
a as 4](g)
s s
a asa a asasal a asasal a as
PaPda
(iv) On heating PaPda(g)d the nickel PaPdadtetracarbonyl PaPdad (B) PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
co
around 460K, the complex decomposes to (i) In Ellingham diagram above 1000 K
laiai give
i i pure metal. i i i i i i carbon line i lies
i below the iron
i i line. i i
adsaasal a saaslaala a
aala
saasl460 a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
d d
PaPa [Ni(COP)] d d K
aPa → PNiaPa+ 4CO d d d
PaPa d (ii) PHence,
aPa it is possible
d d PaPa to reduce PFeaP2O
d d a 3 by
d d PaPdad
4 (g) (s) (g)
coke at a temperature around 1200 K.
6. Explain zone refining process with an
.
laiai 8. lailGive the useslaofilazinc. [PTA - 4]
adsaasal aslaailai
example. aslaaila-i 6; Mar-2020;
[PTA ilai
aslaaFRT-'22] asa ai asa i aslaailai i i
saaslaala
ks
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa a as
a
Ans. d d
P Pa(i) This method a d d
P Pa is based Pon a d d
Pathe Fractional a
P Pad dAns. (i) Metallic
a
P Pa d d zinc is used
a
P Pad in
d galvanising a
P Pa metals
d d PaPdad
Crystallisation. The impure metal is melted such as iron and steel structures to protect
and them from rusting and corrosion.
laiai a ilai allowed atolaila solidify,
i the limpurities
a ilai a ilai laailaiused to produce i i i i
adsaasal d a a l
sasaprefer to remain d a sasain the molten d a asa
saregion. d a a l
sasa (ii) Zinc d ais
saasalso d a saaslaala die-castings
d a saaslaala as
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa
ood PaPa d P d
inaPthe
a automobile, d
PaPelectrical
a aPa d
and Phardware
(ii) The impure metal is taken in the form of
industries
a rod.
laiai ilai the metal ilai is heated with i i i(iii)
i Zinc oxide ai isi used in sthe aslaailmanufacture
ai of i i
adsaasal d a saaslaaWhen
(iii)
d a saaslaarod d a saaslaalaa heater dadsaaslaala many d a slala
saaproducts such
d a aas paints, d a saaslaala
rubber, as
a
P Pa d the metal a d
P Pmelts.
a a
P Pa d a
P Pa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, plastics, inks,
ab
(iv) The heater is slowly moved from one end

batteries, textiles and electrical equipment.
laiai atoiathe
i other end.laiai a ilai a il(iv)
i i i laailai luminous i i
adsaasal (v)
d a a l l
sasaThe impurity d a asa l
sadissolves in the
d a aa l
sa zone. dadsasa
smolten a l a
d saaslaala is used
Zincasulphide
d ain
saasmaking d a saaslaala as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa P d
aPa fluorescent
paints, d
PaPlights
a and x-ray d
Pascreens.
Pa PaPdad
(vi) When the heater moves, the molten zone
(v) Brass an alloy of zinc is used in water
ur
also moves.
laiai ilai process isarepeated
laailai valves and ilcommunication equipment as itlaiai
adsaasal (vii)
a saaslaaThis a sa s againa saaslaaila
and i to
again a saaslaailai is highly a sa
ai
aslaaresistant to a s aslaailai
corrosion.
a asaasal as
PaPdad get pure d
Pad
Pametal. PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
(viii) The process is carried in an inert gas 9. Explain the electrometallurgy of aluminium.
.s
[Govt.MQP_'19] i
laiai laaatmosphere
ilai to aprevent
lailai the oxidation
laailai of saslaailai laailai laailai saaslaala
i
adsaasal d a saas metals. d a saas d a saas d aAns.
a Hell - Herold
d a saa s Process : d a saas d a as
d
PaPExample
a
: PP
aa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Cathode : Iron tank lined with carbon
w
Elements such as Germanium (Ge), Silicon Anode : Carbon blocks

laiai l a ilai and Galium
(Si) l ilai are refined
aa(Ga) l ilai this
aausing l aailai ai i
slala solution
aailai
aslalumina i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saa a
s process. dadas s a
d a saas d a saas Electrolytes d a saa: 20% d a sof
a obtained
d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa + MoltenP P
from bauxite
a a d
cryolite PaPdad
w
7. Using the Ellingham diagram,

+ Calcium chloride (lowers the
(A) Predict the conditions under which
laiai i
saaslaa(i)
i
la Aluminium i i
saaslaalamight dbeadsa aslaalai i i
saaslaala
i ilai
saaslaamelting point of ilai mixture) alailai
saaslaathe
adsaasal d a d a expected to d a d a d a asasa as
PaPa d d
PaPa magnesia.PaPa PaPa d d
PaPa : Above P
Temperature 1270
aPa Kd PaPdad PaPdad
w
reduce
(ii) Magnesium could reduce Ionisaiton of alumina
laiai alumina. Ala2O laa3ila
i  → 2Al3+al+a ai 2–
il3O
adsaasal a s aslaailai a s aslaailai a s aslaailai a s aslaailai a s s a s s a a
i i
saaslaala as
a
P Pad(B)
d a It is possible
a
P Pad d ato reduce Fe
a d
P Pa2 3O
d a by coke at
a
P Pad d a d
Reaction
a
P Pa d a at cathodea
P Pad d a a
P Pa d d PaPdad
a temperature around 1200 K. 3+
2Al (melt) + 6e  –
→ 2Al(l)
Ans. (A) (i) Reaction at anode
laiai i
aala i
saaslEllingham
i i
saaslaala for the saaslaala
i i a
of dadsaaslala
i i aslaalai i i i
saaslaala – dadsaaslaala
i i
adsaasal da ddiagram
a d aformation d a s2–
a d a as
d
PaPa Al O and PaPMgO
a d
intersects a d
PaParound PaPa
1600 K. PaP6O d
a (melt)  PaP 
→ d
a 3O2 + 12ePaPa PaPdad
2 3
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pad
a a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
➠aPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d ➠
d
PaPVolume
a d - IP➠ d
aPaUnit 1 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
(i) Since carbon acts as anode the following (iii) To form a volatile compound which on
laiai i i
saaslaala reaction takes i ai
saaslaalplace.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala further i i
saaslaalaheating ddecomposes
saaslaala
i i to giveapure i i
saslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a a d a as
a
P Pa d
CP+
a d
PaO2– (melt)  Pa d
P→a CO + 2e– P Paa d P PZn.
a a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
(s)
(iv) Sodium cyanide is used as an depressing
C(s) + 2O2– (melt)  → CO2 + 4e–
laiai i i i i iai i i agentlain ilaifroth flotation. i Iti prevents aother i i
adsaasal aslaala During aelectrolysis
sa(ii) saaslaala saaslaalare
anodes slowly saaslaala saasasulphides saaslaalato the froth. saslaala as
d a d d a da metal
d a coming
d a d a
PaPa d d
PaPa due to thePabove
consumed
d
aPa two reactions.
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
For Example, when impurities such as
m
(iii) Aluminium is formed at the cathode and ZnS is present in galena (PbS), sodium
laiai i i
saaslaala settles datadthe
ilai
saaslaabottom.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala(NaCN) aailai to depresses
sisaasladded
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a cyanide
d a d a d a as
d
P Pa (iv) NetPelectrolysis
a aPa reaction
P Pais
a d a
P Pa d a d a
a flotation Pproperty
P Pthe Pa d
of ZnSPbya d
Paforming PaPdad
co
4Al3+ (melt) + 6O2– (melt) + 3C(s)  → a layer of zinc complex Na2[Zn(CN)4] on
laiai 4Al i i i i i i+ 3CO i the a surface
lailai of zinc sulphide.
alailai alailai
adsaasal d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaa(l)la 2(g)sasla
d a a alai asasa adsasa adsasa as
Pa d
Pa Explain Pthe
10.
d
aPafollowing P d
aPa with suitable
terms
d
PaPa 13. Explain PaPdad the principle PaPdaof electrolytic PaPdarefining PaPdad
examples. [PTA - 2; Sep-2020; FRT-'22] with an example. [HY-'19; July-'22]
.
laiai aiai laailaiSlag saaslAns.
aailai (i) Electrolytic
saaslaala refining saaslisaalacarried d out ainla
sasaan
i i i i i i ilai
adsaasal saa(i)
slalGangue saas(ii) saaslaala
ks
d a d a d a d a d a d a a as
a
PAns.d
Pa (i) Gangue a d
P Pa : The non-metallic a
P Pa d a
impurities,
P Pa d a
P Pa electrolytic
d cell.
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
rocky materials and siliceous matter, (ii) Anode : Impure metal
laiai i iassociated awith i ithe ore is called i i gangue. alailai Cathode i i : Thin strips ilaof
i pure metal aailai
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a sasa d a saaslaala : Aqueous
Electrolyte d a saaslaasolution of
d a saaslsalts
the as
PaPdad
PaPa Example
d PaPa : SiO2 is the
d
oo d
PaPagangue present PaPain d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
the iron ore. of the metal.
(ii) Slag : Slag is (iii) The metal ilai of interest dissolves from the
laiai lsaailai lsaailthe
ai fusible sproduct
lsaailai formedsaslaailai l a l a ilai ilai
saaslaathe
adsaasal d a saa
when a
flux
d saa
reacts with d a aa
gangue during the
d a a d a saa
anode,s pass into
a d a saa
the s solution dwhile
a a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a a
P Psamed
amount
a
P Pof d
a metal ions a a
P Pfromd
the PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
extraction of metal.
solution will be deposited at the cathode.
Example : i i
laiai laailai aslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala (iv) dDuring
i i
saaslaalaelectrolysis, aslaailless
sathe ai electropositive
saaslaala
i i
adsaasal d a saa s CaO d a sa+ SiO   →d aCaSiO d a a d a d a as
PaPa d PaPa(s)d 2 Pa Pa d 3 PaPa d a d
PaPimpurities inPthe d
aPaanode, settlePdown d
aPa at the PaPdad
Flux Gangue (slag)
bottom and are removed as anode mud.
ur
11. Give the basic requirement for vapour phase (v) Electrolytic refining oflasilver as an example.
laiai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai asailai saaslaala
i i
adsaasal d a sarefining. d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s
Cathode
a : Pure d a s
silver
a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Ans. (i) The metal should form a volatile compound Anode : Impure silver rods
.s
when treated with a suitable reagent. Electrolyte

laiai l a ilai laailaicompound ilai
laadecomposed laailai ilai : Acidified
laanitrate.
aqueous solutioniofi
laailai alala
adsaasal (ii)
a a Then the volatile
a ais a a
silver a
aa
PaPdad
s s
a
s
daada s
a
s
daada s
a
s
daada s
a
s
daada s
a
s
daada s
a daadsasa as
PaPdad
to givePthe pure metal.P
P P P P P
(vi) PWhen a current
P P is passed through P P the
w
12. Describe the role of the following in the electrodes the following reactions will take
laiai aslaailai mentioned.
saprocess
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala place i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
a d
P Pa (i) Silica a
P Pin d
a the extraction a d
P Pa of copper. P Pa a d a a d
P PReaction a
P Pa
at anode d a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
(ii) Cryolite in the extraction of aluminium. Ag(s)  → Ag (aq) + 1e–

+
laiai i i i i i i [QY_'19] alailai i i i i i i

adsaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a sasa a saaslaala at cathode
Reaction a saaslaala a saaslaala as
PaPa (iii) Iodine
d d PaPain the refining
d d PaPaof Zirconium.
d d PaPad d PaPad d d
Pa1ea– d Pa ad d PaPdad
w
[QY_'19] Ag+(aq) + P  → Ag(s) P

(iv)i iSodium cyanide in froth floatation. (vii) Duringi electrolysis, at the anode the silver
laiai laala aslaailaasi an acidic laailai aslaailai lai electrons
aslaalose laailai saaslaala
i i
adsaasal Ans.
d a saa(i)
s S
ilica, dis
a sused
a d a saaflux
s is usedd to
a sa datoms
a sa d a saaand
s enter thed solution.
a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
remove slag during the process of roasting. (viii) The positively charged silver cations
(ii) Lowers the melting point to 1173K and migrate towards the cathode and get
laiai l a ilaiimproves the l a ilai
electrical a
conductivity
l ilai of the alailai i i
saaslaala by dagaining
discharged i i
saaslaala electrons
ilai
saaslaaand
adsaasal d a a
sasa d a a
sasa d a a
sasa d a sasa d a d a as
PaPa d PaPa
aluminium. d PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPdeposited
a d
aPacathode. PaPa
onPthe d PaPdad
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
➠aPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d ➠
d
PaPVolume
a d - IP➠ d
aPaUnit 1 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
Unitsastest
laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a aa a a a as
a d
Pa : 40 minP Pa
PTime a d a
P Pa d PaPdad a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a da d
P PMarks : 25 PaPdad
laiai I. sC aailai the Csorrect

aslaailai Answer saaslaala(5 × 1 =d5) saaslII. S
aailai hort A ai i (2 × 2al=
sasaal4)
aslhoose i i i i iai
adsaasal d a a d a a d a a d a saanswer
slala d a saaslaala d a as
Pa d
Pa The chemical
1.
d
PaPa name of Horn d
PaPa silver is _____. d
PaPa 1. Give PaPthed PaPa
a basic requirement d d
PaPa phase
for vapour PaPdad
m
a) Chlorargyrite b) Silver glance
refining.
laiai l ai a i la i a i l a i a i l2.
a i
saasal Whatdaisdsathe
a i aslaailrole
ai of Silica aailathe
saaslin
i extraction iai
saaslaalof
adsaasal d a asalProusitite
sac) d a saasal d) Pyrargyrite
d a saasal d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d copper.
a
P Pa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
co
2. During the cyanide leaching of gold, the
laiai aslaailai ilai i III.
i i Answer IlnailPaaragraph i i (2 × 3 l= i6)i
adsaasal d asainsoluble gangue
d a saaslaaformed isdasaasla alai d a saaslaala d a saasa
i
d a saaslaala d a saasaala as
d
PaPa a) gold cyanide PaPa d d
Paaluminosilicate
b) P
a d
PaPa 1. d
PaPa the method
Describe d
PaPafor refining P aPa d
nickel. PaPdad
d) gold aluminosilicate 2. Give the uses of zinc.
.
c) gold silicate
laiai lsaailai lsaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
a saa a saa a a a a a as
a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d ad d a d d PaPdad
Pa The metal
P3. a which cannot
P Poxide P Pa be reduced P Pato IV. P PaAnswer P Pa
Long P(2Pa× 5 = 10)
metal by carbon is 1. Give the limitations of Ellingham diagram. i
laiai laailai ilai
laaO ilai
laad) laailai laailai laailai saaslaala
i
adsaasal aas a)
as PbO b) s Al
as
aa 2 3 c) ZnO aas as FeO s
aa as Write a s
a as a s
a as a as
PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad 2. PaPa a short Pnote
d aPa on electrochemical
d d PaPdad
oo d d PaPa d
principles of metallurgy.
4. Removal of unreacted oxide ore, other
laiai aslaailai non ametals
sametals,
i i
saaslaalaassociated laailai isolatedsaslaailai
saaswith
i i ii i i
adsaasal a d a
d
P Pa crude metal a d d
P Pais called _______ a
P Pad a
d aa
PaPdad a d
P Pa
adsaaslaala 
a d
P Pa
a
d saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d saaslaala as
PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
a) leaching b) bleaching Answer Key

laiai aslaaila
sac)
i
refining
i i
saaslaala d) liquation
i i
saaslaala aailai
saaslI.
i i
saaslaala
1. a) aChlorargyrite
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d d a d a as
5. Match the following Metal with their Melting 2. b) aluminosilicate
ur
points. 3. b) Al2O3i i
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a 4. c)d arefining d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa
Metals
d a d
P Pa points P Pa
Melting a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
5. a) d c b a
1 Lead a 545 K
.s
laiai 2 iMercury
i i bi 904 K ala i i aailai 1. RefersaSura’s
ai i ilai Q.No. 11alailai
adsaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala a sasala a saaslII. a a a saaslaaBack,
slala GuidedBook adsasa as
d
PaPa 3 Tin PaPa
d d d c 234 d
PaPKa d d
PaPa d d d
aPa Sura’s Guide
2.PRefer
d
PaPAdditional
a PaPdaQ.No.
2 Marks, 17 PaPdad
4 Bismuth d 600 K
w
laiai i i i i i i III.
i i 1. Refer aSura’s
i i Guide Book Back,
i i Q.No. 5 alailai
adsaasal d a saaslaala 1 2dadsa3aslaala4 d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala asasa as
d
P Pa (a) d P P
a ca b a
a a
P Pa d a
P Pa d 2. a
P Pa d
Refer Sura’s Guide
a
P Pa d
Book Back, PaPdo.ad8
Q.N PaPdad
w
(b) a b c d
(c)i i b c a i di IV. 1. Refer Sura’s Guide Book Back, Q.No. 15
laiai laala saslaala
i i
saaslaala laailai laailai ilai
saaslaaBack,
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal a
adada (d) c
s s
abdadaa d d a d asaas 2. Refer
d a s
aaSura’s
s GuidedBook
a Q.No.
d 16
a as
P Pa P Pa PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
w
adsaasal a d
P Pa
a
d saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d saaslaala 
a d
P Pa
a
d saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d saaslaala
a d
P Pa
adsaaslaala as
PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
UNIT
p-Block
m
2
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d EP Plements
a d
a a
d a d
P Pa
a
d - I a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d as
PaPdad
co
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa
oo
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal a
2.1
d d a d a d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d General a
P Patrends
d in properties
a
P Pa d of p-blocka
P Pa d 2.2.4
a d
P Pa Borax [Na a d
P P2Ba4O7.10H2O] a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
elements 2.2.5 Boric acid [H3BO3 or B(OH)3]

laiai saaslaa2.1.1
i i Electronic i i i i i i aslaailai i i i i
adsaasal d a la
d a saaslaala configuration
d a saaslaalaand dadsaaslaala 2.2.6dadsaDiborane d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
PaPa d d
Paoxidation
Pa PaPa
state d PaPa PaPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
2.2.7 Boron trifluoride
2.1.2 Metallic nature
ur
laiai ilai 2.2.8 Aluminium chloride

adsaasal a sa
la
asa2.1.3 a aaslaailai Enthalpy
Ionisation
s a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d 2.2.9
a d
P Pa d Alums a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
2.1.4 Electronegativity
2.3 Group 14 (Carbon group) elements
.s
laiai 2.1.5
i Anomalous i properties of
i the i
adsaasal a saaslaala
i
a saaslaala
i
a saaslaala
i
a
i aslaailai
saaslaala 2.3.1dadsaOccurrence a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala as
d d
Pafirst d d d d PaPdad
PaPa d Pa elementsPaPa
d d PaPa d PaPa Physical Pproperties
2.3.2
aPa d PaPa d
w
2.1.6 Inert pair effect

2.3.3 Tendency for catenation
laiai ilai
lsaa2.1.7 lsaailai in p-block
Allotropism lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saa
d a saa
d a saa
d a saa
2.3.4
d a saa
Allotropes of
d acarbon d a as
a
P Pa d aPa d
P elements a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
2.3.5 Carbon monoxide [CO]

2.2 Group 13 (Boron group) elements
laiai saaslaala 2.3.6dadsaCarbon
ailai i i i i i i aslaailai dioxide i i i i
adsaasal d a a l
sasa2.2.1 d a saaslaala
Occurrence d a saaslaala d a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa Silicon tetrachloride
PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
w
2.3.7
2.2.2 Physical properties
2.3.8 Silcones
laiai lsaa2.2.3
ilai Chemical lsaailaiproperties of
lsaailaboron
i lsaailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saa
d a saa
d a saa
d a s aa 2.3.9
d a saSilicates d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
2.3.10 Zeolites
laiai saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala a
dasasa d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPad a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
➠aPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d ➠
d
PaPVolume
a d - IP➠ d
aPaUnit 2 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
CONCEPT iMAP
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aslaailai saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a s
a d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i General
laailai trends laailain
i propertieslaailai of p-block laailaelements
i i i i i
adsaasal d asaaslaala d a s
a as d asaas da s
aas d a s
a as d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
m
laiai i i
saaslaala configuration
i i
saaslaala Metallic
ilai
saaslaaIonisation
i
alai
saasla
iai
saaslaalpair
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a
Electronic d a d a d a Electro d aInert a
Anomalous
d d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
Allotropism PaPdad
and oxidation state nature Enthalpy negativity effect properties
co
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
Borax
.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i Na2B4O7a.10H
saaslaala
i iO
saslaala 2
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Boron Tri Flouride Boric acid
laiai i i i i i i BORAX i i i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala salaala BF3
a as salaala
a as salaala
a as salaalaH3BO3 salaala
a as a as asaaslaala as
PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad d PaPdad
PaPa d
oo PaPa d
Diborane
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
alai
Hsl6a i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a Bs2a
aa a a a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
Preparation, Properties, Structure and uses of the above compounds.

laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
Carbondioxide Carbon Carbon Monoxide
ur
laiai i i i i CO2 i i C i i i CO
i i i i i
adsaasal d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asasaalala
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a a d
P PPreparation, a
P Pa d
Properties,
a a
P Pand
Structure
d
uses.
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
.s
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
formulae to remember
w
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aailai
saaslNa
i i
saaOslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal dBorax
a d a d a: B O .10H
d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d 2 4 a
P Pa
7 d 2 a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
Boric acid : H3BO3 or B(OH)3

laiai Di Borane i i i i : alB i Hi i i i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a sasaal2a 6 d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala as
d
PaPaBoron FluoridePaPa d d
PaPa : BF3 PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
w
Aluminium Chloride : AlCl 3

laiai i i
saaslaalatetrachloride
i i
saaslaala l aailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal dSilicon
a d a d a a
: asSiCl4
s d a d a d a da as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Silicones : R2SiO
laiai Potash i Alum
i i i : lK i SO
i .Al (SO ) . i24Hi O i i i i i i
adsaasal d asaaslaala d asaaslaala da saasaal2a 4 2dadsaa4sl3aala 2 dadsaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
laiai s28
i i i i i i aslaailai i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala d a a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
PaPa Sura’s
d d d
PaP➠a XII Std P- aP
d d
Chemistry
a d Pa
➠
d
PaVolume P
d - aPd
I a➠ p-Block
d d
PaPElements
a d d
P- aPI a d PaPdad
laiai Sodium ilai

saslaaAlum
i i
saaslaala : Na ilai .Al (SO ) a.24H
saasl2aaSO lailai
3 sa 2O
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal aa a a 4 2 a4sa a a a as
PaPdad a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pa d d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
Ammonium Alum : (NH ) SO .Al
4 2 4 2 (SO ) .24H O
4 3 2
laiai ChromelaAlum
iai i i : K2SO i .Cr
i (SO ) .24Hi O i i i i i i i
adsaasal d asaasal d a saaslaala d asaaslaala4 2 d4ad3saaslaala2 d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
d d
aPa Tetra Carbonyl
PNickel PaPa d
PaP: a [Ni(CO)4] PaPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
m
Iron Penta Carbonyl : [Fe(CO)5]
laiai i i
saaslaala Hexa Carbonyl
i i
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala ] dadsaaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal Chromium
d a d a :d a[Cr(CO) d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
6 P Pa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
co
Thortveitite : Sc2Si2O7
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saslaala 3)2 dadsaaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal Spodumene
d a d a : LiAl(SiO
adada da d a d a as
PaPa d PaPa d P Pa a P Pa PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
.
laiai MUST KNOW
i i
salaala
DEFINITIONS
i i
salaala
i i
salaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
aa s aa s a as a a a a as
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
Metallic Character : The tendency of an element to form a cation by loosing electrons is known as
electropositive or metallic character.
laiai laailai laailai laailai i ai
saaslaalthan
i i
saaslaala or molecular
i i
saaslaalaforms in
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a aa
Allotropism
s s da s aas : Some d a s aa
elements
s exist in
d more
a one dcrystalline
a d a d athe as
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa d
same
oo
d
PaPphysical
a aPa
state.PThis
d aPa
property isPcalled
d
allotropism.PaPa d PaPa d
Hydroboration : Diborane adds on to alkenes and alkynes in ether solvent at room temperature.
ilaicalled hydroboration.
laiai saasala This reaction saaslaais
ai i a i i i i i i i i i i
adsaasal a
l
saasal a
a
l
a a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
Catenation
a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d : Catenation
a
P Pad d is an a
P Pad
ability of
d an element a
P Pa d
to form
d chain of
a
P Pad
atoms.
d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
Silicates : The mineral which contains silicon and oxygen in tetrahedral [SiO4]4– units
linked togetheri in different patterns are called silicates.
laiai laailai laailai laalai laailai ilai
saaslaasolids
i i
saaslaala aluminium,
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a s
Zeolitesaas d a saas : Zeolitesd a saas
are three d a saas
dimensional crystalline
d a containing
d a d a as
PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPaand oxygenPinaPtheir
silicon,
a d d
PaPa dimensionalPaframework.
regular three Pa d PaPa d PaPdad
ur
Inert pair effect : In heavier post-transition metals, the outer s electrons (ns) have a tendency to
laiai i i
saaslaala lsaailairemain inert ilai
saaslaaand
i i
saaslaala to take
show reluctance
i i
saaslaainlathe bonding,
part aailai is known
saaslwhich
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a s
a a
d a d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
as inert d
P Papair effect. P Pa a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
.s
laiai
EVALUATION
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala la a
asaasal
la a
asaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad PaPdad d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
C C
w
laiai lsaailahoose
i T
lsaahe
ilai orrectlsaailai
2. Boric acid is an acid because its molecule (NEET)
iai
saaslaala) ai i
slala Ha+saaslaailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal a a a contains saareplaceable ion
A
d a s
a d a s
a d asa d a d a d d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa
nswer
d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Paup a proton P Pa
b) gives a d a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
c) combines with proton to form water

laiai [Please refer i i to the Textbook i i Page No.al234i i -235 i i moleculealailai i i i i
adsaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala a sasaala asaaslaala a sasa – a saaslaala asaaslaala as
PaPfor
da the explanatory
d PaPa answersPafor
d d Pa MCQs.] PaPa
d d d d d) accepts
PaPa OH fromPaP
d d water,
a releasing
d d PaPproton.
d ad PaPdad
w
–
[Ans. (d) accepts OH from
1. An aqueous solution of borax is [May-'22] water, releasing proton] i
laiai lsaailai lsaailab)i acidic saslaailai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai saaslaala
i
adsaasal da)
a saaneutral d a saa
d a a d a s
3.aa
Which a
among
d saa
the a
following
d saa
is not a a
borane?
d as
a d
P Pac) basic a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
d) amphoteric
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
a) B2H6 b) B3H6
[Ans. (c) basic]
laiai ailai a ilai i i ic)i B H i i d) none ilaofi these alailai
adsaasal a
sasa l a
sasa l saaslaala saaslaala 4 10 saaslaala saaslaa[Ans. (b) sas]a as
d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d P aPdaBad3H 6 PaPdad
laiai i i i i i i 29 alailai i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala dasasa d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPad a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
➠aPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d ➠
d
PaPVolume
a d - IP➠ d
aPaUnit 2 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
4. Which of the following metals has the largest 11. Which of these is not a monomer for a high
laiai aslaailai
saabundance in sthe ilai
aslaaearth’s crust? i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala molecular
ilai siliconeapolymer?
saaslaamass
i i
saslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a a d a d a d a d a d a as
a d
P Pa a) Aluminium a
P Pa d a
b)P P d
Calcium
a a
P Pa d a d a d
Pa SiCl P Pa b) PhSiCl P Pa
a) P Me 3
a d
3
PaPdad
c) Magnesium d) Sodium c) MeSiCl3 d) Me2SiCl2
laiai i i i i [Ans. (a) Aluminium]
i i i i i i i[Ans.
i (a) Me3aSiCl] i i
adsaasal d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala as
Pa d
Pa In diborane,
5.
d
PaPa the number d
PaPaof electronsPthat d
aPa 12. Which d
PaPa of the following d
PaPa is not sp2Phybridised?
aPa d PaPdad
accounts for banana bonds is
m
[Aug-'21]
laiai a) i six b) two i c) four d)
i three i i i i i i i
saasala a) Graphite b) graphene
a i a i a i a alai
adsaasal a
l
saasal a
a
l
saasal a
a
l
saasal a
a
l
a saaslaala a saasla a saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d [Ans. (c) four]
a
P Pad d a d d
c) P Fullerene
Pa a d d
P Pa d) dry iceP Pa a d d PaPdad
co
6. The element that does not show catenation [Ans. (d) dry ice]
laiai among i i the following i i p-block elements i i is aailai The geometry i i iai iai
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saasl13. d a saaslaala at whichd a saaslaalcarbon d
atom
a saaslaalin as
PaPa a) Carbon
d PaPa d b)PaP
silicon
a d PaPa d diamond
PaPa are bonded
d PaPato each other
d PaPisad PaPdad
c) Lead d) germanium a) Tetrahedral b) hexagonal
.
[Ans. (c) Lead] c) Octahedral d) la none of these laiai
laiai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai asailai(a) Tetrahedral]
adsaasal asaasal
ks
d a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa a s[Ans.
a as
Pad Carbon atoms
7.
Pa PaPdad in fullerene PaPdawith
d formula PaPCda60d PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
have 14. Which of the following statements is not
a)laia spi 3 hybridisedlaiai b) sp hybridised correct?
laiai l a ilai l a ilai ai i i i
saaslaala
slaalacyclic silicate
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a l
sac)sa sp2 hybridised d a a
sasa l
d a a
sasa d a sasa a) Beryl
a
d a saais d a d a as
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa d
oo
PaPa d PaPa d aPa
b)P Mg
d PaPa d PaPa d
d) partially sp2 and partially sp3 hybridised 2SiO4 is an orthosilicate
i [Ans. (c) sp 2 hybridised] c) SiO44− is the basic structural unit of silicates

laiai saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala d) Feldspar
iainot aluminosilicate
saaslaalis
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a Oxidation d a
state of carbon in
d aits hydrides d a d a d a d a as
8.
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a a d
P P[Ans. (d) Feldspar
a d
P Pa is not aluminosilicate]
a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
a) +4 b) –4 c) +3 d) +2
15. Match items in column - I with the items of
i [Ans.
ilai (a) +4] alailai column –alII
laiai l a ila l a ilai l a iai assign the
sasaaland
iai
saaslaalcorrect code. i i
saaslaala
adsaasal 9.d a a
sasa
The basic d a a
sasa
structural unit
d a a
sasa
of silicates d a
is
sasa d a d a d a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d P aPa
Column
d
-I
d
PaPa Column P aPa
- II
d PaPdad
[NEET; PTA-1]
A Borazole 1 B(OH)3
ur
a) i (SiO 2− 2−
laiai i 3) lai ai b) (SiO4) lai ai i i i i aailai i i
adsaasal d a sac) l a a
asal(SiO)−
d a saasal d) (SiO d a saa)s4−al d a saasal B Boric
l a a
d a
l a
saasacid
al a 2 Ba3sNas3lH
d a 6
d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d

a
P Pa d a a d
P P[Ans. 4
(d) (SiO4P
a
P )4−a d
]
a
CP P a d
Quartz a d
3 PaNa2[B4O5(OH)
P a d
P P]a8H O PaPdad
4 2
D Borax 4 SiO
.s
10. The repeating unit in silicone is 2

laiai aslaaila i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal a saa) SiO a a a a a a as
d
PaPa d 2 d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPA
a B C PaPDa
d d d d d
PaPa d PaPdad
(a) 2 1 4 3
w
R
(b) 1 2 4 3
laiai aslaailai Si Oasaaslaailai c) R asaaOslaailaiSi aslaailai (c) 1asaasl2aailai 3 4 asaaslaailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a s
ab) d d Od a s
a d d d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P a d a
P a d a
P Pa d PaPdad
(d) PNone of these P [Ans. (a) 2, 1, 4, 3]
w
R R 16. Duralumin is an alloy of

laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala a) Cu, aslaailai saasla
i i
alai Al, Mgdasaaslaalai
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a sMn
a d ab) Cu, as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPad PaPdad
w
d) Si O O R c) Al, Mn d) Al, Cu, Mn, Mg

[Ans. (d) Al, Cu, Mn, Mg]
laiai i i
saaslaala ai i
R dasaaslala
i i
saaslaala aailai
saasl17.
i i
saaslaala that isdaused
ilai
saaslaain
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a R d a Theacompound
d a nucleardareactors as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d Pa d
asPprotective
a d
a control Prods
P Pand
shields
a
Pa isd PaPdad
[Ans. (b) Si O ] a) Metal borides b) Metal oxides
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala c) Metal laailai
saascarbonates d) i
alai carbide
Metal
saasla
i i
saaslaala
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d R PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPa[Ans. (a) Metal d
PaPaborides] PaPdad
laiai s30
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
PaPa Sura’s
d d d
PaP➠a XII Std P- aP
d d
Chemistry
a d Pa➠
d
PaVolume P
d - aPd
I a➠ p-Block
d d
PaPElements
a d d
P- aPI a d PaPdad
18. The stability of +1 oxidation state increases (b) Element should have an ability to
i i in the isequence
i i i i i i i bond iai itself alailai i i
l
adsaasal
a a
d a
l
saasala a
d a
l
saasala a
d a
l
saasala[QY_'19]
a
d a
l
saasala a
d asaaslaalwith d a sasa d a saaslaala as
a d
P Paa) Al < Ga P a d
Pa< Tl b) TlP<PIn
< In a d
a < Ga < Al P Pa a d P a d
(c)Pa The self bond a d
P Pmust
a be as strong a d
P Paas its PaPdad
c) In < Tl < Ga < Al d) Ga< In < Al < Tl bond with other elements
laiai alailai a[Ans.
lailai (a) Al < Ga
ala<ila
Ini < Tl] i i (d) Kinetic i i inertnessalailaofi catenated i i
adsaasal d asasa d a sasa d a sasa d a saaslaala d a saaslaala
compound d a
towards sasothera d a saaslaala
molecules. as
d d d d d d d PaPdad
PaPa
A PaPa
nswer the ollowing FPaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
(iii) Carbon possesses all the above properties
PaPa
m
Q
and formsi a wide range iof compounds i
laiai lsaailai uestions lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai with itself ai with other
saaslaaland lai
saaslaaelements a i
slala
adsaasal d a saa
d a saa
d a saa
d a saa
d a d a such
d a saaas as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
a N, S and halogens.
PH,PO, a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
1. Write a short note on anamolous properties
co
of the first element of p-block. 5. iWrite a note oni Fischer tropsch synthesis. i
laiai dasaasla
i
alai laailai [Sep-2020; laailAug-'21]
ai laalai laalai laailai a i
slala
adsaasal d a saas d a saas d a saas d a saas d a saa s [PTA
d a sa-a4] as
Ans.
d
PaPaAnamolous Pproperties aPa d d
PaPfirst
of the
a elementPofaPa d
Ans. Fischer
d
PaPTropsch
a PaPa :
synthesis
d PaPa d PaPdad
p-block : In p-block elements, the first member The reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen
.
laiai of each a i group
i differs from
a i i the other elements
ai i of a i i aailaless
i than 50alatm i i i i
adsaasal
l
saasal a l
saasal a l
saasal a saasalata a pressure
l saaslof sasaala usingdmetal saaslaala
ks
d a
the corresponding d a group. The a
following
d factors d a d a d a a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
catalysts d
P Paat 500 - 700P P a d
Kayields saturated a d
P Pa and PaPdad
are responsible for this anomalous behaviour. unsaturated hydrocarbons.
(i) Small ilai size of the first member. i
laiai laaHigh laailai enthalpy sasand laalai high saslaailai nCO + (2n+1)H i i
saaslaala 2  → C saansH
ilai + nH Oalailai
laa(2n+2)
adsaasal (ii)
d a saas d a saa
ionisations d a a d a a d a d a 2 s sa
aPdaada as
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa d
electronegativity. PaPa
ood PaPa d aPa
PnCO d
+ 2nH2 
P aPa d
→ CnH2n + nH2O
P
(iii) Absence of d-orbitals in their valance shell.
laiai 2. Describe i i ai i i i 6. iGive i the structure i i of CO and CO
i i . i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala briefly d a saaallotropism
slala d a
in
saaslaap-la block dadsaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala 2 d a saaslaala as
P Paelements with
a d P Pspecific
a a d reference
P Pa to carbon.P Pa
a d a Ans. Structure
a
P Pa dof CO : a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
Ans. Allotropism in p- block elements : (i) It has a linear structure.

laiai (i) laSome ilai elements exist in more lathan ilai one i(ii)
i Three aelectron ai i pairs areashared betweenlailai
adsaasal a saasacrystalline or
a aslaailai
samolecular formsa saain
sathe same a saaslaala carbon a slalaoxygen.dadsaaslala
saand
i i
sasa as
PaPad d P d
aPa d P d
aPa d P d
aPa d P d
aPa d P aPa P aPdaada PaPdad
physical state. (iii) C-O bond distance is 1.128Å.
(ii) Carbon exists as diamond and graphite.
ur
(iv) The structure i can be aconsidered as the i i

laiai lsaaThis
ilai phenomenon lsaailaisi known assallotropism.
lsaailai lsaailai resonance lsaailahybrid l aailai aslaala
adsaasal a s
(iii)
d aa
d a saa
d a aa
d as aa
d a saa ofadathe
d s s following d a stwo
a as
a
P Pa d Other important
a
P Pa d allotropesa
P Pa dof carbon are
a
P Pa d P aPa d
canonical forms.P P
a a a
P Pa d PaPdad
graphene, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes.
.s
laiai 3. Give the

i i uses of Borax.
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
[HY-'19; iAug-'21]
saaslaala
i iai
saaslaalC O i i
saaslaala C O i i
saaslaala C aslaailai
saO
adsaasal Ans. d a d a d a da d a da da as
PaPa(i) Borax PisaPused
d a d for thePaP
identification
a d PofaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
coloured metal ions. Structure of CO2 :
w
(ii) Ini the manufacture optical and borosilicate (i) It has a liner structure.
laiai ai enamelssaand
lsaaglass, lsaailaglazes
i lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai aslaailathe
i i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saa l
d a a for
d apottery.
s a
a d a saa (ii) Equal d a saa
bond distance d a safor bothdadC-O as
a
P Pa d
(iii) It is also a d a d
a as a fluxPinPametallurgy and
P Pused a
P Pa d P aPa
bonds.
d a
P Pa d a
P Pa PaPdad
w
also acts as a preservative. (iii) There is two C-O sigma bond.

laiai 4. What a ilaisi catenation? a ilaDescribe
i briefly
a ilai the a ilai i i ilai aslaailai
adsaasal a a
sasa l
a a
sasa l
a a
sasa l
a a l
sasa (iv) In daddition a saaslaalathere isd3c-4e
a saaslaacovering all
a sathe as
PaPacatenation property
d d d
PaPa d of carbon.
PaPad d d
PaPa d d
aPa atoms. PaPa
three
d d
PaPa d PaPdad
w
P
[Mar, Sep-2020; July-'22]
Ans. (i) aCatenation is anaiability of an element
lsaailai to saslaailai
O C O O C O O C O
laiai lsailai lsalai lsaailai lsaailai aslaailai
adsaasal d a saa form chaind of
a saa
atoms. d a saa
d a a d a saa
d a saa
da sa as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
(ii) The following conditions are necessary for 7. Give the uses of silicones.
catenation. Ans. (i) Silicones are used for low temperature
laiai l a ilai l a ilai l a ilai
be dasaasla
i
alai lubrication
i i
saaslaalaand in dvacuum
i i
saaslaala pumps,dadhigh
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a sasa(a) The dvalency
a a sasa of element
a
d a sasshould
a a d a a as
PaPa d d
PaPa than or equal
greater PaPto d
a two, PaPa d P aPa d
temperature oil baths d
PaPa etc. PaPa PaPdad
laiai i i i i i i 31 alailai i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala dasasa d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPad a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
➠aPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d ➠
d
PaPVolume
a d - IP➠ d
aPaUnit 2 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
Unitsastest
laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a aa a a a as
a d
Pa : 40 minP Pa
PTime a d a
P Pa d PaPdad a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a da d
P PMarks : 25 PaPdad
laiai I. C i i the Correct

hoose i i Answeralaila(5i × 1 = 5) alII. S i i hort Aanswer i i i i (2 × 2 l=ail4) i
adsaasal d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d asasa d a sasaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saasa a as
Pa d
Pa SiliconesPare
1.
d
aPa_______. PaPa d d
PaPa 1. What d d
PaPaare the usesPofaPsilicon
a PaPa d
tetra chloride? PaPdad
m
a) Water repelling in nature 2. Write a note on Fisher tropsch synthesis.
laiai ai i
asalHigh in thermal
sab)l a a i i
saasal stabilitydadsaasal
l a l a i a i i i
saasaala
l i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal a a a a a a as
a d d
P Pa c) Both Pa & a d
Pabd a
P Pa a d
P Pa III. Answer
d a d
P Pa In Paragraph
d P Pa
a d d PPa d d
(2a× 3 = 6) PaPdad
co
d) None of these 1. Draw the structure of carbon dioxide.
laiai l ailai l a ilai la ilai l aailai ai i
slalastructure laailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal 2.d a asa the elements
saAll d a a
sasofa group 17d a a
sasa18 are ____
and d a a
sas2. Describe
d a saathe d a saasgraphite.
of d a as
a) Metalloids b) Metals
IV. Long Answer (2 × 5 = 10)
.
c)ai non-metals d) all the above
laiai al lai alailai alailai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
a a a
dasasa PaPda
asasa s sa
aPdaada d a s
a 1. d a s
Distinguish
a between d a s
diamond
a and graphite.
da as
PaPdad
Pad Duralumin
Pa
3. isdan alloy ofP_____ a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
a) Cu, Mn b) Cu, Al, Mg 2. How are silicates classified? Give an example
laiai
adsaasal a sac)
i
aslaala i
Al, Mn
a
i i
saaslaala d) Al, a
Cu, la Mg asaslaailai for each
i i
saaslaaMn, a
typei of
saaslaala
i silicate. alaailai
a sas a
i i
saaslaala as
d d d d a d d d PaPdad
4. Formula for phosgene is ________ 
a) COCl2 b) CaOCl2
laiai lsaailai lsaailai alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal s a
adadac) CaCO3a
s
dada
a
dadsasa
d) aCOCl d a da Answer d a Key d a as
P Pa P Pa P Pa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
5. Assertion : In diborane containing eight I. 1. c) Both a & b

laiai i i B–Hi i bonds onathe i plane.
i i i i i i i i i
adsaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala a saslaala a saaslaala 2. c)danon-metals
saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
PaPa Reason PaPa : Boron Pin
2
d d d d aPa B2H6 isPaPsp
d d d
a d d
aPaAl, Cu, Mn,PMg
3.Pd) d
aPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
hybridised. 4. a) COCl2
ur
a)laiaBoth assertion and reason are true and the

laiai aslaailai saaslaala 5. c)daAdsssertion
aslaailai is trueastatement
saaslaala butdreason
saaslaalais
i i i i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saasalreason is d a sthe
a correct d a saaslaala of the
explanation d a a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa false. a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
assertion.
.s
b) i Both the assertion and reason are true but II.i i 1. Refer Sura’s Guide Additional 2 Marks, Q.No. 12
laiai laalai laailai laailai la a aslaailaiGuide Book aslaailaQuestions,
i lailai
adsaasal s
aa as the reason is
s
aPdaada
asnot the correct s
aPdaada
aexplanation
s adsaasal
aPdaof 2. Refer
dadsaSura’s dadsaBack aasa 5
dadsQ.No. as
PaPdad P
the assertion. P P PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPdad
w
c) Assertion is true statement but reason is III. 1. Refer Sura’s Guide Book Back Questions, Q.No. 6
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aslaailai Guide Additional
2. RefersSura’s i i
saslaala 3 Marks, Q.No.
i i
saslaala9
adsaasal d a false.
d a d a d a aa aa aa as
a d
P Pa d) Both P P a a d a a d
assertion andP Preason are Pfalse
aPa d PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
w
IV. 1. Refer Sura’s Guide Additional 5 Marks, Q.No. 3

statements.
laiai i i i i i i i i 2. Refer Sura’s i i Guide Additionali i 5Marks,Q.No. i 2.i
w

laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai s44
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
UNIT
m
Solid State
6
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
co
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa
oo
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
laiai 6.1 ilai
saaslaaGeneral
i i
saaslaala
characteristics aslaailai
ofassolids ai i
slala
saa6.6 laailacrystals
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a Packing
d a saasin d a d a as
a
PP a
6.2
d a
P Pa d
Classification of solids
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
6.6.1 Linear arrangement of spheres
ab
6.3 Classification of crystalline solids in one direction i i

laiai l a ilai laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala laailai saaslaaclose
la i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a
sasa6.3.1 Ionic
d a saassolids d a d a 6.6.2
d a saa s
Two d a
dimensional d a
packing as
6.3.2 Covalent solids 6.6.3 Simple cubic arrangement
ur
laiai 6.3.3 Molecular solids 6.6.4

adsaasal a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
ai i
saaBody
slala centered a
ai i
saacubic
slala a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d 6.3.4 a
P Pad
Metallic
d solids a
P Pad d a
P Pa d d a d d
P Pa arrangement a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
6.4 Crystal lattice and unit cell 6.6.5 The hexagonal and face
.s
laiai 6.5 ilai

saaslaaPrimitive and ilai
saaslaanon-primitive
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala ai i
slala
ai i
slala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a saacentered cubic
d a saaarrangement
d a as
PaPa d PaPa
unit cell d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
6.7 Imperfection in solids
w
6.5.1 Primitive (or) simple cubic unit

laiai i i 6.7.1 Schottky defect lai i
adsaasal a saaslaala cella saaslaailai
(SC) a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a saaslaailai a saasala a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a d d
a centered a d d
a unit cellP Pa a d d 6.7.2 Frenkel
a d
P Pa d a d
defect
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
6.5.2
PPBody PP cubic
w
(BCC) 6.7.3 Metal excess defect

laiai l a ilai
sasa6.5.3 Face ai i
slala laailai cell i i
saaslaala 6.7.4 ai i
saaMetal
ilai
saaslaadefect
slala deficiency
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a
d a saacentered cubic
d a saasunit d a d a d a d a as
PaPa d PaP a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d aPa d PaPa d PaPdad
w
(FCC) 6.7.5 Impurity Pdefect

6.5.4 Calculations involving unit cell
laiai lsaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saa dimensions
d a d a d a d a d a da as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
6.5.5 Calculation of density
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala

adsaasal d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala asaasa a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d Sura’s
d
PaPa ➠ XIIPStd
d d
aPa - Chemistry
d d
PaPa ➠ Volume
d d
PaPa - I ➠ Solid
d d
PaPa State
d d
PaPa d PaPdad
laiai formulae i i
saslaala
tosremember
aslaailai i i
saslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal aa aa aa a a a a as
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
 Nc 
No. of atoms in a SC unit cell =  
laiai
adsaasal a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala asas alaa8ilai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala as
d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
N  c   Nb 
No. of atoms in a bcc unit cell  8  +  1 
m
=
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
ii i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d a
P Pa  N c  PNPf a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
No. of atoms in a fcc unit cell = +
co
 8   2 
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaa
ilai ilai
saaslaacell
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a Mass of the
d aunit da d a d a as
aPa d
PDensity d
PaPacell r
of the unit PaP=a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Volume of the unit cell
.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aailai
saaslnM
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
d a d a r =d a d a d a d a da as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa a 3 N a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
A
laiai i i i i Total
i i volume occupiedi i by alailai i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala d a saaslaala dasasa d a saaslaala d asaaslaala as
PaPdad
d
PPacking
aPa fraction d
PaP(or)
a d
oo
PaPa  spheres PaPa d
in a unit cell PaPad PaPa d PaPa d
efficiency = ×100
Volume of the unit cell
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS

laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
aPa d
PCrystalline solid
d
PaPa : A crystalline d
PaPa solid is P aPa
one
d aPa d
in which itsPconstituents
d d
PaPa ions or molecules),
(atoms, PaPa PaPdad
have an orderly arrangement extending over a long range.
ur
laiai Crystal ilai

lattice
saaslaa
ilai
sa:aslaaCrystalline aslaailaisi characterised
ssolid
i i
saaslaala by a definite
iai
saaslaalorientation
ilai ions oralailai
aslaaatoms,
sof
adsaasal d a d a d a a d a d a d a a asasa as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
molecules, d
P Pa relative to one a d
P Paanother in a P a
three d
Pa dimensional PPa d
pattern.
a PaPdad PaPdad
Unit cell : A basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid is called a unit cell.
.s
laiai Bodyscentered i
aslaala i ilaia body centered
sa:aslaaIn
i i
saaslaala cubic unit aslaailaeach
sacell,
i corner is aailai
saasloccupied by an laailai particle
saasidentical
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a d a d a d a d a d a d a as
Pcubic
aPa unit cell. PaPa
d d and inPaddition
aPa d to thatPone d
aPa atom occupies d
PaPathe body centre. d
PaPaThose atoms which
PaP a d PaPdad
(BCC) occupy the corners do not touch each other, however they all touch the one that
w
occupies the body centre.

laiai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai iai
saaslaallie
i i aslaailai
saaslaalaas well dasadsin
adsaasal Face
d a scentered
a d a sa: In a face d a s
centered
a cubic unit
d a sacell, identicaldatoms
a at each
d acorner a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa PaPdad
cubic unit cell. the centre of each face. Those atoms in the corners touch those in the faces but
w
(FCC) not each other.

laiai l ailai l a ilai ilai
saaslaaarises aslaailmissing
ai i i aslaailai and anions
saaslaalanumber dofadscations
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal Schottky
d a sasa defect dadsa:saSchottky
a a defect
d a duedatosathe of
d aequal a d a as
PaPa d PaPa d
PaPcrystal
a lattice.PaPa
d PaPa d PaPa PaPa d PaPdad
w
from the
Frenkel defect : Frenkel defect arises due to the dislocation of ions from its crystal lattice.
laiai Metal a i
saaexcess
i
sal defect
l a ilai excessadefect
sa:aslaaMetal
i i
saslaala arisesdadue aailathe
saaslto
i presenceaof iai numberalof
saslaalmore
i i
sasaalametal ions aslaailai
sas
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a da a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d compared a d
P Pato anions. P Pa a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Metal deficiency : Metal deficiency defect arises due to the presence of less number of cations than
laiai defectala ilai alaathe
ilai anions. alailai alaailai alaailai alaailai alaailai
adsaasal asas a asas asas a asas asas asas asas as
PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 133saslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a da d a aa a a a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pdad
a a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
➠aPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d ➠
d
PaPVolume
a d - IP➠ d
aPaUnit 6 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
laiai
adsaasal a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
EVALUATION
i i
saaslaala laiai
asaasal
laiai
asaasal a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d PaPdad
C hoose he T C
orrect
6. In calcium fluoride, having the flurite
structure the coordination number of Ca2+
A saaslaala ion and saFaslaaIon
– i i are
laiai i i
saaslaala nswer
i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i i la i i
saaslaala (NEET) i i
saaslaala
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d a) Pa4Pand
a 2 PaPa b) 6 and 6PaPa
d d d PaPdad
[Please refer to the Textbook Page No. 240-242 c) 8 and 4 d) 4 and 8
m
forlathe
ilai explanatory [Ans. (c) 8 and i4]
laiai laailaanswers
i for lMCQs.]
aailai l aailai l aailai laailai saaslaala
i
adsaasal d a saas a d a saas d a saas d a saas7. The number d a sa as of unit cellsd a saas 8 gm of andelement
in a as
a d
Pa GraphitePand
P1. a d
Pa diamond are P Pa
a d a d
[July-'22]
P Pa a
P Pa d a
P a d a
P Pa d PaPdad
X ( atomic mass 40)Pwhich crystallizes in bcc
co
a) Covalent and molecular crystals pattern is (NA is the Avogadro number)
laiai b) i ionic
i and covalent i i crystals alailai i i ila23i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a sasa d a saaslaala a) 6.023 da saa×slaa10 d a saasla
b) alai × 10d22asaaslaalai
6.023 as
d
PaPa c) both P d
covalent
aPa crystalsPaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d

d
PaPa23  PaPdad
6.023 × 10
d) both molecular crystals c) 60.23 × 1023 d)  

.
laiai [Ans.
lailai laila(c)
i both covalent
lailai crystals] i i i i aslaalai i 8 × 40 ilai
adsaasal saaslaala saaslaala laa22
ks
d a saasa d a saasa d a saasa d a d
a d a sa
[Ans. (b) 6.023
d a s×aas10 ] as
a d a
Pa An ionicP Pcompound
P2. a d a d
PxPBay crystallizes
A a d
P Pain a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
fcc type crystal structure with B ions at the 8. In a solid atom M occupies ccp lattice and
centre  1  of tetrahedral
laiai
adsaasal aslaailai of each
sacorners asface
laailai and A sion
sacube. aslaailoccupying
ai i i
saaslaala   asasla
i
alai voids
saaslaalare
iai occupied
saaslaaby
ilai
as
d a of the
d a The correct
d a a formula dof
a 3Padada d a d a
PaPdad
oo PaPa d
atom
aPa
P N. Find the Pformula d
of solid
d
Paformed
Pa by
AxBy is
M and N.
a) i AB b) AB3i c) A3B d)
ilai A8B6 alailai
laiai lsaalai lsaalai l a ilai
saaslaab) saasla
i
alai ai i
sla2la
adsaasal d a saa
d a saa
d a sa[Ans.
as a (b) ABd3a]sasa a) MN da M3N dadc) MN d)daM sa3aN as
PaPdad
a d a d a d a d a d a 3 a d
P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa a
P P(d)
[Ans. M3N2]
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
3. The ratio of close packed atoms to tetra

hedral 9. The ionic radii of A and B are + −
laiai ilai hole in cubic ilaipacking isalailai i i aslaailam i i –10 alThe i i

sasaala 0.98 d×adsa10 and 1.81saaslaala× 10 dm.
a a −10 i
adsaasal d a a l
saa)sa 1:1 b)
d a asa
sa1:2l
c) 2:1
d a sasad) 1:4 d a a l
d a a sasaala as
PaPa d
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa
[Ans. (b) 1:2]
d coordination
PaPa number
PaPa of each ionPin
d aPaAB is
d PaPdad
a) 8 b) 2 c) 6 d) 4
ur
4. Solid ilai CO2 is anaexample of [Ans. (c)

laiai asla laailai i i
saaslaala FRT-'22]
i i
saaslaala laiai laiai lai6]
ai
adsaasal d as a a d a sa s [QY_2019;
d a d a adsaasal asaasal sasal
aadaedge as
a d
P Pa a) Covalent a d
P Pasolid a
b)P P a d
metallic
a d
solid P Pa 10. PaPdahas
CsCl PaPdad
bcc arrangement, PaPdcell
its unit PaPdad
c) molecular solid d) ionic solid length is 400pm, its inter atomic distance is
.s
laiai ilai ilai i i i i [FRT-'22]

adsaasal [Ans.
a
sasa l a a
sasa l a saaslaala solid]
(c)amolecular saaslaala alailai saasla
i
alai
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa
a
d PaPa d ad d
PaPa d PaPad a
d daadsasa
a) Pa400pm d
PaPa
ab)
d 800pm PaPad a
d as
PaPdad
P
5. Assertion : monoclinic sulphur is an example  3
w
of monoclinic crystal system c) 3 × 100pm d)   × 400pm

 
laiai
adsaasal a s alsaailai
Reason : for
a
iai
saasalaalmonoclinic a aslaailai a≠b≠c
sasystem, a
i i
saaslaala a s l
asala i a i
a s aslaaila2i a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a a d d
P Paand a = g =P90°, a d d a d d a d d a a d d a  3 
a d d PaPdad
Pa b ≠ 90° P Pa PP
a a
P P[Ans. a
(d)  PP× 400pm]
w
[FRT-'22]  2 
laiai a) i Both i assertion ai and
i reasonaare ilaitrue and al11.
A solid compound
i ii i XY has NaCl
i i structure. i Ifi
adsaasal a saaslaala reason is the
a slala explanation
saacorrect a saslaaof assertion.asasaala
a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
d
PaPa d PaPa d d d
PaPa d the
Paradius
PaPad d
d
Pa d of the cation
PaPa is 100pmP,aP
d d the
a radius
d d PaPdad
w
b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason

of the anion will be
is not the correct explanation of assertion.
 100 i i  0.732 
laiai sac)
i i
asalAssertion
l a a issatrue ai i
slalabut reason
aailai
isaslfalse. a)  sasla i i
saaslaala
 la b) aslaailai  asaaslaailai
adsaasal sa  a s as
PaPda0.d414 100 adad
d a d a a d a d a a a a a
a d
P Pa d) Both Passertion a
Pa d a d
P Paare false. P Pa
and reason a d PaPdad PP PaPdad
[Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason are  0 . 414 
c) 100 × 0.414 d)  
true ilai and reasonalisilthe correct alailai  ila100
laiai l ailai l a a ai l a ilai l a i aslaailai
adsaasal d a a
sasa d a a
sasa da
explanation
sasa
of assertion]
d a sasa d a a
sasa d a a
sasa da s100
a  as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d [Ans. P (a)aPa d
 ] PaPdad
 0.414
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 134 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d Sura’s
d
PaPa ➠ XIIPStd
d d
aPa - Chemistry
d d
PaPa ➠ Volume
d d
PaPa - I ➠ Solid
d d
PaPa State PaPa
d d d PaPdad
12. The vacant space in bcc lattice unit cell is 17. If ‘a’ is the length of the side of the cube, the
i i i i iai i i ilai i i
saaslaaldistance between
saaslaala the dbody
saaslaacentered atom
a i a i a i a i
adsaasal adaadsaasal
l a l a
d a
l
saasal a
d a
l al a
saas[Mar-2020] d a d a a d a saaslaala as
P P a) 48% b) a
P Pa d
23% c) 32% a d
P Pa d) 26% P Pa a d and one
P Pacorner atomPin
a d aPathe cube will
d bea
a
PP d PaPdad
[Ans. (c) 32%]  2   4 
a)   a b)   a
 i i
a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai 3 sala i
sala
i
saaslaa3la
i i
saaslaala
s
ada s 13. Thes
ada s radius of aaan
s s atom is 300pm,
s
ada s if it aas s a a a a as
PaPdacrystallizes PinaPdaa dface centeredPaPdacubic PaPdad
lattice,
aa
P P
d d
3 a
d d
PaPa  3  d
PaPa d PaPdad
c)   d)   a
m
the length of the edge of the unit cell is 4  2 
laiai sala i i i i
saaslaala
ilai
saaslaa[QY_'19]
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala laailai  3sala iai
adsaasal d a a sala d a d a d a d a d a saas[Ans. (d)  d a 
a as]al as
a d
P Paa) 488.5pm a
P Pa d a
b) 848.5pm
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PPa2  PaPdad
co
c) 884.5pm d) 484.5pm 18. Potassium has a bcc structure with nearest
i
la a i [Ans. i i i i (b) 848.5pm]
i i ineighbor
ai distance i i 4.52 Å . Its iatomic
i weight i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaalis 39. itsd a saaslaalawill bedadsaaslaala
density d a saaslaala as
14.
d
PaPaThe fractionPof aPa d
total volume PaP a d
occupied PaPa
by the
d PaPa d PaPa PaPa d PaPdad
a) 915 kg m–3 b) 2142 kg m–3
atoms in a simple cubic is [Govt.MQP_'19] c) 452 kg m–3 d) 390 kg m–3
.
i i i i i i i i i i i i ilai 915 kg ma –3 i i
l
adsaasal
a a saasal π 
l a a l a
saasal b)  π dadsaasal
a l a a saasal [Ans.
l a a l
saasala a saaslaa(a) sasl]aala
ks
da)
a   d a d a d a d a da as
a d
P Pa  4 2  P Pa a d a
P6Pa a d
P Pa 19. Schottky a d
P Padefect in a crystala d
P Pa is observed a d
P Pawhen PaPdad
 π  π  a) unequal number of anions and cations are
laiai c) alaila i alailad)i  i iai missing from i the
i lattice alaailai aslaailai
adsaasal a sasa4  a sasa  3 d2asaasla
alai a saaslaalb) a saaslaala of cations
a sas and anionsasaare as
d d d equal
d number d d PaPdad
Pa a
P d Pa ad P Pa a d P
oo Pa a
 πP
d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
[Ans. (b)   ] missing from the lattice
 6 c) an ion leaves its normal site and occupies an
laiai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai interstitial ilai
saaslaasite saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
adsaasal 15. dThe
a saa
yellow colour
d a saa
in NaCl d a s
crystalaa
is due to d a saa
d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d d) no a d
Pa is missing from
P ion d
P Pa its lattice. P Pa
a a d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net

ab
[FRT-'22] [Ans. (b) equal number of cations

a) excitation of electrons in F centers i and anions are missing from the lattice] i
laiai laailai laailai – laalai laailai laailai laailai a i
slala
adsaasal db)
a saareflection
s ofdlight
a saas from Cl ion
d aon
saasthe surface d a s
20.
aas The cation
d a saasleaves its d s a
normal
a a s position
d a saain as
c) refraction of light from Na+ ion the crystal and moves to some interstitial
position, the defect in the crystal is known as
ur
d) all of the above

laiai la i a i l a i ai l a i a i
l electronsasinasFalcenters] asasala) l a i ai Schottky laailai
saasdefect ai i
b) sFacenter
slala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saasal (a) excitation
[Ans. d a saasaof d a d a d a d a a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
c) Frenkel d
P Pa defect P Pa a d a
P Pa d PaPdad
16. If ‘a’ stands for the edge length of the cubic d) non-stoichiometric defect
.s
systemi ;i sc , bcc, andi fcc. Then the iratio of

laiai laaof a spheressa ai
laalthese ai be saslaail[Ans.
laalwill ai i i
saaslaala
(c) iFrenkel
saaslaala
i defect]laiai
adsaasal dradii
a saas l
d a ain
s systems
d a saas d a a d a d a asaasal as
d
PaParespectively.PaPa d PaPa d PaPa 21. Assertion
d PaPa : due to Frenkel
d PaPa defect, density
d PaPdad of PaPdad
the crystalline solid decreases.
w
1 3 2  Reason : ini Frenkel defect

laiai a) lailaai: a : aalailai aailai aailai aalai leaves the ilai cation and
aacrystal. i i
adsaasal d a saa 
s2 a 2 dad 2as
s a d a saas l
d a saas l
d a saasl
anion d a saasl
d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Paassertion and
a) Both
a d
P Pareason are Ptrue a d
Pa and PaPdad
b) ( 1a : 3a : 2a )
w
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

laiai i i i i i i i b)i Both assertion
laailai and reason arei truei but reason i i
adsaasal d a
c) saaslaa1laa : 3 a :dad1saasla ala
a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala is notdathe saascorrect d a saaslaalaof assertion.
explanation d asaaslaala as
PaPa  2
d
4P Pa2 2 
a PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
w
c) Assertion is true but reason is false.

 1i i 1  d) Both assertion and reason are false
laiai d)sasla aa : 3a : saaslaailai lsaailai lsaail[Ans.
ai i ai
saaslaalassertion
ilai
saaslaareason
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a 2 a l
d a2 a  d a saa
d a saa (d)aBoth
d d and
a are false]
da as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
 1P Pa 3 a
1 P Pa
d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
[Ans. (c)  a : a: a ] 22. The crystal with a metal deficiency defect is
2 4 2 2  [PTA - 5; Aug-'21; May-'22]
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i ai
saaslaala) aslaailFeO
ai aslaailai d) KClasaaslaailai
adsaasal d a d a da d a NaCldadsa
b) c)dadsZnO
a aPdaFeO] as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa
[Ans. PaPa P(b) d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pdad
a a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
➠aPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d ➠
d
PaPVolume
a d - IP➠ d
aPaUnit 6 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
23. A two dimensional solid pattern formed by 3. Differentiate crystalline solids and
laiai two
l ai different
a i atomsl a i aXi and Y is l ai
shown ai below. l a i a i amorphous l ai solids.
a i l a i a i
[PTA - 1; May-'22] i i
saasaala
l
adsaasal d a saasal d a saasal d a saasal d a saasal d a saasal d a saasal d a as
P Pa The blackPand
a d aPa white squares
d P Parepresent atoms
a d d
P Pa Ans. P Pa
a a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
X and Y respectively. the simplest formula Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids
for i the compoundi ibased on thei iunit cell
laiai i
aslaala the patternsaaslaaisla saaslaala
i
saaslaaLong
i
la rangeaorderly i
saaslaala
i Short ilai randomalailai
saaslaarange,
adsaasal d a safrom d a d a da d d a asasa as
PaPa of
arrangement d
PaParrangement
a PofaPdad PaPdad
constituents. constituents.
m
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilai
saaslaaDefinite shape i i
saaslaala Irregular i i i i
saaslaala shape dadsaaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa PaPdad
Generally crystalline They are isotropic* like
co
solids are anisotropic in liquids
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l a ilai laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a as sanature
a
a asasal
a a a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad PaPdad d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
They are true solids They are considered as
pseudo solids (or) super
.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala laiai
cooled laiai
adsaasal asasalliquids asasal
ks
d a a) XY b)
d a X Y c) XY
d a d) XY d a d a a a as
a
P Pa d a
8 P Pa
d 4 9 a d
P Pa 2 a
P4 Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
[Ans. (a) XY8] Definite Heat of fusion Heat of fusion is not
definite
laiai
adsaasal a
i i
saaslaala Answer
a saaslaalathe F
i i
a aaslaailai
sollowing a
ilai
saaslaaThey have sharp
a
ilai
saaslaamelting a
i i
saaslaala softendover
Gradually a
i i
saaslaala as
QPuestions
d d d d d d PaPdad
PaPa d aPa d PaPa d
points. a range of temperature
1. Define unit cell. a i i [Aug-'21; FRT&July-'22] and so can be moulded.
laiai l ai a i l a l a i a i l a i a i l a i a i ai i
slala plastics, aslaailai
adsaasal Ans.
d a saA l
asabasic repeating
d a al
saasstructural unit
d a saal crystalline
saaof d a saasaEg:l
NaCl, saasal etc dEg:
diamond,
d a a saaRubber, d a saglass, as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a a
P Petcd a
P Pa d PaPdad
a unit cell. P
www.Padasalai.Net
solid is called
ab
2. Give any three characteristics of ionic

laiai sacrystals.
aslaailai aailai Classifysthe aslaailfollowing solids
i i i i i i i i
adsaasal a a saaslaala [PTA
a saaslaa-la4; FRT-'22]
a saasl4. a
ai
a saaslaala a saaslaala as
Ans.
PaPa (i) Ionic
d d solids
PaPda have high
d PaPmelting
da d points.PaPa
d d a.PaPPd d a d
a4 PaPa b. Brass PaPa d d d PaPdad
(ii) These solids do not conduct electricity,
c. Diamond d. NaCl
ur
because the ions are fixed in their lattice

laiai i i
saaslaala positions.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala e. dIodine
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a a d a d a as
P Pa (iii) They
a d a
PP d
doaconduct electricity
a d
P Pa in moltenPstate a d
Pa Ans. a. P PPa4 a d a
-P P a d
Molecular a
P Pa
solid
d PaPdad
(or) when dissolved in water because, the
b. Brass - Metallic solid
.s
ions are free to move in the molten state

laiai i i
saaslaala or solution.
i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala c. dDiamond
i i
saaslaala - Covalent
i i
saaslaalasolid dadsaaslaala
i i
adsaasal d a d a d a da a d a as
d
PaPa (iv) They PaP
ared
a hard as only d
Pastrong
Pa externalPforce aPa d aa d
d.P PNaCl
d
aIonic
-P P a solid PaPa PaPdad
can change the relative positions of ions.
w
e. Iodine - Molecular solid.

laiai aslaailai briefly ai i
slala typesdof aslaailacell.
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal 5.daadsaExplain d a saaseven a saunit d a d a d a [FRT-'22]
d a as
a
PP a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Ans.
w
S.NO Name of the unit cell

laiai i i i i i i i i 1. Cubic i i NaCli i i i
PaPa d aPa d PaPa d PaPa d P2. d d
aPa TetragonalPaPa TiO2 PaPa d PaPdad
w
PRhombohedral Tetragonal
Cubic
Hexagonal
a b c
90
a b c
90
a b c
a b c
90 3. Orthorhombic BaSO4
90 120
laiai i i
saaslaacla
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala ai i
aslala aslala ai i i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a 4. asa
d Hexagonal
d a sZnO
a da as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d a d
P5.Pa MonoclinicP Pa PbCrO a
P Pa d PaPdad
4
b
a
6. Triclinic H3BOi 3
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaalaTriclinic dadsaaslaala laailai aslaalai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a Orthorhombic
d a d a 7.d a s
a as
Rhombohedral d a s
a
Cinnabar cubicd a as
PaPdad
Monoclinic
PaPa d PaPa d
a b c
Pa a
d
Pb ac 90 a b P c a
Pa PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
90 90
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 136 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d Sura’s
d
PaPa ➠ XIIPStd
d d
aPa - Chemistry
d d
PaPa ➠ Volume
d d
PaPa - I ➠ Solid
d d
PaPa State
d d
PaPa d PaPdad
laiai
G
i i overnment
a
i i
saaslaala a
xam i i
saaslaala
E
uestions
a
i i
saaslaala a
Q ndi i nswers
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala
A A a
i i
saaslaala as
ad d a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d PaPdad
Pa the Correct
CPhoose P Pa Answer P P a P Pa 3. Define
1 mark a
P Pcovalent P Pa
solids.. Pa
P[May-'22]
1. In Naphthalene, constituent molecules are Ans. In covalent solids, the constituents (atoms) are
laiai ilai i ilai ibound together iini a three dimensional i i network i i
adsaasal held
a saaslaatogether bya:saaslaalai a saaslaa[HY_'19] a
ai
saaslaalentirely a saaslaala bonds. a saaslaala Diamond, a saaslaala as
d d
PaPa(a) Electrostatic d d
PaPaattraction PaPa d d PaPad d PaPa by
d dcovalent PaPad Examples:
d PaPa d d PaPdad
silicon carbide etc.
m
(b) London forces (c) Hydrogen bond 4. What is metal deficiency defect? Give example.
laiai (d) aStrong
a ilai dipole - dipole a i i interactionalaailai i i i i i i [FRT-'22] i i
adsaasal d a sa sl a d a saasl a la
d a sa s d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
P Pa
a d a
P Pa d [Ans. (b) d
P PLondon
a a forces]a d
P Pa Ans. MetalP P a a d
deficiency defect
a d
P Pa arises dueP Ptoa the a d PaPdad
co
2. Packing efficiency of Body Centred Cube presence of less number of cations than the
anions. This defect is observed in a crystal i
laiai (BCC) laaila:i laailai aailai
l[Sep-2020] laailin
ai which, the ilai
laacations have laailai oxidation
variable saaslaala
i
adsaasal d a saas d a saas d a saas d a saas d a s aas d a saas d a as
d
PaPa(a) 52.31% PaPa d
(b) 68% PaPa d PaPa d states.PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
(c) 86% (d) 52.13%[Ans. (b) 68%] Example : O , Fe , Fe 2- 2+ 3+
.
5. ZnO is colourless at room temperature, but
laiai 3. Match aslaailathe
i following aslaa:ilai ilai
aslaa[FRT-'22] aslaailit
aiturns yellow aslaailcolour
ai aslaailai why? asaaslaailai
adsaasal
ks
a sa a sa a sa a sa a s a on aheating,
sa as
PaPda(1)d PaPdad
lonic solid
aPdad
(i) Pdiamond PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad aPdad
P[FRT-'22] PaPdad
(2) Covalent solid (ii) Cu - Zn Ans. ZnO is colourless at room temperature. When
laiai (3)alaNon-polar
ilai i (iii)
i NaCl i i iitai is heated, aitlabecomes i i yellow aailaini colour. sOn aslaailai
adsaasal d a sasa d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaalheating, d ita a salaoxygendand
sloses a saaslthereby forming
d a a as
molecularPaPasolid PaPdad
PaPa d d PaPa
oo
d PaPa d Pa a d
free ZnP2+ ions. The excess
PaPa d
Zn2+ ions move
PaPa d
to
(4) Metallic solid (iv) Anthracene
interstitial sites and the electrons also occupy
laiai (a) (1)-(iii), (2)-(i), (3)-(iv), (4)-(ii) laiai
adsaasal a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saasal a
iai interstitial
saaslaalthe a
ilai
saaslaapositions. a saaslaala
i i
a saaslaala
i i
as
a
P Pad(b)d (1)-(iii), (2)-(iv),
a d
P Pa d (3)-(i), (4)-(ii)
a
P Pad d a d d
P Pa Answer T a d d
Pa Questions a
PPad d a da d PaPdad
Phe 3
PP marks
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
(c) (1)-(iv), (2)-(iii), (3)-(ii), (4)-(i)

1. Classify molecular crystals with an example
(d) (1)-(ii), (2)-(i), (3)-(iv), (4)-(iii)
laiai i
saaslaa[Ans.
la i i i
saaslaala(2)-(i), (3)-(iv),
i
saaslaala(4)-(ii)] dadsaaslaalfor
i iai each type.
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i [QY_'19]
saaslaala
i i
adsaasal da (a) (1)-(iii),
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa Ans. (i) P N aP a d
on-polar
d
PaPa crystals. PaPa
molecular
d PaPdad
Answer The Questions 2 marks Eg : Naphthalene, Anthracene
ur
1. If athe laailano. of close (ii) Polar molecular crystals solid.

laiai
adsaasal a s s
i
a s aslaailapacked
i
a
sphere
s aslaailai is 6, asaaslaailai s aslaailai i i
saaslaa. la saaslaala
i i
as
a
P Padcalculate
d a thea number
d
P Pa d a of Octahedral
a
P Pad d a voids
a
P Pad d Eg
P Paa d : Solid
a
d a CO , Solid
a
2 P Pa d aNH
d 3 a
P Pa d a
d PaPdad
and Tetrahedral voids generated. [Mar-2020] (iii) Hydrogen bonded molecular crystals
Eg: H2O, glucose, urea.
.s
Ans. If the number of close packed sphere is 6

laiai l a ilai l a ilai l a ilai l a ilai
sasa Barium dhas
ilai
saasalaabody
ilai
saaslaacubic
centered unit aslaailai
scell
adsaasal d a a
Octahedral
sasa voids
d a a
issa6sa Tetrahedral d a a a is 12 da2.
sasvoids a a d a d a a as
with P
aPa
a length
d
of 508pm
d
PaPaalong an edge. d
PaPaWhat PaPdad
2. Distinguish between Isotropy and
w
Anisotropy in solids. [Sep-2020; FRT-'22] is the density of barium in gcm–3? [HY_'19]

laiai aailai
saaslIsotropy
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaalaρ = nMdadsaaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
adsaasal d a d a Anistropy
d a d aAns. d a d a as
a
P a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
aPNPAa
3 a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
(i) P Isotropy means Anisotropy is the
w
uniformity in all property which In this case,

laiai directions.
a ilai a ilaidepends onathe a ilai a ilai i i i i i i
adsaasal a a
sasal
a a
sasal
a sasa l
a a l
sasan = 2; M d=ad137.3 saaslaalagmol–1; dadsaaslaala a saaslaala as
PaPad d d
PaPa d direction
PaPa of
d d PaPad d PaPa PaPa PaPa d d PaPdad
w
measurement. a = 508 pm = 5.08 × 10–8 cm

(ii) In solid state isotropy Crystalline solids are 2 atoms × 137.3 g mol −1
laiai l a i i l a i i l a i i la i ρ i = la i i aail23ai laailai
adsaasal d
means
a
a
saasal having identical
d a
a
saasal anisotropic d a saasand a
al they dasaasal a
( 5d.08a sa−l8a cm )3 (6.d023
s×aa10 a saa
×sl10 atoms mol
d a s−aa
1s) as
a d
P Pavalues of physical a
P Pa d show PPa d
different
a a
valuesP Pa d P Paa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
properties such as of physical properties 2 × 137.3
refractive index, when measured along ρ =
laiai i i
laala conductance i i
laaladifferent directions. i
laala i i
laala i (5.08) a×la3
10ila−24
i × 6.023 × 10a23 i i i i
adsaasal d electrical
a saas d a saas d a saas d a saas d a s a s a d a saslaala d a saaslaala as
d
PaPaetc., in all directions.
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d ρ = P3.5 d
aPag cm . 3
PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pdad
a a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d Sura’s
d
PaPa ➠ XIIPStd
d d
aPa - Chemistry
d d
PaPa ➠ Volume
d d
PaPa - I ➠ Solid
d d
PaPa State
d d
PaPa d PaPdad
laiai
adsaasal a
i i
saaslaalaa
dditional
i i
saaslaala
A a
i uestions
saaslaala
i
a
Q
i i and answers
saaslaala a
i i
saslaala a
i i
saaslaala
A a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P ad d a d
P Pa d a d
a d a d d
P Pa B at centres a d d
P Paof the PaPdad
Choose the Correct AnswerP 1 mark c) APatPcorners of hexagon,
hexagon and C inside the hexagonal unit cell
laiai 1. Which i ofi the following
saaslaalaof the crystal?
i idefects decreases
saaslaala
i i the
saaslaala
iai A at corner,
saaslaald)
i i
saaslaalBaat face centre,
i i
saaslaaClaat bodydcentre
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal density
d a d a d a da d a d a a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa
[Ans.
d
(b) P
d
AaPatacorners of cube,
d
PaPa B at PaPdad
a) Interstitial defect b) Vacancy defect
m
c) Frankel defect d) None of these above body centre, C at face centre]
laiai asasall a i a i a i
saasa[Ans.
l i
l (b) Vacancy
a l a i i
saasal defect] dad10.
a l a i a i
saasalA binary ssolid
asal A
l a i a sas la
i i
i +B– has aalaastructure with i i
saaslaala
a
2.P Pa d
In which of a
P Pthe d
a following a d
P Parrangements,
a a
P Pa –
B ions a a d
P Pconstituting Pthe
a d
Pa lattice andPAPa ions
a + d PaPdad
co
octahedral voids are formed? occupying 25% tetrahedral holes. Formula
laiai a) fcc
laailai laailab)i bcc saslaailai laailof
ai the solidsaisslaailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal dc)as aas
simple cubic d a saas d) hcp d [Ans.
a a (d) hcp] d a saas a) A B d a b)
a AB c)d a sAB
a d) ABd a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d P2 aPa d PaPa 2d PaPa4d PaPdad
3. Which of the following cannot be regarded [Ans. (c) AB2]
as molecular solid?
.
laiai laailai carbidesaslaailab)i AlN saslaailai 11.laiIf ai 'a' is the slength of unit cell,lathen which onelaiai
adsaasal a) saSilicon asalis aslaailai asailai asaasal
ks
a a s a a a a a sa correct arelationship?
a a sa as
PaPda
c)d Diamond PaPdad PaP
d) All dadabove
the PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
[Ans. (d) All the above] a) For simple cubic lattice, radius of metal
a
laiai 4. An example ilai of metal deficiency
ilai defect ilai ilai atom = alailai i i
adsaasal a l
sa
saNaCla a l a
sasa c) CsCldadsad)sa FeSa l a a
sasala sa2sa saaslaala aslaailai
s3a as
da)a b) AgCl
d a d a d a d a d a a
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa
oo PaPa d
b) For PaPbcc
a d
lattice, radius
d
PaPaof metal atom Pa=
Pa d
[Ans. (d) FeS] 4
5. Which of the following is characteristic of a
laiai ionic ilai
saaslaasolids?
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
iai For fcc lattice,
saaslaalc)
i i
saaslaala radiusdofadsmetalaslaailaatom
i = sasla i
alai
adsaasal d a d a d a d a da a d2a a 2 as
a
P Pa d
a) Very lowPvalue a d
Pa of electrical a a d
P Pconductivity a
PinPa d
d) All P
a d
P ofathese a
P Pa a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
the molten state

b) Brittle nature [Ans. (d) All of these]
laiai ai i ilai
saaslaaof
slala strongdforces
i i
saaslaala
i ai
saaslaalThe ai i
slala between laailashaded
i i i
saaslaala
adsaasal c)asaaVery
d a attraction
d a d a12. empty
d a saaspace d a saasthe d balls
a as
PaPa d
d) Anisotropic
d
PaPanature PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPa balls as shown
and hollow
d
PaPa in the diagram d
PaPa is PaPdad
[Ans. (c) Very strong forces of attraction] called,
ur
ai i 6. What a is
i i the relation aibetween
i diamond a i i and a i i i i i i i i
l
adsaasal
a
a
l
saasal
graphite?
d
a
d a
l
saasal a
d a
l
saasal a
d a
l
saasala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
a) Polymorphous b) Isomer
.s
c) Isotope ilad)i Isomorphous

laiai laailai laa[Ans. i i
saaslaala
(a) Polymorphous]
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saas d a saas d a d a d a d a d a as
7.P Pa
d
a Which one P d
a a followingPacrystal
ofPthe Pa d a
has 8 :P8Pa
d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
a) Hexagonal void b) Octahedral void
w
structure?
a) MgF c) Tetrahedral ivoid
laiai lsaaila2i b) CsCl lsaailac)i KCl sd) lsaailNaCl
ai lsaaild) aslaalai voidasaaslaailai
ai Doublestriangular i i
saaslaala
adsaasal Padaadas a
d a saa
d a
[Ans.
aa
(b) CsCl] d a saa
d a a d d a as
8. PAmorphousPsolids
a d
Pa have P Pa a d a
P Pa d

a
P Pa d a d
P Pa(b) Octahedral
[Ans.
a d
P Pavoid] PaPdad
w
a) orderly arrangement of atoms 13. iWhich type ofi solids will have the highest i i
laiai b) laailai melting point
sharp laailai laailai ai
laalmelting laalai laailai alala
adsaasal s
ada as s
daada
as s
daada
as s
daada
as point?
s
daada
as s
daada
as daadsasa as
PaPda a a a a a a PaPdad
w
c) isotropy P P d) both
P P (a) and (b) P P P P crystals
a) Ionic P P P P
[Ans. (c) isotropy] b) Network covalent solid
laiai 9. A ssolid l ai awith
i formula l a i ABC
a i would l probably
a i a i
saasalc)
la i ai Molecular ilai
saaslaasolids aslaailai crystalsasaaslaailai
d) sMetallic
adsaasal d a aasal
d a saasal 3
d a saasal d a d a d a a as
a
P Pahave,
d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa [Ans. (b)PNetwork aPa d PaPdasolid]
covalent d PaPdad
a) A at body centre, B at face centres and C at
corners 14. Which of the following statement is correct?
laiai a ilai of the cube a ilai a ilai laiai i i ilaico-ordination i i
adsaasal db)
a a
saA l
saat cornersdaof a l
sa B at body
sacube, d a asal
sacentre, C at dadsaasala) On increasing
d a saaslaala temperature,
d a saaslaa
the
d a saaslaala as
d
PaPa face centre PaPa d PaPa d PaPa number d
PaPa of solid remains d
PaPa unchanged. PaPa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pdad
a a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
➠aPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d ➠
d
PaPVolume
a d - IP➠ d
aPaUnit 6 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
b) On increasing pressure, the co-ordination No. of atoms of P = 8 × ⅛ = 1
saaslaalnumber of solid
laiai i ai i increases. i i i i i i i i i i
Solution
i
adsaasal d a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaaoflaQ = 1 ×d1ad=saa1slaala
No. of atoms
d a saaslaala as
d
P Pa c) On increasing
a a
P Pa d pressure,a d
P Pathe co-ordination
a
P Pa d a d
Paatoms of R = P
No.Pof a a =3
6 ×P½ a
P Pa d PaPdad
number of solid decreases.
Hence, compound is PQR3
d)aiOn increasing temperature, the co-ordination
laiai lalai laailai i i
saaslaala aailai
saasl20.
i i
saaslaalawith atomic aailai
saaslmass
ilai
saaslaafcc
adsaasal d a saas number of
d a aa
solid
s s increases.
d a da An aelement
d a d a 60 having
d a as
P Pa has a density
structure
d
PaPa of 6.23g/cm d
PaP3a. what is PaPdad
[Ans. (b) On increasing pressure, the
m
co-ordination number of solid increases] the edge length of unit cell?
laiai l ai a i la i a i l a i a i l a i i
saasal a) 200
a aslaailai
sPm saasla
b) i
alai Pm dasaaslaalai
300 i
adsaasal 15.
d a asal
saWhich of thed a saasal
following is d asaasal statement
incorrect d a d a a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d a
Pa Pm P Pa d) 500 PmP Pa
c) P 400
d a d PaPdad
about the Bragg's equation nλ = 2d sin θ?
co
[Ans. (c) 400 Pm]
a) n, represents order of reflection
laiai i
aslaalλ, i
a represents a i i
slala lengthdof
i i
aslaala used asaaslaala i i i
saaslaala
i i i
saaslaal=a 400 Pmdadsaaslaala
i i
adsaasal sab) saawave suv-rays Z×M 4×60 as
Solution
d a d a a a d a = d a d a
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d 3 Pa d
PaNo×P = 6.02×10 PaP23a d PaPa PaPdad
c) θ, represents angle of incidence ×6.23
a = 400 Pm
.
d) d, represents distance between two parallel
laiai l a i a i
saasalplanes [Ans. l a
saas(b)
i a i
al λ, represents l a
saasawave
i ai length l a i a i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal l saasal
ks
d a d a d a d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa of uv-rays P a d
Pa 21. InPaPface–centered
used] a a d a d
P cubic
Pa lattice, aP unit a d
Pa cell is PaPdad
16. Schottky defects contains shared equally by how many unit cells?
laiai aslaailCation
ai i i i i i i a) 8 alab) i i4 c)ala 2i i d) 6 alailai
adsaasal a saa) vacancies
a saaslaalaonly dadsaaslaala a saaslaala a sasala a sasala s sa as
d d d d d aPdaada(d) 6]
P[Ans. PaPdad
d
PaPa b) Cation PaP ad
vacancies and P aPa
oo
interstitial cations PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
c) Equal number of cation and anion vacancies 22. Which one of the following does not belong
laiai aslaailAnion saaslaala to ABdatype?
ai i i ilai i i i i i i i i
adsaasal d a sad) vacancies
d a saaslaalaand interstitial
d a saaslaaanions d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a d
P[Ans.
Pa a
P Pa d a
P(c) d
PaEqual number a
P Paofd a
a) P Cu d
Pa2O b) CsCl a d
P Pa c) FeS Pd)PaZnS a d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
cation and anion vacancies] [Ans. (a) Cu2O]

17. Calculate the snumber
aslaala of atoms
laiai saaslaalin a a cubicsasl23.
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
adsaasal a saaslaala a a a a a
aala What isswrong
a aaslaala about aa.b.c.c.
saaslaala unit cell? a saaslaala as
PaPa unit cell having
d d PaPa one atom
d d PaonPaeach cornerPaand
d d Pa
d d aPa
a) P In
d d aad d
addition to PanP atom at the P
d
aPa
centre
d
of the PaPdad
one atom on each body diagonal
body of the unit cell, there are 8 atoms at 8
ur
a) ai2 i b) 3 ai i c) 4 d) 5 different icorners

laiai l a l a l a i a i l a i a i
saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal [Ans.
d a saasal d a saasal d a saasal (d) d5]
a saasal d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P P1a
a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
b) atom at a corner of the unit cell
No. of atoms from 8 corners = ⅛ × 8 = 1 8
Solution
.s
laiai No. of
i i atoms from 4 body
i i diagonals = 1 i × i4 = 4 i i aailai in the unit ilai i
adsaasal a aslaala
sa\ a saaslaaper
la a sa5aslaala a saaslaala c) No. a aslatoms
sof
a a saaslaacells is 2 asaasla alai as
d
PaPa d Total no. of
PaPa datoms
d unit cell
PaPa d =
d d
PaPa d aPad d d d
PaPina the unit cells d
PaPisa4d PaPdad
d)P The no. of atoms
w
[Ans. (d) The no. of atoms in the unit cells is 4]

laiai 18. Alaregular i three dimensional
i arrangement
i of i ilai ilai
adsaasal asal a
saidentical
i l a a i
saasinalspace isdcalled l
saasal a a i l a a i
al In a dbody
saas24. saaslaacentred cubicsaaslaaunit cell, a aslaailai
sametal as
a
P Pad a
d points
a
P Pad a
d a
P Pa
ad a d
P Pa
a
d a a
d
P Paat the centre a d ad
P Pofa the cell is P a d a
d PaPdad
atom Pa
surrounded
w
a) Unit cell b) Space lattice

c) iPrimitive by how many other metal atoms?
laiai i ilai d) Crystallographyilai ilai a) 12 alab) i i i
6alai
i
adsaasal adadsasaa l a l a
d a a
sasal a
[Ans.d (b)
a a l a
a
sasSpace lattice]
d a a
sasal a
d a sasala 4 d a saasla
c) d) a8saasla
d alai as
P Pa PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPa PaPa d PaPa d d
aPa (d) 8] PaPdad
w
P[Ans.
19. Three atoms P, Q and R crystallize in a
cubic solid lattice having P atom at corners, 25. The smallest repeating unit in space lattice
laiai Q
ilai
aslaaatom at body ai i
slala and dRadatom
saacentre
i i
saaslaalaat the face
i i
saaslaala whichdawhen
i i
saaslaalarepeated
iai
saaslaaland
over
i i
saaslaala
againaresults
adsaasal d a sa d a d a d a d as
a d
P Pa centres. Identify a d
P Pa formula PPa
ofathe compound. a
P Pa d a d
Pacrystal of the
inPthe a a d
P Pgiven a d
P Pais called
substance PaPdad
a) PQR b) PQR2 a) Space lattice b) Crystal lattice
laiai sac)
i
aslaalPQR i
a 3 i i
saaslaala d) Pd3QR
i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala c) Unit
i
sacell
i
aslaala i d)ala i
sasIsomorphism
alai
i i
saaslaala
PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPa [Ans. (c) PQR d
PaPa] 3
PaPa d PaPa d (c)aPUnit
[Ans. P d
a cell] PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 148 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d Sura’s
d
PaPa ➠ XIIPStd
d d
aPa - Chemistry
d d
PaPa ➠ Volume
d d
PaPa - I ➠ Solid
d d
PaPa State PaPa
d d d PaPdad
26. In the Bragg’s equation for diffraction of 34. Which one of the following statements is not
l ai ai X-rays,
saaslaala‘n’ represents
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
iai
saaslaaltrue?
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
P Paa) The number
a a d
P Paof moles P Pa a d a
P Pa d a) Thea d a
a of vaporisation
P Pheat d a
P Pa of ionic crystals d
P Pa are PaPdad
b) Avogadro number high
c) Aaquantum number ib)i Ionic crystals i i are soluble i in
i non-polar
s a laailai s a lailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ada s dd)
a a Order
s of reflection
d a d a da solvent
d a d a d a as
[Ans. (d) Order of reflection] c) Ionic crystals are hard and brittle
m
laiai 27. In a lsimple cubic cell, each point onlaaiacorner d) Ionic crystals
laailai are conductors in solutionai i
adsaasal is
a saasaailai by
shared a saaslaailai a saasal i a saaslaailai state asaa[Ans.
s (b) Ionica saaslaailai are soluble
crystals a saaslala as
a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pa d d a
P a d d a d d a
P Pain non-polarPsolvent]d d PaPdad
P Pa
a) One unit cell b) Two unit cell
co
c) 8 unit cell d) 4 unit cell 35.aiWhich type of
laiai l ailai l a ilai ilai
laaunit lalai laailadefect
i is found
laailain
i transition i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saas a d a saas a [Ans.d (c)
a saa8
s cell] d a saas metals that
d a saa
have
s variable d a aa
valency?
s s d a as
28. Pick out the example for covalent and a) Frenkel defect b) Schottky defect
c) Line defect
.
molecular crystal.
laiai l a i a i l a i ai l a i ai l a
saasald)
i ai Metal deficiencyi i
saaslaala defect
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal al Diamond saasal b) Diamond, l
ks
da)
a saasIce, d a d a saasaIce d a d a d a d a as
a d
P Pac) NaCl, FeS a
P Pa d a a
P PIce
d) FeS,
d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa [Ans. (d)PMetal a d
Pa deficiency a a d
P Pdefect] PaPdad
[Ans. (b) Diamond, Ice] 36. Which one of the following statements is
laiai laailai laailai ai i
slala
i ai
saaslaalwrong aailai
saaslFrenkel
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal 29.adaThe
adsaasdefect arising
d a saasdue to an ion
d asaaoccupying d a about
d a defect?
d a d a as
PaPdad
PP PaPa d
interstitial position
Pa a
is called P
d
oo
PaPa d Paion
a) An P
a d d
Painterstitial
occupies an P
a PaPa
position
d
a) Schottky defect b) Metal excess defect b) Anion is much larger in size than the cation
laiai l aailai l aailai l aailai l aailc)i
s a The dcrystal
ilai
saaslaaremains
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal dc)
a saasFrenkel defectd a saas d a saa s d a saa a neutral
d a d a as
a d
P Pad) Metal deficiencya d
P Pa defect P Pa a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
d) Non-stoichiometric
a a d
P Pcompound a
P Pa
is formed
d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
[Ans. (c) Frenkel defect] [Ans. (d) Non-stoichiometric

laiai l a ilai l a ilai l a ilai l a ilai l a ilai compound i i
saaslaala is formed]
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal 30.adaThe
a a
adsaswavelength d aof
a a
sasX-ray is in the
d a a sa of dadsasa
saorder a
d a a
sasa d a d a as
PP PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
a) 10–8cm b) 10–10cm 37. Element 'A' and 'B' form a compound with
ur
c) 10–8 m d) 10–10nm i cubic structure in which 'A' atoms are at

laiai l a i a i l a i ai l a a i
l –8 cm] asasalthel a i ai corners aailathe
saaslof
i cube and i i
saaslaala'B' atoms saaatai i
slala
adsaasal d a saasal d a saasal [Ans.
d a asa10
sa(a) d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d the face
a d
P Pacentres. What P Pis
a d
a the formula P Pof
a d
a the PaPdad
31. The number of close neighbours in a body compound?
.s
centredi cubic lattice ofi identifical spheres is ia)i AB b) iAB c) ABla i i d) AB6 alailai
laiai laalai laalai laailai saaslaala saaslaala 2
i
saas3ala
adsaasal a)
a saas6 b) 4a saas c) 12 a saa
d)s 8 a a a dsas3]
aPdaaAB
[Ans.P(c)
a as
d
PaPa d PaPad d PaPad d PaPa
d d PaPad d PaPa d d PaPdad
[Ans. (d) 8]
w
38. In an hexagonal crystal

laiai 32. The ldiffraction
i of crystal
i of Ba with X-ray
adsaasal of
a sal
a a i
saawavelength a2.29Å
l a a i
saasal gives daadsafirst l a i
asal order asaaslaaila)
a i ai a = b = sc,asa
a a
laai=labi = g = 90°
a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala as
a d d
P Pareflection at a da d a a d d a d d a d d a d d PaPdad
P P27º8′. WhatP is Pa the distance P Pa b) a P=Pba= c, a = b = P g¹Pa90° P Pa
w
between the diffracted patterns? c) a = b ¹ c, a = b = g = 90°

laiai a)sas5.02 i i i i
laala Å saslaalab) 0.398 Åsaslaala i i i
saaslaald)
ilabi = 90°, g =a120°
ai a = b ¹ sc,asalaa= saslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a d a a d a a d a d a a d a d a as
d
PaPac) 2.51 Å PaPa d PaPaÅ
d) 10.04 d d
PaPa P[Ans.d
aPa (d) a = b P d
c,aa = b = 90°, P
¹aP d
=a120°]
g aP PaPdad
w
[Ans. (b) 0.398 Å] 39. Which of the following exists as covalent

laiai laiai solidssare
aslaailalso
ai calledsasaslaailai iai
saaslaalcrystals aslaailastate?
in ssolid i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal 33.adaCrystalline
adsaasal d a a d a a d a d a a d a da as
PP a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
a) supercooled liquids b) true solids
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
a) phosphorus PPa d
b)a sulphur P Paa d PaPdad
c) pseudo solids d) all the above c) chlorine d) silicon
laiai i
saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala [Ans.d(b) a
saatrue
i i i
a i
slalasolids] dadsaaslala
i i
saaslaala aailai (d) silicon]
sasl[Ans.
i i
saslaala
adsaasal d a d a a d a aa aa as
P Pa a d a d
P Pa a d P Pa a P Pa a d P Pa PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pdad
a a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
➠aPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d PaPad d ➠
d
PaPVolume
a d - IP➠ d
aPaUnit 6 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
9. Define the term amorphous. 15. Write a note on the assignment of atoms
laiai Ans. saA l ai
asasolid i
l is saidatosabe
a l a i i
salamorphous
a a
sifaasits
l i i
alconstituent
a l i i
saasaala per unit ai i
saacell
slalain bodydcentred
i i
saaslaala cubic dlattice
iai
saaslaalof
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a a a as
a d
P Pa particles are a d a d
a arrangedPinPaaregular fashion.
P Pnot a
P Pa d a
CsCl.
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
10. What is point defect in crystals? Ans. The total number of atoms per unit cell in bcc.
laiai i i
aslaaladefects which i i
saaslaalaare caused aai i
slalmissing
i i
saaslaala = N cd+adsN asblaa=ila8i + 1 = 1 +as1aa=slaa2ilai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal Ans.
d asaThe d a d asaaby dor
a a d d a as
d
PaPa misplacedPatoms aPa d
or ions inP the
aPa d
crystal. P Pa
a d P8aPa 1 8 1PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
m
Nb = Number of atoms inside the body; Nc is the
11. Diamond and solid rhombic sulphur are
laiai l ai a i la i a i l a i a i l a i a i number of ai i at the corners.
saaatoms
slala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a asal
sacovalent solids
d a al the latter
saasbut d a al very low
saashas d a saasal d a d a d a as
a d
P Pa melting point a d
P Pa than the former. a d
P Pa ExplainPwhy? a
Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
co
Ans. (i) Diamond has network structure, while
laiai i i ilai i i i i i i N b alailai i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala sulphurdadoes saaslaanot. d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a sasa d a saaslaala as
d
PaPa (ii) DuePato d
Pathis, particles d
PaPofa carbon arePa Pa
held
at their positions firmly which makes
.
laiai a i diamond hard,
i i brittle
i with aextremely
i i high ala i i i i i i i i
adsaasal
l
saasal a saaslaala saslaala sasala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
ks
d a d a d a d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d melting
a
P Pa point.
d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa 16. Define a d
P Pa void. a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
12. Define the term: space lattice. Ans. The empty spaces present between the metal
laiai lsaailai Lattice s:asAn
Ans.sSpace laailainfinite
i three l a ilai
dimensional i i
sasaala atom dor
l aslaailions
sathe ai when they iai
saaslaalare packedasa aslaailai
within
adsaasal d a aa
d a a d a a
sasa d a a a d a d as
PaPdad
PaPa array ofPapoints
d Pa d showing
oo
PaPahow atomsPaP
d (or)
a d d
aPa are called
thePcrystal a d
PaPvoids. PaPa d
molecules are arranged in a crystal is known
as space lattice. Thei points are known as lattice 17. In CaF2 crystal, Ca2+ ionsi are present iin
laiai l a i a i l a a i l a i a i l a i a i l a i a i
saaslaaltheai saaslaalofai
adsaasal d a asal
sapoints. d a saasal d a saasal d a saasal arrangement. d a saasal Calculate d a number
d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa in the unitPcell. aPa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
13. What is coordination number? F– ions
ab
Ans. Coordination number Ans. No. of Ca2+ ions per unit cell
laiai a ilai a ilai is definedaaslathe ilai number alailai lailai lailai i i
adsaasal a a l
saofsanearest neighbours
a a l
sasa that andatom a sasahas in a unit a sasa a asa1  
sa  asaasa
1d a saaslaala as
d d
PaPa cell. PaPa d d PaPa d PaPad d PaP=a  8 × 8  +  6P× aP
d d a
2
d PaPad d PaPdad
= 1+3=4
ur
Coordination no. of sc = 6
laiai l a i a i l a i a i l a i a i l a i i
saasal Henceda
a No.
saaslofaailFa–i ions per sunit
aslaailcell
ai = 2 × 4 s=as8.laailai
adsaasal d a asal
saCoordination d
no.
a saasofalfcc = d12asaasal d a d a
a cells? PaPdaada
a as
a d
P Pa Coordination a d
P Pano. of bcc = a
P P8a d a d
P Pa 18. What a d
P Paare primitive a
P Punitd PaPdad
.s
14. How Ans. A unit cell that contains only one lattice point
laiai a ilaimany atoms a
can
ilai be present a
in
ilai a simple alailai laailai aslaailawhich
i ilai
adsaasal a l
asacubic
sa lattice? a
asasa
l a
asasa
l
asasa is calleda saaasprimitive unit
a sacell, a saaslaaup
isdmade as
PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad d
PaPthe
from
d
a lattice points d d
PaPaat each of thePcorners.
aPa d PaPdad
Ans. (i) In a simple cubic lattice atoms are present
w
at the corners only, each atom at the corner 19. A compound made up of two atoms X and
laiai l a i ai i i
saaslaala by eight
i i
saaslaalaunit cells.
i i
saaslaala Y hasasaaasface laailai centredsacubic ai i
slala arrangement.
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saasal is shared d aequally
d aother
d a d d a a d a as
a d
P Pa (ii) ThePtotal a d
Pa number of a a d
P Patoms per unit
a a
P Pcelld
XP a a d
isPpresent a d
Pa and Y at
in thePconers PPa d
a centre
the PaPdad
w
Nc 1 of each face. If one atom is missing from

= = 8 × i= i1 (Nc is the inumber of ai i
laiai i
laala i 8 l8aala laalai al la corner. sWhat aslaailaiis the simplest i i
saaslaala formula saof
ilai
aslaathe
adsaasal aas as s
daada
as s
daada
as daadsasa a a a a as
PaPdad a
atomsPat the corners.) P a a d
PaPa
compound.d d
PaPa d PaPa d d PaPdad
w
P P P P
Nc Ans. No. of atoms of X at the corners = 8 – 1 = 7
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilai 1 is missing)
saaslaa(since
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
Contribution
a d
P Pa unit cellP Pa
of X towards
a d PaPdad
1 7
laiai i i i i i i i i i =i 7 × 8 = 8alaailai i i
adsaasal d asaaslaala d asaaslaala da saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a sas d a saaslaala as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d aPa
No.Pof
d
atoms of Y atPthe
aPa d aa
face centresP=P6
d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 156 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d Sura’s
d
PaPa ➠ XIIPStd
d d
aPa - Chemistry
d d
PaPa ➠ Volume
d d
PaPa - I ➠ Solid
d d
PaPa State PaPa
d d d PaPdad
Contribution of Y towards unit cell 3. If NaCl is doped with 10–3 mol % of SrCl2.
laiai i i 1 i i i iai
adsaasal a saaslaala =da6sa×aslaal=ai3 a saaslaala a saaslaalWhat a aaslaailai
is thesconcentration
a
of laailai valencies?
saascation a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a
P Pa7d 2 a d
P Pa d a d d
P Pa Ans. Doping a d d
P PofaNaCl with 10 a
–3da d
P Pmol% a d d
P Pa that
SrCl means PaPdad
2
Ratio of X : Y = : 3 = 7 : 24 100 moles of NaCl are doped with 10–3 mol of
8
laiai Formula i i i i i i ai 2.
iSrCl ai i iai i i
adsaasal d asaaslaala of the compound
d a saaslaala is X7 Y
d a
. ala
24s
a sala da saaslaal\ 1 mole
d of
a saaslala is doped
NaCl d a saaslaalSrCl
with d a saaslaala as
d
PaPaNaCl has aPsharp
20. d
aPa meltingPapoint d
Pa but glass PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d 2 Pa
Pa d PaPdad
does not - Justify. 10 -3
m
23 18
= ´ 6.023 ´ 10 = 6.023 ´ 10
100
laiai Ans. NaCl aslaais
ilai a crystalline
aslaailasolid
i so possess
aslaailai sharp asaaslaailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a s
a
melting points a s
a
where
d as glass is
d asa
amorphous in d d a s
a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa 4. Why Pare a d
Pasolids incompressible?
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
nature so does not have sharp melting point.
co
Ans. (i) Compressibility is the ability of the
21. Distinguish between cubic and hexagonal
a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai a laailai substance a laailto
ai change its a
shape
laailai by applying i i
saaslaala
s
ada s dunit
a sa s cells. d a sa s d a sa s d a sa s external
d a sa s pressure. d a sa s d a as
Pa a
Ans.P
(ii)
P aPa
Solids
d
form closed
d
PaPa packed Pstructure aPa d PaPdad
with negligible intermolecular space and
.
i i i Cubic
i i i Hexagonal i i i i ilai strong intermolecular
i i i i
l a a l a a l a a l a a l a a possesses
saaslaavery saaslaala forces
saaslaala
adsaasal sa=asba=l c saasal a = b ¹ dcadsaasal saasal
ks
d a
a d a d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa a
P Pa d P a a d
ofPattraction. a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
a = b = g = 90° a = b = 90°, g = 120° (iii) Thus, they do not change their shape in the
presence ofi external pressure.
s a laailai 22. Why s a laais
ilai FeS not aformed
s laailai in stoichometric
s a laailai s a laailai s a laalai i i
saaslaala in different
i i
saaslaala
ada s d a s
composition?
a d a a s d a a s d a5.a s Classify d the
a a s following d asolids d a as
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa d
oo
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
Ans. In FeS, Fe2+ ions are replaced by Fe3+ ions. To categories based on the nature of
maintain electrical neutrality, 3 Fe2+ iions are intermolecular force operating in them:
s alsaailai a
replaced
s l aailai
s by 2Fedadions. 3+ s a l aailai s a l aalai s a l
s a
aailPotassium
i ai i
slala
saasulphate, tin, aailai
saaslbenzene, urea,
i i
saaslaala
ada d a a a s d a a s d a a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa water, zinc
ammonia, a d
P Pasulphide, P aPa d
graphite, PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
Short Answer 3 marks
ab
rubidium, argon, silicon carbide.

i 1. Why are
i solids rigid? i i Ans. i ilai : Silicon i i i
saaslaal(i)
ai Covalent saaslaaSolids carbide, graphite.
la a i i i i alai
adsaasal Ans. d(i)
a saaslaaThela
d a saaslaala forces
intermolecular d a aaslaaattraction
sof la
d a d a d a saasla d a saaslaala as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d (ii) P Molecular
aPa d solids
PaPa : Urea, Pbenzene,
d aPa d PaPdad
that are present in solids are very strong. ammonia, water and argon.
ur
(ii) The constituent particles of solids cannot (iii) Ionic Solids : Zinc sulphide, potassium i i
s alsaailai s
ilai from their
aslaamove s aslaailaipositions. s laailai have saslaailai sulphate
aThey s aslaailai s aslaailai saaslaala
ada d a a d a a d a a s d a a d a a d a a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa
fixed positions. d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
(iv) P
aPa d
Metallic
aPa d
solids :PRubidium
a
P Pa
and tin.
d PaPdad
(iii) However, they can oscillate about their
.s
laiai mean
ilai positions. i i i i 6. lailWhat i is the formula i i of a compound i i in which i i
adsaasal saaslaaThis
(iv)
a is the saaslaalasolids aredarigid.
reason
a saaslaala a saasa a a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
PaPad d PaPad d PaPa d d
PaPa d the element
PaPa Y formsPccp
d d aPalattice andPatoms
d d aPa of
d d PaPdad
2. Silver crystallines in fcc lattice. If edge length rd
X occupy ⅔ of tetrahedral voids?
w
of the cell is 4.07 × 10 –8 cm and density is

Ans. ilNumber of tetrahedral voids formed i i = 2 × No.aoflailai
laiai i i
saaslaaglacm–3. Calculate
10.5
i i
saaslaala the atomic
ilai
saaslaamass of dasaasla a ai
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a asasa as
a d
P Pasilver. a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d atoms of
a
P Pa element
d Y a
P Pa d PaPdad PaPdad
w
d × a 3 × NA No. of atoms of element Y in the ccp unit cell = 4

Ans. M = iNo.
laiai i i g i i i i i of tetrahedral i ivoids by atoms i ofi Y = 2×4=8 i i
adsaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
d
PaPad = Density
d d
PaPaof the material
d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d \ No.Pof aPatetrahedral voids
d d PaPaoccupied byPatoms
d d aPa of
d d PaPdad
w
a = Length of the edge of the cell 2 16

NA = Avogadro number X= ×8=
laiai laailaNo.
i of atomsalaailai i i i i i i 3 3 i i i i
adsaasal d
Zasas=
a d a sas d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d16
a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d
10.5Pgcm
a d
Pa −3 × ( 4.07P×P a a d
10 −8 cm )
3 a
P Pa d a d
a no. of atoms
RatioPofPthe a
P Pof d a
a X and Y isP=Pa : 4 d PaPdad
3
× (6.023 × 1023 mol −1 ) = 16 : 12
laiai M = i i laiai laiai laail
ai i i i i laiai
adsaasal saslaala
ada asaasal 4 asaasal a s
a as a saaslaala a saaslaala =d4 a:ds3aasal as
PaPdaAtomic adad PaPdagd mol–1.
massPofPsilver M = 106.59
d
PaPa d PaP
Hence,
da d
formula wouldPbe
d
aPa d
XY. PaPa PaPdad
4 3
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pdad
a a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
➠aPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d ➠
d
PaPVolume
a d - IP➠ d
aPaUnit 6 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
2. Sodium crystallizes in a bcc unit cell.
laiai l ai a i l a i a i l ai ai i i
saasaala Calculate
l aailai approximate
saaslthe
i i
saaslaalanumberdadof laailai
saasunit
adsaasal d a saasal d a saasal d a saasal d a d a d a as
PaPdad
HOTS
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a a
P Pin d a
P Pa d a a
P Pmass
cells 9.2g of sodium. (Atomic Na
23u).
laiai l a ilai l a ilai l a ilai l a ilai iai
saaslaalper laailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal a a
sasa a a
sasa a a
sasa a a a No. ofda
sasAns. atoms unit cell
a saa
for
s bcc (z) = 2 a as
Pa A compound
1. PaPa forms hexagonal PaPa closed packed
Pa d d d d d d d
PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPad d PaPdad
structure. What is the total number of voids No. of atom is 9.2 g of Na
m
in i0.5i mol of it? i How many ofi these are 9.2glaiai
laiai aslaala aslaalai aslaalai aslaailai = saasa−l1 × 6.022da×ds10 aailaatoms
asl23 i mol −1 i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a satetrahedral voids?
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d 23
a
P Pag mol
d a
P Pa a
P Pa d PaPdad
co
Ans. 1 Mole of hexagonal packed structure contains No. of Na atoms = 2.4088 × 1023
laiai 1 molei i of octahedral i i voids and i twoi moles alaailai i i
adsaasal asaaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala asas a saaslaala 2a. aslaaila×i 1023 atoms
s4088
a a
i i
saaslaala as
PaPa of tetrahedral
d d PaPa voids. Therefore,
d d PaPa 0.5 moles
d d PaPdaofd Paof
No. d d d
Paunit cells P=aPa d d d
PaPa −1 PaPdad
hexagonal packed structure contains 0.5 moles of 2 atoms unit cell
.
octahedral voids and 1 mole of tetrahedral voids. laiai = 1.2044 i× i1023.
laiai aslaailai aslaailai aslaaila23i i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal asaasal
ks
a s
a a sa a sa a a a as
PaPdad No. of tetrahedral
PaPdad voids =P6.022 aPdad × 10 PaPdad 3. Thea d
P Penergy
a d required d
P Pato vapourize
a d d
P Pone
a a mole
d PaPdad
1 of copper is smaller than that of energy
laiai No. of
i i octahedral voids
i i = × no. of
i i i required toi vapourise 1 mole
i i of diamond i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala da saaslaala d a alai
2 asasla
d a saaslaala why?dadsaaslaala
i
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa d aPa d
oo
Ptetrahedral PaPa
voids
d PaPa PaPa d PaPa d
Ans. Copper is a metallic solid having metal - metal
1
No. of octahedral lvoids = × 6.022 ila×i 1023 bonds white idiamond is a covalent solid having
laiai aslaailai asaailai 2 asaasla
i i
saaslaala aslaalai Metallic aslaailai are weaker laailai
adsaasal d a s
a d a s
a d a d a covalent
da s
abonds. d a s
abonds d a saasthan as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
= 3.011 × 1023 covalent bonds and thus less amount of energy
ab
Total 23 is required to break metallic bonds than covalent

laiai a ilaiNo. of voidsalailai = (6.022+3.011)
a ilai × 10 alailai i i i i i i
adsaasal a a l
sasa a sasa a a l
sasa 23 a sasa bonds. a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
d
PaPa d PaPad d =P9.033
aPa × 10 . PaPa
d d d d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
ur
laiai
adsaasal a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala  laiai
asaasal a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
.s
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
w
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
w
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 162 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d Sura’s
d
PaPa ➠ XIIPStd
d d
aPa - Chemistry
d d
PaPa ➠ Volume
d d
PaPa - I ➠ Solid
d d
PaPa State
d d
PaPa d PaPdad
II. Short Answer (2 × 2 = 4)
laiai i i
saaslaala
Unit test
i i
saslaala lsaailai 1. lsaailClassify
ai the lsaailai
following solids lsaailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a a d a saa
d a saa
d a saa
d a saa
d a as
a d
P Pa: 40 min
Time
a
P Pa d a d
P Pa Marks : P25Pa a d a. P a a
P4P d PPa d
b.a Brass a
P Pa d PaPdad
c. Diamond d. NaCl
laiai i i
aslaala the Correct i i i i i e.i Iodine i i i i i i
adsaasal I. dC a shoose
a d a saaslaalaAnswer d a
laal×a 1 = 5) saslaala
dsaas(5 d a a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
Pa a d
1. P The ratio of close
d
PaPa packed atoms PaPato tetrahedral d
PaPa 2. Explain d
PaPSchottky
a PaPa
defect. d PaPa d PaPdad
m
hole in cubic packing is III. Answer In Paragraph (2 × 3 = 6)
laiai l ai a i la i a i l a i a i l a i a i
saasalDistinguish
1. l a i
saabetween a i hexagonal la i a i
saasal close packing
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal da)
a saas1:1al b) d1:2a saasal c) 2:1 dadsad) asal1:4
d a d a sal d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa a
P Pa d and cubic
a d
P Pa close packing. a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
2. The yellow colour in NaCl crystal is due to
co
2. Why ionic crystals are hard and brittle?
a) aexcitation of electrons i i in F centers
laiai saaslaala
i i i i IV. iaiong Answer i i i i aslaailai
adsaasal d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaalL d a d a saaslaala (2 × 5d= a s10)
a as
d
PaPab) reflectionPa d
Palight from ClP– a
of
d
Pa on the surface
ion
d
PaPa 1. KF crystallizesPaPa d in fcc d
PaPstructure
a d
likePasodium
Pa PaPdad
chloride. calculate the distance between
c) refraction of light from Na+ ion
.
K+ and F− in aKF. i i (Given :adensity of KF isai i
laiai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai –3s)asl ala laailai saaslala
adsaasal
ks
d)
a saa all of the abovea saa a saa a saa 2.48 g cm a a a sa s a as
a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d d
P Pa 2. Explain a d
a
P Pthe d a dad a
P Pad d PaPdad
followingP: P
3. Potassium has a bcc structure with nearest
Similarities and differences between metallic
neighbor ilai distance a4.52 ilaA
0 . Its atomic weight
laiai l a l a i l a ilai la iland
sasa a ionicdacrystals.
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d aa
isads39.
saits density d awill
sasabe d a a
sasa d a a
d a d a as
PaPdad
PaPa PaPa d
oo
a) 915 kg m –3 b) 2142 kg m –3

saaAnswer Key
laiai c) a452 i kg
i m–3 i d)i 390 kg alailai m–3 i i ai i i i i i
adsaasal d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a sasa d a saaslaala da slala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a d
4.P PaThe vacant P a d
Pa in bcc lattice
space a d a d
P Paunit cell is P Pa I. 1. b)P1:2 a
Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
a) 48% b) 23% c) 32% d) 26% 2. a) excitation of electrons in F centers

laiai laiai i i
saaslaala
i i i ai
saaslaalais an dadsaaslaal3. laa–3ilai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal 5. adaAssertion
adsaasal : Monoclinic
d a sulphur
d a a) 915d a saasm
kg d a d a as
PP aPa d
Pexample PaPa d
of monoclinic PaPa
crystal PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
4. c) 32%
system
ur
ai i a i i ai i i i i5.i a) Both assertion i i and reason iaiare true and ai i

l
adsaasal
a
d a
l
saasal
Reason
a : For
d a slala
asaamonoclinic d saaslaalaa≠b≠c dadsaaslaala
system,
a a
reason
d saaslaaisla the correct
d a saaslaalexplanation
d a slala
saaof as
a
P Pa d a d
Pa a = g = 90°,
Pand a
PP a d
b ≠ 90°
a
P Pa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
assertion.
.s
laiai
a) Both assertion and
laailai is the correct
reason are true
laailaexplanation
i ilai and II.alail1.
laaassertion.
Refer Sura’s Guide Book Back, Q.No. 4.
alailai
ai Refer Sura’s lailai lailai
adsaasal s
dada
areason
s dadas as s
dada of
as s
dada s a 2. dadsasaGuide Book aasa Q.No. 9.dadsaasa
dadsBack, as
PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPdad
b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason
w
is not the correct explanation of assertion. III. 1. Refer Sura’s Guide Book Back, Q.No. 6.
laiai laailai aailai
saaslbut
i i
saaslaala
iai Refer Sura’s
saaslaal2.
ilai Book Back,
saaslaaGuide
i i
saaslaalaQ.No. 13.
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal dc)
a saasAssertion isdtrue
a reason is
d afalse. d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
d) Both assertion and reason are false. IV. 1. Refer Sura’s Guide Book Back, Q.No. 20.
2. Refer Sura’s Guide Additional 5i Marks, Q.No. 7. i
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala laailai laailai saaslaala
i
saaslaala
i
adsaasal d a d a d a d asaas d a s
aas d a d a as
w

laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pdad
a a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
UNIT
Electro Chemistry
m
9
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
co
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
PaPdad
d
PaPCHAPTER
a d
PaPSNAPSHOT
a PaPa d
laiai 9.1 i i
saaslaalaConductivity
ilaielectrolytic
saaslaaof
ilai
saaslaasolution
iai Electrochemical
saaslaal9.3
i i
saaslaala
i
alai
Cellsasla i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a da d a a d a as
a
P Pa d a d
P Pa Molar conductivity
9.1.1 a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
Pa d
P9.3.1 a d
P Pacell a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
Galvanic
ab
9.1.2 Equivalent conductance 9.3.2 Galvanic cell notation

laiai l a ilai aslaailai affecting ai i
slala
i i
saaslaala laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a
sasa 9.1.3 d aFsaactors d a saaelectrolyticd a 9.3.3
d a saas E mf of a a
Cell
d d a as
conductance 9.3.4 Measurement of electrode
ur
laiai 9.1.4
i i M easurement
i i of conductivity
i i of i i ipotential
i i i i i
adsaasal d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa dionic solutions
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d 9.4 a a d
PTPhermodynamics a
P Pa d a
P Pa
of cell reactions d PaPdad
9.2 Variation of molar conductivity with 9.4.1 Nernst equation
.s
laiai l a ilai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala l a ilai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a sasa concentration
a
d a d a da d a a
sasa da da as
9.2.1 Debye - Huckel and Onsager
w
equation
laiai lsaailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a s
a a
9.2.2 d aKsaohlraush's law
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
w
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 236 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d PaPa Sura’s ➠
d d d
PaPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d d
➠PaVolume
Pa d - IIPaPd
➠a Unit 9 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
laiai
adsaasal
MUST
a saaslaalaKNOW
i i
a saaDEFINITIONS
ai i
slala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
V
Ohm'si law : i.e., I α V (or) I= ⇒ Va=i IR
laiai i
laala laailai laailai R saaslala
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d asaas d a saas d a saas da d a d a d a as
PaPa d Pa a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Resistivity P : Resistivity or Specific resistance is defined as the resistance of an electrolyte
m
confined between to electrodes having unit cross sectional area and are
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala separatedlailaia unit distance.
laiai laiai i ai
saaslaal(Ωm). laiai
adsaasal d a d a asaasaby asaasal Unit of resistivity
asaasal is ohm ametre asaasal as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
 l
co
The ratio   is called the cell constant.
 A
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
PaPa  1  PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Specific conductance : The reciprocal of the specific resistance   is called the specific conductance
 ρ
.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
d a d a d a d a d a d a l
d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a a d a d
Pathe symbol κappa
(or) conductivity.PItPis representedPby
a d 
a
P Pa (κ). κ = CP/ Pa
d PaPdad
 a
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala ThedSI aslaailaofi conductance
saunit
i i
saaslaalisa Siemenda(S).
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a da a d a d a d a as
PaPdad
d
PaPaMolar Conductance
PaPa d
: P
aPa
The
d
oo
conductivityPcell
aPa d aPa
in which thePelectrodes
d d
PaPa by 1m and
are separated
d
PaPahaving
V m3 of electrolytic solution which contains 1 mole of electrolyte. The
laiai i i i i conductance
alaailaiof such a system
alaailai is called the
alaamolar
ilai conductance
alaailai(Λm). alaailai
adsaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala asas ss asas asas asas as
d d −a
3da
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad κ (Sm −1 ) ×P10
aPda PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net mol −1m3

ab
Λm =
M
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala : Equivalent
iai
saaslaalconductance
ilai
saasislaadefined ai i
slala
ilai
aslaam i i
saaslaala
adsaasal dEquivalent
a d a d a d a as
d the
a saaconductance
d of
a sa'V' 3 of electrolytic
d a as
d
PaPaconductancePaPa d P aPa d
solution
d
PaPaone gram equivalent
containing
d
PaPa of electrolyte d
PaPa in a conductivity d
PaPa cell PaPdad
in which the electrodes are one metre apart.
ur
laiai i i
saaslaala- Huckeldaand
i i aslaailai
saaslaala : Λ da=dsaΛ
i i
s°aasl)aalaC
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal dDebye
a ° − ( A + BdΛa d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa
m m a
P Pa d m a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Onsagar equation
.s
Kohlraush's law
laiai ai i
l a laailai: At infinite dilution, the limiting
aslaailai ilai molar conductivity
saaslaamolar
i i of an electrolyte
i i
saaslaala of itsdconstituent
is equal
saaslaala ions.
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal asaasal a s
a as to thea ssome
a of the limiting
a conductivities
a a a as
PaPdad d
PaPa d PaPad d PaPad d d
PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
w
Galvanic Cell : It is a device in which a spontaneous chemical reaction generates an electric

laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala current ai i
saai.e.,
slalait converts aslaailai energy
schemical aslaailelectrical
sainto ai energy. i i
saaslaalaIt is commonly
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d known
P a d
Pa as a battery. a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
Electrolytic cell : It is a device in which an electric current from an external source drives a
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala non-spontaneousi i
saaslaala reaction i i
saaslaalai.e., it converts
i i
saaslaalaelectricaldaenergy
i i
saaslaala into chemical
i i
saaslaala
PaPa d PaPa d d
energy.
aPa PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
w
P
Nernst equation : Nernst equation is the one which relates the cell potential and the concentration
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala of the species i i
saaslaala involved in ani i
alaelectrochemical
asla i i
saaslaalareaction.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a sa d a d a da as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
2.303 a
P PRTd l m
a
[C] [DP] Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Ecell = E°cell – log x y
nF [A ] [B]
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 238 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
PaPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d d
➠PaVolume
Pa d - IIPaPd
➠a Unit 9 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
laiai
adsaasal d a
i i
saaslaala d a
i i
saaslaala d a EVALUATION
i i
saaslaala
adada
i i
saslaala
adada
i i
saslaala d a
i i
saaslaala d a
i i
saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pa P Pa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
C hoose The Correct
5.
laiai
Answer
i i i i i i i i i i aslaailaiNaOAC asNaCl
aslaailai
adsaasal d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala da saaslaala aala
ElectrolyteasaaslKCl KNO3 asaHCl a as
Λ_
d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
149.9 145.0 426.2 91.0 126.5
m
[Please refer to the Textbook Page No. 306-308 (S cm2 mol–1)
laiai sfor
ilai explanatory
aslaathe i i
saaslaalaanswersdafor aailai
saaslMCQs.]
i i
saaslaala Calculate
i i
saaslaaΛ°la aailai
saaslappropriate aslaailai
adsaasal d a a d a d a d a using
d a d a smolar
a as
a d
Pa The number
P1. a d
P Pa of electrons a ad
P Pthat a
Pa d
have aPtotal
a
P Pa d HOAC a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
conductances of the electrolytes listed above
co
charge of 9650 coulombs is [PTA-2;Aug-'21] at infinite a dilution in water at 25°C.
laiai a)laaila i × 1023 alaailai b) 6.022a×laa10
6.22
ila24
i laailai lailai laailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saas d a sa s d a sa s d a saas a) 517.2
da s aas b) 552.7 d a s
c)aas 390.7 d) d 217.5
a as
d
PaPa c) 6.022P×aP10 d
a 22 aa
d)P P
d
6.022 × 10−34 P P
aa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
[Ans. (c) 390.7]
[Ans. (c) 6.022 × 1022]
.
laiai aslaailai i i
saaslaala halfdacell aailai
saaslreactions: aailai
saasl6.Faradays laailai
aconstant is defined i ias
saaslaala[PTA
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
2.dadsaConsider the
d afollowing d a PaPdaadsas d a - 4;da
May-'22] as
a
P Pa a d
P Pa → a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Mn2+ + 2e−  Mn E° = –1.18V a) charge carried by 1 electron
Mni2+  → Mn3+ + e– E° = –1.51V b) charge carried by one mole of electrons
laiai l a ai aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
c) charge
ilai
saaslaarequired aslaailai one amole
toasadeposit
iai
saaslaalof
adsaasal d a a
saThe l
sa E° for the d a sreaction
a d a d a d a d d as
PaPdad
d
PaPa 3Mn2+ P aPa d
→ Mn + 2Mn3+ Pa,Pand
a
oo
d PaPa
the possibility
d Pa d
Pasubstance PaPa d PaPa d
d) charge carried by 6.22 × 10 electrons. 10
of the forward reaction are respectively.
laiai [Ans. (b) charge carried by
adsaasal aslaaila
saa)
i
2.69V
i i
saaslaala
andaspontaneous
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai as
PaPdad PaPdadone mole P ofaelectrons]
d a d d a d a a a a a d a a
a d
P Pa b) –2.69Pand a d
Pa non spontaneous a
P Pa d a
P Pa d Pad PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
c) 0.33V and Spontaneous 7. How many faradays of electricity are

laiai i
aslaala i i i i i i i requiredafor i the
i following reaction
i i to occur i i
adsaasal d a sad) d saaslaaspontaneous
4.18V andanon la
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d−a
saslaala 2+ dadsaaslaala d a saaslaala as
PaPa d
d
PaPa (b) –2.69 and
[Ans.
d
PaPnon
a spontaneous] PaPa d MnO d
PaPa4  → Mn PaP[Mar-2020;
a PaPa d
SRT&July-'22] PaPdad
ur
3. The button cell used in watches function as a) 5F b) 3F c) 1F d) 7F

laiai aslaailai
follows
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i
alai
asaasla
i i
saaslaala [Ans.
ilai
aslaa5F]
s(a)
adsaasal d as a d a d a d a d d a d a a as
a d
P Pa Zn(s) + Ag a
P POa d a d
P Pa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
2 (s) + H2O (l) 8. A current strength of 3.86 A was passed
2Ag(s) + Zn2+ (aq) + 2OH– (aq)
.s
through amolten Calcium oxide afor

laiai aslaailhalf
ai i i
saaslaala are dadsaaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala lailai laailai iai
saaslalof
adsaasal d a sathe celldpotentials
a d a 41minutes
d a saas and 40 d a saa
seconds.
s The dmass
a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa→ PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
Ag2O (s) + H2O (l) + 2e–  Calcium in grams deposited at the cathode
w
2Ag (s) + 2 OH– (aq) is (atomic mass of Ca is i 40 g / mol and

laiai l a i ai l a i a i aslaa2+ilai lailai lsaailai lsaalai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a asal
saE° = 0.34V and
d a sal
saaZn(s)  
→d a sZn
a (aq) + 2e
d –saasa
a a saa
1F =ad96500C). d a saa
d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Eº = 0.76V. The cell potential will be
w
a) 4 b) 2 c) 8 d) 6
a) i 0.84V b) 1.34V c) 1.10V d) [Ans. (b) 2]
laiai laala i laailai i 0.42V alaailai
laaila(c) i i i i i i
adsaasal s
aa a s aas as aas a
[Ans.
s 1.10V]asas a saaslaala a saaslaala asaaslaala as
PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad 9. During
PaPa electrolysis
d d PaPa of molten
d d PaPasodium
d d PaPdad
w
4. The molar conductivity of a 0.5 mol chloride, the time required to produce
dm 0.1mol of chlorine gas using a current ofa3A
lsaailai solutionsaof AgNO 3 withlaelectrolytic
–3
laiai laaila i i
alaati 298 Kdis
i i
saaslaala aslaailai aslaailai i i
saaslala
adsaasal d a s
a a
conductivity d of
a a s
5.76 × 10 −3
dSa saas−1
cm a is adad
a s a d a sa da
[Govt.MQP_'19] as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PP a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
a) 2.88 S cm2 mol–1 b) 11.52 S cm2mol–1 a) 55 minutes b) 107.2 minutes
laiai c) i 0.086
i S cm2mol–1
i i d) 28.8 Salaalai cmi 2 mol–1i i c) 220 minutes i i d) la330
ilai minutes alailai
adsaasal d asaaslaala d asaaslaala da sas d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saasa(b)
[Ans. 107.2 adsasa
minutes] as
d
PaPa PaPa d [Ans. P
(b)
aP11.52
a d 2 –1
PaPa]
S cm mol d PaPa d PaPa d PaPda PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 240 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d Sura’s d
PaP➠ d d
a XII StdP-aPChemistry
a d d
PaP➠a VolumeP-aPII
d d
a ➠ Electro
d d
PaPaChemistry
d d
PaPa d PaPdad
10. The number of electrons delivered at the 15. Assertion : pure iron when heated in dry air
i i i i i ai i of salaailai ilai i i i i
sais
aslaaconverted with
saaslaaalalayer ofdrust.
i cathode
l
adsaasal
a a
d a saaslaala during d aelectrolysis
saaslaala byaasacurrent
d a slala d a a s d a d a a saaslaala as
a d
P Pa1A in 60 seconds a d
P Pa is a
P Pa d a
P Pa d Reasona d
P Pa : Rust hasPthe a d
Pacomposition a d
P PFea3O4 PaPdad
(charge of electron = 1.6 × 10 C ) −19 a) If both assertion and reason are true and
la ai i a)sas6.22 i i 23 i i
laala ×10 saslaalab) 6.022 ×10 20 i i i i reason isathe icorrect
i explanation i i of assertion. i i
adsaasal d a a d a a d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
d
PaPac) 3.75 × 10P20aP a d PaP×
d) 7.48
d
a 1023 PaPa d b) IfPboth
aPa assertion Pand
d aPa reason arePtrue
d aPa but
d PaPdad
reason is not the correct explanation of
m
[Ans. (c) 3.75 × 1020]
assertion. i i
laiai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai saaslisaaltrue
a i i
saaslaaislafalse dadsaaslaala
i i
adsaasal d a saa
d a saa
d a saa
d a saa c) Assertion
d a butadreason
a as
a d
P PaWhich of the
11. a d
P Pfollowing
a a d
electrolytic
P Pa solutiona
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pa d a
P Pa PaPdad
d) Both assertion and reason are false.
co
has the least specific conductance [SRT-'22]
[Ans. (d) both assertion and reason are false] i
laiai laailai
a)sas2N laailab)i 0.002Nsaslaailai laailai laailai laailai saaslaala
i
adsaasal a a a saas a a a saas a saas a saas a as
d d
PaPac) 0.02N PaPad d PaPa
d) 0.2N
d d PaPa 16. In HP2–O
d d aPa2 fuel cellPthe
d d aPa reaction P
d d occur
aPa at
d d PaPdad
cathode is
[Ans. (b) 0.002N]
.
i (l) + 4e   →
− −
laiai l a i a i l ai a i l aailai l aaila)
a i O2(g) + 2H l aa2ilO
a l aailai4OH (aq)salaailai
adsaasal l l
ks
s
adasa a s
adasa a s a s a + s a
a +asOH (aq) a
− a
→s a as
PaPdaWhile
12. PaPdalead
charging storage PaP daadas
battery PaPdad
a as b) H (aq)
PaPdad P Pdad
asH2O(l) adaadas
PP PaPdad
c) 2H2(g) + O2 (g)  → 2H2O (g)
[PTA - 1]
laiai a)saPbSO i
laala 4 on cathode
i i
laais areduced tosaPb
i laailai ai H+ + e–sa
laaild) laa ilai 1 H
→ ai i i i
adsaasal d a a s d a saas l
d a a s d a saas d a a s 2 2 asasl ala
d a d a saaslaala as
PaPdad
d
PaPab) PbSO4 on Paanoded
Pa is oxidised
oo
PaPto d
a PbO PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
2 [Ans. (a) O2(g) + 2H2O (l) + 4e−  → 4OH− (aq)]
c) PbSO4 on anode is reduced to Pb
laiai laailai on cathode ilai ai i iai i i i iM i i
adsaasal d
d)
a saasPbSO 4 d a saaslaais oxidisedato
d slala
saaPb d a saaslaalThe
17. d a saaslaalaconductance
equivalent d a saaslaaofla solution
d a saaslaala as
a d
P Pa [Ans. (c) PPbSO a d a
Pa on anodePisPareduced to Pb] d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d 36 P Paa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
4 of a weak monobasic acid is 6 mho cm2

ilequivalent
–1 and at infinite dilution is 400
laiai 13. Among ilaithe following ilacells ilai laailai
adsaasal a a
sasa l a
a a
sasa l a i
a a
sasa l a
a a la
sasa mho cma i 2
a equivalent
saas a aaslaailaidissociation
–1. sThe
a
i i
saaslaala as
PaPaI) Leclanche
d d PaPacell
d d PaPad d PaPad d d d
PaPaof this acidPis
constant
d
aPa d d
aPa d
P[SRT-'22] PaPdad
II) Nickel – Cadmium cell
a) 1.25 × 10−6 b) 6.25 × 10−6
ur
laiai III)ala Lead

i i storage abattery i i i i iai 1.25 × 10a−4la ilai aslaail×ai10−5 asaaslaailai
adsaasal d a sasala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaalc) d a sasa d)as6.25
d a as
a d
P PaIV) Mercury P Pcell
a a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa[Ans. (b) 6.25 PaP×da10d −6] PaPdad
Primary cells are
.s
18. A conductivity cell has been calibrated with

laiai a)sasIla ilai IV alailab)i I and IIIalailai
and i i
saaslaalaa 0.01M,
ilai
saaslaaelectrolytic
1:1 aslaailai (specific
sasolution
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a a d a sasa d a sasa d a d a d a d a as
d
PaPac) III and IV PaPa d aPa
d) IIPand
d
III PaPa d d
PaPa (k = 1.25
conductance d
PaP×a 10–3 S cm–1 Pa )Pin d
a the PaPdad
cell and the measured resistance was 800 W
w
[Ans. (a) I and IV]

laiai ilai at 25°C . Thelcell constant is,lailai
adsaasal 14.adZinc
a saaslaacan be a aaslaailaon
coated
s
i
iron a sto
a
ilai
aslaaproduce a saaslaailai −1 a s asaailai
−1
a a saas1a −1 a
i i
saaslaala as
d
P Pagalvanized Piron a d d
Pa but theP P a da d a
P Pad d a) 10 a
P Pacm
d d ab)
P Pad d 10 cm a
P Pa d d PaPdad
reverse is not
w
c) 1 cm−1 d) 5.7 × 10−12

possible. It is because
laiai laailaiis lighter sthan laaila i laailai laailai laailai la ilai (c) 1 cm−1
[Ans. ]i i
adsaasal d
a)
a saasZinc
d a aas iron
d a saas d a saas d a saas d a saas a d a saaslaala as
d
PaPab) Zinc hasPlower aPa d d d
PaPathan iron PaPa 19. Conductivity PaPa d of a saturated
PaPa d solution
PaPaof ad PaPdad
w
melting point
sparingly soluble salt AB (1:1 electrolyte)
c) Zinc has lower negative electrode potential
laiai lsaailaiiron
than lsaailai lsaailai lsaailatai 298 sKaslaais ilai 1.85 ×ala10 ilai−5 S ma−1la . iai
adsaasal a saa a saa a saa a saa Solubility a aproduct of a sthe
a s a salt AB a sa at
s al as
PaPdad)d Zinc hasPhigher aPdad negative Pelectrode aPdad potential PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad −3 P2 aPdad −1 PaPdad
298 K (Lm° )AB = 14 ×10 S m mol .
than iron
a) 5.7 × 10–12 b) 1.32 × 10–12
laiai saaslaala
i i [Ans.s(d) i
aslaaZinc
la has higher
i i
saaslaanegative
lai i
saaslaalc)
i
a 7.5 × 10s–12 aslaa i
la
i aslaail×ai10–12 asaaslaailai
adsaasal d a d a a d a d a d a a d)
d a s1.74
a as
PaPa d PaPaelectrode potential
d PaPa than iron]
d PaPa d
PaPa d d
PaP[Ans.
a (d) 1.74 Pa×Pda10d–12] PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pdad
a a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
PaPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d PaPad d Pa
d
➠PaVolume
d - IIPaPd
➠a Unit 9 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
20. In the electrochemical cell: ZnΩZnSO4 25. Cell equation : A + 2B–  → A2+ + 2B;
laiai aslaailaiM)ΩΩCuSO
sa(0.01
ilai M)ΩCu, athe
saasl4aa(1.0
iai of this alailai A2+ + 2e
saslaalemf
– i i → A, E°la=
saaslaala
i i
saasala + 0.34dadV aailai
saasland
adsaasal d a d a d a d a sasa d a d a as
a d
P Pa Daniel cell a d
P Pais E1. When P Pthe
a d
a concentration a
P Pa d log a d
P10PaK = 15.6 at 300 a d a
P PaK for cell reactions
P Pa find PaPdad
of ZnSO4 is changed to 1.0 M and that E° for B+ + e−  → B (AIIMS – '18)
CuSO changed to 0.01M, the emf changes ai i a) 0.80 ab) i i 1.26 c)ala–0.54 d) –10.94
laiai laailai 4 laailai laailai saaslala saaslala
i i
sasala [Ans.d(a) ai i
slala
adsaasal d a saa
to
s E . From dthe
a saafollowings,
s d a aa
which
s s one is the
da d a d a a saa0.80] as
d 2
PaPa relationship d
PaPabetween E Pand aPa d
E? PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
1 2
m
laiai
adsaasal a s
a) E1 < E2
c)
alsaaila
E
i
≥ E s
1 dada
a
b) E1 > E2
lsaailai d) E =sEaslaailai
1 ada 2 a
i i
saaslaala a
S hort i i
saaslaala a
A
nswer i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala as
Q
d a 2 d d d d d
a
P Pa d a
P Pa a a d
P Pa[Ans. (b) E1P>PEa2] a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
uestions
co
21. Consider the change in oxidation state of
laiai aslaailai
saBromine saaslaala
corresponding
i i aslaailai
toasadifferent emf aailai Define anode
saasl1. saaslaala and cathode.
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d d a d a d a d a as
d
PaPa values asPshown d
aPa in the diagram d
PaPa below: PaPa Ans. Anode d d
PaPa is the electrode d
PaPa at which d
PaPoxidation
a PaPdad
occurs. It Vsends electrons into the outer circuit.
BrO 4− 1 .82V
→ BrO 3− 1 .5 V
→ HBrO 1 .595V
→ Br2It 1.0652
  → Br −charge and in shown as (–) in
.
ai i i i ilai aailai i i has a negative
i i i i i i
slaVla sa1as.l5aaVla saa1sl.aa595 saa1s.l0652 salaala cell diagram. saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
ks
ads1aa.82 −a
d d a V d a V d −das
a d a d a d a as
 → BrO
a d
P P3a→ HBrO a d
P Pa →PBr a d
P2a P Br
→ a
Pa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Cathode is the electrode at which reduction
Then the species undergoing occurs. It receives electrons from the outer
ailai ilai
disproportionation
a a ilais
i a ilai a ilai circuit. Itahas i i aslaailai and is shown iai
a
adsasa
l
d a a
sasa l
d a a
sasa l
d a a
sasa l
d a a
sasal
d a saslaalaa positive
d a scharge
a d asaaslaalas as
PaPdad
d d
PaPa a) Br2 PaPb)a BrO4– c)PaP
oo
d
a – d) HBrO
BrO 3
PaPa d d
aPacell diagram.PaPa
(+)Pin d PaPa d
[Ans. (d) HBrO] 2. Why does conductivity of a solution decrease
laiai aslaailathe
22.asaFor
i i i
saaslaala
cell dreaction
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala on dilution
iai the solution?
saaslaalof
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a d a
P Pa 2Fe3+(aq)P +Pa2l−(aq) d
→
a d
a 2+ (aq) + lP(aq)
P P2Fe a d
Pa Ans. The a d a d
P PaconductivityP Pofa solution PisPa directlya d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
2
E°cell = 0.24 V at 298 K. The standard Gibbs proportional to the number of ions present in
laiai i i i i unit volume of
i ithe solution. aOn
i i dilution, the ion
ilai
saaenergy
slala (Δ, G°) saof
aslaathe
la cell reactions
saaslaalais : dadsaaslaala concentration
a i i i i
adsaasal d a d a d a d a saaslaala decreases
d a slalaunit volume
saaper d a saaslaaand as
d
PaPa a) –46.32 PaP d
KJa mol−1 b)PaP a d
–23.16 KJ molP−1a
Pa PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
hence conductivity decreases.
c) 46.32 KJ mol−1 d) 23.16 KJ mol−1
ur
laiai aslaailai aslaaila[Ans.

i (a) –46.32 i mol−1] al3.
aslaailaKJ aailai State Kohlrausch
aslaailai
Law. How
aslaailai
is it usefullailto i
adsaasal d as a d a sa d a sa d a sa s determine
d a sa the molard a s
conductivity
a dof
a sa a
saaweak as
a d
Pa A certain
P23. a a d
P Pcurrent a d
P Pa 0.504 gm
liberated
a
P Paofd a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
electrolyte at infinite dilution?
hydrogen in 2 hours. How many grams of
.s
[Govt.MQP_'19]
laiai copper
l a ilai can be liberatedl a ilai by theasame l a ilai current alailai
sasAns.a Kohlraush's l a ilai
sasa law : dAt l ailai ilai
saaslaathe
adsaasal d a a
sasa d a a
sasa d a sasa d a d a a a sainfinite
asa dilution,
d a as
d
PaPa flowing P for d
aPathe same time d
PaPathrough copper PaPa d d
PaPa molar conductivity
limiting PaPa d
of an
d
PaPelectrolyte
a PaPdad
sulphate solution
w
is equal to the some of the limiting molar

laiai a) i 31.75i b) 15.8 i i c) 7.5 alad) i i 63.5 alailai conductivities i of
i its constituent i iions. i i
adsaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala a sasala a sasa a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d [Ans. (b) 15.8]
a
P Pad d Calculation
a
P Pad d of molar
a
P Pad conductance
d aat
P Pad infinite
d PaPdad
w
dilution of a weak electrolyte.

24. A gas X at 1 atm is bubble through a solution
It is impossible to determine the molar
laiai containing
laailai laailai of 1MYs–asand
a mixture laailai 1MZ– atsaslaailai laailai laailai ai i
adsaasal a saas a saas a a a a conductance
a saas at infinite
a saas dilution for
a slala
saaweak as
PaPa 25°C. If Pthe
d d aPareduction potential
d d d
PaPa d of Z>Y>X,
PaPad d PaPad d PaPad d d d
PaPathe same PaPdad
w
electrolytes experimentally. However,

then
can be calculated using Kohlraush’s Law.
laiai a)laia Yi will oxidize lX i and
i not Z i i i i i i i i iai
adsaasal a saasal a saasala a
a
l
saasala a
a saasal For dexample,
la a
a saaslaala the dmolar a saaslaalaconductance a saaslaalof as
a d
P Pa d b) Y will oxidize
a
P Pad d Z and not
a X
d
P Pa d ad
P Pa d CH a
P3P d
COOH,
a a
can P be d
Pa calculatedP P a d d
using
a the PaPdad
d) Y will oxidize both X and Z experimentally determined molar conductivities
laiai d) i Yi will reduce both i i X and Z alailai i i of strong i electrolytes
i HCl,
i i NaCl la and
i i
adsaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala a sasa a saaslaala CH COONa. a saaslaala a saaslaala a saasala as
PaPa
d d P[Ans.
aPa (a) Y willPoxidize
d d aPa X and not
d d PaPZ]
da d d
P3aPa d PaPad d PaPad d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 242 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d Sura’s d
PaP➠ d d
a d d
d d
a ➠ Electro
d d
PaPaChemistry
d d
PaPa d PaPdad
Λ CH3COONa = λ Na + + λiCHi COO − Anode (oxidation)
......(1)
laiai lailai lala 3 lsaailai iai –(l) 
saaslaal2Cl → aaila(g)
saaslCl
i + 2e– alaailai E° = –1.36V i i
saaslaala
adsaasal asaasa a
daadsasa a s
a a a a 2 a sas a as
PaPdaΛdHCl = λ H P PCl
+ aλ
+ −
a d
P Pa d a
P Pa
......(2)
d d a d d
P Pa reaction is,P Pa
The overall a d d a
P Pad d PaPdad
Λ NaCl = λ Na + + λ Cl − 2Na+(l) + 2Cl–(l)  → 2Na(l) + Cl2(g)
......(3)
laiai i i i i i i i i i i i i E° = – 4.07V i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala (1) + Equation
Equation d a saaslaala(2) – Equation
d a saaslaa(3)
la
gives. d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d The negative
PaPa d E° value d
PaPshows
a that the d
PaPaabove PaPdad
(
)
Λ CH COONa + ( Λ HCl ) − ( Λ NaCl ) = λ H + λ CH COO
_
reaction is a non-spontaneous one. Hence, we
m
+
3 3
have to supply ai voltage greateri than 4.07V to i i
laiai aslaailai aslaailai = Λ °sCH aailai
aslCOOH aslaailcause
ai aslaalai of molten lai
aslaaNaCl. saaslaala
adsaasal d a sa d a sa d a a d a sa thed electrolysis
a sa d a sa d a as
PaPdad
3
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
In electrolytic cell, oxidation occurs at the anode
co
4. Describe the electrolysis of molten NaCl
usingainert and reduction occur at the cathode as in a
laiai ilai electrodes a ilai a ilai a ilgalvanic
i cell, ai i ilai
aslaaelectrodes aslaailai
adsaasal Ans. dThe
a a l a
saselectrolytic cell
d a saa l
sa of twodairon
consists
a l a
saselectrodes d a a l
sasa a d a saabut
slalathe signdof
a sthe
a d aissthe
a as
d
PaPaone is cylindrical d
PaPa steel cathode PaPand
a d
another oneP
Pa a d PaP
reverse d d
PaPa cell cathode
a in the electrolytic
i.e., d
PaPais –ve PaPdad
is graphite anode. Both are dipped in molten and anode is +ve.
.
laiai sodium i i
saaslaalachloridedadand
ilai are connected
saaslaathey
i i
saaslaala to an dad5.
iai Faraday’s
saaslaalState
i i i i
saaslaalaLaws ofdelectrolysis.
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
d a d a d a a da as
a
P Paexternal
d DC power
a
P Pa supply via
a a
P Pa dkey as showna
P Pa a
P Pa d aPa d
P [Govt.MQP_'19; a
Pa d
PAug-'21] PaPdad
in the figure. The electrode which is attached to
Ans. First Law : [HY-'19]
the negative end of the power supply is called
laiai saaslaala to the dadsaaslaalThe a mass sofaslaathe la substance saasl(m)
aala liberatedsaatlaailai
a i i i i
aala which attached i i i i i i i i
adsaasal dthe
a slala
saacathode, andathe
d saaslone d a d a a d a daadas as
PaPdad
d
PaPapositive endPisaPcalled a d
ood
PaPa Once the key
the anode. PaPa an electrode
PaPa d duringPaP electrolysis
a d isPaPdirectly
is closed, the external DC power supply drives proportional to the quantity of charge (Q) passed
the electrons through the cell.i i
laiai laailai to thescathode ai and at the
aslaailthe
same time
aslaailai aslaaili.e
ai saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a s
pullaasthe electronsd afrom
a anode. d a s a d a sa m α Qd a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net We know that the charge is related to the current

ab
Cl2 gas
Q
laiai a ilai NaCl alailai a ilai a ilbyi the equation a ilIa=
i ⇒Q=a Iti i i i
adsaasal d a a
sasa l
d a sasa d a a
sasa l
d a a
sasa l a
d a a
sasa l t dadsaaslala d a saaslaala as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d \ mP aaPIta PaPa d PaPdad
(or)
ur
laiai m = Z It
adsaasal a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a s aaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d
Molten Na a d
P Pa d a d d
a Na
P PMolten a
P Pad d Where ais
P Pad Z
d is known as
a
P Pad the
d electro chemical
a
P Pad d PaPdad
equivalent of the substance produced of the
.s
Cylindrical steel cathode

electrode.
laiai l a ilai l a ilai ai i
+sl2ae−la 2 Na(l) laailai i i
saas:laa la
i i
saaslaa[laGovt.MQP_'19]
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saas a d a saas a d a (l)a
2 Na+s
a d a saas Second Law
d a d a d a as
When the same quantity of charge is passed
w
through the solutions of different electrolytes,

laiai ilai NaCl
lsaaMolten lsaa−ilai anode lsaailai lsaailthe
ai amount aailaisubstancessalliberated
saaslof ai i
sala atasa aslaailai
the
adsaasal a aGraphite a a
d a sa d a sa Cl2( g)d+a s
e−a d a sa d a d a a d as
PaPdad
d and CaCl2 d 2 Cl (l) 2d d d d d
a
P Pa a
P Pa + a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Paelectrodes are
respective a a
P Pdirectly a
P Pa to
proportional
w
Electrolysis of molten NaCl

their electrochemical equivalents.
laiai Cell aailai
saaslreactions
i
alai
: sasla i i
saaslaala
iai
saaslaalDescribe
ilai
saaslaaconstruction
i i
saaslaaofla Danieldadcell.
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a a d a d a6. d athe d a as
d aPa d
PaPaNa+ ions arePattracted d
PaPcathode,
towards a PaPa
where d aPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPdad
w
WritePthe cell reaction. [Govt.MQP_'19]

they combines with the electrons and reduced to
liquid sodium. Ans. iConstruction ofi Daniel cell : The separation of i i
laiai aslaailai(reduction) aslaailai aslaailai ai
aslaalhalf lai basis for
asislaathe aslaailconstruction
ai a
slala
adsaasal d s
Cathode
a a d a sa d a sa d a sa reaction
d a sa d a sthe
a d a saaof as
a
P Pa + d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
Daniel
a d
Pa It consists PofPtwo
P cell. a a d
half cells.P P
a a d PaPdad
Na (l) + e–  → Na(l) E° = –2.71V
Similarly, Cl– ions are attracted towards anode (i) Oxidationi half cell : A metallic zinc strip i i
laiai where
ilai
laathey losses theirlaailelectrons
ai and laailai to saslaailai
oxidised laalai laailai saaslaala
adsaasal s
ada as s
daada
as s
daada
as daada that s
daada
a
dipss into an aqueous
s
daada
as solution of
daadzinc as
PaPdachlorine gas. P
P a P a
P P a
P P a
P
sulphate P a
taken in aPbeaker. P a
P PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pdad
a a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d Sura’s d
PaP➠ d d
a d d
d d
a ➠ Electro
d d
PaPaChemistry
d d
PaPa d PaPdad
laiai
G
i i overnment
a
i i
saaslaala a
E
xam i i
saaslaala a
Q
uestions i i
saaslaala a
A
ndi i nswers
saaslaala a
A i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d d
P Pa conductance a d d a d
P Paof a solutionPincreasesd PaPdad
(v) Molar Pa
Choose the Correct Answer 1 mark
with increase in dilution. This is because,
ilai 1. Laptops ilaihave : alailai [Mar-2020]
ilai ilai for a strong i i ilai i i
a l
adsasa
a
d a
(a)
a l a
a
sasLead storaged a sasa
battery (b) a
Fuel
d
a l
sa
sacella
da a
sasa l a
d a saaslaala electrolyte,
d a saaslaainterionic d
forces
a saaslaala as
PofaPattraction
a d
decrease
PaPa with dilution. d
PaPa For PaPdad
(c) Mercury button cell a weak electrolyte, degree of dissociation
m
(d) aLithium-ion battery increasesawith dilution. ai i
laiai laailai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai aslailai saaslala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a s
2.a A solution
d a s
a of silver a
nitrate
d is a
electrolysed
d as
a
P Pa d a d
P Pa[Ans. (d) Lithium-iona
P Pa d battery]a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
co
for 30 minutes with a current of 2 amperes.
Answer The Questions 2 marks
laiai i
aslaala i i i aslaailai iCalculate
ai thelamass
i i of silveraldeposited
i i at thelaiai
adsaasal 1. dA a sasolution a saaslaalnitrate
of dsilver a isadselectrolysed
d a d a saaslaalcathode. da saasala d a sasaala [Sep-2020] d asaasal as
d
PaPafor 20 minutes d
PaPawith a current PaPaof 2 amperes. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPad PaPdad
Calculate the mass of silver deposited at the Ans. Electrochemical reaction at cathode is
.
laiai cathode. i i i i [July-'22]
i i iai + – alailai i i i i
adsaasal saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaalAg saaslaala saaslaala
ks
d a d a d a d a + e d→a saAgsa (reduction)d a da as
a a d
P PElectrochemical
Ans. a d
P Pa reaction atPcathode aPa d is a d
P Pa m a d
P P=a ZIt a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
+ –
Ag + e → Ag (reduction)
laiai m ala=ilaZIt i i i i i i i molarmass
i i of Ag alaila108 i i i
adsaasal a sasa a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala Z =dadsaaslaala
a sa=sa a saaslaala as
d d d d (96500 P)aPa
d 1 ´ 96500 d PaPdad
PaPa d molarmass
PaPa of Ag PaPa108
d
oo
Z = =
(96500) 1 × 96500 I = 2A
I =i 2A
laiai l a a i l a i a i l a i a i l a i a i ilai
saaslaa= alailai alailai
adsaasal a l
dtadsasa= 20m = (20
a al = 1200 sasaasal
dads×as60)s dd saasal
dad t =dad30m dadsa=sa1800 s dadsasa
(30 × 60)s as
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
It = 2A × 1200 s = 2400 C It = 2A × 1800 s = 3600 C

laiai mol–1
i i 108 g alailai i i i i
adsaasal m saaslaa=la sasa –1 × 2400 Csaaslaala saaslaala aslaailagimol-1 asaaslaailai
sa108
i i
saaslaala as
d
PaPa
a
d 96500d a
d
PaPaC mol d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d m =
d a
d
PaPa 96500 C mol PaP d
-1a
×d 3600 C d
PaPa
a
d PaPdad
m = 2.68 g.
ur
laiai Answer Tihei Questions

saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
3i marks
saaslaala
i
saaslaala m =dad4.03
i i
saaslaag.
ilai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a d
1.P PaWrite the PFactors aPa d a
affecting d
P Pa electrolytic a d
P Pa 3. Define P Pequivalent
a a a
P Pa d
conductance. aPa d
P[Aug-'21] PaPdad
conductance.[HY_'19; Aug-'21; SRT & May-'22] Ans. Equivalent conductance is defined as the
.s
i
laalai Ans. (i) ala Ifilai the interioniclaailai attraction laailbetween
ai laailconductance
ai of i m3 of electrolytic
laaila'V' i i solutionlailai
s
ada as a s
a s a a saas a saas a saas a saas a saaslaala asaasa as
PaPad d the oppositely
d
PaPa d charged PaPions
da of solutes
d d
PaPa d containing
PaPa one gram equivalent
d d d
PaPa d of electrolyte
PaPdad in PaPdad
increases, the conductance will decrease. a conductivity cell in which the electrodes are
w
(ii) Solvent of higher dielectric constant show one meter apart.i i

laiai ilai
aslaahigh aslaailaini solution. aslaailai aslaailai sa−as1laala −3 dadsaaslaala
i i lailai
adsaasal d a sa conductance
d a sa d as a d a sa κ (
d a ) × 10 ( gram equivalent ) −1 as3aasa
d m as
a
P Pa d
(iii) Conductance
a d
P Pa is inversely a d
P Pa proportional a
P Pa d
Λ =P PSm
a a d a
P Pa a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
to the Viscosity of the medium. i.e., N

laiai l a ilai
conductivity laailai with the
increases laailai in 4.
decrease laailMention
ai thelaailai three sApplications
laailai oflaiai
adsaasal aas as a aas as aas as s a
a a Kohlraush's
s s a
a a Law. adaada
s as a asal
s
[SRT-'22] a as
PaPdad viscosity. PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
w
PP
(iv) If the temperature of the electrolytic Ans. Application of Kohlrausch's Law:
solution increases, conductance also (i) Calculation of molar conductance at infiniteai i
laiai ilai
aslaaincreases. aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai dilution laailai aslaailai saaslala
adsaasal d a sa d a sIncrease
a ind a stemperature
a d a sa d a sa aof
s a weak d a s
electrolyte.
a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P a d
increasesPthe kinetic energy
a d
P Pa of the ions a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
(ii) Calculation of degree of dissociation of
and decreases the attractive force between weak electrolytes.
laiai l a ilai oppositelyalacharged
the ilai ions and
l ailai hence l a ilai i i
saaslaalaof solubility
ilai
aslaasparingly i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a
sasa d a sasa d a a
sasa d a sasa(iii) Calculation
a
d a d a saof soluble
d a as
PaPa d conductivity d
PaPa increases. PaPa d PaPa d PaPa
salts.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pdad
a a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
PaPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d d
➠PaVolume
Pa d - IIPaPd
➠a Unit 9 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
5. Calculate the molar conductance of 0.025 M aqueous solution of CaCl2 at 25°C. The Specific
laiai aslaailai
saconductance of aailai is 12.04
saaslCaCl
iai −2 Sm−1. alailai
saasl×aal10
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala [SRT-'22] i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a 2 d a d a sasa d a d a d a as
a d a
Pa Molar conductance
PAns. P Pa d a
= ∧ P Pa d
m
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
K(Sm ) × 10 −1 −3 (12.04 × 10−2 Sm −1 ) M × 103 (mol −1 m3 ) -5 2 -1
ilai = mol −1 m3 =laiai il=ai481.6 × 10alaSm
ilai mol
laiai l a aslaailai 0 .l a
025ilai l a i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a
sasa d a saM a
s sa
aa l a
s sa
aa a
s sa
aa s sa aa a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad d
PaPa d PaPdad
Additional Questions and Answers
m
laiai Cahoose i i
saaslaala the Cdorrect
i i
saaslaala Answer
i i
saaslaala 1 mark aailai
saasl7. Using the saaslaadata
ilai given abelow
saslaala finddaout
i i
saaslaathe
ilai
adsaasal d a d a d a strongest
d a reducing a
agent
d as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Paa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
1. Pick out the correct statement regarding
co
3+
ECr O Cr = 1.33V ,

ECl / Cl = 1.36V

resistance of an electrolytic solution 2
2−
7 2
−
laiai aslaaila
saa) Iti is inversely laailai
saasproportional to laailalength
saasthe
i (l)asasla i
alai
i i
aslaa2l+a = 1.51V a laailai = −0.74sVaslaailai
adsaasal d a d a d a d a EMnOda/ sMn
a d , sa
EasCr aa as
PaPdad 2+ PaPdad
− 3+
d
PaPa b) It is PinverselyaPa d d
PaPa to the Pcross
proportional aPa d PaPa 4d P aPa d / Cr
a) Cr b) Cr 3+ c) Cl – d) Mn
sectional area (A)
.
c) i Iti is directly iproportional to the cross [Ans. (a) Cr]
laiai aslaala aalai
asl(A) aslaailai aailai
saasl8. λc = µcafor, lsaailai lsaailai aslaailai
adsaasal
ks
a s
a sectional area
a s
a a s
a a saa a saa a sa as
a d d
P Pa d) Resistivity a d d
P Pa is denoted P a dad a
P Pad d a d d a d d a d d PaPdad
byPρ (rho) Pa P Pa b) H2SO4 P Pa
a) P NaCl
[Ans. (b) It is inversely proportional to the c) Na2SO4 d) Al2(SO4)3
laiai
adsaasal alailai alailai cross sectional
alailaiarea (A)] alailai saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala [Ans. d(a) aslaailai
saNaCl]
dasasa asasa
PaPdad the following
asasa
PaPdadis the strongest
asasa
PaPdad 9. d a d a a as
PaPdad
PaPad Which among
2.
oo PaPa d
Kohlraush's aPa
law isPapplied
d PaPa
to calculate
d
reducing agent? a) molar conductance at infinite dilution of a
laiai a)laila F b) Clla 2 ilai c) Zn ala d)
ilai Li i i weak aelectrolyte
laailai i i i i
adsaasal s asa 2i s asa s a saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d a a d
P Pa
a
d a a
P Pad a
d a s [Ans. (d)a Li]
d
P Pa
a
d daadsasof
b)Padegree dissociation
P Paa d ad of weak a
P Pad a
electrolyte
d as
PaPdad
P
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
3. Which one of the following solution has c) solubility of a sparingly soluble salt
highest d) all the above [Ans. (d) all the above]
laiai laailai equivalent laailaconductance?
i ilai
aslaaNaCl aailai
saasl10. l a ilai i i
saaslaala ai i
slala
adsaasal d a s
a a
a)s 0.1 M NaCl
d a s
a as b) 0.05
d a saM d a The d limiting
a sasa molardconductivities
a a d of
a saaHCl, as
CH
d
PaPCOONa
a andPNaCl
d
aPa are respectively d
PaPa 425, PaPdad
c) 0.005 M NaCl d) 0.25 M NaCl 3
190 and 150 mho cm mol at 25°C. The 2 –1
ur
i [Ans. (c) 0.005 M NaCl] molar conductivity

laiai lsaalai lsaailai lsaailai i i
saaslaala ai –1 ofs0.1
aslaa2ilmol
M acetic acid
aslaailai of dissociation
is
aslaailai
adsaasal d asaa
NOTE : d a s
a a
d a s
a a
d a 9.2 mho a scm
a . The a degree
a a s a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad Padad PaPdad PaPdad
Equivalent conductance increases with dilution. of 0.1 M acetic acidPis
.s
a) 0.10 b) 0.02 c) 0.019 d) 0.03

laiai 4. asA ilai
aslaadevice inawhich i i
saaslaala spontaneous
i i
saaslaalachemical
i i
saaslaala l a ilai i i
saaslaala [Ans. d(c) aslaailai
adsaasal d a d d a d a d a a
sasa da a sa0.019] as
d
PaPa reaction Pgenerates
aPa d electric d
PaPcurrent.
a PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
HINT :
w
a) Galvanic cell b) Voltaic cell

Λ CH3COOH = Λ CH3COONa + Λ HCl − Λ NaCl
laiai c) i Daniel cell lailai d) All thelaabove i i i i iai
i
a saasa a saasala a saaslaala a saasl=aal190 a aslaailai
sa150 a
i i
saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d [Ans.
a d
P Pa(d)
d All the above]
a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d + 425
a
P Pad –
d = 465 a d
P Pa d PaPdad
w
5. Recharging of lead storage battery involves C

Λm 9.2
α= = = 0.019
a)ai anode is reduced to pb Λ m 465
laiai lalai laailai saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslala ai i i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saa
b)s cathode is
d a saas
reduced to pb d a d a d a d a d a as
PaPa 11. d
PaPlaws d
PaPa were enunciated
a of electrolysis d
PaPa first PaPdad
w
The
c) cathode is oxidised to pb
by
d) i anode is oxidised to pbO2 a) Dalton b) la Faraday
laiai aslaalai aslaail(a)
ai ai i
slala to pb]
i i
saaslaala aslaailai i
alai
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a sa d a s
[Ans.
a anode d aissaa
reduced d a d a s
c) aKekule
a d a s
d)aasAvogadro
da as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
[Ans. (b) Faraday] PaPdad
6. An example for 1 : 1 electrolyte is
a) H2SO4 b) Na2SO4 12. 1mho is equal to
laiai i i i i i i i i a) 1 siemen i i b)ala
1 ilsecond i i
adsaasal a aslaala
sac) NaCl a saaslaala d) Al a saaslaa4)l3a
(SO a saaslaala a saaslaala a a ai
sasnone a saaslaala as
d d
PaPa d
PaPa d d 2d
PaPa [Ans. (c) NaCl] d
PaPa d c) Pa1dohm
d d
PaPa dd) of the
PaPad above
d PaPdad
Pa
[Ans. (a) 1 siemen]
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 256 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d Sura’s d
PaP➠ d d
a d d
d da ➠ Electro
d d
PaPaChemistry
d d
PaPa d PaPdad
13. When one coulomb of electricity is passed 19. NH4OH is a weak base because
i through i i i i aailai mass salaaila) aailai pressure i i i i
saaslaala an electrolytic
saaslaala solution,saaslthe
i i
s a it hasdalow saaslvapour
l a a saaslaala saaslaala
P Padeposited on
a d a
PPthe
a electrodePisPequal
d a a d to a
P Pa d a d
b) itPisPonly a
a partially Pionised
Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
a) equivalent weight c) it is completely ionised
b) molecular weight id)i it has lowaldensity
laiai laailai laailai saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
sasaala(b) it is d laailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d c)
a saaselectrochemical d a saasequivalent d a d a d a[Ans. a
only
saaspartially d a
ionised] as
d
PaPad) one gramPaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
20. When sodium acetate is added to acetic acid,
m
[Ans. (c) electrochemical equivalent] the degree of ionisation of acetic acid
laiai l ai a i laailai l aailai l aaila)
a i l aailai laailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal s
14.adaWhat
a a
adas happensl
d a s a
during
a s the s a
electrolysis
d a a s of d a saas increases
d a saas b)
d a decreases
saas d a as
PP a
P Pa d a
P a d a
P Pa d a d
P Panot change P P
c) dose a d
d)a becomes zero a
P Pa d PaPdad
molten sodium chloride? P
co
[Ans. (b) decreases]
a) Cl2 is released at the cathode 21.aiThe important use of Kohlrausch’s law isai i
laiai laailai sodiumsis aailai
lobtained laailai ai
laldeducing laailai laailai saslala
adsaasal b)
aas a Liquid
s
aada
a s at the
s
aPdaada
asanode s
aPdaada
as the
aPdaada
s as s
aPdaada
as
aPdaada as
PaPdac)d The emfPofaPdthe P
overall reaction is –4.07 V
P P P
a) λ∞ value of weak electrolyte. P PaPdad
d) Both (a) and (b) b) λ∞ value of strong electrolyte.
.
laiai l a i a i l a i ai l a i ai
al overall dasaasalc)
l a i ai λC valuesaof ailai electrolyte.
slaweak
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal asaasal [Ans.saasa(c) l The emfaof saasthe
ks
d d a d d a a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa is –4.07 P
reaction a
V]Pa
d d) λP C value
a d
Pa of weak electrolyte.
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
[Ans. (a) λ∞ value of weak electrolyte]
15. For the given cell
laiai laailai3+ 2 + ala
i i aslaailai 22. iAccording
ai to Faraday’s
i i first i law
i m = ZIt, i i
adsaasal saa
Cr ( ss) Cr( aq ) Cud
sCuala
) as ( s ) whichdis
scorrect? saaslaalwhere saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala as
Electro Chemistry
d a a a a d a Z disa d a d a
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa
( aq
d
oo
a) reaction quotient
a) Cr is the anode b) effective nuclear charge
laiai b) saasCul a i a i
al is the anode l a i a i l a i a i
saasalc)
l a i ai atomic snumberaslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a saasal d a saasal d a d) d a a
electrochemical a
equivalent
d d a as
a d
P Pac) Overall cell a a d
P Preaction is P Pa
a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
[Ans. (d) electrochemical equivalent]

2Cr(3aq+ ) + 3Cu (s )  +
→ 2Cr(s ) + 3Cu (2aq
laiai i i i i ) i i 23.lailOhm’si law is lmathematically
i i expressed
i i as lailai
adsaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saasa a a saasaala a saaslaala a sasa as
d
PaPad) Both (b)Pand
d d
aPa(c)
d d
PaPa d PaPad d P aPVa
d d RPaPa
d d I PaPadaI
d PaPdad
[Ans. (a) Cr is the anode] a) I = b) I = c) V = d) R =
R V R V
ur
laiai 16. Faraday’s

laailai laws of electrolysis
ailai are related
i i to i i i i ilai V i i
adsaasal d a
a) saasatomic number
d a slathe
saaof cationd a saaslaala d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaa[Ans. (a) Id=a saasl]aala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa Rd PaPdad
b) atomic number of the anion 24. Which among the following has same
.s
c) equivalent weight ofi the electrolyte i equivalent andi molar conductance

a laailai a laailai a laalai a laalai a laailai a laalai ilai
aslaaCOOH saaslaala
i i
s
ada s dd)
a sa sspeed of thedcation
a sa s d a sa s d a s a s a) H SO d a s

a s b)
d a sCH
a da as
PaPa d PaPa d Pa a d Pa a d P2 aPa4d PaPa d 3 PaPa d PaPdad
[Ans. (c) equivalent weight ofPthe electrolyte]P c) NaCl d) Na2SO4
w
17. The specific conductance of a 0.01 M i [Ans. (c) NaCl] i

laiai aslaailai of KCl aissa0.0014
aslaailai ohm-1acm asl-1aaiat
lai25°C. asaslaalai i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
adsaasal dsolution
a s
a d d sa d a When λd adecreases a
linearly
d with a
increase
d in as
a
P Pa d a
P a d a
P a d a
P Pa 25.
d a
P Pca d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Its equivalentPconductance isP
w
C , then it is
a) 14 ohm-1cm2eq–1 b) 140 ohm–1cm2eq–1 a) an insulator b) a semiconductor
ailai laailai -1 2 sa–1 laailai laailai2 –1 laailai laailai ai i i i
s
ada asl a dc)
a s
a a1.4
s ohm cmd aeqa s d) 0.14 ohm
d a s
a a–1
s cm eq d a saas c) a weak
d a saas
electrolyte d)
d a saaastrong d asaaslaala
slala electrolyte as
PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPa –1 2 P aa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
w
[Ans. (b) 140 ohm cm eq ] –1P

[Ans. (d) a strong electrolyte]
26. Debye, Huckel ilaand Onsageri equation for i i
s alsaailai 18. The s alsequivalent
aailai conductivity
s alsaailai2 -1 of sCH
a lsaa3ilaCOOH
i
s alsaailstrong
ai la
electrolytes
sa a i
s a l a
a l a i
is λdcad=asλ∞(A+Bλ∞d) ada s a
Casl.ala
ada dat
a a25°C is 80 ohm
d a a -1 cm eq and
d a a at infinite d a a d a a s as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa value is P Pa
The slope
a a
P Pa PaPdad
dilution 400 ohm-1 cm2 eq-1. The degree of
dissociation of CH COOH is a) λ∞ b) (A+Bλ∞)
3
laiai ai i
l a l a ai i aslal0.3
a ai i l a ai i
l a ai i lailai lailai
adsaasal asaas1al
a) asaasal c) 0.1adaadsad)
b) d0.2 asaasalc) A asaasal d)asaasCa asaasa as
PaPda d PaPad P P [Ans. (b) 0.2]PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
[Ans. (b) (A+Bλ∞)]
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pdad
a a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
PaPXIIa Std - Chemistry
d PaPad d d
➠PaVolume
Pa d - IIPaPd
➠a Unit 9 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
27. Ionic conductance at infinite dilution of Al3+ 34. The emf of a cell with 1 M solution of
laiai aslaailaSO
saand
i 2− are 1890 i i
salaalaohm–1cm
ilai –1
saaslaaequiv
2gm and
i i
saaslaala reactants laailaiproductssin
saasand
ilai
aslaasolution at 25 aailaisi
saas°lC
adsaasal d a 4 adadas d a d a d a d a a d a as
a d
P Pa 1600 ohm Pcm
P –1 a 2gm equiv a d
P–1Parespectively.P The a
Pa d called
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
equivalent conductance is a) Half cell potential
laiai aslaaila i mho cma2 lgm i i –1 i i i i b) Standard laailaemf i i i i
saa) 143 sa2 saalaequiv–1 dadsaaslaala
i
adsaasal d a d a d a saaslaala c) Single
d a saaselectrode d a saaslaala
potential d a saaslaala as
PaPa b) 858mho
d PaPa cm gm equirPaPa
d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
c) 153 mho cm gm equiv 2 –1 d) Redox potential [Ans. (b) Standard emf]
m
d) i 341mho cm2 gmi equir –1 ilai The relationship between
laiai aslaalai laalai ilai
as2laagm –1]sasla
35.
laailai ai equilibrium
aslaailof i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a sa [Ans.
d a saas(a) 143 mhod acm
s a equiv d a a a constant
d a saaand
s standard d a semf
a a cell is
d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
28. If 0.2 ampere can deposit 0.1978 g of copper a) E° = 0.0591 log K b) 0.0591 E° = log K
co
in 50 minutes, how much of copper will be c) nE° = 0.0951 log K d) nE° = 0.0591 log Ki
laiai laailai
deposited by 600
ilai
laacoulombs ? laailai laailai laailai laailai lai
aslaaK]
adsaasal d a sa as d a saas d a s aas d a saas d a saas [Ans.d a(d)
saas nE° = 0.0591
d a salog as
d
PaPa a) 19.78Pg aPa d
b)PaP
d
a g
1.978 PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
c) 0.1978 g d) 197.8 g 36. Calculate the standard emf of the cell,
.
laiai ala ilai aslaailai [Ans. ilai0.1978 g] alailai providedathe
aslaa(c) laailai
standard reduction aailai
aslare
potentials aailai
adsaasal saasland
ks
d a sa s a d a sa d a s a d a sa s a of cathode
d a sa s and anode
d a sa –0.763 d aV as
a d
Pa The potential
P29. a d
P Pa of a single a a d
P Pelectrode aPa d
is aP half a a
P PV.
0.80
d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
cell is called the a) – 1.563 V b) 0.037V
laiai a) ilaReduction
i potential
ilai ilai ilai c) – 0.610 ilai i i i
adsaasal d a a
sasa l a
d a a
sasal a
d a a
sasa la
d a a
sasal a
d a a
sasal aV
d a
d) alai of these
saaslaNone d a saaslaala as
PaPa b) Half-wave PaPa potential PaPa PaPdad
d d
oo
d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d [Ans. (a) d
PaP–a1.563 V]
c) Single electrode potential 37. How will you predict whether a reaction is
d)ai Cell potential not feasible?
laiai aslalai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a sa [Ans.
d a sa (c) Single d s
electrode
a a potential]d a sa a) E°
d a = –ve d ab) E° = +ve d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a a d
P Pcell a
P Pa d cell a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
30. The relationship between free energy change
ab
c) E°cell = 0 d) both (a) and (c)

and emf of a cell is [Ans.
laiai aslaaila i i i laailai i i i i i i (a) E°cell =al–ve] i i
adsaasal a saa) DG = –nFE a saaslaala b) DH a s=aas–nFE a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a sasaala as
d d
PaPa c) DE = P–nFG d
aPa d
d)PaP
d
DFa = –nFG PaPa 38. The
d d d PaPcondition
da d to Pobtain
aPa standardPaemf
d d Pa is
d d PaPdad
[Ans. (a) DG = –nFE] a) 1M solution of reactants and products
ur
b) 25°C c) both (a) and (b) i i

laiai 31. sThe l a i a feasibility
i of
l a i a
a i redox reaction
aslaailai can be aslaailai d) neither ilai
aslaa(a) aslaailai saaslaala
adsaasal d a a asal
predicted with
d a saasal
the help of d a s a d a sa d a sa and (b)d a sa d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
PP
a a d a a d
P P[Ans. (c) bothP(a)
a d
Paand (b)] PaPdad
a) Electronegativity
39. What is/are the factor(s) that govern the
.s
b)ai Electrochemical ilaseries

laiai l a i l a i l a ilai l i i
sasaala singledaelectrode
i i
saaslaala potential
i i
saaslaaoflaa half cell?
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a l
sac)sa Electrondaffinitya a
sasa d a a
sasa d a a
d a d a as
a) Paconcentration
Pa d
ofaPions
P a in solution PaPa d PaPdad
d) Equivalent conductance
w
b) tendency to form ions

i [Ans. i(b) Electrochemical series] i i c) temperature
laiai i
aslaalametals lai
saaslaathe ailai
slathe saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal 32.
d a saThe dnear
a bottom
d a saaof electro
d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d d) aall
P Pa of
d these a
P Pa d [Ans. (d) all
a
P Pa of
d these] PaPdad
chemical series are
w
40. What will be the equilibrium constant for

a) strong reducing agents
laiai i
aslaala i i i i i i i the reaction i between
i AgNO i i and metallic i i
adsaasal d a sab) d a saaslaalaagents dadsaaslaala
strong oxidising
d asaaslaala Zn, where d a saaslaaE°la = 1.56V? d a saaslaala 3 d asaaslaala as
d
PaPa c) weakPreducing aPa d
agentsP Pa
a PaPa d PaPa d cell PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
w
a) 6.19 × 1052 b) 619 × 1052

d) weak oxidising agents 25
c) 0.619 × 10 d) 6.19 × 1025
laiai l a i a i [Ans. l a i(a)
a i strong reducing
l a i a i agents] la i a i la i a i l a i a i ilai
laa52
adsaasal da asasal aa sasal
aPdaada
sasal
aada
sasal aa sasal aa sal (a) 6.19 s×as10
sa[Ans.aa ] as
PaPad How many PaPdadhalf cells Pare present in PaPdan PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
33. 41. The emf generated by an electrochemical
electrochemical cell? cell is given by the symbol
laiai aslaaila
saa) 3i b)as4asla
i ilai 6
alai c) 2dasaaslaad)
i i
saaslaala a) E asasla ilai M
ab)
i
alai
saasla
c) F i
alai
d) aSsasla
d
PaPa PaPa d PaPa d aPa2]
[Ans.P(c)
d PaPa d PaPa d d
aPa (a) E]
P[Ans. PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 258 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
PaPad d Sura’s d
PaP➠ d d
a d d
d d
a ➠ Electro
d d
PaPaChemistry
d d
PaPa d PaPdad
2. Define resistance. Give its mathematical 8. Derive the unit of specific conductance.
ai i i i
expression. i i i i iai lailai i i i i
l
adsaasal
a
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaalUnit
Ans. ofaκdadsaasa d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a
Ans. d
P PaThe resistance a d a
P Pofa an electrolytic d a
P Pasolution is also
P Pa d P Pa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
1 l  1 m
directly proportional to the length (l) and inversely κ= .  . 
proportional to the cross sectional area (A). ρ A  ohm i m 2 
laiai saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala l
i
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala = ohmd−a la1 lai lailai −1 i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a 1 saas
m −a
= mho m d 1 saasa
−a
(or) Sm d a as
PaPa d d
PaPa R α PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
A
m
l 9. Give the empirical relationship between molar
laiai i i R =i ρ i i i iai ai i i i i i
adsaasal d a
l
saasal a a
d a
la
saasal A a
d a
l
saasal a a
d a saaslaalconductance d a saaand
slalaconcentration
d a saaslaaoflathe electrolyte.
d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa Ans. Kohlraush a d
P Pa deduced Pthe a d
Pa following Pempirical a
Pa d PaPdad
3. Define resistivity.
co
Ans. Resistivity is defined as the resistance of an electrolyte relationship between the molar conductance (Λm)
laiai
adsaasal confined
a
i i
saaslaala between a
i
aala i
saaslelectrodes
two
ila cross asaslaaland
saaslaaunit
having
a
i i ai the concentration
a
i i of the electrolyte
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala
(C). ala
a sasala
i i
as
d d d d a d d d
d
PaPasectional areaPand d
aPa are separated Paby d
Paa unit distance. PaPa d PaPa d Lm = L Pa
m
d
Pa- k C PaPa d PaPdad
 l
.
The ratio   is called the cell constant, Unit 10. iAccount for the following : For a strong electrolyte i i
laiai lsaailai  A  saslaailai lsaailai ai
aslaalmolar aslaailai decreases aailai
aslas saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
a saa a a a saa a sa conductivity
a sa a sa concentrationa as
a d d
P Paof resistivity P a d d
a metre (Ωm). a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pa d d a
P Pa d d a
P Pa d d PaPdad
is P
ohm increases.
4. Two electrodes having cross sectional area of Ans. (i) For a strong electrolyte, at high concentration,
laiai aslaaila
Aasand i separated
are
ilai
saaslaaby a distance
iai
saasll.aalWhat is asaasla
i
alai thednumber
iai constituent aions
saaslaalof
i i
saslaalaof the electrolyte
i i
saaslaala
PaPdad
d
PaPathe ratio of P d
aPa by area called?
length PaPa
oo d PaPa d d
PinaPa agiven volume isPhigh d
aPa and hence the Pa d
attractive
Pa
 l force between the oppositely charged ions
Ans. The ratio   is called the cell constant. is also high.
laiai aslaailai  A  asaaslaailai aslaailai aslaailai ilai
saaslaathe aslaailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a sa d d a sa d a sa (ii) Moreover
d a ions a
also
d sexperience
a a a
viscous
d as
a a d
5.P P Define conductance.
a
P Pa d
Give its
a a d
P Punit. a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net drag due to greater solvation.

ab
 1 (iii) These factors attribute for the low molar

laiai Ans. The reciprocal
ilai of thelaresistance
ilai  alagives
ilai the laailai conductivity
adsaasal
l a alailai laiai
asaasal alailai
R dasasa at highdconcentration.
a a a a a a
da a
PaPad
s s
PaPad da as s
PaPad da as s da a
PaPad
s s
PaPad PaPad PaPad dasasa as
PaPdad
conductance of an electrolytic solution. The SI 11. What is meant by limiting molar conductivity?
ur
unit of conductance is Siemen (S). Ans.aiΛ°im is called theailimiting molar aconductivity. i.e.,ai i
laiai laiai aslaailexpression
ai aslaailarelates
i aslalthe
a aslalai lailai aslala
adsaasal 6. adaGive adsaasaal mathematical
d a s
a d a s
athat d asa molard aconductance
s
a of
d aasaasolution
s at infinite
d a s
a as
PP a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
cell constant, specific conductance and specificP dilution.
resistance.
.s
ilai 12. iMolar conductivity increases with dilution. Is i i

l a l1aailali 1 laailai laailai laailai true? Justify
ai above statement
laalthe laailaiyour answer la a
s
ada as a aas as aas as aas as aas as s
aa a s aas a s asaasal as
PaPdaκd= R . A = ρPaPdad
Ans. PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
Ans. Yes, the above given statement is true.
w
Wherei κi is specific conductance When the dilution increases, thelaions are far apartlaiai
laiai aslaala i i
aslaala l aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai asailai
adsaasal a s
a a s
a asa a s
a a s
and theadaattractive
a forces a s
a asaasal
decrease. At ainfinite as
PaPda
d R is P
resistance
aPdad and aPisaPdcell
ad constant.PaPdad PP d PaPdad P Pdad PaPdad
dilution the ions are so far apart, the interaction
w
ρ is specific resistance.
between them becomes insignificant and hence,
laiai 7. Onadilutionailai of 0.1 Ma ilaof
i Na SO , what
a ilai will a ilthe
i i i i i i i
adsaasal a sasal
a a
sasal 2
a 4a
sasa l
a a l
sasa a molar a saaslaala
conductivity a saaslaalaand reaches
increases a saaslaaala as
PaPahappen to its
d d d
PaPa d PaPa d d PaPad d maximum
d d
PaPa value at infinite d d
PaPadilution. PaPa d d PaPdad
w
(a) Conductance (C)

(b) laConductivity κlailai 13. Express Kohlraush's law for molar conductance
laiai ilai l aailai iai
saaslaalof
i i
saaslaala electrolyte
a uni d–aunivalent
i i
saaslaalaNaCl. dadsaaslaala
i i
adsaasal d a
(c)
saa a d a s
s Molar conductance
aas a
Λ d a saa s d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P a
m Pa
d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa PaPdad
(d) Equivalent conductance Λ Ans. For a uni – univalent electrolyte such as NaCl, the
Ans. Conductivity, molar conductance and lequivalent Kohlraush's law is expressed as
laiai laailai laailai aailai laailai i i i i
s0aaslaala = λ 0 dadsaa+slaaλla0
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d
PaPa
a
d saas
conductance d
PaPa d saa
increases
a s with
Pa a d d s
dilution
a aa s whereas
PaPad a
d saas d a
Λd ( )
PaPa m NaCl PmaPaNa + ( ) m Cl −Pa( )
d
Pa
a
d as
PaPdad
Conductance (C) decreases. P
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pdad
a a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
PaPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d Pa
d
➠PaVolume
d - IIPaPd
➠a Unit 9 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
14. Give the expression that relates molar 23. Define electrolysis.
laiai aslaailai
saconductivity and ilai
saaslaadegree
i i
of dissociation.
saaslaala aailai Electrolysis
saaslAns.
i i
saaslaaislaa process
ilai the electrical
aslaawhich
sin
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a d a a d a as
a
P Pa d a
Λ m P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa is used toP Pcause
energy a a d a
P Pa d
a non-spontaneous PaPdad
Ans. α = chemical reaction to occur.
Λ 0m
laiai aslaailai Kohlraush's i i
saaslaalalaw and aslaailai aailai Define electro
saasl24.
i i
saaslaala chemical ai i
saaequivalent.
slala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal 15.
d asaApply d a d a sdetermine
a the
d a d a d a d a as
d
PaPa limiting P aPa
molar
d
conductivity PaPa of d d
PaPa Ans. ElectrochemicalPaPa d PaPa d
equivalent
d
PaPa as the
is defined PaPdad
m
(i) BaCl2 (ii) Al2(SO4)3 amount of substance deposited or liberated at
laiai the electrode by a charge ofla 1 coulomb.
adsaasal s aslaailai 0 s aslaaila0 i laiai
0asaasal s aslaailai s aslaailai s asailai i i
saaslaala as
Ans.
a d a
d a(i) Λ BaCl
a d ad a = λ 2+ + 2aλ
d d a d a
d a
P Pa 25. How a d ad a
P Pamuch amount a d a
d a
P Pa of a substance a d ad PaPdad
P Pa m P Pa 2 Ba P Pacl −
P Pa is
co
(ii) Λ m Al2 (SO 4 )3 = 2λ Al3+ + 3λ SO24−
0 0 0 deposited by 1 coulomb? What is it called?
laiai i i i i i i aailai i i Eqi .wt
i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslAns. One coulomb
d a saaslaalawill deposit
d a saaslaala of substance.
d a saaslaala as
Pa d
Pa What is aPelectro
16. aPa d chemical PaPcell?
a d PaPa d PaPa d d
PaPa 96500 PaPa d PaPdad
Ans. Electrochemical cell is a device which converts It is called the electrochemical equivalent.
.
laiai chemical
a i i energy into
ai electrical
i energy
a i i and vice a i i laailatwo
i ilai i i
adsaasal
l
asal a l
asal a l
saasal a l a
al Whatdare saasthe types aslaabatteries?
saof saaslaala
ks
d a saversa. It consists
d a saof two separated a electrodes which
d a saas26. a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa Ans. The PPa a d a d
P Pa are primary
two types of batteries
a d
P Pabatteries PaPdad
are in contact with an electrolyte solution.
(non – rechargeable) and secondary batteries
laiai 17. What i type of cell isi a Daniel cell? i i i i i i i i
saaslaala (rechargeable).
aslaala i a i i i
adsaasal Ans.
d a saIt is an Galvanic
d a slala
saacell. d a saaslaala d a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa d
oo
PaPa d d
PaPa 27. What d
PaPaare primaryPcells? aPa d PaPa d
18. Explain the function of a salt bridge in an Ans. Primary cells are those in which the redox
laiai electrochemical cell.
adsaasal a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala reaction a aslaailai only once
saoccurs a
laailaithe cell becomes
saasand a
i i
saaslaala as
Ans.
a d
P Pa d The main functions
a
P Pad d of the salt
a
P Pa d bridge
d are a
P Pad d dead a d d
P Pafter
a sometime PPa d
andd
a cannot bePused a d d
Pa again. PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
(i) To complete the electrical circuit by the

28. What is the anode, cathode and electrolyte
allowing only ions to flow from one solution
laiai i i
saaslaala to otherdawithout
i i
saaslaala mixingdathe laalasolutions.saslaailai of a mercury
i i
saaslaalabuttondcell?
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saastwo d a a d a a d a as
d
PaPa (ii) To Pmaintain aPa d d
PaPaneutrality of
electrical
PaPthed
a Ans. (i)PaPAnode a d aPa d
: ZincPamalgamated d
PaPamercury
with PaPdad
(ii) Cathode : HgO mixed with graphite
ur
solution in the two half cells.

laiai aslaailai are theafactors i i laailai i i (iii) Electrolyte i i : Paste of KOHi i and ZnOalailai
adsaasal 19.
d a saWhat d saaslaala on which d a saascell potentiald asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala daadsasa as
a d
P Pa depends?P Pa a d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa 29. What a d
P Paare secondary a
P Pa d
cells? P aP PaPdad
Ans. The cell voltage depends on the nature of the Ans. Secondary cells are those which can be recharged
.s
laiai i
aslaala i
saelectrodes,
i
the sconcentration
aslaala i ofsathe i i
slalelectrolytes
aa i
saaslaala by passing
i i
saaslaaelectric
la i current ilai
saaslaathrough them ilai
saaslaaand
adsaasal d a d a a d a a da d a da d a as
d
PaPa and the temperature PaPa d at which
PaPthe d
a cell is operated. PaPa d hence
PaPacan be used P
d over
aPaand again. PaPa
d d PaPdad
w
20. Give the uses of mercury button cell. 30. What is the principle used in secondary
laiai Ans. a i i a i i ai i i i batteriesatolaregenerate
i i the original
i i reactants? i i
adsaasal d a saIt
asahas
l l higher acapacity
a
d saasal and longer
l a
d asaasalife.
l l Used in
a
d a saasaala
l
d a sasala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a d
P Pa pacemakers, a
P Pa d
electronic watches, a d
P Pa cameras etc. a d
P Pa Ans. Electrochemicala
P Pa d a d
reactions
P Pa which take a d
P Paplace in PaPdad
w
a galvanic cell may be reversed by applying a

21. Why is the electrode potential of a single
potential slightly greater thani the emf generated
laiai laailai
electrode cannot ilaidetermined?
laabe laailai laailai laailai laalai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saas d a saas d a s
a as d a saas by thed a saa
cell.s This principle
d a saasis used in secondary
d a as
Ans.
Pa d
Pa Its is because d
PaPoxidation
a d
halfPreaction
aPa and reduction PaPa d d
PaPa to regenerate d
PaPathe original reactants.
PaPa d PaPdad
w
batteries
half reaction cannot take place alone. It can be
measured only by using a reference electrode. 31. Write the anode, i cathode and electrolyte iofi
laiai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai lead storage lsaailabattery. lsaailai saaslaala
adsaasal d a saa
d a saa
d a s
a a
d a saa
d a sa
a d a saa
d a as
22.
a
P Pa d What is the
a
P Pavalue
d of Faradaya
P Pa dconstant? a
P Pa d a
P a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Ans. (i) PAnode : Spongy lead
Ans. IF = 96500 C
It aisi defined as theaquantity of electricity (ii) Cathode : Lead plate bearing PbO2
laiai i ilai a ilai which alailai i i ilai laailai
adsaasal d a asal l
sadeposits a
one gram
d a a l
sasaequivalentdofadsthe a a l
sasubstancedor a sasa (iii) dElectrolyte
a saaslaala : 38% d a aaslaa
sby mass of Hd2SO
a sa4aswith as
d
PaPa it is the charge d
PaPa carried by P aPa
one mole of electrons.
PaPa d d
PaPdensity
a 1.2 g P
aPa
/ mL.
d PaPa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 266 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
PaPad d Sura’s d
PaP➠ d d
a d d
d d
a ➠ Electro
d d
PaPaChemistry
d d
PaPa d PaPdad
32. On what does the emf of a lead storage 40. Higher the standard reduction potential
i battery i i i i i i iai i i i i i i
saaslaaladepend? saaslaallesser is corrosion.
saaslaala Givedareason.
a i
l
adsaasal
a
d a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a
Ans. d
P PaThe emf of the a
PP d a
a depends onPthe
cell d
Pa concentration a d
P Pa Ans. The greater a d
P Pa the E° value a d
P Pameans greater a d
P Pais the PaPdad
of H2SO4. As the cell reaction uses SO42− ions, the tendency shown by the species to accepts
laiai concentration
i i H SO4ladecreases.
i i When ilathe
i cell ielectrons and lundergo reduction. i So
i higher the
adsaasal saaslaala falls tod2adabout
potential
a saasala1.8V, the a saaslaahas
cell to be a
ai
saaslaal(E°) values
a asaailai is the tendency
salesser a saaslaala to undergo
a
i i
saaslaala as
d
PaPa d PaPa PaPad d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPad d d
PaPa d PaPdad
recharged. corrosion.
m
33. Give aexamples of primary cells. 41.aiHow are aispecific and equivalentai i
laiai aslailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala ai
aslalconductances lai
aslarelated? aslaailai saaslala
adsaasal Ans. d(i)
a s
a Leclanche d s
cell
a a d a d a s
a d a s
a d a s
a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
(ii) Mercury button cell Ans. lc = k × V
co
−3
s a laailai 34. Give s a laaanilaiexample ofalsecondary
s aailai cell.
s a laailai s a laailaλi = κ × 10 s a laailamho.m
i i i –1
saaslaala
2 (gm.equir) i i
saaslaala
ada s d a a s d a a s d a a s d a a s d a a s d a d a as
PaPdad
C
Ans.
PaPaLead storagePbattery.
d aPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa C d PaPa d PaPa d
35. Name the anode, cathode and electrolyte
.
used 42.laiWrite the celllareaction for the half cell
l
adsaasal
ai ai aslaainilalithium
i –sion
aslaailBattery.
ai aslaailai asalai – asailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala
ks
d a sa d a a d a sa d a sa Cl /AgCl
d a sa Ag . d a sa d a as
a
Ans. d
P Pa(i) AnodeP: P a d
a graphiteP Pa
Porus a d a
P Pa d (aq)P Paa d (s) a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
(ii) Cathode : Transition metal oxide such as Ans. AgCl (s) + e–
 → Ag(s) + Cl –
Ag / Ag +
la ai i CoO
i i . i i i i i i i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala 2 d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
PaPdad
PaPa d
(iii) Electrolyte d
PaPa : Lithium Psalt
ood
aPain an organic d
PaPa 43. The Pstandard aPa d PaPa
reduction
d PaPa of
potentials
d
solvent. Fe / Fe and Fe / Fe electrode system are
3+ 2+
laiai 36. Write iai oxidation, i reduction aslaailaoverall i–0.035 V and aail–0.44 V respectively.
aailai Predict ai i
saaslaalthe and
i i ai ai
adsaasal d a d a saaslaala d a sa d a saaslaalwhich ofd a saasltwo
the oxidations
d a saaslis easy. Fe 3+a/saa
d slala
Fe as
a d
P Paredox reaction a d
P Pataking place a d
P Pina the Lithium a
P Pa d P Paa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net and Fe2+ / Fe.

ab
ion battery.
Ans. i(i)i The ion iwhich has lower reduction i i
s a laailai Ans. Atsthe a laaianode
l ai oxidation
s a laailoccurs
ai s a laailai s a laala potential s a ai be oxidised
laalwill s a laailai first at stheaslaala
ada s aa s daad as → Li+(aq)Pa ea–da
s aa s
aPdaada
s
aPdaada
s
aPdaada as
PaPdad PLi
aP(s) +Pda PaPdad Panode. P P PaPdad
At the cathode reduction occurs
(ii) Among (0.035V) and (0.44V), Fe2+ / Fe
ur
laiai ila+i + CoO2(s) a+lae–ilai

lsaaLi → Li CoO ilai i i oxidation ilaieasy because i i i i
adsaasal asaa a s
a s a a saaslaa2(s) asaaslaala a saaslaais a saaslaaitlahas thedlower
a saaslaala as
a d
P PaOverall
d reactions
a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d P a
Pa
d d
reduction potential d d
P P(–0.44V).
a a a
P Pa d PaPdad
Li(s) + CoO2  → LiCoO2(s)
44. What is single electrode potential?
.s
ailai 37. What ais

ilaia fuel cell?alailai a ilai iai An electrochemical
i i ilai aslaailai
a l
adsasa d a a l
sasa d a sasa d a a l
sasa da saaslaal(i)
Ans.
d a saaslaala da saaslaaconsists
cell ofastwo
d a as
Ans. d
PaPaThe galvanicPaPcell d
a in which d
PaPthe
a energy PofaPa d d
aPacells. With an
half
P d
PaPopen
a circuit, P d
aPametal
the PaPdad
combustion of fuels such as H2, CO, CH4 etc is
w
electrode in each half cell transfers its ions

laiai directly converted into electrical energy is called into solution.
adsaasal s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai i i
saslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala as
PP d fuel cell. adad
adathe
a a
PP
a a adad
PP
a a adaada (ii)
PP Thus,
a
P Pa d a
d an individual a
P Pa d a
delectrode a
P Pad a
develops
d a PaPdad
w
38. Write a note on galvanising. potential with respect to the solution.

Ans. Galvanizing (iii) The potential of a single electrode in a half i i
laiai laailai - by coating laailawith
i anotherametallaailai such saslaailai cell is scalled laailaisingle electrode laailapotential.
i la a
adsaasal aas as s as
daada reducing s s
ada than ironadaada aa as aas as asaasal as
PaPdaasdzinc. Zinc PisaPstronger PaPdaagent PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
w
PP
and hence it can be more easily corroded than 45. Define standard emf of a cell.
iron. i.e., instead of iron, the zinc is oxidised. Ans.aiWhen the emfaiofi a cell is determined underai i
laiai lsaailai lsaailai aslaailai ai
aslalstandard aslala aslaailaithe standard
saaslala
adsaasal d a s
Whataa
is a
passivation?
d saa
d a sa d a s
a d conditions,
a sa it is
d a scalled
a d a as
39.
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
emf. P P
a a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
Ans. The metal is treated with strong oxidising agents
It is defined as the emf of a cell with 1 M solutions
laiai suchlaas ilai concentrated ilaHNO
i 3. As alaresult,
ilai a ilof ai i ai i i i
adsaasal d
a
sasa
protective
a oxided a a l a
sasais formeddaon
layer
a
sasthea surface dasasa ai reactants
a l a
d a saaand
slalaproducts d ain
saasolution
slala measured d a saaslaala as
PaPItais represented
at 25°C. PaPby d
a the symbolPE°. aPa d PaPdad
of metal.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pdad
a a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
PaPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d Pa
d
➠PaVolume
d - IIPaPd
➠a Unit 9 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
4. 0.5 F of electric current was passed through
laiai
adsaasal a
 l
saasalaP
i a i roblems
a
l
saasala i F
a i or P
a
ractice
l
saasalai a i
a saasaala 5 molar
l i i
a saaslsolution
aailai
a aaslaailai 3, CuSO
of sAgNO
a sa4asland
aailai
as
a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d AlCla d
P P3a dconnected in
a
P Pad dseries. Find
a d
P Paout
d the PaPdad
1. What is the electrochemical equivalent of a concentration of each of the electrolyte after
substance when 150 gm of it is deposited by the electrolysis.
laiai laailai laailai laailai laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saa
10
s ampere of
d a saa
current
s passedd a aa
for
s s 1 sec? da s aasSol. Givend a: d a d a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d Pa a d PaPdad
Sol. Given : Quantity of electricity, Q = 0.5 P F
m
Amount of the substance deposited, Concentration of solution, C = 5 M
laiai aslaailai m asaasla
i i
alai 150 g dasaaslaalai
i i
saaslaala (i) dFor laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a sa
d =
d a a saasAgNO d a d a as
a d
P Pa current strengtha d
P Pa = I =P10 a d
Paampere a
P Pa d a
P Pa d 3 a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
1 mol of Ag+ = 1F
co
Time = t = 1 sec.
0.5F = 0.5 mol of AgNO3
laiai saBy
aslaaFaraday’s firstalaw,
i i i i i i laailai laailai laailaiafter electrolysis i i
adsaasal d a la
d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saas d a aa
Concentration
s s of
d AgNO
a saas d a saaslaala as
d d
PaPa FormulaPaP: am = ZItPaPa d PaPa d PaPa

d Pa a d 3
=P 5 – 0.5 = 4.5PM
aPa d PaPdad
m 150 (ii) For CuSO4
Solution : ∴ Z =
.
=
laiai lsaailai lsaailaIti 10 × 1saslaailai l a i a i 1 mol i i
saaslaaoflaCuSO4 d(or)saaCuai2+i
slala = 2F dadsaaslala
ai i
adsaasal saasal
ks
s
aa a s
aa a aa a a a as
PaPdad Electrochemical
PaPdad equivalent PaPdad a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
2FP=Pa1M CuSO4 P Pa a PaPdad
= 15.0 gm coloumb–1. 1
0.5F = × 0.5 = 0.25 M
laiai 2. sThe laala electrochemical
i i i
laala i equivalent laala of ansaslaala
i i i i i
laala i 2saslaailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a aa s d a s
a as d a saas d a a a s
a as a a a as
PaPa electrolyte PaPisa 2.35 gm amp PaPa sec . Calculate PaPConcentration
d ofaCuSO4 afterPelectrolysis
d d PaPdad
d d –1
oo
d –1
PaPa d a d PaP d aPa d
the amount of the substance deposited when = 5 – 0.25 = 4.75 M
5 ampere is passed for 10 sec. ai i (iii) For AlCl 3
laiai lsaailai lsaailai lsala lsaailai aslaailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal Sol.
d a s
a a
Given : d s
a a
Electrochemical
a d a saa
d a s
a a
1
da s
mol
a of AlCl or
d a
Al
sa3+ = 3F d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P3 Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net equivalent = Z = 2.35 g amp–1 sec–1

ab
3F = 1M AlCl3
Time = t = 10 sec. 1 i i
laiai l a ilai i i
saaslaa=laI = 5 ampere.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala sasla i 0.5F
ala i = saas×laa0.5
la i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saCurrent
asa strength
d a d a d a d a a d a3 d a as
d d
PaPa FormulaPaP:am = ZIt PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
0.5
Solution : m = 2.35 × 10 × 5 = 117.5 g = = 0.167 M
ur
3 ai i
laiai aslaailaamount
saThe
i of sthe ilai
aslaasubstance i i
saaslaala
deposited i i
saaslaala l a i a i l la i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a a d a d a d a saasal of AlCld3adafter
Concentration saasaelectrolysis d a as
a d
P Pa a
P Pa d = 117.5 a
P Pg.a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa

d a
P=Pa5 – 0.167 P Pa a d PaPdad
To 1 M solution of AgNO3, 0.75 F quantity of Concentration of AlCl3 after electrolysis
.s
3.
laiai aslaailai is passed.
sacurrent
ilai is the concentration
saaslaaWhat
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala al la ai i alalaai i i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a
dadsasa =da4.833
dsas M d a as
d
PaPa of the electrolyte,
PaPa d AgNO d
Pa3Premaining
a PaPthe
in a d PaPa PaPa PaPa d PaPdad
solution? 5. To one molar solution of a trivalent metal
w
salt, electrolysis was carried out and

laiai Sol. Given i i : Initialaconcentration
i i of i i i i laailai the concentration
lsaailai i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala 0.667daMsaaswas d a s
a a
d a saaslaala
remaining as
d
P Pa
a P PAgNO
a a d
3 = 1M
a d
P Pa= 1N a
P Pa d a d a
P Paelectrolysis.PCalculate
after Pa d a
Pa d
the Pquantity of PaPdad
w
Quantity of current = 0.75 F electricity passed.

laiai Formula : Sol. Given : Initial i iconcentration iofi the solution
adsaasal a aslaailai
sa a
i i
saaslaala= 1 equivalent
a
i i
saaslaalamass dadsaaslaala
i i
a saaslaala a sa=aslaal1aM a
i i
saaslaala as
d
PaPa d 1
PaPaFaraday
d d PaPad d PaPa
PaPad d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
w
Solution : The concentration remaining after electrolysis

Fori1Fi current, 1AgNO will be liberated. = i0.667 M
laiai aslaal0.75F
a aailai 3
asl0.75 aslaailbe
ai i i
saaslaala l aailai la ai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saFor d a s
current,a N AgNO d a sawill liberated
d a ∴The d a sa
amount
a s deposited d a sa=asal1 – 0.667dM a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d3 a
P Pa d a
P Pa

d a d
P Pa = 0.333 PMPa a d PaPdad
The concentration of AgNo3 remaining
= 1.0 – 0.75 =i 0.25 N 1F = Faraday = 3 × 0.333 M
laiai laailai laailai aslaalai i i
saaslaala sasaala
l i i iai
sa=aslaal0.999M aslaailai
adsaasal d a saa
∴The
s d a saa
concentrations of AgNO d a saremaining d a
d a a
d a =a
d 1 sM
a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d3
PaPa d PaP∴1d
a FaradayPcurrent aPa d is used.PaPa
d PaPdad
= 0.25 M
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 274 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
d d d
PaPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d PaPa d d Pa
d
➠PaVolume
d - IIPaPd
➠a Unit 9 PaPa
d d d PaPdad
13. The emf of the half cell Cu2+(aq) / Cu(s) 16. The emf values of the cell reactions
laiai aslaailai
containing 0.01 asMlaailCu
ai 2+ solution i i
saaslaaisla+ 0.301V.
i i
saaslaala Fe3+ d+adseaa ai i
- l→
salaFe2+ and aslaa2+ilai→ Ce3+asaea-slaaare
saCe
ilai
adsaasal d a sa d a sa d a d a d a d as
P Pa CalculatePthe
a d aPa standard emf
d P Paof the half cell.
a d a
P Pa d a
P a a
P a d a
P Pa d PaPdad
0.61PV and –0.85 VP respectively. Construct
Sol. Given : E = 0.301 V; [Cu2+] = 0.01M the cell suchi that the free energy of the cell
laiai laailai :
Formula laailai laailai laailai laalai laailai aailai
saaslcell.
adsaasal d a saas d a saas d a saas d a saas is d a s
negative.
aas Calculate d a saas
the emf of dthe
a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa
2.303RT
d
[Cu 2+P]aPa
E Cu 2+ /Cu = E Cu 2+ /Cu + log
m
nF [Cu] Sol. Given :
laiai l ai a i la i a i l a i a i i i
saasaala
l aiai
slal2+
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saasal d a saasal d a saasal d a Fe
d a saa/Fe
3+ = 0.61V
d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d 0.0591 a d
P Pa 0.01 a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
= + 0.301 + log
co
Ce 3+ / Ce2+ = 0.85 V (after reversing)
2 1
laiai i
saaslaala
i i
saas0laa.059
la i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaalaE° = EdRa–dsaEasLlaala
i i i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa E° = P0.301 d
aPa + d
×P2aP=a 0.3591 V PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPa d PaPdad
2 = 0.85 – 0.61 = 0.24 V
.
E°ai i= 0.36 V ai i Cell is,
laiai aslala aslala aslaailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a d a da as
a d
Pa CalculatePthe
P14. a d
Pa standard emf a d
P Paof the cell havinga
P Pa d a
P PFe d
a | Fe || Ce
3+ 2+ a d
P Pa| Ce
3+ 2+ a
P Pa d PaPdad
the standard free energy change of the cell Left Right
laiai a ilai is –64.84
reaction
l l a ilai for 2 electrons
kJ la ilaitransfer. alailai la ilai i i
saVaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a
sasa d a a
sasa d a a
sasa d a sasa d aE
a sa
sa° Cell = 0.24
d a d a as
PaPdad
Sol. Given : DG = –64.84 × 10 J 3
ΔG° = – nFE°
n = 2
laiai aslaailai i i
saasFlaala
i i
saasClaala
i i
saaslaala laailai = – (1×sa96500
saasΔG° ai i
slala × 0.24)
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a sa d a = 96500
d a d a da d a a d a as
a d a
P Pa Formula P Pa: DG d a
Pa d
= P–nFE° a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net = –ve value

ab
Solution :
laiai i i
saaslaala E°
iaiG −(64.a84
saas–laal∆
i i 3
saslaal×a10 ) dadsaasl17. aailai A zinc rod saaslaaislaplaced dinads0.095
i i aslaailaM
i zinc chloride i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d=a = d a d a a d a as
PaPa d PaPa d a d
nF P Pa2 × 96500 P Pa
a d
PaPa at 25°C.PaP
solution Emfa of this Phalf d
aPa cell is PaPdad
–0.79 V. Calculate E°Zn2+/Zn.
ur
64840
laiai la i a i = l ai ai
saa2sa×l 96500 = l
0.3359V a i a i l a i a i
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saasal d a d a saasal d asaasal d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa Sol. :Given P Pa :
a d E =P –Pa
a d
0.79 V a
P Pa d PaPdad
E° = 0.3359 V n = 2, [Zn+] = 0.095 M
.s
laiai aslaailai aslaailai laailai laiai i i

saaslaala
ilai
saa0sl.aa0591
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal 15.
d a saCalculate the
d a saemf of the cell
d a saasZn / ZnO –a,saasal
d d a d a d a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa2d d
PaPa : E =PaE°
Formula Pa– d PaPZn
log
d
a 2+ PaPdad
OH–aq, HgO / Hg given that Eº values of OH–, n
w
ZnO – / Zn and OH–, HgO / Hg half cells are

laiai aslaailai V anda0.098
2 i i
saaslaalaV respectively.
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala lailai aailai
sa0as.l0591 laiai
adsaasal d a sa–1.216 d d a d a dEa0saasa
= E d +
a log Znd a + asal
2s
a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa Zn / Zn P Pa
2+ a d
2
a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
Sol. Given :
0.0591
laiai aslaailai
sa
º i =i 0.098 V; Ela=
sEaasRlaala
i i
saasLala–1.216 d
i
alai
V sasla Ea0sZnas2+laa/ iZn
lai = –0.79 +laailai log aslaailai
sa0.095
adsaasal d a d a d a a a d a d a s
a as 2 d a as
d
PaPa FormulaP: aP∴E d
a º aa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
w
= Eº P PEº
cell R– L
Eºcell i = 0.098–(–1.216) = – 0.79 + 0.02889 = – 0.76 V
laiai i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a = 0.098 d+a1.216 = +1.314
d a d a d a da as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
a
P Pa d E° =P –Pa
a d
0.76 V. a
P Pa d PaPdad
E° = + 1.314 V.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a da 
d a d a d a d a as
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 276 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d Sura’s d
PaP➠ d d
a d d
d d
a ➠ Electro
d d
PaPaChemistry
d d
PaPa d PaPdad
laiai i i i i i Unit
i test i i i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d asaaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a d
P Pa: 40 min
Time
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa : 25
Marks PaPdad
I. Choose the Correct Answer (5 i× i1 = 5) II. iViery Short Ainswer (2 × 2 = 4) i i
laailai laailai laailai laala laala laalai laailai la a
s
ada as s
ada a
1.PaPdaDuring
s aas
electrolysis
a s s as
aPdaada sodium
of Pmolten
s as
a1.a Defineaanode s as
a a and cathode. aas as asaasal as
PaPdad PaPdad P Pdad PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad
chloride, the time required to produce 2. State Faraday’s Laws of electrolysis.
m
0.1mol of chlorine gas using a current of 3A
laiai aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai i i
saaslaalahort Adnswer
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala (2 ×d3ad=saa6) ai i
slala
adsaasal d is
a sa d a sa d a sa d aIII. S a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa PaPdad
a) 55 minutes b) 107.2 minutes 1. Write a note on sacrificial protection.
co
c) 220i minutes d) 330 minutesi i 2. laiHow i are elctro chemical cellsla classified?
s a laailai s a laalai s a laailai saaslaala saasala
i i
saaslaala saasala
i i i i
saaslaala
ada s d a a s d a a s d a d a d a d a d a as
2.PaPaAssertion : p
d Pure
aPa iron whenPheated
d aPa in dry air
d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
IV. L ong Answer (2 × 5 = 10)
is converted with a layer of rust.
.
Reason
laiai
adsaasal aslaailai : Rustahas aslaathe
ilai composition i 3O4 1.alaailDerive
aslaailaFe sas a
i an expression
i i of Nernst
saaslaala
iequation.
saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
ks
d a sa d sa d a sa d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa a)d if both assertion
a
P Pa d and reason
a
P Pa dare true anda d
P Pa 2. A current a d
P Pa of 1.608P P a d
Aa is passed Pthrough aPa d PaPdad
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. 250 mL of 0.5 M solution of copper sulphate
b) if both assertion and reason are true but for
i
la a i i
laala i a i i i
saaslaala
slalacorrect dexplanation
i i ai 50 minutes.
saaslaalCu
i i Calculatealthe
saaslaala
i i strength aoflailai
sasaalavolumeda
adsaasal a saasreason is nota saathe a of a 2+ afteraelectrolysis a
assuming dsabesa as
d d d d d PaPato PaPdad
d
PaPa assertion.PaPa d
oo
constant and the current efficiency is 100%.
c) assertion is true but reason is false
laiai laailaiassertionsand
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala ai i
slala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal adsaasboth
dd) dadasa reason are
dadfalse. d a d a saaAnswer Key
d a d a as
PaPa PaPa PaPa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
3. λc = µc for,
I. 1. b) 107.2 minutes
a) aNaCl
laiai saslaala dadsaaslaalab) H2SO4 ala
i i i i i i iai d) both assertion
i i i i i i
adsaasal d a d a sasala d a saaslaal2. d a saaslaala anddreason
a saaslaalaare falsedadsaaslaala as
d
PaPac) Na SO PaPa d) PaP
Al
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPdad
2 4 2(SO4)3 3. a) NaCl
ur
4. Whichi among the following is the strongest 4. d) Li

laiai lsaalai lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai iai
saaslaalemf
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i
adsaasal d a aa
reducing
s agent?d a saa
d a saa
d a saa
5. b) d a
Standard d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
a) F2 b) Cl2 c) Zn d) Li
.s
II. i1. Refer Sura’s iGuide Book back iQ.No. 1.

laiai laailai laailai laailai ai
saaslaal2. lai
saaslaaGuide ai
aslaalQ.No. saaslaala
i i
adsaasal 5. adThe
a saas emf of ad cell
a saas with 1 Md a saa
solution
s of d a R eferdSura’s
a Book
d a sback
a 5. d a as
P Pa d Pa a d PaPa d Pa a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
reactants andPproducts in solution at 25°C isP
w
called III. 1. Refer Sura’s Guide Book back Q.No. 25.

laiai lsaailaicell potential lsaailai lsaailai iai
saaslaal2.
ilai
saaslaaGuide
i i
saaslaa3lamarks Q.No.
i i
saas2.laala
adsaasal da)
a saaHalf d a saa
d a saa
d a ReferdSura’s
a Additional
d a d a as
a d
P Pab) StandardPemf a
Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
c) Single electrode potential IV. 1. Refer Sura’s Guide Book back Q.No. 24.
laiai l ailai l a ilai l a ilai iai
saaslaal2.
ilai
saaslaaGuide aslaailaQ.No.
i
13. asaaslala
ai i
adsaasal dd)
a sasRedox
a a potential
d a a
sasa d a a
sasa d a Refer Sura’s
d a Book
d a sback
a d as
w
laiai i i i i i i 
alailai i i i i i i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala asasa a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pdad
a a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
NEET
m
laiai
adsaasal a d
P Pa
a
d
i i
saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d
i i
saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d
i i
saaslaala Based Questions
a d
P Pa
a
d
i i
saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d
i i
saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d
i i
saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d
i i
saaslaala as
PaPdad
co
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
PaPdad
NEET BASED QUESTIONS
laiai i i
saaslaala aslaailai ilai
saaslaascattering ai i
slala Correct aslaailai configuration i i
saaslaala of Cr lailai
adsaasal 1. adaadRutherford’s d a saalpha-particle d a d a saa4. da selectronic
a d a d aissaasa as
PP a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa2 2 6 2P P10 a d
a 5 1 P Pa a d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
experiment eventually led to the conclusion (A) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
ab
that (B) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2, 3d8 4s0

laiai ilai
saaslaaMass
i i
saaslaalaare related
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ila6i 2 6 a5 lail1ai
saasl2aa2p
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal (C) 1s 2 2s 3s 3pda3d
d a(A) anddenergy
a d a d a d a sas4s
a d a as
d
PaPa (B) Electron a d
PaPoccupy aPa d
spaceParound PaPa
the nucleus
d PaP1s
(D)
d
a2 2p2 2p6 3pP0 a Pa5 d4s1
3d PaPa d PaPdad
ur
(C) Neutrons are buried deep in the nucleus 5. The bond order of individual carbon-carbon
laiai (D)
ilai
lsaaThe point of aailai with smatter
lsimpact lsaailai can be saslaailai l aailai l aailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal aas a s
aada
a aa a aa bonddin
a saa
benzene
s is– dadas
s a a as
PaPdad precisely PaPddetermined PaPdad PaPdad a
P a d a
P a ad
P Pa d PaPdad
(A) P1 P (B) 2
.s
2. The number of a- and b-particles emitted in (C) Between 1 and 2 (D) 1 and 2, alternatively
s a laailai the
s a la ilai
nuclear
a reaction
s a laailai s a laailai saa6.ai i i i
saaslaala of sulphur
slala Hybridisation saainailai
slaSO
i i
saaslaala
ada s d a a s d a a s d a a s d a d a da is da as
PaPa d d
PaPa 228 d
PaPa212 PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d 2 Pa d
Pa 2 PaPdad
(A) sp 3 (B) sp 2 (C) sp (D) dsp
90 Th 
→83 Bi
w
laiai (A) ilai alpha and

saaslaaFour
ilai beta
saaslaaone
i i
saaslaala saa7.ai i Hybridisation
saaslaala states dof
i i
saacarbon
ai i in diamond, i i
saaslaala
adsaasal a a a a slala a a slala a as
d d
P Pa (B) ThreePalpha
a a d d
Pa and sevenPbeta a d
Pa d a d
P Pa d graphite
a d
P Pa d and acetylene
a
P Pa respectively,
d aare
P Pad d PaPdad
w
(C) Eight alpha and one beta (A) sp2, sp, sp3 (B) sp, sp2, sp3
3 2 3
laiai (D)
alaOne
ilai alpha and
alafour
ilai beta laailai laailai (C) sp s, sp laa,ilaspi (D) lsp,aailaspi , sp i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a sa s a d a sa s a d a saas d a saas d a aas d a saas d a as
aa d PaPa d d
Padetermines
Pa d
PaPa 8. d
PaPa 3 decompose
NaHCO PaPas
a d PaPa d PaPdad
w
3.P P Principal quantum number

(A) Size of the electron wave and energy of 2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(g)
laiai l ai a
saasaelectron
i l a i a i l a i a i la i a i The equilibrium
la i a i pressure i i
saaslaaisla1.04 atm the ilai
saaslaaKp
adsaasal d a l
d a saasal d a saasal d a saasal
for the
d a saasal
reaction is– d a da as
a d
P Pa (B) Orbital aPa d
P angular momentum
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
(A) 0.2704 (B) 2.704
(C) Shape of the electron cloud
laiai (D) ilai aailaorbitals
i i i i i (C) 27.04 i i (D) 270.4 i i i i
adsaasal aasaslaaConfiguration aasaslof in space
aa saslaala saslaala
aa saslaala
aa aasaslaala aa saslaala as
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 515 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d d
d d d
PaPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
9. For the reaction 15. Which is the first order reaction ?
laiai i i
saaslaala laaila
i
aslaailai i i
saaslaala (A) dNH aailai 
saas4lNO ai i
→ aNsa2a+2H
slala2O
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a H2(g)
d a+saals2(g) 2Hl
d a sa(g) d a a 2 d d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa2Hl 
(B) → H
a d
P P+al a
P Pa d PaPdad
Kc = 66.9 at 350°C and 50.0 at 448°C. The 2 2
reaction has– (C) 2NO2  → 2NO + O2
laiai laailai DH +ve i i ilai i i i i laiai i i
saaslaala (B) dDH saa=slaa–ve saaslaala asasa+l O2  → s2NO
saas(A) (D) 2NO la a saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a a da a a asal2 a a as
d
PaPa (C) DHP=aPzero a d d
PaPNone
(D) a of thesePaPa
d PaPdad PaPdad d
PaPa d PaPdad
16. Which of the following aqueous solutions of
m
10. A imixture of SO3,i SO2 and O2 gases in a 10.0 sodium acetate will show a minimum pH ?
laiai lsaalai flask is maintained
lsaalai lsaailai i i
saaslaala
i
alai
saasla
ilai
saaslaa0.001 laiai
adsaasal d a s
a a litre d a saa at
d a
a stemperature
aa
d at
a (A) d0.01
a m d a(B) m dadsaasal as
a d
P Pa which the a d a
P PaequilibriumPconstant
Pa d
Kc of
a a
P Pthed a
P a d a
P a d
(C)P 0.0001 m P (D) 0.1 m P
a
P a PaPdad
co
reaction :
laiai i i i i 2SO i 17.i i Pure water idissociates to a small
i i extent as per
i i
adsaasal salaala 2SO sa+laaOla
a as sala
a2(g)as 2(g) adaadas 3(g) adaadasalai salaala saaslaala
equilibrium
a
i
a saaslaala a saaslaala as
PaPdad PaPdad PP PP d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
is 100. If the number of moles of SO and SO + –
2 3 2H O H O + OH
in the flask are equal, the number of moles of 2 (i) 3 (aq) (aq)•
.
saaslaala ThedpH saaof apure
i i water ata298
laiai laa2ilaprersent saslaala K is 7, dwhat saaslwill
i i i i i i i i i aailai
adsaasal saasO is–saaslaala saaslaala slala
ks
d a d a d a d a be the a pH of pure a
water
d at 310 K ? a as
a d
P Pa (A) 0.01 a
P P(B) d
a 0.1 (C) a
P P1.0
a d a
(D) 10.0
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
(A) 0 (B) < 7 (C) >7 (D) 7
11. For the reaction
laiai i i
saaslaala ai i salaailai
slala2(g)
aailai A solution
saasl18.
i i
saaslaalahas pH d=ads3. aailaits
aslIf i hydrogen ilai
saaslaaion
adsaasal d a C d a +saaCO
d a 2CO
a s (g) d a d a a d a as
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa(s)d
oo
concentration isPdecreased
aPa 1000
PaP d
times,
a the
NEET
the partial pressures of CO2 and CO are 2.0 pH of the solution will be
and 4.0 atm respectively at equilibrium, K p i i (A) 6 (B) 0i i
laiai laailathe
i ilai
saaslaais–
i i
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saasfor reaction
d a d a d a da d a d a as
a d
P Pa (A) 0.5P P(B) a a d
8.0
a a
P P4.0
(C)
d a
P Pa
(D) 32
d (C)a
P Pa 3
d a
P Pa d(D) None of a
P Pathese
d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
19. The brown ring compound is formulated as

12. For a reversible reaction
laiai i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala [Fe(H O) ilai
asl5aa.NO]SO 4. a
The ilai
saaslaaoxidation number i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a 2sa d d a as
PaPa d P2H d
aPa2S(g) P2H d
aPa2(g) + S2(g) PaPa d of
Pairond
Pa is PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
The equilibrium concentrations are, (A) +1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0
ur
laiai laaila2S]
saas[H
i = 0.5 mole/litrei i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aailai In the sreaction
saasl20. aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a d a a d a d a as
a d
P Pa [H2] = 0.1 a a d
P Pmole/litre a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
I2 + 2Na2S2O3  → Na2S4O6 + 2Na I
[S2] = 0.4 mole/litre
.s
laiai laailaivalue of ‘K’ aailai be– salaailai i i the equivalent i i weight ofaoxidant ilai is alailai
adsaasal d a saasThe d a saaslwould d a a s d a saaslaala [M =daMolecular
saaslaala weight d a saofslaaoxidant]– asasa as
d
PaPa (A) 0.004 d
PaPmole/litre
a d
PaP0.08
(B) a mole/litre PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad PaPdad
M M
w
(C) 0.016 mole/litre (D) 0.16 mole/litre (A) (B) M (C) − (D) 2 M
2 2
laiai laailai molecularity i i
saaslaalaof a reaction aailai
saaslcan laailai aslaailai saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
adsaasal 13.
d a saas“The d a d a be 0, 1,da3dsaas21. Active
d a smass
a is– d a d a as
a d a
P Pa etc.” ThePstatement
Pa d a
is P P
a d a
P Pa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
(A) gm moles per unit volume

(A) True (B) False (B) gm atoms per unit volume
laiai l ailai l a ilai laaofilathese
i laailai laailai aslaailaunit
i alailai
adsaasal dadas as(C)
a Both the
dadas a
above
s a (D) None
dadas as dada s as (C) dgm s as
ada atomic number dadsaper dadsasa
volume as
w
14. For a first order reaction the ratio of t0.75 to (D) gm equivalent per unit volume
t i iwould be ai i 22. An acidasolution
i i may have ithe
i pOH– alaailai
laiai asla0.50
ala saaslala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saslaala saaslaala
adsaasal d a s
a (A) 4 : 3
d a (B) 3
d a
: 2 d a d a d a asas as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
(A) d
P Pa1 P Pa (B) 3a d PaPdad PaPdad
(C) 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 2 (C) 0 (D) 12
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 516 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d d
d d d
PaPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
98. In electroplating copper with silver the 99. The atomic numbers of chromium and iron
laiai laailai solutionsused
saasbath aslaailais
i of K[Ag(CN) i i
saaslaala2] instead
i i
saaslaala aslaail26
are 24asand ai respectively. iai
saaslaalWhich one
ilai
aslaathe
saof
adsaasal d a d a a d a d a d a d a d a as
a d
P Pa of AgNO a d a
P Pabecause on Paccount
Pa d a
P Pa
of complex
d a
P Pa d
following
a d a d
P Pa exhibits paramagnetic
complexes P Pa PaPdad
3
formation character due to electronic spin ?
laiai laailai ai i
slala of silver
ailai
slaobtained
i i
saaslaala (A) d[Fe(CO)
i i
saaslaala ]
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d asaas(A) A thinner
d a saacoating d asaais da a d a d a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d 5 Pa a
3+
P d PaPa d PaPdad
(B) Availability of Ag+ ions in solution is (B) [Cr(NH3)6]
m
lsaailai so reduced that
ilai they are notlsaailreplaced by ai i (C) [Fe(CN) 4–
laiai lsaa ai lsala lsaailai6] i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saa
copper d a sa
ions
a
d a s a
a d a saa
d a s
a a
d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d (D)
a
P Pa[Cr(CO)
d ] a
6 P Pa
d a
P Pa d PaPdad
co
(C) Ag+ ions are completely removed from
100. Enzymes are basically
laiai ailai the solution a ilai a ilai i i i i i i i i
adsaasal d a a
sasa l
d a a
sasa l
d a a
sasal
d a sasaala (A) dEdible
a l
a saaslaalaproteinsdadsaaslaala d a saaslaala as
d
PaPa (D) Expenses d
PaPa on electricity d
PaPaare reduced PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPa d PaPdad
(B) Carbohydrates
.
laiai i i i i i i (C) Carbohydrates containing nitrogen lailai
adsaasal saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala aslaailai aslaailai aslaailai
ks
d a d a d a a s
a a sa a s
a asaasa as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad PaPdaSpecially
(D) d PaPdad proteinsPaPdad
structured PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
PaPdad
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa
oo
ANSWERS
NEET
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (C) 6. (C) 7. (C) 8. (A) 9. (B) 10. (B)
laiai alailai alailai alailai alailai alailai alailai alailai
adsaasal a 12. (C)
daadsas(B) asasa a 15. (A)
daadsas(C) asasa a 18. (A)
daadsas(B) asasa a
daadsas(A) as
11.
PaP PaPdad 13. (B)PaP
14.
PaPdad 16. (C)PaP17. PaPdad 19. (A)PaP20. PaPdad
ur
21. (A)i i22. (D) 23.i i (A) 24. (A)i i 25. (D) 26.i i (B) 27. (A)i i 28. (D) 29.i i (B) 30. (A)i i
laiai la a la a la a la a la a la a la a
adsaasal asaasal asaasal asaasal asaasal asaasal asaasal asaasal as
31. (D) 32. (C) 33. (C) 34. (B) 35. (C) 36. (A) 37. (B) 38. (A) 39. (D) 40. (B)
.s

adsaasal a 42. (C)
daadsas(C) asasa a 45. (B)
daadsas(C) asasa a 48. (D)
daadsas(D) asasa a
daadsas(C) as
41.
PaP PaPdad 43. (C)PaP44. PaPdad 46. (A)PaP47. PaPdad 49. (C)PaP50. PaPdad
w
51. (C)i i52. (D) 53.i i (C) 54. (A)i i 55. (C) 56.i i (B) 57. (D)i i 58. (D) 59. (D) 60. (C)i i
laiai la a la a la a la a la a laiai la a
w
61. (C) 62. (A) 63. (D) 64. (B) 65. (D) 66. (D) 67. (B) 68. (D) 69. (D) 70. (C)
adsaasal a 72. (C)
daadsas(A) asasa a 75. (B)
daadsas(D) asasa a 78. (D)
daadsas(B) asasa a
daadsas(A) as
PaP71. PaPdad 73. (B)PaP74. PaPdad 76. (D)PaP77. PaPdad 79. (C)PaP80. PaPdad
w
81. (A)i i 82. (C) 83.i i (C) 84. (D)i i 85. (D) 86. (A) 87. (A)i i 88. (C) 89. (C) 90. (C)i i
laiai la a la a la a laiai la a laiai la a
91. (D) 92. (A) 93. (C) 94. (C) 95. (D) 96. (C) 97. (C) 98. (B) 99. (B) 100. (D)
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 522 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPSura’s
da d ➠ XII
d
PaPaStd - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
laiai i i i i ai i ai i ai i i i i i
adsaasal a d
P Pa
a
d saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d EXPLANATORY
saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d saaslala
a d
P Pa
a
d saaslala NOTES
a d
P Pa
a
dsaaslala
a d
P Pa
a
d saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d saaslaala as
PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
salaala
i i
salaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal 8. a daada=s pCO Pa
Kp .pdHad as a a a a as
d
PaPa d PaP 2 (g) Pa 2O (g) PaPa 13. ThePmolecularity
d d d
aPa d d
canPnever
aPa be zero. PaPa
d d d PaPdad
m
p CO + pH = 1.04
2(g) 2 (g)O 0.693
laiai lsaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 14. i i
salaala aailai =
tl0.5 lailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a s
a a
p d a p d a a as a s
a as Kd2adsaasa a as
a
P Pa

d a d
Pa = H2O(g)P Pa
P2(g)
CO a d PaPdad a d
P Pa d a
P Pa a d
P Pa d PaPdad
co
2 × 0.693
1.04 t0.75i =
laiai i ip = i i = 0.52 alailai i laalai a i K1 ala i i i i
adsaasal d asaaslaala CO2(g)
d a saaslaal2a asasa a s
a as a s
a aslala a sasala a saaslaala as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad d
PaPa d d d
PaPta : t = P2aP
Hence
da
: 1.
d d
PaPa d PaPdad
Kp = 0.52 × 0.52 = 0.2704. 0.75 0.5
.
laiai 9. The reaction
i i
saaslaala
is exothermic
i i
saaslaala
because, iwith
saaslaala
i the i i i i
saaslaala + dadsa1aslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal
ks
d aincrease in a
temperature
d Kc a
decreases
d d a d a da as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d16. [H ] µ
a
P Pa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
DH = –ve. C
NEET BASED QUESTIONS

a 1 i i
laiai 10. 2SO ilai+ O
saaslaa2(g) 2(g) as laaila2SO
s
i 3(g) i i
saaslaala laailapH
i µ sas+laa l∝
a C i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a s
a as d aaH d a d a as
PaPdad
d
PaPa has the expression d
PaPa for Kc PaPa d
oo PaPa d d
PaPa   PaPa d PaPa d
where C = conc. of the salt. Hence, minimum
laiai i i [SO3 ]l2ailai i i the concentration, minimum is the pH.
adsaasal Kc saaslaala = s2asa saaslaala s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai i i
saaslaala as
P[SO
aPdaa2d]a[O 2 ]
d a d a d a a da a d a a d a
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
17. The pH of pure water decreases with the rise

[SO3] = [SO2]
in-temperature.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i
alai
1 asaasla
i i
saaslaala laailaHence
i laiai laiai alailai
adsaasal Kc d a = PaPa
d d a s
dada
a s adsaa:sta0.5l = 2 : 1dadsaasal
dt0.75 dadsasa as
PaPa d d PaPa d PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPdad
[O ] 2
ur
1 1 i 18.laiapH + –3
lsaailai [O ls2aa]ilai= = ala i i i i = 3, [H l]a=iai10 i i i i
s
adaa
d asaa K d a s sala= 0.01 mole/litre
100
a d a saaslaala asaasal asaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d ac
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad PaPdad + a d
Pa
P10 −3d
−6
a d
P Pa d PaPdad
Moles of O2 in 10 litre [H ] = = 10
1000
.s
laiai i i= 0.01 × 10
saaslaala
=i 0.1
saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
aslaailai= 6. asaaslaailai
sapH
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a da d a a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad d
PaPa d PaPdad
P 2CO 20. I2 is an oxidant
w
11. Kp = i
laiai
adsaasal asasalaalaiPCO2 a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
aas–laailai
saaslaala2e + I2 dads2I a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala as
PaPdad a
P ad d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pa a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
4×4P
w
=8 Equivalent weight
=
2
laiai i i i i i i i i Molecular wt.
i iof the oxidant i i i i
adsaasal saaslaala 2 dadsaaslaala saaslaala saaslaala= saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala as
d
PaPa
a
d [ H 2 ]P[aPS2a] d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
Numbera
PaPa of electrons
d d a
gained
PaPa d d
PaPa
a
d PaPdad
w
12. K =
[ H 2S]2 M
laiai i i i i i i i =i i i i i i i
adsaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala 2 dadsaaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala as
a d
P Pa d 0 .1 × 0a.1
P Pad×d0 .4 a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a
P Pa a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
=
0.5 × 0.5
23. Calculation
laiai sa=slaail0.016
ai mole/litre. i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala laailai i i
saaslaala ∆
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a d a da d a s
a as Al2OP3aPd a
a 2O  
. 2H →PAl a
aP2aO3+2H2O PaPa
d d a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d d d d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d P Pdad
a a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
d
PaPa d d
d d d
PaPXII
a Std - Chemistry
d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad
24. In the extraction of copper auto-reduction 47. Molecular mass of hydrogen = 2
laiai laailai takes place.
saasprocess
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aailai
saasl
ilai
aslaagm aailai
sa=asl6.02
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a Hence
d as2.0
a of H2 has
d a × 1023dmolecule
a as
a
Pa d
P Cu a
P Pa d
2S + 2Cu2O 
a
→P P
d
a + SO
6Cu 2
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
\1.0 gm of H2 will have
23
6.02 × 10
laiai laiai metal contains
26. saGun laiaCu, laiai
i Sn and aZn. l =
aailai laailai ai i
2asaaslala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal a asal asaasal asasal a s
aas a s
a as a as
PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad d d
PaPa = d
PaPa d d d
PaPa× 1023 molecule
3.01
d
PaPa d PaPdad
m
27. Due to high standard oxidation potential they
48. When l = 3, the sub-shell is f, and
laiai act
lsaailaas
i a best reductants.
lsaailai lsaailai lsaailai 7 orbitalssand
lsaailmaximum
ai lsaaila i f-sub-shell has
lsaailai
adsaasal a saa a s a
a as a aa s a a
a a a of
s a
a14 electrons. a s a
a a as
co
29. Mn++ has the configuration [Ar] 3d5. It contains hc E λ
maximum number of unpaired electrons. 49. E = or, 1 = 2
laiai laailai ai i i i i i λ aEla i i λ i i i i
adsaasal d asaasHence it shows
d a slala
saamaximum d a saaslaalamoment.
magnetic d a saaslaala d a sasa2la 1 dadsaaslaala d a saaslaala as
PaPa =PaP 4000
a d
=2 PaPa PaPa d PaPdad
2000
BaO2 + H2SO4 
→ BaSO4 + H2O2
.
31.
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aailai Cl = 1ss2a, laa2sila2 i 2p 6, 3s 2 s3p
saasl50. asl5aailin
ai 3p-orbital i
alai
saasla
adsaasal
ks
d a d a d a d a 17 d a a s d a a da one as
a d
Pa Ordinary
P33. a
PP a d
glass is
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa electron is
unpaired
a d
a Hence P
P Pthere. a d
forPaunpaired PaPdad
Na2O . CaO . 6SiO2 electron–
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aailai
saasl
i i i i
saaslaalan = 3 dadsaaslaala
i i
saaslaala
PaPdad
Pa d
Pa 2Pb (NOP3aP
35.
d
)2a
d
oo
d
→ 2PbOPa+Pa4NO2 + O2 PaPa PaPa d l = 1PaPa PaPa d
NEET
m=1
laiai 46. saaslK
aa2ilaCri 2O7 + H2sSO ai3SO2 s
aslaa4il+ →aslaailai saasl56.
aailai Phenols aresaaslaamore
ilai acidic than
saaslaalalcohols.
iai Now
saaslaathe
ilai
adsaasal d a d a a d a a d a d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d K a
P Pa d SOa +
2 P 4Pa
dCr 2 (SO ) + H
a
4 3 P P2aOd choice d
P Pais between P
a d
phenol
aPa and p-chlorophenol.
a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
Hence x=1 When electron attracting group is attached to

laiai lailai y = l3ailai i i i i phenol at m-position
i i then H+ iloss
i becomesamore i i
adsaasal
d a saasa d a
z sa=as1a d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saslaala as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d easier.
PaPa d
Hence m-chlorophenol
PaPa d is most d
PaPacidic.
a PaPdad
ur
laiai
adsaasal d a
i i
saaslaala d a
i i
saaslaala d a
i i
saaslaala  alailai
dadsasa d a
i i
saaslaala d a
i i
saaslaala d a
i i
saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
.s
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
w
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
w
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala 524 i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
laiai
adsaasal 12th
a d
a a
d
P PSTD
i i
saaslaala
a
INSTANT
d
P Pa
a
d
i i SUPPLEMENTARY
saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d
i i
saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d
i i
saaslaalaEXAM
a d
P Pa
a
d
JULY i i
saaslaala - 2022
a
P a
Reg. No. P
d a
d
i i
saaslaala
a d
P Pa
a
d
i i
saaslaala as
PaPdad
CHEMISTRY
Time Allowed PART III (with Answers)
laiai ai i : 3.00 Hours]
lala ai i lala laailai saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i [Maximum i iMarks : 70alailai
saaslaala
adsaasal d as aas d a saas d as aas d a d a d a s sa
aPdaada as
P aPa d
Instructions : P aPa d P aPa d P aPa d
6. P aPa
Graphite
d
and Diamond P aPa
are
d P PaPdad
m
(1) Check the question paper for fairness (a) covalent and molecular crystals
laiai lsaailai lsaailisai any lacksof ilai of
lsaafairness, lsaailai ilai i i i i
adsaasal d a saa printing. Ifd there
a saa
d a aa
d a saa (b) ionicd a saaslaacovalent
and d a saaslaala
crystals d a saaslaala as
a d
P Pa inform the a d
a Supervisor
P PHall a d
P Paimmediately. a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
(c) both are covalent crystals
co
(2) Use Blue or Black ink to write and
laiai laailai aslaailai to drawasdiagrams.
aslaailai i(d)i both areamoleculari i crystals i i i i
adsaasal d a saasunderline and
d a sapencil d a d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
Note
d
PaPa: Draw diagrams PaPa d aPa
and Pwrite
d
equations
d
PaPa 7. Half P d
aPaperiod for first
-life
d
PaPaorder reaction: PaPa d PaPdad
wherever necessary. K
t1/2= 0.6932
.
(a) (b) t1/2a=
laiai l a i a i l a i ai l ai a i l a i a i l a i a i i i
saasal 0.6932dadsaaslaala
l a i i
adsaasal saasal asal - I asaasal saasal saaKsal
ks
d a d a sPART
a d d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
KP P
a PaPdad
Note : (i) Answer all the questions. (c) t1/2= 2.303 (d) t1/2=
K i 2.303
laiai a ilai a ilai [15 ×
a ila1i = 15] a ilai a i a ilai i i
adsaasal d a a
sasa l
d a a
sasa l
d a a
sasa l
d a a l
sasa Which of
8. d a a
a
l la
sa is not dlikely
sthese a a l
sasato act as dLewis a saaslaala as
PaPdad
d
PaPa (ii) Choose PaPthe d
a most appropriate PaPa
ood
answerPaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d
from the given four alternatives and write base?
(a)
i BF3 (b) –
laiai
adsaasal a saaslaathe
ilai option code
a saaslaailaandi the corresponding
a saaslaailai a saaslaaila a s aslaaPF
a
ilai 3 (c) CO
a saaslaailai (d) F asaaslaailai as
PaPdad answer. PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad9. How PaP dad Faradays
many PaPdadof electricity PaPdad are PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
ab
1. Zinc is obtained from ZnO by: required for the following reaction to occur
laiai (a) i
Carbon i
laala reduction i
laala i i
laala i i
laala i −4 → Mn
MnO 2+
laailai i i i i
adsaasal d a saas d a saas d a saas d a saas d a s a
a s d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
d
PaPa(b) Reduction d
PaPusing
a silver P P
aa d PaPa d (a) 5F d
PaPa (b) 3F PaP(c) d
a 1F (d)
PaP7Fa d PaPdad
10. The phenomenon observed when a beam of
ur
(c) Electrochemical process

laiai laailai i i i i ilight
i is passed through
i i a colloidal i i solution is: i i
adsaasal d(d)
a saasAcid leaching
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
(a) Cataphoresis
P Pa a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
2. The element that shows lowest Catenation
(b) Electrophoresis
.s
amongi the following p-block elementsi is :

laiai laala i i
saaslaa(b)la i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d(a)
a saasCarbon d a Silicon
d a d a (c) Coagulation
d a d a d a as
(c) Lead (d) Germanium (d) Tyndall effect
w
laiai 3. XeF6laon complete hydrolysis produces : 11. iWhich of the ifollowing compounds can abela
adsaasal a saasailai a saaslaailai a saaslaailai a saaslaala
i
a saaslaala
i
a
i i
saaslaala a sasala
i i
as
a
P Pad(a)
d XeOF a d d (b) XeO
a d dF a d d used P a d d
asPantifreeze in P a d d
automobile d
radiators?
a d PaPdad
4 P Pa P Pa2 2 P Pa a Pa P Pa
w
(c) XeO3 (d) XeO2

(a) Methanol (b) ethanol
laiai 4. The l a ilai
actinoid elements l a ilwhich
a i show thel a ilahighest
i l a ilai l a ilai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a a
sasa d a a
sasa d a a
sasa d a a
sasa d a
(c) Neo-pentyl
a
sasa
alcohol d a d a as
d
PaPaoxidation state PaPof d
a +7 are: PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
w
(a) Np, Pu, Am (b) U, Fm, Th (d) ethan -1, 2-diol

laiai (c) l a i a i
saasU,alTh, Md dadsaasa(d) l a i a i
l Es, No, sLr l a i a i la i a i ilai
saaslaafollowing
i i
saaslaala the correct
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a aasal
d a saasalWhich of
12. d athe drepresents
a d a as
a d
5.P PaAn examplePfor aPadouble salt: P Pa a d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
order of acidity in the given compounds?
(a) FeSO4
laiai (b) laailai 4(NH4)2SO
saasFeSO
ilai O
saasl4aa.6H saaslaala
i i i(a)
saaslaala
i FCH COOH laiai
2asaasal > CH3COOH
i i
saaslaala>
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a 2 d a d a d d a d a as
d
PaPa(c) K [Fe(CN) PaPa] d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
4 6 BrCH2COOH > ClCH2COOH
(d) K2SO.42H2O
laiai saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i [525] alailai
saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a d a d a d a sasa d a d a d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai
laiai i i ilai
saaslaais
This aailai
saaslSample,
Onlydfor
ilai
saaslaaBook
ai or
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
PaAll Leading a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai lailai i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal 526 a
dadsasa d a d a d a d a d a d a as
PaPa Sura’s d
PaPa ➠ XII Std - CHEMISTRY
PaPa d - Instant d
PaPSaupplementaryPEaP xam d
a July - 2022PQ d
aPuestion
a Paper P d
aPaAnswers
with
PaPdad
(b) FCH2COOH > ClCH2COOH > PART - III
laiai l ai a i l a i a i l a i ai l a i a i l a i a i aslaailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a asal
saBrCH d a saasal COOH d a saa>saCH l
COOH d a al : Answer
saasNote d a saasalany sixdadsquestions.
a Question
d a as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
2 P Pa d a
3 P Pa d a d
Pa33 is Compulsory.
PNo. a
P Pa a d
P 6Pa× 3 = 18 PaPdad
(c) CH3COOH > ClCH2COOH >
25. Explain Acidi leaching with an example.
laiai laailai laailai laailai laailai laalai laailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saa
FCH
s d a saas COOH d >
a sa a
Br.CH
s COOH d a saas 26. What d are
a saasthe uses of d s
boric
a aas acid? d a as
PaPa d PaPa d 2
PaPa d 2
(d) ClCH2COOH > CH3COOH > 27. Write the IUPAC ligand for the following :
m
laiai aslaailai aslaailai 2COOH aailai COOH sala ilai (a) C Oa2l–aila(b) i H2O a(c) i–
laailaCl i i
adsaasal d a saBrCH
d a sa d a sa>aslICH 2 d a a s a d a2 s 4sa
a d a sa s d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
P Pa 28. Define a d
P Pa order and P aPa d
molecularity of P aPa d
a reaction. PaPdad
13. Aniline + benzoylchloride NaOH C6H5 –
co
NH – COC6H.5 This reaction is known as : 29. What is Buffer Solution? Give an example.
laiai aslaalai i i i
saaslaalareactiondadsaaslaala
i i aailai What sisalaaHeterogeneous
saasl30. s la
i i i i
saaslaalaCatalysis? laailai
saasGive
adsaasal d a sa(a) Friedel –d Crafts
a d a d a a d a d a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa PaPa d PaPa
example.
(b) HVZ reaction
31. Write the bromination reaction of anisole.
.
laiai (c) i Schotten – Baumann i reactionlai i aailai
adsaasal
l
saasal a a i l
saasala a i
saasal a l aslaailai zwitter aion? ilai
saaslaaGive
i i
saaslaala
ks
a a a a saas32. Whatdis a sacalled an example.
a as
a d
P Pa d (d) Kolbe'sa
P Pareaction
d d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d a
P Pa d a
P Pad d a
P Pad d PaPdad
33. Identify compounds A, B and C for the
14. Which of the following are epimers?
following.
laiai (a) a D(+)–
ila i Glucose a iland
i D(+)– Galactose
a ilai a ilai i i i i i i
adsaasal d a a
sasa l
d a a
sasal a
d a a
sasa l
d a a
sasal
d a saaslaala Sn/HCl d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
PaPdad
d
PaPa (b) D(+)– PaP ad
Glucose
oo
d
PaPa Mannose PaPa
and D(+)– d PaPa d PaPa d A PaPa d
(c) Neither (a) nor (b) Zn/NH4Cl
C H – NO B
laiai lsaaila
(d) i (a) andal(b)
Both aailai l aailai l aailai 6 5
l2
aailai l aailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a saa
d a sa s d a sa as d a saas d a saas Zn/NaOH
d a saas d a as
a d
Pa Which of
P15. a
P Pa d a d
P Pareduces Tollen's a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d
C a
P Pa d PaPdad
www.Padasalai.Net
the following
ab
reagent?
laiai laaila i laailai (b) acetic ilai
laaacid laailai laailai PARTsa-slIV aailai i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a sa(a)
as formic acid
d a saas d a sa as d a saas d a saas d a a d a as
PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa Note : Answer
d PaPa all the questions:
d PaPa d PaP5 a× 5 = 25
d PaPdad
(c) benzophenone (d) none of these 34. (a) Explain the principle of electrolytic
ur
refining with an example.

laiai aslaailai aailai - II salaailai
aslPART aslaailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
adsaasal d a sa d a sa d a a s d a sa d a sa a
(OR)
d d a as
a d
Pa : A
PNote a a d
nswerP Pany six questions.
a
P Pa d a
P Pa
Question
d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
(b) What is catenation? Write the conditions for
No. 24 is compulsory. 6 × 2 = 12
.s
laiai a ilai a ilai a ilai i i catenation i i property alailai i i

adsaasal 16.
d a a l
saGive
sa the uses d aof a l
saargon
sa d a a
sasa l
d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a sasa d a saaslaala as
PaPa 35. (a)PaPWrite a d the properties
PaPa d of inter d
PaPahalogen PaPdad
17. Write a note on Zeigler-Natta catalyst. Give its compounds.
w
use.
laiai aslaailai are the alimitationsi i aslaailai i i i i (OR)alailai i i
adsaasal 18.
d a saWhat d saaslaala of VB d a saTheory? d a saaslaala d a saaslaala d a sasa d a saaslaala as
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a d
(b)P PCaompare lanthanides a d
P Pa and actinides. a
P Pa d PaPdad
w
19. Define unit cell.

36. (a) (i) What is packing efficiency?
laiai 20. What a ilai are Lewisalaacids ilai and bases? a ilaGiven
i an lailai laailai laailai i i
adsaasal d a asal
saexample for d sasa
each.
a d a a
sasa l
d a a a
sas (ii) d a saasWrite a noted a saasFrenkel
on defect.
d a saaslaala as
w
21. Write the uses of glycerol. (OR)

laiai 22. Write i i a note on aRosenmund
i i reduction. i i i i ilai aailai for a zerosaorderai i
adsaasal d a saaslaala d a saslaala d a saaslaala d a saaslaala (b) D d
erive
a saaslaaIntegrated d
rate
a saaslLaw d a a slala as
d
Pa Draw thePstructure
P23.
a aPa d of D(+) a a d
P PFructose. a
P Pa d a a d
P Preaction a
A →Pproduct.
Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
24. A solution of silver nitrate is electrolysed 37. (a) Derive an expression for Nernst equation.
laiai safor
aslaail20ai minutessawith ai ia currentsaoflaai2laiamperes. salaailai i i i i i i
adsaasal d a d a a slala d a a s d a a s d a saaslaala (OR) d a saaslaala d a saaslaala as
PaPa CalculatePthe
d aPa mass of silver
d PaPadeposited at
d PaPthe
a d PaPa d PaPa d PaPa d PaPdad
cathode. (b) Describe adsorption theory of Catalysis.
laiai saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pa d PaPdad
laiai Kindly
laiai Share Your
laiai to OurlaEmail
laiai laiai laiai

12th Chemistry EM Study Material 2023 2024 English Medium PDF Download

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

12th Chemistry EM Study Material 2023 2024 English Medium PDF Download

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.

laiai i i (Mar-2020 i &i May - '22),aGovt.i i Suppl. Exam September

questions are incorporated in the appropriate sections.

laiai i i i i SURA PUBLICATIONS

learning companion to students with exhaustive exercises

✤ Sura’s Botony (EM/TM)

✤ Sura’s Computer Applications (EM/TM)

✤ Sura’s Business Maths (EM)

Sura Publications 80562 94222

ilai ilai ilai ilai i i i i i i

Uniti 7i Chemical Kineticsi i 164 – 204 i i

laiai Instant i i Supplementary i i Exam i i July 2022 i iQuestion Paper

laiai i i i i i i (iii) laiai i i i i i i

Our A/c No. : 446205000010

 lease send Demand Draft / cheque in favour of ‘SURA PUBLICATIONS’

1.1 Occurrence of metals 1.5 Electrochemical principle of metallurgy

1.2.1 Gravity separation or Hydraulic

1.6.3 Electrolytic refining i i

1.3.1 Conversion of ores into oxides

1.4.1 Ellingham diagram 1.7.2 Applications of Zn i

diagram 1.7.4 Applications of Cu

laiai i i Vapour phase i i i i laailaThermodynamic

DG = DH - TDS DG° = -nFE°

extracted conveniently and economically are called ores.

a) Al2O3 b) Al2O3.nH2O thermodynamically feasible.

(A)i is a colourlessi gas. Aqueous solution of reducing

laiai aslaailai one asaof

a) 2Zn + O2  → 2ZnO B Froth floatation (ii) Dressing of ZnS

d) Both (a) and (c) reduction

c) Soluble impurities to infusible impurities  [Ans. (b) van Arkel process]

thermodynamically feasible? [PTA - 3] extraction of pure metals from their ores?

c) 3TiO2 + 4Al  → 2 Al2O3 + 3Ti

(iv) The heater is slowly moved from one end

Elements such as Germanium (Ge), Silicon Anode : Carbon blocks

7. Using the Ellingham diagram,

when treated with a suitable reagent. Electrolyte

(ii) Cryolite in the extraction of aluminium. Ag(s)  → Ag (aq) + 1e–

laiai i i i i i i [QY_'19] alailai i i i i i i

 [QY_'19] Ag+(aq) + P  → Ag(s) P

laiai I. sC aailai the Csorrect

a) leaching b) bleaching Answer Key

elements 2.2.5 Boric acid [H3BO3 or B(OH)3]

laiai ilai 2.2.8 Aluminium chloride

2.1.6 Inert pair effect

2.3.5 Carbon monoxide [CO]

Preparation, Properties, Structure and uses of the above compounds.

Boric acid : H3BO3 or B(OH)3

Aluminium Chloride : AlCl 3

laiai Sodium ilai

c) combines with proton to form water

i [Ans. (c) sp 2 hybridised] c) SiO44− is the basic structural unit of silicates

10. The repeating unit in silicone is 2

R R 16. Duralumin is an alloy of

d) Si O O R c) Al, Mn d) Al, Cu, Mn, Mg

Ans. Allotropism in p- block elements : (i) It has a linear structure.

(iv) The structure i can be aconsidered as the i i

laiai 3. Give the

also acts as a preservative. (iii) There is two C-O sigma bond.

laiai I. C i i the Correct

5. Assertion : In diborane containing eight I. 1. c) Both a & b

a)laiaBoth assertion and reason are true and the

IV. 1. Refer Sura’s Guide Additional 5 Marks, Q.No. 3

6.3 Classification of crystalline solids in one direction i i

laiai 6.3.3 Molecular solids 6.6.4 

Uniti 7i Chemical Kineticsi i 164 – 204 i i

lease send Demand Draft / cheque in favour of ‘SURA PUBLICATIONS’

1.2.1 Gravity separation or Hydraulic

d) Both (a) and (c) reduction

c) Soluble impurities to infusible impurities [Ans. (b) van Arkel process]

thermodynamically feasible? [PTA - 3] extraction of pure metals from their ores?

7. Using the Ellingham diagram,

when treated with a suitable reagent. Electrolyte

laiai i i i i i i [QY_'19] alailai i i i i i i

[QY_'19] Ag+(aq) + P  → Ag(s) P

elements 2.2.5 Boric acid [H3BO3 or B(OH)3]

i [Ans. (c) sp 2 hybridised] c) SiO44− is the basic structural unit of silicates

d) Si O O R c) Al, Mn d) Al, Cu, Mn, Mg

5. Assertion : In diborane containing eight I. 1. c) Both a & b

laiai 6.3.3 Molecular solids 6.6.4

laiai 6.5 ilai

6.5.1 Primitive (or) simple cubic unit

(BCC) 6.7.3 Metal excess defect

(FCC) 6.7.5 Impurity Pdefect

3. The ratio of close packed atoms to tetra

4. Solid ilai CO2 is anaexample of [Ans. (c)

laiai ilai ilai i i i i [FRT-'22]

[FRT-'22] [Ans. (b) equal number of cations

1 3 2  Reason : ini Frenkel defect

1. If athe laailano. of close (ii) Polar molecular crystals solid.

Anisotropy in solids. [Sep-2020; FRT-'22] is the density of barium in gcm–3? [HY_'19]

c) Isotope ilad)i Isomorphous

cation and anion vacancies] [Ans. (a) Cu2O]

[Ans. (d) The no. of atoms in the unit cells is 4]

[Ans. (c) Frenkel defect] [Ans. (d) Non-stoichiometric

[Ans. (b) 0.398 Å] 39. Which of the following exists as covalent

ai i a i i ai i i i i5.i a) Both assertion i i and reason iaiare true and ai i

9.1.2 Equivalent conductance 9.3.2 Galvanic cell notation

3. The button cell used in watches function as a) 5F b) 3F c) 1F d) 7F

2Ag (s) + 2 OH– (aq) is (atomic mass of Ca is i 40 g / mol and

[Ans. (a) I and IV]

laiai aslaailai aslaaila[Ans.