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Overview and Definition of Terms
6 dB 3 dB
1 2 1 2
1 3
2 3 1 3
DC f HIGH f LOW f HIGH
Phase Response Phase Response
0° 0°
0 dB 0 dB
Isolation 2 3
Return Loss
Fig.1. Resistive power divider circuit Fig.2. Wilkinson power divider circuit
diagram, amplitude response, phase diagram, amplitude response, phase
response, and return loss. Note that response, and isolation/return loss. Note
S12=S13=S23. the isolation between ports 2 and 3.
ports (see Fig. 2). Practically speaking, power splitting of the incoming signal (Fig.
Wilkinson power dividers are limited in 3), while quadrature hybrids have equal (3
their low frequency range (fLOW) to a few dB) power splitting (Fig. 4). Like Wilkinson
hundred MHz while resistive power dividers power dividers, couplers are band limited
reach to DC. and are always characterized by a low
frequency (fLOW) and high frequency (fHIGH)
Coupler of operation. The main application of a
A key difference between couplers and directional coupler is to pick off a small
power dividers is that couplers create a portion (somewhere between 0.1% and
phase shift between the output signals. The 25%, typically) of the signal on a
main difference between directional transmission line such that the incoming
couplers and quadrature hybrids is that power can be actively monitored without
directional couplers provide non-equal too much loss. Since directional couplers
are most often used in power sensing
1 2 1 In 4 Isolated
Input Output
Output 1 Output 2
Coupled 3 4 Isolated 3 (-90°,-3 dB) 2
(0°, -3 dB)
Amplitude Response Amplitude Response
0 dB
1 2
1 2 (Through)
-3 dB
1 3 (Coupled)
Coupling
1 3
90° 90°
0 dB 0 dB
Isolation 1 4 Isolation 1 4
Return Loss Return Loss
Fig.3. Directional Coupler circuit diagram, Fig.4. Quad Hybrid Coupler circuit diagram,
amplitude response, phase response, and amplitude response, phase response, and
isolation/return loss. isolation/return loss.
High Frequency 10s of GHz 10s of GHz 10s of GHz 10s of GHz
Range
Coupling Ratio Equal Power (6 dB) Equal Power (3dB) 6 dB to 30 dB Equal Power
(3dB)
Directivity NA NA 20 dB (typical) NA
Phase Shift @ 0o (In Phase) 0o (In Phase) 90o (usually not 90o
Outputs specified)
Section 4. Recommended Reading Summary: A straightforward technique for
designing tapered couplers. To see a design
1. RF and Microwave Coupled-Line Circuits by example, see Mongia’s text (Chapter 7).
Mongia, Bahl and Bhartia.
6. The Design of Discrete N-Section and
Summary: In our opinion, the single greatest Continuously Tapered Symmetrical
text for couplers and baluns! The book serves as Microwave TEM Directional Couplers by
an excellent resource for theoretical David W. Kammler
background and practical design
implementation. The authors reference all the Summary: A rigorous and complete treatment
important publications and provide many useful for a novel technique to designing broadband
examples. tapered couplers. The fact that Kammler
completed this work in 1969, long before the
2. Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching era of the personal computer and MATLAB,
Networks, and Coupling Structures by makes this work even more impressive.
Matthaei, Jones and Young.
7. Tables for Asymmetric Chebyshev High-
Summary: A classic in Microwave Engineering! A Pass TEM-Mode Directional Couplers by
must have for any RF/Microwave engineer. Fritz Arndt
3. Nonuniform Line Microstrip Directional Summary: Provides useful design tables for
Couplers and Filters by Sener Uysal. asymmetrical tapers, which are a fundamental
building block in broadband Magic-T circuits.
Summary: Based on the author’s graduate work
at King’s College London, this text is a rigorous 8. An N-Way Hybrid Power Divider by Ernest
treatment of microstrip directional couplers. Wilkinson
The author provides numerous examples and
calculations to highlight the synthesis process. Summary: The original paper by Wilkinson.
The design procedure is highly non-trivial, but
9. A Class of Broadband Three-Port TEM-
the approach is novel and promising for low
Mode Hybrids by Seymour Cohn
cost microstrip solutions.
Summary: This paper describes multi-section
4. Theory and Tables of Optimum
Wilkinson power dividers. The author provides
Symmetrical TEM-Mode Coupled
a theoretical framework for these circuits, and
Transmission-Line Directional Couplers by
offers some useful design tables.
Cristal and Young